Decoding in construction. All building terms from to

Logs, beams or metal beams, located horizontally and supporting the floors of the building or platforms.

A small turret at the top of the dome, the openings of which are the source of the upper light.

The paw (in the paw)   - cutting logs in the corners without residue, that is, without the released ends of the log.

Las   - Stem of the round part of the log on internal wallsah log house.

A wall in the earth with the same cross-sectional shape along the entire perimeter of the walls of the building (including under all its internal bearing walls).

Faceplate - a detail of the mortise lock and hardware used to guide the bolt and fix this product to the door or window.

Attic window.

<<M \u003e\u003e

Tool for measuring and transferring corners from drawings or samples to blanks.

Mosaic images made by gluing on the basis of thin figured plates of plywood from different types of wood. In a number of cases, plates of ivory, mother-of-pearl and metal are added. Widely used in the manufacture of furniture.

Lying horizontally on the wall of the building, the underlay beam, on which rests the lower end of the rafters.

The living room, located directly under the roof, its walls are the side surfaces of the roof.

Superstructure above the middle part of a small apartment house. Often the mezzanine is done with a balcony.

Products of various purposes, made of steel wire, wire rod or tape (welding electrodes, nets, strings, fasteners).

An elongated flower garden, which includes a set of diverse perennial plants that provide continuous flowering. Mixborder blooms throughout the vegetative period.

Simulated plaster   - fine-grained plaster, with which you can create a three-dimensional image, which gives ample opportunities for decorative decoration of facades.

Element of the junction, which is a combination of different insulating materials used to fill the gap and having the specified characteristics.

Multi-split system   - An air conditioner consisting of one outdoor unit and two or more indoor units

Moushel   - Wooden hammer, which hit the caulk. Made from hardwood.

<<H \u003e\u003e

A large nail, a thorn.

Overlapping rafters- the bottom end of the rafter leg rests on a specially built on the edge of the edge of the wall - a Mauerlat. The upper end of the rafter is attached to the ridge run (horizontal bar under the roof ridge).

Particularly strong canvas of thermoplastic PVC, which is attached to the baguette, and baguette - to the wall along the perimeter.

Nashchelnik   - a narrow wooden (plastic) rack, which is covered with cracks between the planks of the coating or the cladding of the structure.

Board with non-sawed edges.

Lower porch   - joint assembly of the lower horizontal sash bars and boxes

Zero cycle   - complex initial stages   construction work (foundation pit development, foundation).

<<About \u003e\u003e

Strapping   - An adaptation that connects parts of a structure, buildings, products.

Part of the lateral surface of the log, preserved on edging sawn timber.

Logging logs with the remainder, that is, with the release of the ends of the logs outside the house.

Nightscape   - A device for breaking down structures in kind, consisting of racks and connecting horizontal racks or boards and installed around the building outside its perimeter to fix the position of the axes of the building and its individual parts.

  (column) - steel or plastic pipe, which serves to strengthen the walls and isolate the wellbore.

The casing performs the following functions:

• Serves as a protective casing for the tubing and other equipment used in the well.
• Contains formation pressure and prevents cracking of the upper, less strong zone.
• Protects the well from collapse.
• Keeps the produced water in the wellbore.
• Separates strata and ensures the inflow of water only from those zones that are defined by the hydrogeologist.

Bars, perpendicularly laid on the rafter feet. The lining is needed in order to evenly transfer the weight roofing   and all other loads.

Headline   - the upper part of the chimney measuring 3 to 5 m (depending on the diameter of its outlet), which is in the most difficult conditions of service, because of the atmospheric precipitation falling on the inner surface, intensive condensation of flue gases and the associated processes of repeated freezing and thawing, and weathering.

The first wreath of the log house is a folded crown and collect it on the lining. The folding crown is designed to strengthen the lower strapping and protect it from decay.

Fixed part of the structure, which is mounted in the window opening.

A combination of elements and parts designed to give the desired shape of a monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete structures erected on a construction site.

Device for protecting the mounting connection from weather, rain, snow, ice. Window ebbs are mounted from the outside in the joint of the window with the wall. Castings are made of galvanized metal or plastic.

Surfaces of walls that are adjacent to the window. After the installation of windows, their cosmetic repairs are required.

A strip of their concrete, stone, and other materials with a slope from the house along the perimeter of the outer walls, designed to divert surface water from the foundation.

Disclaimer   - the space between the stove and the wall (cold quarter) to protect the wooden structures from fire.

A ridge log with a groove selected from below. It covers the upper (ridge) joint of the wooden roof tesin. The lump part of the flask, which opens onto the facade of the house, is decorated with a carved image of a horse, a bird, etc.

1. Limestone aquifer

2. Metal casing

3. Static water level

4. Open the trunk

<<P \u003e\u003e

Pendeltyure   - door on swinging hinges, opening in both directions.

Green gazebo or corridor of trellises (light gratings) on arches and pillars. Serves as shelter from the heat.

Feathering   - internal log (brusovaya) wall, executed simultaneously with the main log, cut with the remainder. This construction of the log is called the Five-Piece.

Piron   - a short metal (less often a stone or wooden) rod, fastening blocks of masonry along the vertical. The pirons were placed in special grooves in the stone and filled with lead.

The floor at which the base is free to rest (not nailed to the base and not glued) on an elastic soundproof layer.

One stove located under the entire perimeter of the building.

Products made of wood, which are created in an advanced version. Modern technologies molded productsallow you to make the fusion of several elements invisible.

The window element that is attached to the bottom edge of the frame. Serves for installation of ebb and sill.

Trimming beam   - a beam, supported by columns of the longitudinal row and serving as a support for the rafters.

The main beam, which, in turn, is stacked secondary beams. The main beam is directly laid on the supporting parts (pylons, columns, walls).

Span   - the distance between the inner edges of the supports.

A metal profile sheet, on which a polymer layer is applied, then successively a layer of a primer, a passivating agent and zinc.

<<R \u003e\u003e

The key for twisting bolts, nuts with adjustable clearance between the jaws, so that with a single adjustable wrench you can work with nuts and bolts of different sizes.

Thickening of the wall of the furnace or the smoke channel (pipe) in the place of contact with the construction of the building, made of combustible or hard combustible material.

Unscrewing   - making a hole for the fasteners (for example, under the screw) from the side of the conical surface.

A building element that connects two frame assemblies, trusses, etc. It is located along the diagonal of the closed contour and provides rigidity of the structure.

Screed -   expansion of the crack with a view to its final embedding.

Recuperator   - A device in which the cold supply air is heated by heat exchange with the hot air being removed. The air currents do not mix at the same time, i.e. Heat from the hot coolant to the coolant is transferred through the separation wall.

Rigel   - short transverse beam, usually horizontal, occurring in a number of building structures, and supported by racks, longitudinal beams or on a masonry.

The structure of the upper part of the pile foundation, usually in the form of a reinforced concrete beam or plate, which joins the piles into one whole. Serves to evenly distribute loads on piles.

Embossed masonry or facing of walls with stones with a coarsely hewn or convex face (so-called rusts). Animating the plane of the wall with the play of chiaroscuro, rustic creates the impression of power, the massiveness of the building. When finishing the facade with plaster rustic is simulated by breaking the wall into rectangles and strips.

<<C \u003e\u003e

Sluggishness   - a gradual decrease in the diameter of round timber or the width of unedged sawmill on their entire length, exceeding the normal run of 1 cm per 1 m of the length of the assortment.

A sinuous or erratic arrangement of wood fibers. It occurs in all tree species, more often in leafy materials from the material of the butt portion of the trunk. It can be wavy and confusing.

Corrugated tube, usually made of metal and having thin walls. It is produced usually from steel, brass, bronze rubber, PVC. Due to its corrugated surface, it is able to contract and stretch along its longitudinal axis as a spring under force or the influence of the pressure difference between the medium inside and outside the tube. In addition, there are flexible bellows, which have transverse flexibility and are able to bend in any direction. Depending on the operating conditions, these structures can contain from one to four layers.

A spillway assembly for the formation and preservation of a hydraulic seal.

The plane of the roof, located under the slope.

Slightly   - a cross bar, to which, for example, a picket fence is punched or which serves as the base for the roofs.

Estimate -   document, which calculates the amount of costs for the project, painted by object of expenditure (wages, taxes and deductions for wages, business expenses, purchase of components, etc.).

Estimated cost   - the amount of money required for the construction in accordance with the project materials. Estimated cost is the basis for determining the size of capital investments, financing of construction, the formation of contract prices for construction products, settlements for the executed contract work, payment of costs for the acquisition of equipment and delivery of it for construction, as well as reimbursement of other costs from the funds provided by the consolidated budget estimate .

Falcon   - plastering tool in the form of a wooden or aluminum flap attached to the handle.

Voltage regulator   - device that serves to automatically maintain the specified voltage in the electrical network.

Lattice triangle. Triangles are installed one after another at certain intervals (1-2 meters) and together form a roof

Surik- primer of red-brown color, protecting metal surfaces from rust.

<<T \u003e\u003e

Unglazed ceramic products for construction, domestic and artistic purposes.

The internal field of the pediment. Timpans are often decorated reliefs , sculptures   or images arms.

Shotcrete   - Layered spraying with compressed air of a concrete or mortar mixture onto the surface to be treated.

Transformer   - A device for converting species, forms or properties of energy.

<<Y \u003e\u003e

Hiding power   is the ability pigments   or pigmented paintwork material, if applied uniformly on the surface, make the color invisible invisible or, in case of application on a black and white surface, reduce the contrast between the black and white areas of the surface until the difference in lightness between them disappears completely. According to Russian standards hiding power is expressed in grams of pigmented material necessary for covering 1 m² of surface.

Level. The spirit level   - device for testing the horizontal plane.

A screw with an end of a special shape, serving to fix the products relative to each other. (The special shape of the end may be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc.).

<<F \u003e\u003e

Faltz- part of the profile surface, formed by a projection of one of its parts.

The method of joining metal sheets when laying a hard roof. When the seam is seamed, the edges of two adjacent sheets are bent. The folding place is compacted (knocked down or flattened) to obtain a firm connection.

Fan coil   - fan convector. It consists of a filter, a heat exchanger and a fan. The fan drives air through the heat exchanger, in which the coolant circulates - cold or hot water, sometimes freon. The air, by washing the surface of the heat exchanger, is heated or cooled.

Faltzgebel   - carpentry tools for obtaining on the edge of the board or shield seam.

Fachwerk   - construction of the structure, the walls of which are a wooden cobbled frame, consisting of a system of construction sites, crossbars, jigs and straps, filling the gaps with brick, stone, clay.

Material in the form of fibers or narrow bands, used for disperse reinforcement concrete structures. This increases the resistance to stretching, abrasion, impact loads. Fiber can be steel, glass, basalt, polymer.

The sections of the wall separated by thin profiled frames; shield from thin boards, plywood or plastic, covering the gap in the frame of the door leaf.

Usually a flat ring or disc at the ends of pipes with evenly spaced holes for bolts and rivets, serving for a durable and hermetic pipe connections.

The upper glazed part of the window sash. Sometimes it is installed above the doors.

Completion (usually triangular, rarely - semicircular) of the facade of the building, portico, colonnade, bounded by two roof slopes on the sides and a cornice at the base.

<<X \u003e\u003e

Hylo -fireplace firebox. It has the shape of a truncated pyramid, the bottom of which corresponds to the area of ​​the furnace, and the top of the section of the chimney. In modern fireplaces the smoke box is under a conventional hood or is completely hidden in the wall.

<<C \u003e\u003e

Collet   - adaptation in the form of a spring-loaded split sleeve for clamping of cylindrical or prismatic objects. It is used as clamping chucks on metal cutting or woodworking machines, in collet pencils, etc.

Frame connecting the legs of a table, bed or chair.

It is designed for pumping (circulating) water in heating and hot water supply systems and pumps water with a temperature of 85 ° C and above, with a content of mechanical impurities of not more than 0.1% by volume and a size of not more than 0.2 mm, as well as other liquids, similar to water in terms of density, viscosity and chemical activity.

Lying on foundation   Bottom part outer wall   building. Usually gets decorative treatment.

<<H \u003e\u003e

Black Floor   - flooring on the beams overlap, which is laid insulation.

<<Ш \u003e\u003e

Cutlery   - in mechanical engineering, a tool for manual dressing of grinding wheels in the form of a group of metal asterisks located on one axis.

Shellac- This natural resin, gum mililus, secreted by insects known as the Laccifer lacca, which, with its help, attaches itself to some trees growing in India and Southeast Asia (a close relative of the varicella is cochineal from South America - the source known dye). After the necessary cleaning, suppliers buy the resin and sell it in the form of flakes or dissolve in alcohol and pour the solution over the tanks for sale.

The natural color of shellac is orange (amber), and it will become your the best choice, if you want to enhance the natural warmth of woody colors. Most of the antique furniture and other wood products were processed with orange shellac. Bleached shellac (sold as "white" or "clean") is best used if you want to preserve whiteness of etched or natural wood, for example, maple, birch and aspen. You can also mix orange and bleached shellac to obtain the desired intermediate color.

Natural shellac contains about 5% wax and this gives excellent results, but the dehydrated shellac, both in flakes and dissolved, is more water resistant. You can remove the wax from the usual dissolved shellac, allowing it to settle and then decanting the liquid.

A thorn (usually of circular cross-section), by means of which joinery parts are connected.

Shliftik   - a plane with a shortened body, used for stripping wood that has scuffing and filthiness, as well as for stripping the ends. With a grinder perform a pure planing.

Jumper   - the simplest hand tool for punching holes in stone and concrete walls. It is a short steel tube with a serrated working tip.

Rubber, wooden, plastic or steel plate with handle. It is used for sealing cracks and unevenness of walls and ceiling with fillers, mastics, thick glue mixtures, etc., for cleaning surfaces from old wallpaper and paint, priming operations, applying tile adhesive, etc.

Longitudinal ledge on the edge boards , bar   , etc., entering into the form corresponding to it in form groove   another board, a bar, a block (also called a tongue-tie), as well as the very method of such a connection.

Shpuntubel   - A manual cutting tool for cutting on the edge or plane of a rectangular narrow groove - dowel piece - at a specified distance from the edge.

Narrow rake, which serves to strengthen the glass in the frame, binding, etc., as well as for decorative edging.

The part intended for connection to the pipeline of fittings, instrumentation, etc.

<<Щ \u003e\u003e

<<\u003e

Wood fiber material. It is made from waste paper. 80% of ecowool consists of newsprint, and 20% of ecowool is nonvolatile, additives serving as antiseptics and flame retardants.

Part of the internal volume of the building, moved beyond its outer walls and protruding on the facade in the form of a closed balcony.

<<Ю \u003e\u003e

<<I \u003e\u003e

Cellular concrete   - concretes, in which the bulk of the volume is made up of uniformly distributed pores in the form of cells obtained with the help of gas or foaming agents.

A Adhesion - (from Latin adhaesio - adhesion) in physics - the adhesion of the surfaces of dissimilar solid and / or liquid bodies in places where their surfaces come into contact. Adhesion is caused by intermolecular interaction in the surface layer and is characterized by the specific work needed to separate the surfaces. In some cases, adhesion may be stronger than cohesion, i.e., adhesion within a homogeneous material, in such cases, when a bursting force is applied, a cohesive break occurs, i.e., a gap in the volume of the less durable material in contact. Adhesion significantly affects the nature of friction of contacting surfaces: for example, friction of surfaces with low adhesion friction is minimal. An example is polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), which, due to the low adhesion value in combination with most materials, has a low coefficient of friction. Some substances with a layered crystal lattice (graphite, disulphide-molybdenum), characterized simultaneously by low values ​​of adhesion and cohesion, are used as solid lubricants. The most well-known adhesion effects are capillarity, wettability / non-wetting, surface tension, meniscus of liquid in a narrow capillary, friction of two absolutely smooth surfaces. The adhesion criterion in some cases can be the time of detachment of a layer of material of a certain size from another material in a laminar flow of liquid. Adhesion takes place in the processes of gluing, soldering, welding, coating. Adhesion of the matrix and filler of composites (composite materials) is also one of the most important factors affecting their strength.

Additive   - a component that gives polymers the necessary properties.

Acrylic   - the colloquial name of polymers based on derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acids and polymer compositions from them. Since acrylic is easy to clean, resistant to household acids and solvents, bacteria do not multiply on it, it is most often used for the production of sanitary ware, paints, sealants, and also kitchen countertops, sinks and aprons.

Antioxidants   - substances that increase the resistance of polymers to the action of oxygen.

Antiseptic(lat anti - against, septicus - decay) - a system of measures aimed at the destruction of microorganisms in the wound, pathological focus, organs and tissues, as well as in the body of the patient as a whole, using mechanical and physical methods of action, active chemicals and biological factors .

Antiseptics   - chemicals introduced into the composition of polymeric materials and mineral compositions to prevent their biological contamination and subsequent destruction by microorganisms.

Antistatics   - substances that reduce the static electrization of polymers.

Antifriction polymeric materials   - materials used in friction units and characterized by low coefficient of friction and low wear.

Armature   - a set of auxiliary devices and parts to ensure the operation of any device, machine, equipment, structure.

Reinforcement   - the introduction of reinforcement in the product in the process of its production.

Asepsis- a complex of measures aimed at preventing the entry of microbes into the wound.

B Concrete   - building material, artificial stone material, obtained as a result of solidification of a rationally selected and compacted mixture of binder (cement or other), aggregates, water. In some cases, it may contain special additives. It has a capillary-porous structure.

AT Moisture recovery   - property of the material to lose the water that is in its pores.

Moisture resistance   - property of the material to provide long-term resistance to the destructive effect of moisture during periodic moistening and drying.

Humidity   - the ratio of the mass of water currently in the material to the mass of the material in the dry state.

Water resistant   - (W) - the ability of concrete not to pass through water under pressure. For example, W20 means that the concrete retains water pressure of 20 atm (2.0 MPa).

Water absorption- the property of the material in direct contact with water soak and retain it in its pores.

Water permeability- the property of the material to pass water under pressure.

Water retention ability- the ability of the solution mixture to retain excess water. The water-retaining capacity protects the solution from loss of large water quality when applied to a porous substrate, as well as from delamination during storage and transport.

Time…   Time to achieve full strength - the time for which the material is gaining full strength according to the characteristics of the binder. Time adjustment - the time during which the material retains ductility. Setting time - the period during which the mixture is used (plaster, putty, glue, etc.) acquires strength. The hardening time is the time through which the material loses its plasticity.

D Sealing   - ensuring the tightness of the walls and joints that limit the internal volumes of apparatuses, machines, structures. Applied in various fields of science and technology. The methods are selected depending on the specific conditions. Widely used soldering and welding joints, gas-tight cast parts, special vacuum materials, sealing compounds, seals.

Sealantsis a pasty or viscous flow composition based on polymers or oligomers that are applied to joints and joints of structural elements of buildings and structures to prevent leakage of the working medium through the design gaps and for waterproofing. The sealing layer is formed directly on the joint seam as a result of curing (vulcanization) polymer backbone   or evaporation of the solvent; There are also sealants, which, after application to the sealing surface, do not undergo any changes (low-lying putty). Acrylic Sealants -   sealants, the main component of which is acrylic. Acrylic is a colloquial name for polymers based on acrylic acid derivatives or materials from them. Effective when filling cracks and seams in concrete products. These sealants are perfectly covered with paints and varnishes, withstand a slight vibration. Minus of use - low resistance to atmospheric phenomena and moisture. Sealants on acrylic base do not contain solvents in their composition. Acrylic sealants have good adhesion (in the people - adhesion) to concrete, brickwork, wood, plaster, etc. Do not stand deformation. The cheapest of modern building sealants - acrylic, as a rule, are not designed for outdoor works. The reason is that acrylic mastics are not elastic, but plastic - they are well applied, but do not withstand mechanical loads and temperature changes. The field of application of acrylic sealants is not the responsible parts of internal sealing. Bituminous Sealants   - sealants based on bitumen. They do not dissolve in water, they dissolve completely or partially in benzene, hydrogen sulfide, chloroform and other organic solvents. They have good adhesion to a wide range of substrates (concrete, bitumen, wood, metal, plastic). They are applied to wet substrates. Operated at low temperatures. The main application area is the filling of cracks in the roof, base, foundation, etc. Butyl Sealants   - a sealant based on butyl - a monovalent radical of butane (C4H9). They are mainly used for manufacturing insulating glass. They have excellent adhesion to glass, aluminum and galvanized steel. Do not contain solvents. They are vapor-permeable, which is very important for the production of insulating glass. Have low strength at low temperatures. They have high resistance to UV radiation. The disadvantages of this sealant can be attributed to its color - only black, and application only in one sphere. Polyurethane Sealants- Sealants based on polyurethane - a synthetic elastomer (highly elastic polymer) with programmable properties. Used for sealing and gluing various types of materials - plastic, glass, paving stones, concrete, metal, ceramics. There are one-component and two-component. Polyurethane sealants are universal, durable and elastic, do not shrink when vulcanized. Stick to any material, and work with them is possible in all weather conditions. Inter-panel joints on polyurethane sealant are durable and of high quality. Polyurethanes do not shrink when vulcanized, so you can accurately calculate the consumption of the sealant. Polyurethane sealants are durable and elastic, able to withstand long regular deformations and restore their shape. Silicone Sealants   are low molecular weight silicone rubbers (silicone polymer, usually dimethylpolysiloxane with terminal hydroxyl groups). The composition may include various fillers that make the sealant flame-retardant, heat-resistant. They also improve adhesion to various building materials. They are used for outdoor and internal works. Some of the most durable due to their high resistance to different temperatures, mechanical stress and ultraviolet, however, have several significant drawbacks, they have good adhesion only to a strictly defined amount of materials, are not applied to wet substrates, have a sufficiently long hardening time - especially at low temperatures and humidity, do not stain. Thiokol (Polysulfide)- sealants based on liquid polysulphide rubbers (thiokols) - artificial rubbers made using polysulphide - a multi-sulfur compound. Widely used in shipbuilding, aircraft building, radio electronics, electrical engineering and civil engineering, for example, for sealing inter-panel joints. Completely vulcanized after 10 days. These sealants are less durable than silicone sealants and weakly resist deformations (no more than 25%). The disadvantages of thiocoline sealers include low thixotropy - the seams closed by thiokal sealants gradually "creep", on the facade the seam looks wide, uneven. Stitches treated with thiocal sealant, turn black with time. They can be applied only at a temperature above -10 ° C and can not be applied to a wet surface, respectively, the application mode is strongly tied to weather conditions. MS-polymersealantsare sealants based on modified silicone. They have the advantages of both silicone and polyurethane. Excellent adhesion to almost all materials: metal, wood, plastic, glass, ceramic tiles, concrete, natural stone. Elastic and elastic. High heat resistance. Resistant to weather and weather conditions. Adhesion to wet substrates. Dust- and dirt repellency. We paint.

Waterproofing   - Protection of building structures from exposure, penetration of water or other aggressive liquids.

Hydromonitor   - (from other Greek, "hydro" -water and English "monitor", English hydromonitor) -a device that serves to create (form) a dense, high-velocity water jet and control it with the aim of destroying and flushing out mountain rocks and alluvial layers.

Hydration - (from the Greek hydro - water) - the attachment of water molecules to molecules or ions. Hydration is a special case of solvation - the addition of molecules of an organic solvent to molecules or ions. Unlike hydrolysis, hydration is not accompanied by the formation of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions. Hydration in aqueous solutions leads to the formation of persistent and unstable compounds of water with a dissolved substance (hydrates); in organic solvents similar solvates are formed to hydrates. Hydration causes the stability of ions in solutions and makes it difficult to associate them. Hydration is the driving force of electrolytic dissociation - a source of energy needed to separate oppositely charged ions.

Hydrophobicity   - water-repellent properties of the substance.

Hydrophobizer   (make a transfer to our sealants) - a substance that weakly interacts with water (water repellent), but firmly held on the surface. Treatment of the material with water repellents is carried out in order to obtain a non-wettable coating in the form of the finest layers or films of the lacquer type.

Fungus   - damage to wood and other porous building materials   plant organisms, not always mushrooms

Priming- (German grund - foundation, soil) - Primers can be used as bases of buildings and various engineering structures, material for structures (roads, embankments, dams), accommodation medium underground structures   (tunnels, pipelines, storage facilities), etc. Primer(make a transfer to our sealants) - the composition applied by the first layer on the surface prepared for painting to reduce its porosity and ensure the required adhesion of the paint and varnish coating. From the coloring compositions is characterized by a smaller content of pigments.

Deep Cracks   - cracks that permeate one of the layers of the coating and can result in the complete destruction of the film

Gloss   - shine, appearing only when viewing the surface at a slight angle.

Mud-holding   - a defect characterized by the ability of a dry film to retain foreign particles on the surface.

D Deformability   This is an indicator established by an independent expert body, which determines the retention of the sealant elasticity under statistical deformations by this value. An accredited laboratory, having tested a seam with a sealant at a certain statistical deformation producer, establishes a predicted service life in the following way: 1) the deformation information is correct only together with the data on the service life; 2) the manufacturer must confirm this documentation (acts, protocols). Example: a sealant with a deformability of 50% and a predicted service life of 8 years is probably better than a sealant with a deformability of 25% and a predicted lifetime of 10 years.

Defect of no shelter   (overlapping) with paint - a defect that occurs when staining at different times of the same working day and characterized by the presence of protruding traces and edges of the previously applied coating

Dispersion   (dispersion from Latin dispersion - scattering) - fineness of grinding - the dimensions of the solid particles of the material.

Dispersion   (from lat "dispergo" - scatter) - a fine grinding of a solid or liquid, as a result of which disperse systems are formed: powders, suspensions, emulsions, aerosols. Dispersing one liquid into another (not miscible with the first) is called emulsification, dispersing a solid or liquid in a gas (air) by spraying. Additives   are liquid or powdery substances or elements that are added to the concrete. They, due to chemical and / or physical effects, affect the properties of concrete. Depending on the type of additive used, the properties of fresh concrete, for example, the pour point and application properties, and the properties of solidified concrete, for example, strength and durability, can change purposefully.

Wood-fiber boards (Fibreboard)- sheet material made of wood fibers. Soft wood-fiber boards with small and medium density (150-350 kg / m3) are used for sound and heat insulation of floors, ceilings, for strengthening roofs and ceilings. Semi-solid (average density not less than 850 kg / cm3) is used for interior decoration   buildings, superhard (at least 950 kg / m3) - for floor coverings. The surface of fiberboard can be painted, lined with film materials, profiled, perforated.

Chipboards (chipboard)   - made by the method of hot pressing of flat parts of wood mixed with synthetic binder. According to some physical and mechanical properties, wood chipboard is superior to natural wood: they swell less from moisture, less combustible, and have good heat and sound insulation properties. The surface of the wood chips from which the plates are pressed is almost completely covered with a synthetic binder film, which makes the development of fungi difficult and makes the chipboard more biodegradable.

Drainage   - a system of trenches, furrows, pipes (drains), wells, designed to collect excess ground moisture from the territory under cultivation.

E Natural basis   - soil massif in natural conditions, used as the base of structures

F Reinforced concrete- artificial building material, consisting of steel reinforcing cage   It is filled with concrete and constructively combines the working properties of steel and concrete. In this case, the reinforcement works on tension, and concrete - on compression.

Reinforced concrete structures- monolithic or prefabricated structures made of a co-operating steel reinforcement cage and concrete.

Pot life of solution   - the time during which the solution is suitable for work.

Gelatinization; gelation - the transition of the product from the liquid state to the solid or semi-solid. Note. Gelatinization can be carried out intentionally to render the product thixotropic (viscous) properties.

З Putties- are used to fill up any cracks, scratches, potholes in products. They must satisfy the following requirements: - Have good plasticity. If the putty is rolled out in the form of a roller and then stretched, then it must first be made thinner and then ruptured. The bad putty breaks immediately. - firmly adhere to the surface on which it is applied. - when hardening, do not shrink, crack or bubble. - The coefficient of thermal expansion of the putty putty should be close to the coefficient of expansion of the product to which the putty is applied. Conventional oil putty contain chalk and varnish. The quality of the putties depends on the materials used. If the chalk is wet, the putty quickly loses its elasticity. With an excess of drying oil putty stick to the hands. Reducing the amount of drying oil reduces the ductility. Putties during storage lose their plasticity, but when kneading plasticity returns to them. When storing, put putty with a damp cloth to prevent drying.

Shuts down   - is mixed

Hydraulic closure (water gate)   - a movable waterproof device for closing and opening the culverts of the hydraulic structure (spillway dam, sluice, pipeline, hydraulic tunnel, fish-boat, etc.) in order to control the flow of water passing through them.

З acacia- filling the seam

Stripping   - the process of mechanical removal from the product scale, the influx of welds, welding spatter, metal defects, etc.

AND Limestones   - sedimentary rocks, consisting mainly of calcite. May contain various impurities (broken particles, organic compounds, etc.) The name is given depending on the features of the constituent components. Widely used in construction (as a facing stone, for the production of lime, etc.), glass industry, metallurgy (fluxes)

Lime is an air lime - air binder, obtained by firing crushed calcareous rocks (limestone, chalk, shell rock, etc.) containing not more than 6% of clay components. The lime obtained is called a lime, and after grinding, it is ground. Lime slaked - hydrated lime, lime-pushenka. Obtained from lump or ground lime by quenching it with water. If the amount of water is 60-80% of the mass of lime, the lumps break up into fine particles and lime-pushenka is formed. With further dilution with water, lime dough and lime milk are obtained, respectively. It is used for the preparation of masonry and plaster solutions, as well as in low-grade concretes used in dry conditions. Plow limeused for making dry mixtures. Lime hydraulic   - Hydraulic binder. Obtained by calcination of marly limestones containing up to 20% clay components. It is used for the preparation of masonry and plaster mortar and concrete of low strength used in humid conditions. Lime-kapelka- ground quicklime. Obtained by mechanical grinding of lime. When it interacts with water, a significant amount of heat is released.

Insulation- Separation, isolation, delimitation of something or someone from the rest of the environment.

Isocyanates.   Active electrophiles. When reacting with primary and secondary amines, they form substituted ureas, with alcohols - carbamates (urethanes), hydrolyzed by water to amines and carbon dioxide.

Isocyanate resin   - Synthetic resin containing free or blocked isocyanate groups based on aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic isocyanates. Note. Isocyanates in the form of monomers or, in general, polymers are used in combination with compounds containing reactive hydroxyl groups in the formation of polyurethane coatings.

Insolation   - The degree of illumination by the sunlight of buildings, structures and their internal premises.

Infiltration   - The movement of air through the enclosing structures from the environment to the premises due to the wind and thermal head formed by the temperature difference and the pressure drop of air outside and inside the premises.

Inquiry- Facing concrete surfaces   natural or artificial stones   irregular shape.

TO Crushed stone- Pieces of natural stone in the size of 150-500 mm. Can be ragged or stumpy. Applied for the installation of foundations, masonry of the walls of some structures, piling or concreting certain parts of hydraulic structures.

Ceramic stone- A hollow building material made from clay raw materials with various additives. It differs from the brick in somewhat larger sizes. By average density is divided into effective (not more than 1450 kg / m 3) and conditionally effective (1450-1600 kg / m 3). It also differs by brand, density and frost resistance.

Kamyshit   (reed plates) -thermal insulation products made of cane stems, reeds of autumn and winter cutting with the insertion of metal wire. Carcass - The frame of the building, consisting of rods (racks and beams).

Frame-panel constructions- Consist of load-bearing frame elements (reinforced concrete or steel columns and crossbars) and enclosing structures ( wall panels, slabs and panels of coverings and overlappings). Designed for the construction of predominantly multi-storey buildings.

Quadra- A stone block, shaped like a rectangular parallelepiped, is an element of a stone wall.

Quartzites- Dense and strong granular rocks, consisting almost entirely of silica. Used as a building stone, abrasive and acid-resistant material, in the form of flux in metallurgy and for the production of refractory bricks.

Expanded clay- Artificial aggregate for lightweight concrete (expanded clay concrete). It is obtained as a result of swelling of granules of low-melting argillaceous rocks during their roasting. Produced in the form of gravel or gravel with a diameter of 5-40 mm. In addition, it is used as a heat-insulating backfill.

Expanded clay concrete   - Lightweight concrete, obtained on the basis of expanded clay (granules of baked clay) and binder.

Porcelain tiles   - Artificial finishing material. It is made by pressing a mixture of clay and granite crumbs at a pressure of 400-500 kg / cm 2, followed by roasting at a temperature of 1200-1300 ° C.

Caisson   (French caisson-box) -The caisson in the sea is a design for the formation of a water-free working chamber underwater or in the water-saturated ground. Also a device for partial dehumidification of the underwater part of the vessel for the purpose of repair or inspection.

Brick Building   - artificial stone of regular shape, formed from mineral materials   and acquiring stone-like properties (strength, water resistance, frost resistance) after firing or steaming.

KKK   - coefficient of constructive quality // KKK = R \\ y where R - strength, y - relative density

Stone masonry- Masonry consisting of stones or bricks laid in a certain order (with ligation). The main goal of dressing is to make the monolithic structure by stacking the stones of each upper row so that the vertical seams between them do not coincide with the vertical seams between the stones of the lower row.

Adhesive paste   - It is used for priming, puttying and gluing wood parts, the clearances at connection of which exceed 0.2 mm. The paste is prepared by mixing in the hot glue finely sifted ash, or dry sifted chalk, or mikanite dust, or dry crumbs of asbestos, etc. Glutinous paste can also be obtained by mixing the above fillers with other adhesives.

Adhesives   - Natural or synthetic substances used to connect different materials as a result of adhesion of the adhesive film to the surfaces of the materials to be bonded. The strength of the adhesive compound depends on the adhesion of the adhesive to the surfaces to be bonded (adhesives), the strength of the adhesive film and the properties of the materials to be bonded. To get a reliable connection, you must carefully prepare the surface of the parts, for which they remove dust, dirt, grease, rust. Wood, metals, stone materials are polished with a fine-grained sandpaper. Porcelain, glass and rubber are washed with warm water, then (after drying) degrease with gasoline. For the seam to be less visible, mineral pigments of the appropriate color are added to the glue, usually 8-10% of the pigment (by volume) is sufficient, since a large amount of the dye does not make the color of the adhesive film more intense. If the objects are porous and easily absorb liquids, the surfaces to be glued are pre-impregnated with a very liquid adhesive solution. Adhesives are applied with a brush, tampon, spatula. In the slit, the glue is introduced, for example, with a staple (used, in particular, for lubricating the car).

Tinting   - The process of individual production of paint of a certain color by adding pigment pastes to white paint.

Composites   - The purpose of creating composites is to combine the desired properties of the original constituents in the new material. A well-known example of composites are long-produced fiberglass.

Condensation   (from Latin condensatio - condensation, condensation) Transition of a substance from a gaseous state to a liquid or solid. Condensation is possible only at temperatures below the critical temperature. At a constant temperature, condensation continues until an equilibrium pressure (saturation) is established, depending only on the temperature.

Design   - Engineering solution of the architectural structure, structure, machinery with respect to structure, layout and mutual arrangement.

Corrosion (from late latency corrosio - corroding) - Destruction of solids (metal), caused by chemical and electrochemical processes developing on the surface of the body when it interacts with the external environment. Concrete, building stone, wood, other materials are also subject to corrosive damage; Corrosion of polymers is called destruction.

Corrosion resistance- The ability of materials to resist corrosion. For metals and alloys is determined by the rate of corrosion, i.e. the mass of the material converted into corrosion products, from the surface unit per unit time, or the thickness of the destroyed layer in mm per year. An increase in corrosion resistance is achieved by alloying (adding to the metal), applying protective coatings, etc.

Paint- Liquid or powdery product, suspension of pigments or their mixtures with fillers in oil, drying oil, emulsion, latex or other film-forming substance. The paint forms an opaque, colored homogeneous film after drying. Paints are designed to produce upper layers of the coating. - Facade paints - economical paints for exterior and interior works. Resistant to climatic influences, economical, easy to use, do not have an unpleasant odor, water repellent, wear-resistant, light-resistant, dilute with water, strengthen the surface to be treated, allow repair repainting. - oil paints - suspensions of pigments and fillers in linseed. Produced dense or ready for use. - Mineral paints - Painting compositions based on inorganic binders and glue. They are divided into limy, silicate, cement and glue. - silicate paints - painting compounds, which are a mixture of pigments and fillers with an aqueous solution of potassium liquid glass. - cement paints - aqueous suspensions consisting of a mixture of white portland cement with alkali-resistant pigments and some additives for improvement properties.

Silicone (silicone) resin   - Synthetic resin containing siloxane groups

The critical volume concentration of the pigment (OCCP)   - A certain value of the volume concentration of the pigment, at which the film-forming fill the voids formed by solid directly contacting particles, and above which certain properties of the system vary significantly

Crents   - Additives introduced into the cement during milling to improve its properties.

Roof- The upper part of the roof, consisting of a wooden crate and an outer covering. As a coating, a wide variety of materials are used: from shingles and shingles to modern plastic materials.

Edge (finish of ends)- Melamine edge: decorative, water-resistant and mechanically damaged coating of polymeric materials with a texture for valuable wood species. It has a thickness of 0.5 mm. Used for industrial chipping of chip ends

Circled   - A wooden form supporting the formwork, along which arched, vaulted and domed structures are erected, as well as the vaulted part of the fireplaces.

Roof   - The top cover of the structure, which protects it from the effects of the external environment. It consists of a load-bearing part - rafters, perforated beams and in some cases racks and outer layer (see roof). Inclined roof planes are called skates; Internal angles formed by ramps - valleys; outer corners - ribs; the upper horizontal edge is the ridge.

L

Lacquer   - A liquid that can produce a clear, shiny film after drying in a thin layer. Solution of film-forming substance in organic solvents. Varnishes can contain a plasticizer, hardener and other additives that improve the quality of the coating.

Paint and varnish system   - A set of layers of varnishes and (or) paints, which is applied or should be applied to the surface.

Paint and varnish environment   - A set of components that make up the liquid phase of the paint. Note. This term also applies to lacquers containing matting agents

Suite - Unit of measurement of illumination. Illumination, created by a light flux of 1 lumens (lumens), uniformly distributed over a surface area of ​​1 m 2.

M

Concrete grade for strength   - It is determined by the compressive strength of samples measuring 150x150x150 mm, made of working composition and tested after 28 days of normal hardening.

Mastic- Sealant, paste, putty or other non-curable material, the consistency of which, after manufacturing and during operation, practically does not change. Mastic is used for sealing. A mixture of different substances for gluing, cementing, filling cracks in order to make the object impermeable to water. Hardening occurs either due to the evaporation of solvent M. or chem. reactions of mixed substances. For the compilation of M. used: chalk, lime, gypsum, sand, pounded glass, glaz, white, suricum, sulfur, protein, clay, starch, wax, etc. M. are prepared in oil (quite common. Window, suricum and zinc putty etc.) with resins and gums, with rubber, casein and glue, with water, soluble glass, etc.

Shor's method   - The hardness is determined by the depth of insertion of a hardened steel needle under the action of a spring. Usually the Shore method is used to determine the hardness of polymer materials. The Shore method is described in the ASTM D2240 standard, which specifies 12 measurement options. The most commonly used options are A (for soft materials) or D (for harder materials). The hardness determined by this method is denoted by the HSA for the measurement of variant A, or the HSD for the measurement according to variant D;

Chamfering of film   - Appearance on the surface of the film of a thin easily removable powder arising from the destruction of one or more components

MDF (WOOD-FIBER PLATE OF MEDIUM DENSITY)   - Environmentally friendly material, as additional synthetic binders are not used. The binding agent is lignin, which is part of the wood. It is made by dry pressing of fine-dispersed wood chips at high temperature and pressure. Well processed. Due to its moisture resistance and mechanical characteristics, it exceeds the natural wood. MDF is difficult to fire, biodegradable, weather resistant and cheaper than wood. It is used mainly for facade elements, less often for furniture cases.

Mineral wool slab   - Hard and high stiffness, light and cellular concrete (mainly aerated concrete and foam concrete), foam glass, glass fiber, expanded perlite products, etc. Products from mineral wool   are obtained by processing melts of rocks or metallurgical (mainly blast-furnace) slags into vitreous fibers. The bulk weight of mineral wool products is 75-350 kg / m 3. Inorganic, used as mounting, are made on the basis of asbestos (asbestos cardboard, paper, felt), asbestos mixtures and mineral binders (asbestos-diatom, asbestos-treply, asbestos-lime-siliceous, asbestos-cement products) and on the basis of expanded rocks (vermiculite, perlite).

Multi-component product   - The product, the components of which are made in the form of separate parts, which must be mixed in the proportions specified by the manufacturer.

Elastic modulus- Coefficient that characterizes the resistance of the material to tension / compression.

Modified resin- A resin whose chemical structure includes natural material, partially modified as a result of appropriate chemical reactions

Monomer   (sin mono "one" andmeros "part") - This is a small molecule that can form a chemical bond with other monomers and make up a polymer. It should be noted that other low-molecular substances are commonly called dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, etc., if they, respectively, consist of 2, 3, 4, and 5 monomers.

Frost resistance   - The ability of the material after saturation with its water to withstand a certain number of freeze-thaw cycles without deteriorating the properties below the established limit.

Marble- Predominantly calcareous rock. Has an amorphous structure, different color tones. Easy to process material. - Advantages of marble - an ideal material for interior decoration - both in terms of health standards, and appearance. Easily processed, which allows you to make from it elegant things. "Living" stone - the so-called marble. - The disadvantages of marble - its natural softness do not allow widespread use for external finishing. Very many marble species have very high water absorption, which leads to a change in color and premature aging. The main disadvantage of marble is that at large volumes it is very difficult to pick up a stone of the same shade.

Marble chips   - Filler for plaster mortars and decorative concrete. Marble crumb consists of waste produced by the development of marble quarries and the manufacture of marble products.

Marble powder- White marble ground to a powder state. It is used as an additive to cement, lime or gypsum in the manufacture of decorative plaster solutions.

H Sputtering- Application of a substance in a dispersed state to the surface of articles and semi-finished products to inform them of special physicochemical, mechanical, decorative properties or to repair a defective surface. The sprayed coating is retained on the surface mainly by adhesion forces. Depending on the initial state of the sputtered materials and the design of spraying devices, the following methods are distinguished: gas flame, electric arc, powder, liquid, vapor, plasma, laser, auto-thermal emission. The specified methods are applied to metals (Ni, Zn, Al, Ag, Cr, Cu, Au, Pt, etc.), alloys (steel, bronze, etc.), chemical compounds (silicides, borides, carbides, oxides, etc.) non-metallic materials (plastics). The thickness of the sprayed layer depends on the method and the spraying mode and the required properties. In addition, thin epitaxial films are obtained by sputtering, for example, semiconductor materials.

Bearing structures- Constructions that absorb the main loads and provide strength, rigidity, and stability of buildings and structures.

Non-volatile substance of paint and varnish material   - Residue obtained by evaporation under certain test conditions.

Unsaturated polyester resin   - Polyester resin, characterized by double carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer chain, capable of further cross-linking.

ABOUT Wallpaper- material intended for interior decoration of premises.

Wall-papers vinylic- formed from two layers: the lower layer of paper (or fabric) is covered with a layer of polyvinyl, and then a pattern or embossing is applied to the surface. Liquid wallpapers- allow to create smooth or relief coatings without seams. The composition of liquid wallpaper can include cotton, cellulose, textile fibers. Liquid wallpapers are diluted with water-based paint and applied with a roller or spray gun. The painting is done with special paints.

Wall-papers for painting   - differ in the deep relief of the coating and the absence of a multicolored pattern. They are called structural (or textured) wallpaper and are designed for painting.

Crater formation- Occurrence in the films of small depressions of rounded shape, which persist after curing.

Blistering   - Convex deformation in films, which occurs when the local separation of one or several layers of the coating.

Formation of bubbles in the film   - Temporary or permanent defect in the form of air bubbles and (or) solvent vapors or both in a deposited film.

The volume concentration of pigment (OKP)- The ratio of the volume of pigments and other solid particles in the product to the total volume of the non-volatile substance.

Fire resistance   - The ability of structures and products for a certain time to withstand without damage the influence of high temperatures.

Refractoriness- The ability of materials to withstand without destruction the effects of high temperatures (not lower than 158 0 C).

Ondulin - Roofing and facing sheet material. Ondulin is used in modern private and capital construction, both residential buildings and technological facilities. It is produced by saturation of organic fibers with bitumen under pressure at high temperature. The leaves are wavy, have good flexibility along the wave.

Surface to be painted -The surface on which a layer of paintwork material is applied or to be applied

Decking   - Removable wooden or metal form, into which a concrete solution is laid when erecting concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Draft - Decrease in the structure caused by compaction of its base or reduction of the vertical dimensions of the structure (or parts thereof). Draft depends on the properties of the soil, the acting loads, the type, size and construction of the foundations of buildings and structures, the rigidity of the structure,

Pockmarks   - Defect, characterized by the appearance in the film of sections of different thickness, nonuniformly distributed on the surface. Note. Wrinkling is an extreme form of poppin formation.

Film peeling   - Separation of one or more layers of the system from the underlying layers or complete separation of the entire coating from the surface. Flaking of the film with flakes - Separation of the film in the form of unevenly distributed flakes different sizes, which usually appears as a result of cracking.

P Padduga   - Spherical surface located above the cornice in the room. Padduga creates a transition from the plane of the wall to the surface of the ceiling.

Steam insulation   - A layer of material whose main purpose is to prevent moisture from penetrating as a result of capillary seepage or diffusion of water vapor into the building structure.

Water vapor permeability- The property of the material to let in air and water vapor.

PVC   Polyvinyl chloride (abbreviated PVC) - The kind of synthetic polymer that has been competing for a long time with natural materials due to predetermined consumer properties. PVC is not subject to destruction and corrosion, it is resistant to weathering. And absolutely harmless.

Pumice   - Light volcanic porous rock of light gray color, similar to frozen foam. The pumice strength is 0.2-1.4 MPa, the average density is 300-600 kg / m3, the true density is 2.5 g / cm3.

Penetration   - (working wetting) (Latin penetratio - penetrate) - the measure of the penetration of the conical body into a viscous medium, used to characterize the consistency (density) of substances. Penetration measurement methods are particularly useful in the case of substances that change their rheological properties with mixing.

Primary coat of lacquer coating- A layer applied directly to the surface to be painted. Foam concrete - Type of cellular lightweight concrete, obtained from foam, which is prepared from a cement paste porous with a technical foam forming air cells (pores).

Polyvinyl chloride   - Thermal insulation porous, obtained by porous polyvinyl chloride resins. The average density of expanded polyvinyl chloride< 100 кг/м3. Polyvinyl chloride   slightly changes its properties with a temperature change from +60 ° C to -60 ° C.

Styrofoam - Thermal insulation material, a kind of thermoplastic foam. The best characteristics are expanded polystyrene, manufactured by extrusion.

Polyurethane foam   - Thermal insulation material. Polyurethane foam can be tough or elastic. Foam polyurethane refers to a variety of foams. Sand - Loose, loose clastic rock, consisting of: fragments of minerals (quartz, feldspar, with an admixture of mica, etc.), skeletons of organisms. It is formed in the destruction of rocks, transported by water, wind, glaciers, etc. Used for the production of glass, foundries and in construction. Depending on the conditions of formation and location, mountain, river, sea, barchan and sand dunes are distinguished. In the sand, the dimensions of the fragments (grains) vary from 0.1 to 1 mm. Depending on the size of the grains, the varieties of sand are coarse, dusty and clayey sand.

Sandstones- Clastic rocks, consisting of small particles of various minerals, cemented into a solid mass. The color may be white, gray, yellow, or red.

Pigments   - Insoluble solids, giving color to paintwork materials, plastics, etc. Inorganic pigments are divided into natural and artificial (synthetic). Natural pigments include, in particular, various oxides of iron, manganese, chromium and other compounds (iron wax, ocher, mummy), as well as some types of clays and limestones. Synthetic pigments are divided into organic and inorganic pigments. The main characteristics of pigments are color, light and weather resistance, intensity, spreading rate, anticorrosion.

Plastic   - The property of the material to change under load the shape and dimensions without breaking and to keep the shape after the load is removed.

Plasticizer   - A product used to increase the elasticity of a cured film

Paint film   - Continuous layer obtained after one- or multiple application to the surface

Film-forming for paints and varnishes- Non-volatile part of the paint and varnish medium that forms the film and binds the pigment

Mold-different fungi (mainly zigo-iascomycetes) forming branching mycelia without large, easily visible to the naked eye, fruit bodies. The development of mold fungi on the surface of building and finishing materials leads to physical destruction of the latter. The mold has a particularly harmful effect on wooden structures. Mold is one of the main participants in the processes of biocorrosion and biodegradation of materials.

Surface cracks   - Small cracks distributed over the surface in the form of more or less regular patterns

Lifting the film- Softening, swelling or separation from the surface of the dried film due to the application of a layer of the same or different material. Note. A defect may occur during application or drying of the film.

Coating   is the surface layer applied to the object. The purpose of the coating is to improve the surface properties of the base material, commonly referred to as the support material. Improved, among others, such properties as appearance, adhesion, wettability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, resistance to high temperatures, electrical conductivity. Coatings can be applied in liquid, gaseous or solid phases

Polymers   (from the Greek poly- "many" and imerros - "part") - inorganic and organic, amorphous and crystalline substances obtained by repeated repetition of various groups of atoms, called "monomers", connected in long macromolecules by chemical or coordination bonds.

Polymerization   - the process of formation of a high-molecular substance (polymer) by multiple attachment of molecules of a low-molecular substance (monomer, oligomer) to active centers in a growing polymer molecule. The monomer molecule that forms part of the polymer forms the so-called. monomeric (structural) link.

Polyurethanes - Heterochain polymers whose macromolecule contains the unsubstituted and / or substituted urethane group -N (R) -C (O) O-, where R = H, alkyl, aryl or acyl. The macromolecules of polyurethanes can also contain simple and ester functional groups, urea, amide groups and some other functional groups that determine the complex properties of these polymers. Polyurethanes belong to synthetic elastomers and have found wide application in the industry due to a wide range of strength characteristics. Used as a substitute for rubber in the manufacture of products operating in corrosive environments, under conditions of large alternating loads and temperatures. Operating temperature range - from -60 ° С to + 80 ° С

Polyurethane resin   - Synthetic resin obtained as a result of the interaction of polyfunctional isocyanates with compounds containing reactive hydroxyl groups.

Polyester resin- Synthetic resin obtained by polycondensation of polybasic acids and polyols (high molecular weight alcohols). Note. These resins can be classified according to their structure, for example, as saturated and unsaturated polyester resins.

Polycondensation   - The process of synthesis of polymers from polyfunctional (most often bifunctional) compounds, usually accompanied by the release of low-molecular by-products (water, alcohols, etc.) in the interaction of functional groups

Polymerization(Greek polymeres - consisting of many parts) - The process of formation of a high-molecular substance (polymer) by the multiple attachment of molecules of a low-molecular substance (monomer, oligomer) to active centers in a growing polymer molecule. The monomer molecule that forms part of the polymer forms the so-called. monomeric unit. The elemental composition (molecular formulas) of the monomer and polymer is approximately the same.

Polyesters   or polyesters   Highly molecular compounds obtained by polycondensation of polybasic acids or their aldehydes with polyhydric alcohols.

Polystyrene concrete   - Building material consisting of expanded polystyrene granules, cement, additives, water. Scope: construction of load-bearing structures of apartment houses and public buildings; external walls   at multi-storey frame-monolithic housing construction; as inter-apartment and interroom partitions   in residential and public buildings; insulation of roofs, ceilings above basements in both newly constructed and reconstructed buildings with a polystyrene concrete mixture, which is produced and poured directly on the construction site. Advantages: precise surface geometry, fast and easy wall mounting, fire resistance and fire safety, environmental safety, energy saving for heating buildings, high strength and resistance to aggressive environments

Laminating the film- Appearance of turbidity on the surface of the originally glossy film. Note. At the initial stage of the development of the defect, the swishing can be easily eliminated by wiping. Turbidity - Mat opalescence, sometimes manifested during the drying of glossy paint films as a result of the deposition of one or more solid components of paint or varnish

Leaks on the film   - Formation of irregularities in the thickness of the film, which appear in the form of sags, streaks

Portland cement   - Hydraulic binder, consisting mainly of calcium silicates.

Ventilated underground in the permafrost zone   - Open space under the building between the surface of the ground and the overlapping of the first (socle, technical) floor.

The air- A small hole in the socles, walls, floors of the building, designed for natural ventilation of the enclosed spaces of the structure.

Compressive strength   - The maximum pressure that the material withstands before the start of fracture.

Durability of communication at separation   - The effort that must be applied to the material to tear off the glued products perpendicular to the gluing plane.

Strength of adhesion- The maximum stretch that the material withstands before the start of fracture.

R Rive- Thermal insulation material made on the basis of fluffy wood fibers of coniferous species fluffy in a special way. Raive is used in the form of tape or block heat insulation.

Thinner for paints and varnishes   - A volatile liquid is one- or multicomponent, which, not being a solvent for the film-forming agent, can be used in combination with a solvent, without causing undesirable effects

Diluent for paintwork materials- The volatile liquid is single or multicomponent, which is added to the product to reduce viscosity

Soluble dye for paints and varnishes   - A natural or synthetic substance that stains the paint or varnish in which it dissolves

Solvent for paint and varnish material- Single-or multicomponent liquid, volatile under drying conditions, in which the film-forming agent completely dissolves

Solvents   - Liquids that serve to give the consistency of the formulations. As solvents for oil paints use gasoline, white spirit, turpentine, for perchlorovinyl - acetone, for glutinous and water-emulsion - water. Most solvents (except water) are toxic, flammable and explosive.

Cracking   - A change characterized by the appearance of ruptures in the film.

Consumption   (paint, varnish) - The surface area (m2), which can be painted with one liter of material. Also - the amount of material (kg) needed to color one square meter of the surface.

Expanding cement   - Collective name of a group of cements that have the ability to increase in volume during hardening. In most expanding cements, expansion occurs as a result of the formation of highly basic calcium hydrosulphoaluminates in the hydrated binder medium, the volume of which, due to the large amount of chemically bound water, considerably exceeds the volume of the original solid components (by 1.5-2.5 times).

Picture "frost" on the film- Defect characterized by a number of very small wrinkles in the form of polygons or cobwebs on the surface of the film

Rigel   - A cross member, a bolt - a linear supporting element (beam, rod) of building structures or structures, located, as a rule, horizontally.

Rigelconnects (rigid or hinged) vertical elements (racks, columns) and serves as a support for runs and slabs installed in ceilings or coatings of buildings.

Grillage- The lower part of the foundation of the structure, distributing the load on the base, including pile.

Rotunda   - Round in plan construction (hall, gazebo, pavilion), surrounded by columns and covered with a dome.

Ruberoid   - Multilayered material obtained by impregnating the roofing cardboard with molten low-melting bitumen and subsequent application of refractory, oxidized bitumen filled with mineral powder. The front side of the roofing material is covered with a powder covering the material against UV radiation; the underside of a powder of limestone or talc, to protect against sticking layers in a roll.

Loose (uneven) soils   - Coarse-grained (uncemented), containing more than half the mass of rock fragments with particle sizes greater than 2 mm, for example, gravel (with predominance of rolled particles - pebble), and smaller soils - gravel (grains predominate); sandy - loose in a dry state, not having the property of plasticity and containing more than 80% by weight of particles 2-0.05 mm in size (according to the classification adopted in SNiP, less than 50% by mass of particles larger than 2 mm). Distinguish: sandy soils: gravelly, large, medium, small, silty; loess soils; clay soils: sandy loam, loams and clays ...

Row   - Filled with stone and sand rectangular log construction. Are arranged at construction of hydraulic engineering constructions (locks, dams, bridges).

FROM Self-stressed structures - Reinforced concrete structures, in which there is a stressed state (self-stress) during the hardening of concrete made on tensile cement. A characteristic feature of self-stressed structures is that in them, as a result of volumetric expansion of concrete, the entire reinforcement is prestressed, regardless of its location. In the process of self-stressing, the concrete of the structure, due to intensive self-sealing, acquires significant strength (20-30% greater than when it is hardened in a free state, ie without reinforcement), crack resistance and high degree of water, gas and gas tightness.

Self-leveling   - The material properties when using it ensure a smooth and horizontal surface.

Piles- Wooden, metal or reinforced concrete "rods" that penetrate into the base of buildings and structures to transfer loads to dense (continental) soils.

Pile foundation- A foundation in which piles are used to transfer the load from the structure to the ground. Consists of piles and a grill combining them. The choice between a pile foundation and a common foundation on a natural foundation is made on the basis of their technical and economic comparison in the given engineering and geological conditions of the construction site, taking into account the features of the projected building or structure. Pile foundations are particularly rational in the construction of buildings and structures on water-saturated weak soils. In many cases, when pile foundation   the volume of excavation works and the consumption of concrete are significantly reduced.

Lightfastness   - The ability of materials not to change color under the influence of ultraviolet rays (in particular, present in daylight).

Desiccant- Organometallic compound, soluble in organic solvents and film-forming, which is added to products drying by catalytic oxidation, to accelerate the drying process. Note. There are also water-soluble desiccants (solutions of metal salts of fatty acids in organic solvents, which serve to accelerate the drying of varnishes and paints).

Synthetic resin- A resin obtained as a result of controlled chemical reactions of polyaddition or polycondensation between well-known reagents, which in themselves do not possess the characteristics of resins.

Layer of paint material- Continuous product layer, obtained by applying it once.

Resin   - A solid, semi-solid or pseudo-solid organic material that has an undefined and usually relatively high molecular weight and that under the influence of heat softens or melts in a certain temperature range

Wrinkling- Small folds in the form of more or less regular irregularities with a small amplitude, appearing throughout the thickness of the film or part of it. Note. Some decorative paints are developed taking into account the production of a certain degree of surface wrinkling during film formation. Compatibility of the paint material with the surface - The ability of the paint material to be applied to the surface without the appearance of undesirable effects

Product Compatibility- The ability of the product to mix with other products without the appearance of undesirable effects - precipitation, thickening.

Construction   1. Fixed artificial structure (construction) of a relatively large size. 2. The process of construction, erection, creation of material objects (structures in the first sense).

Medium cracks- Cracks similar to superficial, but wider and deeper

Aging of the film   - Irreversible changes in film properties that occur over time

Glass liquid- Air binder, made by burning a mixture consisting of quartz sand, and soda. The resulting glass after crushing is dissolved in water. Sodium liquid glass   It is used in the production of concrete with special properties (acid-resistant, heat-resistant), flame retardant paints and other materials.

Fiberglass plastic- Light, sheet, colored, transparent and translucent plastic with fiberglass inside for giving strength when bending and striking at a small thickness. Combines the properties of wood, metal, polymer: high strength at low specific gravity (4 times lighter than steel), low thermal conductivity: 2.5 times better than heat, better resistance to sharp temperature changes (-50 + 50 degrees C) , moisture, - weather resistance: does not decay, does not warp and does not rust as iron.

Styrene C8H8   (phenylethylene, vinylbenzene) - Colorless liquid with a specific odor. Practically insoluble in water, well soluble in organic solvents, good solvent of polymers.

Styrene Resin   - Synthetic resin obtained by the polymerization of styrene or its copolymerization with other monomers Resistance to detergents - The ability of the cured film to be freed by flushing from dust, solids or surface contaminants without changing their special properties

Rafters   - A structure that supports the roof slopes.

STUK. STUK. STUKKO.- The highest grade of plaster, which includes finely sifted gypsum with marble powder, alum, glue. When hardened, it acquires a very high strength.

Screed   - Base under cover. Screed - a layer of floor that serves to flatten the surface of the underlying floor or floor. The screed attaches to the floor covering on the overlapping of the specified gradient. With the help of the screed, various pipelines are concealed, loads are distributed along the non-rigid underlying layers of the floor on the floor.

Substructure   - A structure supporting the bottom of this or that part of the architectural structure.

Loam   - Loose sedimentary rock containing 10-30% clay particles (less than 0.005 mm in size). According to the content of clay particles, heavy (20-30%), medium (15-20%) and light (10-15%) loams are isolated. Used as raw materials for the production of bricks, tiles, less often - ceramic tiles.

Sandy loam- Loose sedimentary rock, with a clay content of less than 10%. It is used as raw material in the production of building ceramics.

Suffosis- Leaching, removal of small mineral particles and soluble substances by water, filtered in the thickness of rocks.

Dry mixes   - Loose, rationally selected blends of binder, aggregate, fillers and special additives (setting and hardening regulators, adhesives, plasticizers and others). Dry mixes are intended for preparation of mortars, mixtures for leveling concrete floors, gluing building tiles, preparation of primers, putties, plasters and grouts. Dry mixtures are closed by water at the site of production.

Drying of paint and varnish material- A complex of transformations leading to a transition from the liquid state of the film to a solid one.

T

Hardness   (definition of the Shore method) - The property of the material to resist penetration into it of another, more rigid body, and also the property of a harder body to penetrate into other materials. Hardness is defined as the amount of load necessary to begin the destruction of the material. Distinguish between relative and absolute hardness. Relative - the hardness of one mineral relative to another. It is an important diagnostic property. Absolute, it is instrumental - is studied by the effect of indentation.

Hardness of coating   - The ability of a dried coating film to resist mechanical influences: impact, indentation, scratching. Heat capacity - The ability of a material to accumulate thermal energy, Specific heat is the amount of heat that it is necessary to transfer 1 kg of this material in order to increase its temperature by 1 deg. C

Thermal protection   - The property of a set of enclosing structures that form a closed volume of the internal space of the building, resist heat transfer between the room and the external environment, as well as between rooms with different air temperatures.

Thermal conductivity - The ability of the material to transfer heat from one part to another due to the thermal motion of the molecules. The transfer of heat in the material is carried out by conduction (by contacting the particles of the material), by convection (by the movement of air or other gas in the pores of the material) and by radiation. The dimension of the thermal conductivity is W / mK. coefficient ?, W / (m K), is the amount of heat transferred per unit of time per unit area of ​​the isothermal surface at a temperature gradient of unity.

Thixotropy(Thixotropy, thixtropic) - The property of a flowable material to increase fluidity (viscosity) with stirring. For example, mastic or paint, having good performance in this parameter, does not flow and does not drip from the instrument, but it spreads well on the application surface; Do not drain from the ceiling, vertical, inclined surfaces. Thixotropic material is well diluted with mechanical stirring (shaking) and increases viscosity (condensed) at rest. Not to be confused with viscosity. Usually the unit of measure is not specified. They just write: thixotropic / non-thixotropic or increased thixotropy. But there are advanced descriptions of properties, where the index of thixotropy is indicated.

Fineness of grinding- Characteristics of the dispersity of binders, pigments, fillers. The fineness of grinding is determined by the residue on a standard sieve in percent relative to the initial sample weighed.

Topping floors- Concrete floors with a hardened top layer are heavy-duty coatings, which are produced by adding to fresh concrete. The floors obtained are high technical characteristics: increased wear resistance, impact resistance, no dust and perfectly smooth, smooth surface. special hardening mixtures (topping). Topping contains mineral aggregates, high-strength crystals (quartz, corundum) and metal chips. It is characterized by increased hardness and resistance to abrasion of particles. Topping is applied directly to freshly applied concrete and wiped off with concrete machines. At the end of the process, the finished floor is impregnated with a polymer composition designed to adhere to the optimum moisture regime during the concrete strength setting process. Impregnation fills the pores, seals the surface, facilitates the cleaning of the floor, increases the chemical resistance of the surface.

Shotcrete   - (from Latin tectorium - plaster and lat.c concretus - compacted) - method concrete works, in which the concrete mixture is applied layer by layer on the concrete surface under the pressure of compressed air. The spraying is carried out with the help of a concrete installation consisting of a cement gun (or concrete machine) and a compressor. For shotcrete prepare a dry mix of cement and aggregates (usually sand). Compressed air mixture is fed through a hose to the nozzle, it is wetted in it with water supplied by another hose, and at high speed (130-170 m / sec) is thrown onto the gunned surface. The thickness of the layer obtained per one shotcrete cycle is 10-15 mm. The coated coating has high mechanical strength (40-70 Mn / m?), Density, water resistance and frost resistance. Depending on the size of the aggregate, shotcrete-concrete (up to 10 mm) and syringe-concrete, or nabryzg-concrete (up to 25 mm) are distinguished. Tricretting is used for the construction of thin-walled reinforced concrete structures (shells, arches, tanks, etc.) tunnels, waterproofing and sealing joints of prefabricated structural elements, repair and reinforcement of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and products, etc. Concrete work on brick surfaces is performed in order to prevent the destruction of bricks by a continuous layer, 2-5 mm thick, with forces GOVERNMENTAL bricks allowed destruction layer thickness of more than 5 mm.

Dew point - The temperature to which air should be cooled is called, so that the water vapor contained in it reaches the saturation state and begins to condense into the dew. The dew point is determined by the relative humidity of the air. The higher the relative humidity, the dew point is higher and closer to the actual air temperature. The lower the relative humidity, the dew point is lower than the actual temperature. If the relative humidity is 100%, then the dew point coincides with the actual temperature.

Pitting film corrosion- Appearance on the surface of very small round spots from the products of corrosion of the metal surface. Crocodile skin cracks - Wide cracks forming a crocodile skin pattern on the cover. Cracks like "traces of birds" - A pattern of cracks, reminiscent of bird tracks.

Have Hiding power- The ability of the paint to cover the color of the substrate when applied to the surface.

Hiding power of the film- The ability of the paint to make the color or color contrasts of the surface to be invisible invisible

Softening- The process of extracting salts of hardness from water.

Soil compaction- Artificial transformation of soil properties for construction purposes without a fundamental change in their physical and chemical state; is a process of mutual displacement of soil particles, as a result of which the number of contacts between them increases in unit volume due to their redistribution and the penetration of small particles into the spaces between the large particles under the action of mechanical forces applied to the ground. Soil compaction is carried out mainly to ensure their specified density and, consequently, to reduce the magnitude and unevenness of subsequent sedimentation of foundations and earthworks.

Elasticity- The property of physical bodies to restore its form after stopping the impact on them of external forces

Level, level   - Device for testing the horizontal plane

Shrinkage- The property of the material decreases in size and volume upon drying, solidification, etc.

Constructive design   - The ability of metal structures to return to a state of equilibrium after some impact.

F Phenol   (oxybenzene, fatty carboxylic acid) C6H5OH - colorless needle-like crystals, pinkish-colored air-oxidation, leading to colored products. Have a specific smell gouache. Soluble in the inlet (6 grams of 100 gvod), vosstrakhrashchelo, in alcohol, in benzene, in acetone. 5% solution in water is an antiseptic, widely used in medicine. It has weak acid properties, with the action of alkalis forms salts - phenolates.

Phenol resin   - Synthetic resin obtained by polycondensation of various aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, with phenols, their homologues and (or) derivatives

Flocculation   - Formation of agglomerates in dispersion or in paint (Agglomeration (from Latin agglomero - attach, accumulate) - formation of relatively large porous pieces)

Fraction- The particle size of the material base.

Milling- (milling) - processing of materials by cutting with a milling cutter. The cutter makes a rotary cutter, and the workpiece is predominantly translational motion. In the process of milling, two objects are involved: the milling cutter and the workpiece.

Foundation   - The lower support part of the structure, hidden beneath the ground.

X Chlorinated rubber   - Resin obtained by chlorination of natural or synthetic rubber

Friability of the film   - Deterioration of film elasticity

Chitings   - Water fittings

Cold storage- Pantry area of ​​up to 2 m2, located in unheated apartment volume.

Choirs   - Upper open gallery or balcony inside the main hall of the building.

C Cementation   - Fixing soils, rocks, stone and concrete masonry by pumping into the cavities, cracks and pores of a liquid cement slurry or cement slurry. It is used to strengthen the foundations of structures, create anti-filtration curtains, impart waterproofness to breeds ...

Cement - Collective name of artificial inorganic powder astringent materials, mainly hydraulic, having the ability to interact with water, with aqueous solutions of salts or other liquids to form a plastic mass, which eventually hardens and turns into a solid stone-like body; one of the main building materials intended for the production of concretes and mortars, fastening of individual elements (parts) of structures, waterproofing, etc. They are subdivided according to the composition, clinker type, hardness at hardening, setting time, etc. By strength for bending and compression Mark 200, 300, 400, 500, 550 and 600 are allocated.

Cement, magnesia- Composition of caustic magnesite (MgCO3 roasting product at temperatures up to 700 ° C in the form of MgO) and magnesium salts, mainly MgCl2 and MgSO4. The aqueous solutions of the latter are often called "zatvoriteli". Without zastvoteley, caustic magnesite, mixed with water, hardens slowly. Cement mortar - Homogeneous mixture of cement, quartz sand and water. When interacting with water or other liquids, they form a plastic mass, which solidifies into a stone-like body.

Chain (two-row) masonry- Brickwork, the ligation in which is carried out by alternating pincers and spoon rows with overlapping of all vertical seams.

Cycle   - Stripping of the surface (mole).

Cyclopean Masonry   - Laying of walls of structures from large hewn stone blocks without the use of a binder solution.

Plinth- The lower part of the outer wall of the building, located directly on the foundation, or the upper, above-ground part of the strip foundation.

H Black Floor   - Deck on the beams of the ceiling, on which the insulation is laid.

Black ceiling   - Flooring on the ceiling beams, closed from the bottom by a layer of cladding.

Clean floor - Top visible floor surface.

W Slate   - The material obtained by reinforcing the cement stone with fine fibers of asbestos.

Putty   - Pasty material consisting of a binder (glues, drying oils, polymer emulsions) and filler (fine chalk, lime, lozenge, gypsum, portland cement, other cements .The putty is used for leveling the surfaces before painting, for sealing shells, cracks, cracks. there are both ready-to-eat and dry putty.In the latter case, the filler is supplied with a liquid for its dilution or it is indicated in which liquid the putty should be stirred.

Sheet pile wall   - Solid wall formed by wooden, reinforced concrete or steel sheet piles piled in the ground. It serves as a watertight barrier and prevents soil from collapsing when constructing structures of hydraulic structures; temporary protection of pits and trenches.

Plaster - Finishing material, obtained by mixing in a certain proportion of astringents (cement, lime, gypsum, etc.), sand and water.

Strokes on film   - A defect that appears on the film under certain application methods, characterized by the appearance in the moist film of parallel bands that persist after it has dried.

Щ Crushed stone   - Loose detrital rock from uncooked debris of rocks, slags, etc. in size from 10 to 100 mm. Can have both a natural and an artificial origin.

E Elasticity   - The ability of a cured film to withstand without breaking the deformation of the surface on which it is applied

Esterification   (from Greek aither - ether and Latin facio - do) - Preparation of esters from acids and alcohols

Extrusion   Extruding (technological process) - the method and process of obtaining products from polymeric materials (rubber compounds, plastics, starch-containing and protein-containing mixtures) by forcing the melt of material through the forming hole in the extruder. (Extracting, extruding, extruding)

Elasticity- The property of the material to change under load the shape and dimensions without breaking and restore the original dimensions after the removal of the load. The ability of a cured film to withstand without breaking the deformation of the surface on which it is applied

Elastomer -   (Elastomer) - this term refers to polymers that have high elastic properties in the operating range. A rubber or elastomer is any elastic material that can be stretched to a size many times greater than its initial length (Elastomer thread) and, essentially, return to its original size when the load is removed. Not all amorphous polymers are elastomers. Some of them are thermoplastics. It depends on its glass transition temperature: elastomers have low glass transition temperatures, and thermoplastics - high. (This rule only works for amorphous polymers, not for crystallizing polymers.)

Emulsions   - Group of binders and diluents for water and paint and varnish formulations, improving their quality and contributing to the economy of drying oil. Used instead of drying oil for the preparation of putty, primer. Bitumen and tar emulsions are used for base priming under waterproofing, for gluing rolls roofing materials, in the manufacture of asphalt solutions.

Epoxide- (oxiranes) - saturated trinomial heterocycles containing in the cycle one oxygen atom. Epoxides are cyclic ethers, but due to the strength of the three-membered ring, they have a high reactivity in cycle opening reactions.

Epoxy coating   - Features increased wear resistance and strength is not inferior to metal and reinforced concrete. One square millimeter with a thickness of 0.7 mm can withstand a load of 10 tons. Two-component materials for the implementation of coatings, are made on the basis of epoxy resins containing organic solvents. This technology is resistant to UV rays, frost and heat resistant, the coating does not affect the weather conditions, it is resistant to any damage. In addition, the color remains unchanged over time. Epoxy coating can be done on any surface (floors, walls, fences, doors, etc.).

Epoxy resins   - A group of synthetic polymers that have a high adhesive capacity and a high density of the adhesive layer. These are viscous liquids or solids of yellow or brown color; are readily soluble in acetone, alcohol, amyl acetate; for a long time are kept unchanged. For their hardening, polyethylene polyamine (a brown viscous liquid, highly soluble in acetone or alcohol) is most often used. Mix the polymer with the hardener 30-40 minutes before using the mixture. A very viscous mixture is diluted with acetone or alcohol. The hardening of the mixture takes place at room temperature in the time from 12 hours to 5 days, depending on the type of epoxy polymer and hardener, as well as the amount of hardener in the mixture.

Erosion   (erasio erosion) in the technique - the destruction of the metal surface by mechanical influences - impacts, friction, etc. - or by electric discharges.

Erosion of the film   - Failure of the film in natural weather conditions, which can lead to exposure of the surface to be painted

Autoclave
Apparatus for carrying out physicochemical processes at a pressure above atmospheric.

Aglaporite
{!LANG-64b8d1ab533ad71336d4bd7cbcb65201!}

{!LANG-a2d9160d561616bf7a2ddcab5e944cbf!}
{!LANG-26f57d50d203ca692a12d5f54dcacce3!}

{!LANG-8cd214607bcd3358fed38d68af9ea706!}
{!LANG-6aec4012bc15f9b911e34cfa4ab1d284!}

{!LANG-13c59beda23fcc10a9b992ef656ada45!}
{!LANG-20f97bbe727749420863fc27b8d2a196!}

{!LANG-65d77907c15ca01816dd40007b276fa4!}
{!LANG-7b84024bffd914f9dc20e01ac8c2296f!}

{!LANG-f7e6fad1677a6400e9b4f877f9305fa5!}
{!LANG-c4a6f1799ad031942640f406eb2f3d1d!}

{!LANG-69e87b6d6f343b2416535343416b3d28!}
{!LANG-cb6d416b411b836a6a27dc5390403597!}

{!LANG-f84e3fe956a1d4b93f14b047827ed19d!}
{!LANG-ba0096046bdda86b952d8dabf66ea8a7!}
{!LANG-c8a8958d272f7b600b4bfe2f041e1fa8!}

{!LANG-dc3886c458b619a7f63792e4b5349fa7!}
{!LANG-56439a5e347badbba98f0ac524ab8e10!}

{!LANG-0795ed361c9c74e2050b338980b4489e!}
{!LANG-2c71e8c5b3246c148ff187f814a538e6!}

{!LANG-fab4f1c30819c8632345fb5d34cebb31!}
{!LANG-e7bbd64392fddee7608a1979a1b3199f!}

{!LANG-fdaafc30ffcd45b6a82d8f64f2dec6c9!}
{!LANG-86ca01b76b3aa614448c8adbd8860502!}

{!LANG-39af4f3773bb93cdb26a1edc8d18c8d8!}
{!LANG-f03a284f59e72c2d317ddb5b654b3721!}

{!LANG-dd9399bf8d2f95311bb606accccf40e4!}
{!LANG-d039e5fcda073adbe1eac626d4239b5b!}

{!LANG-7942314112e841ad0c8201012a4a0a3c!}
{!LANG-6586f897323912cb786c9d8bcab6783e!}

{!LANG-1e970b595c311a2813817252b32f61e7!}
{!LANG-9cba14d0c5e886588a582d95c50c5853!}

{!LANG-47522ffe09a42d1b4019326d9bddcaf7!}
{!LANG-d072dfe33039520df08cd1e6772bf7d9!} {!LANG-d55a9a9053c69c9777472aa437f8b1e0!}{!LANG-356912cc4e3c6836747946a65e39a66e!}

{!LANG-00b011866262a7505a65de710ffff3a2!}
{!LANG-cf5649579c3417cc041286572f87248d!}

{!LANG-b21e5c249280583b033b797e145c0a90!}
{!LANG-d7c650e6930c21fb8f781d71dc9cee44!}

{!LANG-baf1815679ceb727bdb10cda091f0ea2!}
{!LANG-54c0bd61e94a52a8343ad2cf3cec4604!}

{!LANG-8f3f658a54735600e6ae4d968def0d9e!}
{!LANG-6660e733119fa95a91cdd835a27811b2!}

{!LANG-7412fbe09b98ea670c5b38de40d8b081!}
{!LANG-91400b4c29fa1c4956aee7c4ddfe6b3d!}

{!LANG-0ede2f65f6a79392772cb16ddfac4d82!}
{!LANG-ae30ed818712c2821953ba3089b6f832!}

{!LANG-590a1217be6b14cafb1e6b04c61b7ce5!}
{!LANG-7434f1195dcc4f23bab660957d1727ed!}

{!LANG-4528ded775fa7eaa4cb15ee4fa1371a7!}
{!LANG-4a8e4a3f94ce3ad35f9f26108084468e!}

{!LANG-f6ffaad9f436940c6ee3a2e61c1ce360!}
{!LANG-8b5114c5d794878c9f393d201489f735!}

{!LANG-40ba3f0154f2574f5de4540f1826fb04!}
{!LANG-6745b1047b931f5d1136ef04cbceb086!}

{!LANG-9a89498d182b476ff511d1e1053f70e7!}
{!LANG-1c5876ed5f80ae7172366097a3fa2230!}

{!LANG-ec018240e3a2e710f9be1f5af88e579b!}
{!LANG-14333664ebf600d8c696766f50db9664!}

{!LANG-3751e604a98a6532121304ab9f5b860b!}
{!LANG-be7a824989e1a90e89d2f266e7271d99!}

{!LANG-ba5935612582c6c2557fd008fb605fe5!}
{!LANG-7bddab47bb2028a22764094149c8cf0e!}

{!LANG-27fdc7c896ed879af4769c0dab6e9439!}
{!LANG-96d7c849e5e473085585141489df29e0!}

{!LANG-c6ee8de119c3e3f95c54e3d90748cef3!}
{!LANG-95f8164e34dcac2431be5f3d5b344aa5!}

{!LANG-e97577883125439d03dff6eb27343d7f!}
{!LANG-c89f66f61d93bcbfa08a7cb1800ecf48!}

{!LANG-7e340b9c0a8c35d48284325223b01e66!}
{!LANG-0aa7b97e4061e2f084876c50b28462f8!}

{!LANG-078b949bdec9bca3c25996fb55ed852c!}
{!LANG-25a012ef601222ca31db2fd2e1c445ce!}

{!LANG-dd06c66840d8eb0b9cbde0e77ac24af5!}
{!LANG-7501208fd71c5e9d799d77fde4bb6749!}

{!LANG-71b83e77ce7336b5cadc11c4d0b05e8e!}
{!LANG-6e0d4168659335e5f8bbfd8b5038637a!}

{!LANG-cd8d831a8312e03ef9c1fe666c571fd8!}
{!LANG-49c51ad7de987ea407a79e29afbca5a7!}

{!LANG-4f27e87bfd9aefba43e522333aa1b103!}
{!LANG-50358e205f837ffc686563ace46ded58!}

{!LANG-a65137a6e2f7fe47cb29296ff4363a24!}
{!LANG-1ea5bd26fb2fda191311c6e3d11e46eb!}

{!LANG-3409b50c06768d8776d8124b1f1733da!}
{!LANG-ae5ce726f548254b3fb53f9db7ca00c0!}

{!LANG-7bfc80a3c2b928d6340b476cd716b3d7!}
{!LANG-bff41ae517b64dc38353d417aee88560!} {!LANG-36d9c87e70b56efa7d55e1ce7088224a!}.

{!LANG-e594baa3a3ca463f177497cce97443dd!}
{!LANG-f7f8b97b1b181a8c1916b7881e3a26db!}

{!LANG-1c2451f2ded786edff200962d90e8170!}
{!LANG-6cc91cf5839a584e0e42d6d12ddb10a1!}

{!LANG-5cd08499a2ea1a9d40d1192f5f24066f!}
{!LANG-e8c4f4b2c14a83dd2b75dc2373821647!} {!LANG-450166b1aad50c4710cce6f5fed4a159!}{!LANG-73077c981ca22f40be565a06be8a4beb!}

{!LANG-a773bbf9843378ca58b4e8231691f458!}
{!LANG-5b095b99bde5ec02f7a49160972d3722!}

{!LANG-356729c2c9ff507747a3e3c5552f82d1!}
{!LANG-573458ddd0c705536a95b9af05c49e5a!}

{!LANG-593735211aba90358811b0cbc540d946!}
{!LANG-f688e23040468b8b09addd9512b080c9!}

{!LANG-d9a1a241b99b7f585c9a090bc4bf33e7!}
{!LANG-761ff3a71fad3a252bde01c566a6b08d!}

{!LANG-eb7a953d7ff4a307bea75d2138ca72e5!}
{!LANG-caa21e67123e0df8e98c2820a411defa!}

{!LANG-a68c4684145926e4adab47fcb01e060c!}
{!LANG-badca3d01c6158bb5e777d1aaa19fcc2!}

{!LANG-d05bf580d1fb462bbfbe7bc96a3ea781!}
{!LANG-a66fd0b823956014ef69da84714b1dd1!}

{!LANG-7ebce677bd8b5c0d40739ef5a2193aa6!}
{!LANG-f1a931e4b105eb2303b46a2dd98b7705!}

{!LANG-6b536347a8411664b4f9d3a99fe7228f!}
{!LANG-ccf0f83010987004966f0acaf83f3baa!}

{!LANG-6e8dc1fbcbb547dcfcc8f96c85ebcbd1!}
{!LANG-61c1a598e507ae1d3e0fa12c6f6204da!}

{!LANG-ba14528f471a634aa3db39db64ffd2f0!}
{!LANG-99a1618578d26ae998dbf34fea056abc!}

{!LANG-3f11986875b1bb08a58dead2dc905ca8!}
{!LANG-6debefd667dcdb2fb7be85fa49049e2c!}

{!LANG-f7d48b577dc44324a67d5b23adb32a99!}
{!LANG-2abf63c260008427dc54e2d2d9c42106!}

{!LANG-0a48a0e06ab1d1d4154d59f68b824562!}
{!LANG-5d3ef3d83bfd9801ad3f54153f9cf2b8!}

{!LANG-07cbf32e57b405479dbf0be4aa725973!}
{!LANG-24a845bc1fc8102c9cb49593eb62c3e9!}

{!LANG-5505afcedca74ea37e573c104b5977c4!}
{!LANG-fd16652e0f6f04e4a74eef5a76a9dac6!}

{!LANG-374c0beab9df8d8bb6a240edb6527f09!}
{!LANG-6b5b051534e53e2193e7750b289f4a68!}

{!LANG-78f557bf3fc0e68d1caef8052517b38f!}
{!LANG-d6ef91b2a16b917d74292ebb80b4365f!}

{!LANG-bd2b587a894d15d9805f2f9b4bbdebab!}
{!LANG-e3d1945d7d58e8e9f34f01cf4252da02!}

{!LANG-685dd08bddd22027ce8c5eb9afd6cf48!}
{!LANG-99f9cf8f7de463f1583153ec7c913e65!}

{!LANG-8c899c61a015925acb095e71613f3fa9!}
{!LANG-ac63de490d27f8402759724547f70d70!}

{!LANG-d491933ffe7c412112fe485ec8df0425!}
{!LANG-ae02d10ca964a18a2c8e3d744ee91fdb!} {!LANG-e27a2981841c418cc39a94e5b6f54b95!}{!LANG-efcc20ea0c314ebdbb596dcf4fc87f1e!}

{!LANG-8a7df3104e75462be6c97a024ee209c0!}
{!LANG-f04a2ae80830cab0f0ebfe1a2157251c!}

{!LANG-7ac8c34c18558f43bf4bfd5eb2bc9b07!}
{!LANG-05f8f07466ad261152eb0de9d4b76b52!}

{!LANG-b1c95d72db8553279b184281c218ccc8!}
{!LANG-f9baa9be9f1c9b711407aa0c5f88458e!}

{!LANG-bdf0607d09874727966b902c4bbf3009!}
{!LANG-a6d3423488c63aaa886ffadea6837628!}

{!LANG-4e3dc6b873f9be0fd57b65b441fe529c!}
{!LANG-488625d5144e2c406a07cfa167ce58e4!}

{!LANG-e5bbf9f28588e883ddd797818aeec5c2!}
{!LANG-f988d1ae240b4558a7db5017ce9f1e32!}

{!LANG-368eb84b9ee8b2d5205531c719eb99be!}
{!LANG-2d3ad379f38acb45b8e8586a349be041!}

{!LANG-9c5bc27381953726f4b02e2404b762af!}
{!LANG-88773426edff46ad250261e63148a7b2!}

{!LANG-7406aedcaf0c96fe6b5809166bf5bf2d!}
{!LANG-a07a2a84c460012eb773ef2f81d1f414!}

{!LANG-cf206a6655650d750e3ef045f56ac3f1!}
{!LANG-93725c815895229d78099aa74957506d!}

{!LANG-8a7f27d428b34262742caf9953ab7169!}
{!LANG-ac40e341fca5bbdfb9434093c1a662bf!}

{!LANG-ef37c16356409162931c812df7e3e3a5!}
{!LANG-2e99ae12960e29c75fad9c4966f3fc98!}

{!LANG-eb057e5906ec99ad3a384526ae8e069d!}
{!LANG-ff012a0cdb8472a95cad3a0e59e25212!}

{!LANG-3cd66e95fcdf5d50a0022a9e696503c9!}
{!LANG-73a9298004dd721120a9034db2e832f2!}

{!LANG-954bc94317d486bdc540cd0d9d8a8588!}
{!LANG-74dc15a4ec0df25abd99cc9a17e4d69d!}

{!LANG-20b44678627b8bf810ece96901aaed83!}
{!LANG-42735c77dd6841c5f8e7349a6622499f!}

{!LANG-dc7803f364fc9905f48a41f916741591!}
{!LANG-8d01a6fb1f3daaf54544b7711bfb71ff!}

{!LANG-3ea243913f4a4628d3273ab51b14e008!}
{!LANG-ae285195f0bf07d25ee4b17893ddce86!}

{!LANG-7133e9b98a6d266f0c6c5325cf806245!}
{!LANG-7ca29517b5afcd048706939a9edff27b!}

{!LANG-2eeb54470a8e0f217ea1353f87a5eec8!}
{!LANG-f7284d45e796e791b592db708a151dc3!}

{!LANG-e6bb5f395c2daa40c4091c3810efaf2f!}
Natural or artificial material, which is a rounded grain size of 5-70 mm and a smooth surface.

{!LANG-353270d0cd2a5710441f91d92c53a2cb!}
{!LANG-8194f7253e443dd6d3c15fd189c05eb7!}

{!LANG-19a2d8759a266ca3595ce0a83d08baaa!}
{!LANG-8af03fe81f3f251295d5f424f391e948!}

{!LANG-4ff9eea61a21916570252b81b0a6c297!}
{!LANG-e0d89a8c8405e304917c6ae848919d5e!}

{!LANG-350cd7c935bb7fe25f40e3a15498296d!}
{!LANG-a1eb7d699233eb504f38fd46b6858f49!}

{!LANG-36355ae0ccde8ef68b21b59455804210!}
{!LANG-620c561f4dea7c201a5f9fd400f174e4!}

{!LANG-f20352379b1ad5f062ee560e18734e0a!}

{!LANG-3e10e1e17327b5cfb44fa37f117ae6ca!}
{!LANG-a8e95c653e319734d94ca3ceefbf7f3c!}

{!LANG-f20352379b1ad5f062ee560e18734e0a!}
{!LANG-f464bf3ddcc141f3e9df9f0e9730d2c2!} {!LANG-fb372b2f88d52845d7eded777d73000f!}.

{!LANG-778bbb24a366a6ec0889543385b3a71e!}
{!LANG-ce5dd20c19b4b73ac0d77b869e95057d!}

{!LANG-6c9ccacbfdbd724eb7324900a0e51368!}
{!LANG-fba8689e21ebc01ff71e19f04d5e402c!}

{!LANG-21f3a8249da6cc476a50bad6605b946c!}
{!LANG-523cd1341510123b710a566ca800dfae!}

{!LANG-69a3f0220751257ce1d2d92214fa09c7!}
{!LANG-6cd8674ea5679617dce77bf38bb90cde!} {!LANG-14539a46dd1532621c84a9c5d26c1c6b!}{!LANG-8544f054a169ce8fb1f1b9b768c78e90!}

{!LANG-613001f0997168f1b15fca09f182dc44!}
{!LANG-87bfdee010bd0d60f9657d3cc870475b!}

{!LANG-4d9bd03b51d29aeba40b23d00b1648a2!}
{!LANG-574d51476b46fe14692b2d6e66bb34bc!}

{!LANG-03d80279b77987e7ac76eb596b7a5b6f!}
{!LANG-6bcd79bbf23234735d829f20c404b5e4!}

{!LANG-6d944311c29f0f74278736f76f6bb0b7!}
A rectangular triangle with a 3: 4: 5 aspect ratio. The sum of these numbers (3 + 4 + 5 = 12) has been used since ancient times as a unit of multiplicity for the construction of right angles with the help of a rope, marked by knots on 3/12 and 7/12 of its length. It was used in the architecture of the Middle Ages to build proportionality schemes.

{!LANG-40b3f89b41b63bb17f04e7bcd8a8f248!}
{!LANG-c7fb3dc10c18ddb5dc4acd9a2d9f73d7!}

{!LANG-3605a3726f4deae601f19821abe23cc5!}
{!LANG-7bbd6ea0d95e8b1acbda60249ba2ed06!}

{!LANG-0d061d185c60e7c37589ca23b0d95cf9!}
{!LANG-a7c360c052b3fd3963a915bc9e6795bc!}

{!LANG-e86469d8af96240e5f9391c2d00784c2!}
{!LANG-854358a686de0238c33ea081f31120e7!}

{!LANG-f4131dfe95550ba85eb142a8d2d2891e!}
{!LANG-27217b1ceb03bcb0887cf71a6653dc4c!}

{!LANG-049df068acf2405223619cb2275858ed!}
{!LANG-d2d7601afd130247b1be310bf7ed408c!}

{!LANG-db985a72c8e957c9227894997b31188c!}
The final arch or arch is the upper central stone. It is a wedge-shaped block or brick, somewhat protruding from the plane.

{!LANG-b9262c950fff5f7e9febe9577d612851!}
{!LANG-cf90ca2cbc9b8679b824d94bcc969986!}

{!LANG-88e1dc4879de9b8508408bbd1a174ed9!}
{!LANG-a1b3db3b6741d54c7dbcd0fc2f87b458!}

{!LANG-53e43cda8c689a211261aecaf1310e35!}
{!LANG-dad761508047d0e1ebcb5bf1d3dc4e4b!}

{!LANG-c7023d4b3ff0c56910276c86abea68af!}
{!LANG-27e0c6b34126772c0d9955c8a60173b3!}

{!LANG-2b68d894f375faba0a148a3dbb9cb536!}
{!LANG-3f01a061f7781ece96d55b552abbc5b7!}

{!LANG-8b3bafef866ee135dd7fa1222f7f7a0e!}
{!LANG-0d8cc61b1e54864d8f043d7dc22d387b!}

{!LANG-7ff480abe55d872d21e94d98621107db!}
{!LANG-59a3dbe50a9d6c62626b1f12e2390842!}

{!LANG-1316db7488ce0fc8f28927258b53c0e9!}
{!LANG-aa9f6bc7f57b2b194413250c6ca2bef8!}

{!LANG-4a098a2236ccb573438e9849a908c83f!}
{!LANG-cc438d95d103a1738c48696a405e9e82!}

{!LANG-fa6f8d24a2ca3411faf13363d67b3d48!}
{!LANG-96c72f6e283ae0aee32161d9f21ea707!}

{!LANG-139b547ca0542b68000e3326ac5a3b62!}
{!LANG-866ab1e7aaa71d791a080bfb075e6644!}

{!LANG-6e28eb07b35ef0db1f270c4a954c4f71!}
Decorative tiles from baked clay covered with colored glaze. The formed tiles are dried and then fired at a temperature of up to 1150 deg. C. Can be smooth or relief, covered with glaze (majolica), or unglazed (terracotta).

{!LANG-344d80e7b0c786ccd5bdb7f0c1021401!}
{!LANG-1a1242830c0228a9298c473106f2f93c!}

{!LANG-0e7f7be6b05f3184fb304a2510f2896e!}
{!LANG-f8bfc096664a128c3b80613ea1229232!}

{!LANG-4aa5e5f3e712b355d8a73858993b7d7e!}
{!LANG-80fac06e3f23a204e8af9a2d41388f48!}

{!LANG-e466c6024e1c3474d8b3d356157264ff!}
{!LANG-2f3398623ee0456566205e073742e6f1!}

{!LANG-ef2c1314da42c437aa06acce42107790!}
{!LANG-2bfaa5f40f2e71f7c9219a6295a8f38c!}

{!LANG-1eb751044087ffaad2f741f0e81b52a3!}
{!LANG-effde924f542c348e72871ab08505260!}

{!LANG-3f25fdea74194c9a5f52f60ef3bff2e5!}
{!LANG-cdf904f616429a465577ff486e4cb284!}

{!LANG-56ae31bbd689ef320c54835bb7d74e76!}
{!LANG-abfbac7273f9b6dbe703cc681d0e4c3f!}

{!LANG-55d92b8e9bd794e953ee8a12b40dba08!}
{!LANG-6703c976e6f7b26c5fd2cf46d7cbba6a!}

{!LANG-db07d0b046985b4191083a57a4f6213b!}
{!LANG-862504c1a75a0441e129349f27186fbf!}

{!LANG-c0efdde20df49f2df986f027817f7b6e!}
{!LANG-73c45fea51c7f2839302c80a417bb292!}

{!LANG-b49673595e7b008d2056ea69c46f2627!}
{!LANG-409840683429fa934e913cde0dfbb254!}

{!LANG-4539ac47a938089c418b0213ca5698b7!}
{!LANG-d215f26c9a31195deb348d8f12adf59c!}

{!LANG-190bfe983fb52ac4a560ec0ecdcfa2d3!}
{!LANG-fad650589dcd55a00cf50d80cf1c26ae!}

{!LANG-b5f9961d612b5607e2887cf51f7b63f6!}
{!LANG-cab237aa67033556a451fcd8f20ffefd!}

{!LANG-b4ff6653a2e472c7949b93e322146886!}
{!LANG-9988ed90b404b032a6b601781a55cac3!}

{!LANG-4d33ea0c46d38e6ea7e1d527a18a0cdd!}
{!LANG-51ac3ba4d56e95e979d103b6b627b561!}

{!LANG-3771aadd88024e5609d810d6df696d70!}
{!LANG-414755c91e88665f8a2cba0223c90138!}

{!LANG-2061fb46aabb0b868ae4a0e6631275c8!}
{!LANG-551496b7c82b4db15c9229123280a704!}

{!LANG-ef1a77cc4123b9f5a37df4aeb4a7884c!}
{!LANG-3bf80dad81cbdc5052403cf80f540e2d!}

{!LANG-451426d931c8c8045dd103ee8b0e5f05!}
{!LANG-c1760727d70b5ebbdbe842db3baf77a1!}

{!LANG-657970c46258fb01c6d11d4d9e721527!}
{!LANG-005c7c53dff6f5c59397247b79211467!}

{!LANG-cae49fac6d7dd7ad637eee84901a4fb1!}
{!LANG-38901a3d71d66d2df1b9a465d75e961c!}

{!LANG-d97b2fb3975c05803bfcb0b6558c9854!}
{!LANG-399545066071778cd3d4fcc68a3e48bb!}

{!LANG-728c5c9cee4e00306a2a1795a7010c6d!}
{!LANG-61f9bd9ac847cb204e5f14bafaf11038!} {!LANG-c04189c2113e0790637d3982b3f17c8d!}{!LANG-2a80ff3b23e990a6d5502dd20b130c67!}

{!LANG-0d41b3f314e494df7f9c9cc56fcad8bd!}
{!LANG-ec890118da6aac05d387de953cd6d5ea!}

{!LANG-3493d196d87adf3149680ad7caac3f89!}
{!LANG-ed236f0d52f4282a2667de56240546a2!}

{!LANG-3f38963c9f0dff024f69364b8d0f388e!}
{!LANG-8e15b1bb80256c391713ff3493647cc9!}

{!LANG-c2a448222430ab8374d3ae4b90e2c4a1!}
{!LANG-f82272332ae32c0954d852dcb52bd9e9!}{!LANG-616fa8db7ada226da6abd3b427986d3c!}

{!LANG-586ade05ac985d5c0f0a661fb2b4779d!}
{!LANG-2537921eb2e8e1f46408bdb675ae7f83!}

{!LANG-16237164760afe8b79d6cb73419846b2!}
{!LANG-9c416253da758519061a8b0d32fefc4a!} {!LANG-04a84f6d9314558207ffc36651546824!}{!LANG-0041607f369f4a9746d0e8e865a6ace2!}

{!LANG-62c4a77a615610cd5cf69b6cbfe9f66d!}
{!LANG-b902307e3e84e65ec98b4ae85736fbe9!}

{!LANG-3b16155debb399f906e8f8d6679145ee!}
{!LANG-1128115fe1857fa4808729220e05854a!}

{!LANG-876742cee16c263123520f9e8e0edc98!}
{!LANG-7435d1839fd3432ddc245edf2876e324!}

{!LANG-82a09d9859b6af763358980cf9ef01f9!}
{!LANG-20808eaa7890f5209ae795eab87a3856!}

{!LANG-28aad43bc0f18817e7c9d2c84716c51f!}
{!LANG-4c606872d279f83d5e8b1f8037882892!}

{!LANG-e0eff4b497f8ca66ed48a49babbff392!}
{!LANG-5451652a231a32357fe0d7eb0bb5bad8!}

{!LANG-18fac531466f57f042d9b0864fe355ca!}
{!LANG-349b8e61b8fccd4d848e57d7072b7851!}

{!LANG-e15b21ef7c9c1da1275ae8c9df562c7f!}
{!LANG-2af47c84bccf5d99119d9b8539a19e1d!}

{!LANG-c00f101275fcec0601ce53aa48c763ce!}
{!LANG-604745cfa5688329546816ac30a72127!}

{!LANG-a8ea37543cb777e76f73b3b2a3937a65!}
{!LANG-0ff8c713f57bc3293c765fe0da3effb9!}

{!LANG-fa6099ce09245ee72db5e43618329c01!}
{!LANG-c5bdabe4b2307e531fb431471304c92c!}

{!LANG-fea1b3af80ce1cbd9de84b4c412e01ed!}
{!LANG-0101141cedefe421534f03e960c9accc!}

{!LANG-5b665c271bdb642a4063b76787499663!}
{!LANG-d802a1cd20573ebb449a0834ca22f7c8!}

{!LANG-8e84e1bf77c25dc3fa808cf7011b3c40!}
{!LANG-82e4e614664e02b30b6f790a8a7b88d8!}

{!LANG-f7829de56e21416a7867636a88bde90a!}
{!LANG-79b8d51c48095bf085a99d42334e91bf!}

{!LANG-4641bbaa5d07aa7f4c14da9220dc154d!}
{!LANG-20fed14c3cb4266a5e4b00f6c3f9b5d4!}

{!LANG-a4a2677cd7aa961dfd59c6f41cef6ae9!}
{!LANG-908e9f6f5105e58258ffdd64ddc03bb4!}

{!LANG-db7e7f56dc360642d7474b558df71ddb!}
{!LANG-ff3d982faead11e0efa04cb45365180b!}

{!LANG-11d06d596e4523265d55ebb8980175ca!}
{!LANG-b0d3bc14971299b44eb5d751ef096818!}

{!LANG-651a2f0417f52c486dd4ceeb6f550b7b!}
{!LANG-e96c87217afbff16b4c44b0f0b25c42b!}

{!LANG-c17de15c4fc9346556242810c6f17f33!}
{!LANG-8689d5b8d9bbd96c962581a37fbf6e78!}

{!LANG-0249ccdd6875267dda1cc49d5d37a7da!}
{!LANG-ebc36026c094190ddd90829167506297!}

{!LANG-56624d5e03ddb4e881b7e6d4e4f117ce!}
{!LANG-8f771fb43f8079ee931cba69dea35560!}

{!LANG-7615cf2acbfded30e7ba7076eee7c751!}
A wooden form supporting the formwork, along which arched, vaulted and dome structures are erected, as well as the vaulted part of the fireplaces.

{!LANG-ee915ce0e74d200d8afdfd28ca6dbb20!}
{!LANG-35460a85c8289e0d5fa3d5f198a5d0c3!}

{!LANG-7eb796f2277a1ee570601691b8ef4c70!}
{!LANG-d612d38434f1b9cbbe237d3e4e24c3f4!}
{!LANG-1c3a8b3e73b6f62e43737a930f96eca4!}

{!LANG-c799d13ac432d67836eb272d154fedb2!}
{!LANG-9400676cf5baefe32adfd7eda2bb7d73!}

{!LANG-8b13e0191273432898e90ae4965d21f5!}
{!LANG-8633c3212c567054f3fd25c724d48aa5!}

{!LANG-f9fe9f66f56b3e409f08c1e6428fc7ef!}
{!LANG-3c9fce4bda020dc8a012032ed351fd0b!}

{!LANG-1377956fff4f4fde42fcc4794e9f5455!}
Logs, beams or metal beams, located horizontally and supporting the floors of the building or platforms.

{!LANG-03ba8fb30eaeaad8bf7d385424736e40!}
{!LANG-c61730323816cfee61800e21fd5a4672!}

{!LANG-d2fe6ebf3d2a44c3a890703ac7ac1db1!}
{!LANG-7f040082ca12b8767b31f2b7cb4068a9!}

{!LANG-749a6ac29bc36fbe6f407cb7f041fdf1!}
{!LANG-2f1b51450fc419536417ce794765c9fb!}

{!LANG-547463546e0a7112ada9d4d346b52a0f!}
{!LANG-a3465de0c6e159f2b988a021b5b22199!}

{!LANG-10bb1d77fe931639e297d6ff1ca57357!}
{!LANG-02cbed23365c4e7310c90f1e0da644d0!}

{!LANG-2b722f86501f3304128667bcb3943ec6!}
{!LANG-67b9a9a9fe0eccbeb867dd3805506799!}{!LANG-44023c073c3ab2cd24cb619e6d593cf6!}

{!LANG-3b86cec03ad043d1438d4693f033da51!}
{!LANG-2f07674b683e6cdf29f323a94aaab2ac!}

{!LANG-bf14a396adb90ba5741166fe4c210fce!}
{!LANG-4f077d74bc3777649f66453e86a324d7!}

{!LANG-e51ec1817af867084848d7bf33158540!}
{!LANG-2f95dda9e036cdd62c3a029324d63d20!}

{!LANG-5aca4f27bfb2e5919c245caac457e938!}
{!LANG-c9ca4a4345bb1a515762b63dd8f8339f!} {!LANG-397236989d0c60a31ecc3adfd5add9bc!}{!LANG-12f82fb4c6e4637bcacf199489dbdc25!}

{!LANG-60d21ffb7b4ee92015233b5624ee0e12!}
{!LANG-512e228dbcee0df8a527d224d6174273!}

{!LANG-230e3ef63395ac4edbd055a8f9bdeacd!}
{!LANG-e75c03691191776619d2d8bc37813b39!}

{!LANG-1db066f8b1877bcf227281775d17f6e2!}
{!LANG-52dd5421d2869432b2661d6d04109af8!}

{!LANG-dd3439eb624380885817bd8a950d408b!}
{!LANG-9dd471efaf25fd046170fd15120c46fa!}

{!LANG-12f4a266c6590dc15555c193ed6d9513!}
{!LANG-978fab8a3480c298f7abb1848afa5d79!}

{!LANG-594e73f83f0d9e7de49d3b697a5b702c!}
{!LANG-da2021b405fa1f43ca1cc8d51b64b365!}

{!LANG-7a4931d8e41bdfd9ea17005c6ed83ad8!}
{!LANG-6184434ee15ed07768dcf4226f714d46!}

{!LANG-44a5cd751d7bb02bbf19fe78f8afda9a!}
Mosaic images made by gluing on the basis of thin figured plates of plywood from different types of wood. In a number of cases, plates of ivory, mother-of-pearl and metal are added. Widely used in the manufacture of furniture.

{!LANG-7a57d833c6ab40be1a748dd4008fd623!}
{!LANG-d49b4ae50076b3dfba8ee5f28c87eae4!}

{!LANG-8c7b8d323aabf6650dfcf814a9920966!}
{!LANG-5282abc9b6455db378b60ab1a714c147!}

{!LANG-02784a90fca0abbb0e64c6fcd204ab01!}
{!LANG-e5ac9b83e105fddd72fb4babd08bb823!}

{!LANG-c6df9b0908f7f5ddf768ecc6e4f3f569!}
{!LANG-641dac87fa36f3a580655218c566924f!}

{!LANG-503061499549ad9585cdf97d90995a6b!}
{!LANG-5e2aa21f027ab3f2370815819aebe14b!}

{!LANG-645e8ca1ca3d020e233a114fbc54177d!}
{!LANG-f99cb1442b18de4f02652ebfcda6f290!}

{!LANG-f87c3d1e671e20521f3148a22e06c46e!}
{!LANG-01dc0e246548dc26c1ec77b3c47c6651!}

{!LANG-bc24d5b12ec412fc9ce5299e5e711859!}
{!LANG-434b06d0397133e47bf12222f9cb4a6f!}

{!LANG-a214309f6a775e9d96055fdd35d4fff9!}
{!LANG-4d3dd57f49e628108905e3e7d72fdd47!}

{!LANG-9e0a4fa2c3c16d3e3995b4c6f504eed2!}
{!LANG-b51b4f0bea6c2717641965726babad73!}

{!LANG-f799b841a1e49e86b9f02cade74ed265!}
{!LANG-30531d40a262cfcb4c809109555f9733!}

{!LANG-b51e5f7ea162bd54e19ee859f3a35a60!}
{!LANG-63737e975b5809282b86654501ea4553!}

{!LANG-721eb33d27ccd1740ea979ad4639f1e6!}
{!LANG-08b11cc37f43e91f2d4ff712bed827a7!}{!LANG-388012cd92f59fed1c89192f508b7b66!}

{!LANG-3e2b92f2f9397478badca1c6f9a07c48!}
{!LANG-9cb122e402c060d3e602cb265d06897e!}

{!LANG-fafc58c0c8025926714835677259c8e8!}
{!LANG-a68de32b4115a5781c5906da1b956407!}

{!LANG-ffd986fbe6d60c3ff8af707449490210!}
{!LANG-c69029a48978d6b3cbef6aa7eb56bcd6!}

{!LANG-63519c894e3f23e1d2ac69597b762298!}
{!LANG-c0e2cb7b0afb9ca00d665b4eaa66e7b6!}

{!LANG-345a62372045637964ef97d70711d3e2!}
{!LANG-302846cd77ebe5268d3cbcbb3b921421!}

{!LANG-708efa540f95219b4cd5908a4d3f2f45!}
{!LANG-00b71ce88778f1c5c73ccdee4d2b0c74!}

{!LANG-e0e7eec904c9117c40d3eec7b45dff8c!}
{!LANG-4058018bbf268dce380cb72afc7576bb!}

{!LANG-af8fc0181647083ed4aea6d44732a56c!}
{!LANG-4efb7f5b522f8f0db1807c91d9ee4c2e!}

{!LANG-ed1e8410a3e6ce34a08f2110eb5e7e99!}
{!LANG-67de8c682349b2bb17a082e9b3a1617d!}

{!LANG-b1d9a87e2d24f5d4366c632e7f247470!}
{!LANG-eec42a935745c1ab63ec88aa7645fbb4!}

{!LANG-07e69df4a14c22f528c985e28134ae35!}

{!LANG-664e4fa47b2208cc58544b781e0dec6a!}
{!LANG-01186341ce65b304c0a5f47970abf034!}

{!LANG-f64f457326d92c412371753eb211a65c!}
{!LANG-7f4118fbb61d3779639ed19caf952c10!}

{!LANG-86cd94c0c6c56b06c144fb8f74b37043!}
{!LANG-f165db0f6f7fd43dc124f8493e05ad17!}

{!LANG-eaa6d8b7814e372e9c07ad5376990c94!}
{!LANG-d67e4483e7879525c7fb5aa1fd54340d!}

{!LANG-3905dc32bb62fee88cff4f2ddf7aa216!}
{!LANG-a0be93050023a22d2910458ed684b484!}

{!LANG-a81d43b6eb9b8b043803e82c531a55bc!}
{!LANG-8de086c4a1557d65305063b5edd54825!}

{!LANG-95ab5f5cb4848e8ac219353b9460e614!}
{!LANG-77c89030434bdc3c3b44f0d7b7315c6d!}

{!LANG-96604e991b56e77a47f48a8682e87343!}
{!LANG-4d8e4f079599044d96c93fb166f813db!}

{!LANG-9cf8718979850c437a6299cb8a30cc4a!}
{!LANG-f7a2e1feaafdab8d853dec4eb344c441!}

{!LANG-82659c87fa87a8ec8ed70970a7413072!}
{!LANG-4428024284e6f4633880734e9f64ac51!}

{!LANG-85ace0e4106ad5fbafdb45d4bded3494!}
{!LANG-e8958d0dd7d53f417e7733da6925cb13!}

{!LANG-d1f24c1655c44a4203cb1177fd71b3f1!}
{!LANG-7f8e750c5d8d4c1b44d96fb064347da6!}

{!LANG-e762a3797151d0a886dc4c6ef9777865!}
{!LANG-c9d6125b0dd0ff9a9c98f542a40524ff!}

{!LANG-2aee109474ac29dcff1e13decd794b57!}
{!LANG-13d02cdaaea1c934d80c90888e878292!}

{!LANG-cb33406c4fd9f47fb22e511554c7bbd7!}
{!LANG-f05fc664006e6b00840f2be7f790c8bd!}

{!LANG-d8cdefd7cefe45f415563b6d8fe959ae!}
{!LANG-4c132903ad7563fc51807e8a2514f234!}

{!LANG-dbd7ee0818499b7ddcac90a3bb9095e0!}
{!LANG-af0f3cc7453f8882753a8c7eb8b51291!}

{!LANG-4b0659f9529989aed29df90f9d08f3cc!}
{!LANG-2261c7eb01d2d3d5935dcee7e946a812!}

{!LANG-46f899b66eeb41621003427a16eca747!}
{!LANG-4602e7a9a9a88878fc77a6e24ee46e0f!}

{!LANG-4f7106f33a0e45115fe4ee9d379eaf72!}
{!LANG-372c720c6431f7b331bc60e7f563e13e!}

{!LANG-ea770495bd3680038ac3e8900cbb29a2!}
{!LANG-7651c8417a549efc5c3405efa4aa644a!}

{!LANG-086a2abe07480e53a7e98804a6a8ca42!}
{!LANG-7c3be6cec167fcc7b38c13389aa53974!}

{!LANG-a686c77e6190b9d9d8d80eb9bc87451e!}
{!LANG-afe54805a3303f04adb342b0f4fb6aeb!}

{!LANG-7bf11f6c041d8e6704c56649d8a9ed3c!}
{!LANG-15bfc12a760bc252c3e335dc1015fd14!}

{!LANG-20cad00b73aef870f6b632400a7ddaf6!}
{!LANG-49018a2e4ad25a9acdacd5459cc346d8!} {!LANG-d8292a100c4d8652e58764bedb7279a3!}{!LANG-44869f731fdaf8dc57665f6c60262191!}

{!LANG-9c4b90405ebbe5c70266807d07077ce3!}
{!LANG-fb33c22cb264087581a02c68253e690a!}

{!LANG-a3850f160db64499d72384592fb9ac75!}
{!LANG-4aae854f1573f3f80abdc15378c8255c!}

{!LANG-6236b6c6b8be428b2d6620b20da8d0e1!}
{!LANG-0448e11a96e5e0ae1f1f12c21e0ad5b6!}

{!LANG-a1ebfcd66a2511f19ba1df8f2975f884!}
{!LANG-60888edc581e7d44f0cb5f18bc2b3034!}

{!LANG-36739473a7e31377e13693746f6fbc32!}
{!LANG-f307b60ecef0a49511cebe00055115f9!}

{!LANG-47f7eb1a0c9f640e338bd95a855ef4a4!}
{!LANG-6877f1d0cd099ee5e92685de1fe592cf!}

{!LANG-993b6db11169acf84d270498e7b7b404!}
{!LANG-2d4d17eafccf64be5beddf35868547b4!}

{!LANG-b0d89b5fbf917258a1a88f9352152422!}
{!LANG-e62f60428cf0c845732a19e378850400!}

{!LANG-c33f6cd587cdecea7c733cc7e3984c47!}
{!LANG-8ab0d3a4dcf05a57ac796c02682f84a8!}

{!LANG-9d9fcc3b34216b9a50fb3306804864ae!}
{!LANG-57707a442d92f2e2c58e29ea65e74228!}

{!LANG-4194eed79068609cf8329c475065d893!}
{!LANG-487b1642dcd0589a7a11b17e901eb4af!}

{!LANG-4631835820b59d8e4d26b2325cee7ca5!}
{!LANG-58c24801dd990ba230d603f52069268b!}

{!LANG-53755b7b9e5c6572c1afce6c773959fd!}
{!LANG-673131039397f70f82ed0f93007cc4b6!}

{!LANG-31a25d59a7e986f269ffab07859d9068!}
{!LANG-b6403636b2bdcb5eb29a78b84685f388!}

{!LANG-f2ed43216d490c62a06cd96db5b6ea10!}
{!LANG-f00f0b30ed761e0698c4438be3f7b7ca!}

{!LANG-04035e32742a63e5ec716026f0123375!}
{!LANG-627de45df7640543f4e9913ab52c1cbd!}

{!LANG-cf5ac70dbdfdf12d44336d4331a79b55!}
{!LANG-56533618e33f53bebeef47fb274afea5!}

{!LANG-c2e8e91d2866780a2ee74df00920d44a!}
{!LANG-53472061d1df5b7e019896028c01a053!}

{!LANG-9c6724b2b7f160cae4b68517290626a2!}
{!LANG-44bae09999fd66e29dff3488b68d7f5c!}

{!LANG-30889bafa28cb641d0b43aaff225de8b!}
{!LANG-a2333566de27a67754b900792fef88eb!}

{!LANG-10f336bf8f323886b0f72d55c6ab53c4!}
{!LANG-a1770e1b74dbcacbc2290987fc14f300!}

{!LANG-9e6435edeaca6a0f3288d74d370d5f48!}
{!LANG-511e26576ed2b23b5d86452b6bab8d8d!}

{!LANG-dc75b7caa97dc9529d727604fe8f2604!}
{!LANG-755913fe88290d3b291b6bcaf69b2ec5!}

{!LANG-a9d19c3acfce789d8e4459aae04adc64!}
{!LANG-5382cb95aab020f1ea5f70f55964a8ef!}

{!LANG-b611a0cc0eff8fa427c8dfb409d399ec!}
{!LANG-8cd5aa59349e8d4b6ae8c7e66361cb2a!}

{!LANG-5cf7807eade2972f23d5f0293a646dcd!}
{!LANG-773a00756cb40a6cb5e59c22f2c0b9f2!}

{!LANG-f05eb0e5c63115f8f65eadd1c4767e82!}
{!LANG-d1ba8818fc4628d29ae0e23349f25aed!}

{!LANG-d56f7994e0353833caa709a6a2ecc651!}
{!LANG-868fabc9d2fd946af4fc80d65aece5b7!}

{!LANG-1acdb00f4c26440a5cbb00369fe4713e!}
{!LANG-6e9e67296506bb4ea4d246491e0588c9!}

{!LANG-a45c3dc57f011e6f52468410d91be090!}
{!LANG-8bc42f6b08005e729e5306ca0e1fcfcd!}

{!LANG-02f31180133614fd357840a192c49386!}
{!LANG-80b33a741a03d81b6618acd8c0b48129!}

{!LANG-a774b8bc2ac0afe832bdc55ae8fa2153!}
{!LANG-3e3d2a1600ab74cda1082a5339e947fe!}

{!LANG-06323d27a7619325dd642da15a360622!}
{!LANG-ecd0aff8e9b58c483680a065ef0beba2!}

{!LANG-84a7c6bfcc4e327142040257e36bde3f!}
{!LANG-a6ad999611de46984e0df95c28c64b45!}

{!LANG-10d257a9146dbbd4646d371436947c96!}
{!LANG-3c724585ae62f6815b93f4f7a7b773a4!}

{!LANG-c517a3d1d0b5767a82547220aa50a696!}
{!LANG-0bad0819bf2ff60f18f421d11ce4215e!}

{!LANG-27b6dee9a5e9b68a34aad252e8f71595!}
{!LANG-2b24aeb5d2b754da76e06b67f586996d!}

{!LANG-1062253598b155195784c35715327657!}
{!LANG-c2331c60b602e07b7c81833b2a8ece41!}

{!LANG-390aa4c0d474ecbc7f99b9a8fe13676d!}
{!LANG-10d4ff4734686669fe3b519a4f8ddb1b!}

{!LANG-b7726c78f3e3f12899ed037c19a6149d!}
{!LANG-24b1147cd41e6d8fe8c573ee59d0e208!}
{!LANG-126abd4741612076c7d3ac86f6cabe8f!}

{!LANG-477958be8e6e463f63adf284f9a1283e!}
{!LANG-131c075166c82b46ec8a82798d9808b9!}

{!LANG-a96b75c9a960bb218880f144b641e8ba!}
{!LANG-b812fcd3dbf1db1191a905e1ec1dba44!}

{!LANG-ae2a0d5b0686bc51fae8438b59e8160d!}
{!LANG-581c1338eb23ea487a0a5eb819838377!}

{!LANG-90bbf136b66f4a8c4f24e6dd0e86e9d9!}
{!LANG-8cb54983610aa1f149ddf359e29bdc7a!}

{!LANG-a5ce61bab1c1bc877d8ca8561cf0c944!}
{!LANG-18b6decb39f2a68e092bdde1445a8d73!}

{!LANG-1a7311cb7032c70fee65b12a5181dba5!}
{!LANG-78ab2dc09fa0b0f28e0ad8531bc4e5b1!}

{!LANG-073dfd3c7022cbf64d5d6bd991a9c86b!}
{!LANG-9f21b2661279b7e783f22eb4769b3d18!}
{!LANG-35af1bdefa212807430c0947cda6056c!}

{!LANG-f45960783a109aea0e5c492045ac1dc4!}
{!LANG-1467b89d3d12072975910fcfb95511f2!} {!LANG-7b8643ce414484809859c28283327dc6!}{!LANG-e4d1ebb7f233c6ec923a60ad9181d716!}

{!LANG-0e0bdd6d15e3837bd66e840ce8ae972c!}
{!LANG-5f6c9794a0ae8cadcbb9ea07b9649577!}

{!LANG-ae42359ce5f09e62f3c604d141ed6a2f!}
{!LANG-87f21575fca97a4a4404ef3f17fa43cd!}

{!LANG-f1efc407874a553541d2e1a71c0f51ae!}
{!LANG-690b5f4a07d296cb00703f69d2d6702b!}

{!LANG-9a05e416ceab82fb73372102f521f80e!}
{!LANG-3d5351decd20d443dade7eff52b33f49!}

{!LANG-42e485cf4e4304a159f6569354bc7298!}
{!LANG-0a959aa5dfa95a546a79b07dfee5fb8e!}

{!LANG-a2946eed6fcfde3568fe900f588da852!}
{!LANG-83d725a70c1e3c09129d136f81bb2d1a!}

{!LANG-c17e957cd582317b5dbf68310e368b81!}
{!LANG-5b8c67bb41f12aa263d57a6cec6bccc7!}

{!LANG-ef9648bf9be5918030bc3424164fd9b2!}
{!LANG-a1a3e69061f23924f19521a2fb8f9ce4!}

{!LANG-8cfe80609d978eeb08002706fc6bb3de!}
{!LANG-73ccb45a0a9d37bc2b6de3f4260029f2!}
{!LANG-bd101c6f3ac730f0e1fbd9755d9173d4!}

{!LANG-d8f8488b332ea2d4974499585e971d8d!}
{!LANG-5954d2979e9d90d72cf016cf234d1d5c!}

{!LANG-7615aebb3548b13681157d76abe192b2!}
{!LANG-936aa42641e906d0524d446abc64a48d!}

{!LANG-2741dee9d6d816e0bf9caed3fd6c95ad!}
{!LANG-9cdec4cad1446cab99121c9aff01a4d0!}

{!LANG-198144b20703898220e26020ca005a47!}
{!LANG-16fd2b0bfd07e26493dd48e4a0f1df2d!}

{!LANG-0f6c9ed2ec441e8844cd5d8d469e11f1!}
{!LANG-a0f870dd15c62fc760a87a82ba140412!}

{!LANG-b2ede99be826d1f9bdff041b70a981f5!}
{!LANG-89bd16b9f2038e15e7fc1102f82e78cb!}

{!LANG-c3b84b7d60d0b568bc14c507ca4a330a!}
{!LANG-c553de6ec23befea41caebce12162929!}

{!LANG-6c4dbcab8cf730ce953f8ef6cb606802!}
{!LANG-1678d6fb308c9a94801cd3fa6c965a9c!}

{!LANG-f8d08bf2af4a79e53200e001fb0c09ad!}
{!LANG-4dc87aaaa574aba41557f4369e93c7bf!}

{!LANG-0382888ebaa98c0ad1d0d207bbf6339c!}
{!LANG-c83b097fd4c8309541ac1e6bf353f4d0!}

{!LANG-9ad19cae553fb2926417cec21bc9b450!}
{!LANG-6cb6fde19c5b6f611d6088d27e4271fa!}

{!LANG-159460f73fe4fc2597b226c0dea543a8!}
{!LANG-c3a3d16ebe4f54f3d9d9747512a58b7b!}

{!LANG-b81a250daf14e08d99ad7b9c005a3c61!}
{!LANG-5b354882eb5138785e7ce84f1a0b3dbb!}

{!LANG-a2c9691587b1dcee3d91651520243eb2!}
{!LANG-38ab0821f2ecd4b097ecc91867db3dbe!}

{!LANG-b107c7b8548c5efcc8167becfc1058f6!}
{!LANG-eef0c5b71be58a6dbc1c5a52f95c51ce!}

{!LANG-7bf5d07bbdfa395f2f9548ba70eba315!}
{!LANG-ee18782c530f2c33ebbb6dd1f8db68ea!}

{!LANG-f2b095441c8980d89f93d600d5f6042c!}
{!LANG-d5c72e41f62dd542f2027b370ef97d18!}

{!LANG-d900b7a2d2765ab883d3835525536f50!}
{!LANG-f60c1b75a9f0805dc38c823a622a4538!}

{!LANG-e7e54858b9da1047be1e38dc5b4318d0!}
{!LANG-f9f7b3ed4023ec1992d0b51031260deb!}

{!LANG-836e0f1dfba9b49373e4532dfc6c04c1!}
{!LANG-3eee5997ef4b6d80f8d4264bc78b0e5c!}

{!LANG-d02cdfcc07a43fc9d5258d44924ee7de!}
{!LANG-535c53e2d852058eb7bc907e9e93966c!}

{!LANG-45c4ffeb9023c901ebf504f693c38cee!}
{!LANG-bebc8ea75adf6dd5ab78a82c99199c0f!}

{!LANG-394a6335e157e40ccdfa7860b18b6c69!}
{!LANG-efb33af0f95bc0660ccae5b3370d01aa!}

{!LANG-a4310b05f000eb4dc3ace1c664d8a503!}
{!LANG-312da62e86dc2fa6719ad8965873211b!}

{!LANG-9034af1b83844b03fa5f2360d86371bc!}
{!LANG-eedb050c779b72884e8bfd88d3f066df!}

{!LANG-dd3b2e7382f872ba2d55616a5ecca138!}
{!LANG-9bb5c69324fdf32805f33f62fd221686!}

{!LANG-5ae7c722784480f512fdb8ec93174e8b!}
{!LANG-b7397ca53fe23b8b5dc3a0a520d01c9e!}

{!LANG-e4df5900096fa898d1c944e3ef602b62!}
{!LANG-7a9eb568b09ce5de318f661b47260913!}

{!LANG-530d7197eeb2a030a7d38897fedee156!}
{!LANG-6922de59b94dc5fbac700b12357f1476!}

{!LANG-dfbc0adc22239b234928ba406a4edc68!}
{!LANG-cfcf84513ed99cef24f51c85fa83fba6!}

{!LANG-a2828f37489cae4eb5b9da41ccdbfff1!}
{!LANG-e76fe6e154bc28c420e89a9734dc822e!}

{!LANG-6d3ab60711f9c20454e38823857c73e8!}
{!LANG-57e6a04316a208671d8c657f294a6e7f!}

{!LANG-84ef5e8085fd08346fafbe4e7f5c67eb!}
{!LANG-f5673f5564d2a6ef45fdbed55497d9db!}

{!LANG-e82afc37cd35e9597c0e27a8ce5701e6!}
{!LANG-bdbd9271289693ffd07f257d8b434885!}

{!LANG-3cff3fae6cfa292aa96cf4d321d7e3ab!}
{!LANG-d410c61ba1968826e3c1f6db9b5ed1f3!}

{!LANG-d4f0456a28c1cfec95f4daec1489634c!}
{!LANG-396e799f22e5824c5c86ff439921fe77!}

{!LANG-91d3234878c389153fdff208b05ad51d!}
{!LANG-390f5d944123c3f04c8bb365e562f118!}

{!LANG-e7338ed05b586c32865ef94db9ea7838!}
{!LANG-8b1591848077268d534a9e765f80255c!}

{!LANG-5e5946ff51971778fbea08106206ded3!}
{!LANG-e01eb43ade7013aa53715cb344e3548b!}

{!LANG-93e26c610e6038fbe4dc2e509524bbb8!}
{!LANG-6db3777e1136e1b193867c8b853b601d!}
{!LANG-10054931b0c3b6509463a8a1ee55146c!}

{!LANG-03faf68aa63164c88e2265a64c6a3052!}
{!LANG-edcf43f98c4b454843830c2945c094fe!}

{!LANG-87f0e16e9841bfa2849803b083442a33!}
{!LANG-e84b3a42349827914f0dab052dc312a2!}

{!LANG-2fed2e9af495a2d324894c153f43c15b!}
{!LANG-bb94fadc1fa1310369ceda7c63ba96c9!}

{!LANG-21c6d3e3cacd2c9faac000a8194bc051!}
{!LANG-9a8958dbf3997c4d081b8ae4829a4b83!}

{!LANG-91769694b273b0350ba355687f5331c6!}
{!LANG-cce0a08bde24b5f5ba519b2acd67fbcc!}

{!LANG-498abd73896b8c2a18a75db05252ec8d!}
{!LANG-6ec080f5faaf8a505850f1b61d026eda!}

{!LANG-cd83bf2e4e3d8f44a13e91aa2ea9cdf4!}
{!LANG-70422313f133118c9e93d08d1aca9698!}

{!LANG-e2c4d58bd3113c20f87beef056437007!}
{!LANG-3ec9defa7bfc3d3e8b5b459ec66ab61e!}

{!LANG-a198bb194a47cc20d7dd1355785aa20d!}
{!LANG-625cfdab718523bac0aae6de16a4dcd1!}

{!LANG-950df170ac6400c2049488fdd25aa1fb!}
{!LANG-d5a2497e50fc481abf545a2fd1283cf0!}

{!LANG-a7923d5c15b42019243c3d01728b0fa9!}
{!LANG-92dbea955a1f289fbbf118db21818f33!}

{!LANG-1741b13be29c805ff7996bd41adf73c6!}
{!LANG-7057edeeb318a85f016b84c928a48161!}

{!LANG-a960058481a5190ae807bad5199f1a97!}
{!LANG-4f09f4d58a067e175d29965a2dc2e003!}

{!LANG-f3d4640bb3877cd7f651a68e71335080!}
{!LANG-2e8d0a4c7da2f5baca34d517808b3b1f!}

{!LANG-7f8514d55e0940774805534ddc48e38f!}
{!LANG-df181d8f527b8190559b94895faf59ee!}

{!LANG-ea0af31452b2194498230020dcfb1ce8!}
{!LANG-e853810f421b45319f08b00abd070cc5!}

{!LANG-714b1a81c656e5cb712519cfe56c0b5f!}
{!LANG-6f4b0bdcec6236f4b046b751d679c05d!}

{!LANG-7955cdb95d2fd4b608bf0d1b452e4f04!}
{!LANG-914fe02b07c9deddd26571a0a18a701a!}

{!LANG-1af2e39e4a177e8cc5237543abfaf4ec!}
{!LANG-68a766f264391fe4fc795632e2ccdefc!}

{!LANG-fca8c4f538750e5c63e287cb38f6c180!}
{!LANG-5a7f9a50293ca2039c936c5003bdbcf0!}

{!LANG-45ba8079e8c1f02db3b64e648cc2e316!}
{!LANG-30d723a7848a87091edc486034b3007b!}

{!LANG-24c87ef573b0a0115ea1393309719e08!}
{!LANG-4da8a7f37823eef3a972416082af620b!}

{!LANG-ace76ff71f4f8c0f11a04db905a1a35d!}
{!LANG-4b8eeb2648a347d848ae07d956d10867!}

{!LANG-db937d7b8b06705a735894f454c58d27!}
{!LANG-c5265401dbbda005b369f7738924b08c!}

{!LANG-6a40c7e1a89847cfd0a2b2cfa0aeb838!}
{!LANG-731d09c4b091609253d35b211dfe7ab3!}

{!LANG-e82f07cf5fb78ded3b3e637ad239b338!}
{!LANG-bac458518f21d2d86440d065a4396507!} {!LANG-1ffa70345496e59562cbdf5467047f8f!}{!LANG-22906208c3f990867fe619100019b594!}

{!LANG-ff539d065d94d916fe6d8a29ae70c0f5!}
{!LANG-d7abd84fba890fd48cf4fd97bbef41e4!} {!LANG-7592fbd401092e09a00404682d0eb5c9!}{!LANG-743e2b852eb5bbb4dd2482c1265d18a3!}

{!LANG-4de2b9fa6226f017d6d3fffee70a6e3d!}
{!LANG-b58ac5b4f29fe6f62dd6d1fd484f9193!}

{!LANG-f4dc4b32ca2c504e7125b7a1165dbeea!}
{!LANG-22dec71094c15702b7dcd7b5a8d7a515!}

{!LANG-0f5479ca3579dc45d753a72ea3b33b4e!}
{!LANG-5c05fc93403f6e13fb3f74627321236f!}

{!LANG-e65b31f473dc2b45137367e317fe2f07!}
{!LANG-d313b3bc93e5017615ff1074c38480ea!}

{!LANG-4dd93da6c36e3944035417ef1ad572b8!}
{!LANG-0c86babf76cded6c6bdd9822ffcd5364!}

{!LANG-2cba8ce69230f74c6eccc71dffd2431d!}
{!LANG-57c894e1e02c8ee7f6fe5f82d765b64b!}

{!LANG-7684a2d72269e544ec81815dc43cf561!}
{!LANG-25bcbb87515b6466203fe65a746d6f8d!}

{!LANG-67db03a7d5f044eaa0bfe404f6b78dd2!}
{!LANG-97a5536f8291552569ef8750c8260def!}

{!LANG-a433ce7a082404cb84d9cc4ff48713ed!}
{!LANG-ac1a6639fc05146706b61bfdd4ee317a!}

{!LANG-a901c0b39fc121533e63a49a497d5bcc!}
{!LANG-03b55f66e076110de45bd0a951eae495!}

{!LANG-a018c0b0fee92ceebe8f567762227c03!}
{!LANG-d6d44c867fbc44360e2a6c8c7700db31!}

{!LANG-441b95bf8b96ee5012c0acc974256abe!}
{!LANG-849f72733ae27b5e3b75c6cd090fb6f9!}

{!LANG-60a712c6d15d79f4b9e8f89da2c1a526!}
{!LANG-bf8dd629aa522e0f6a1fc586aa715568!}

{!LANG-a2b58e3660833c8241ae434e192709f3!}
{!LANG-ad6fa023b48d038cdd9e47003cd57d88!}

{!LANG-31a1aebfeb5eae0b3909ec1cce1e6453!}
{!LANG-2dd8fb19098df67655cd175c1acb74d2!}

{!LANG-6045431e7805a0ea293fc95cc1e34e7f!}
{!LANG-35126be7b1cece71d283af53b8704cb0!}

{!LANG-40b8c8eb01ebead18840c8113952f3a5!}
{!LANG-28226f86dcaa0efd334f4690c88fc1db!}

{!LANG-8c959d746267d4a0928637f8b4213b0e!}
{!LANG-3cac41d786a0d82b56b87cfc718b9a0c!}

{!LANG-9ebc5d8ca17f4212a47ac2018ae2fbe2!}
{!LANG-aefccee0f38823477b0371b9e491a156!}

{!LANG-b934828e4fb353841cc6f3b04adc1e60!}
{!LANG-27d541dfd045a5f102fccbd86d9726f4!}

{!LANG-04312960fd36150ad9c19507e30690ce!}
{!LANG-5b88391b1609739d202e08ef987f05ab!}

{!LANG-75900650c34ed7fcf88f837202816a49!}
{!LANG-606e815d6886b9e4bff453ea9e0042c9!}

{!LANG-bd66a81eef629ac4916cedecd414b33f!}
{!LANG-cb6f73d85f6e276c6922de8c7a6b8cf9!}

{!LANG-91e2ec6af90ac394d46a616cf53220d9!}
{!LANG-b6e94ada33c1dccb5bd5b98481b29a2f!}

{!LANG-4569ce4ee4a7b470b38848e9c78d8be8!}
{!LANG-3fb1edc1e9691357bf50bc0e660753b7!}

{!LANG-5b740fc1398ab4283ef0beeff795a016!}
{!LANG-987c318ae4e7ed764e0e99c082c6cd11!}

{!LANG-4aa4b6c85d391b76b529cf947db6056f!}
{!LANG-a582fa156f6767b5b5a32143e9caa983!}

{!LANG-af1a7e147861396d625f85adde2c5227!}
{!LANG-f6865abbc9672c78707a04c46f6207ab!}

{!LANG-4d79daaac960d92db0d319810922a3f3!}
{!LANG-6725cad7874d7d6b2f6663b3b8991f54!}

{!LANG-c5730ef03b791f0af531b73e433656fc!}
{!LANG-654ceae5653daf9d900dcb90d02e073f!}

{!LANG-fdb3ea475d1f8b9915c4d4b5486e735e!}
{!LANG-29581904a924caa38c5889450968b01f!}

{!LANG-61c47984d3adbfe9162946c9266b57a4!}
{!LANG-753e8741018826a19518816f8a26232c!}

{!LANG-46918c06164a02cd7140c5f5c5ab65e3!}
{!LANG-e1ed400128faa55047955b88aa37c9e0!}

{!LANG-3bab885212bfddda153ad2635b331fa5!}
{!LANG-552898f3c1c13f9e338ac090bb375652!}

{!LANG-89242d280255b46a198f51b709694a4b!}
{!LANG-d779ecb77c33ed5bc4c8c013d037d8ca!}

{!LANG-208f76141ec1798ba271c3011a3e4a6f!}
{!LANG-b85f02af04b4f5f34a5b9f61162b60cc!}

{!LANG-e2b447268e2f1dd961a8785de1011c62!}
{!LANG-114f615fbff4b343d8b4efaa9a434411!}

{!LANG-f39a4acb51480e78d853cb509506a14b!}
{!LANG-a5dc8212af604b4196d19e1c9b474298!}

{!LANG-e28157885371403673fd55bc6e97a2c7!}
{!LANG-0157b905b4ac4867427c0b759a0ae952!}

{!LANG-5c31edc628acd931eb6d8d909317e019!}
{!LANG-a613017e0e63cf3eede8a573f7ff98f3!}

{!LANG-80887abd38095fe06d00a157b7e35eae!}
{!LANG-7b5755f88b9a07b8efe7b858228ba0ee!}

{!LANG-ecbf7a9b4031a926c187439197bbb396!}
{!LANG-ba05f1d529bb28cdc3491ef3a14af0ac!}

{!LANG-0d44d98efc4ba1ea778f9e923e3c7d2e!}
{!LANG-a4361c3e29dd0a3f07682b60c5e7ddf1!}

{!LANG-711be2770ff9ce25da59f49099ea6806!}
{!LANG-50e98981bf1cae12d5a5a8ebcd934b86!}

{!LANG-8fea0021c55de9a54f396bc83ce0f336!}
{!LANG-a222edec3a297f957d61258e77318ee8!}

{!LANG-5c36b67adb22bee86de972dcda27f904!}
{!LANG-d2c2ccbffff55fda6cec75f133a4f73f!}

{!LANG-4eb9b1ce2ce06757f1c29e16ff27b7b7!}
{!LANG-46a1bd2e14e2c287a9f1acd0c00fccb4!}

{!LANG-b8039862977bccb50e17d1ef70d34020!}
{!LANG-fae8ccf1548c16487827e050e40c3655!}

{!LANG-d2c65773e2425a41e3b2386907e5b872!}
{!LANG-21c07a5ef7dbf230186db62aad612939!}

{!LANG-6027785177b7afeb056778d146d7dde2!}
{!LANG-0b3e2b6ed9293eb64c9c9e25b7c6b7df!} {!LANG-72d914a404ab2ac9ae45d0483326cc15!}{!LANG-cab1de27d1b3fd7010425252d9e7df4e!}

{!LANG-e51f8c809215ba5f6f4188cdd713dca2!}
{!LANG-57fe7222cb7ee4831d8d422d2c95523b!}

{!LANG-28e874ea2fa8c53ad1f088b6b8e49585!}
{!LANG-74031b2e17c84093f9fcc18c08bc9ecc!}

{!LANG-b23fb1afebe3e37d7f99b72776fd5d8e!}
{!LANG-3060d3e75c68347f7b7629b8c05774aa!}

{!LANG-e239f04fac45e8daad060471e6501503!}
{!LANG-cf796f44c6d0ff5cb19691cb1045ded9!}

{!LANG-52bc0ab88baaecccbd5d2211a62245c9!}
{!LANG-d7f6677302209dab51b57350038f07a2!}

{!LANG-73d9e88cefa7e7717d938777b4673223!}
{!LANG-250c4aea8353f83f6c460ec3345035a2!}

{!LANG-a689b494b8831ebe40b541e1b4937dc1!}
{!LANG-003da10f3a338933366c1a616b1d2ca2!}

{!LANG-00e780e5972a9ff8e3fcdb869d0f7179!}
{!LANG-c88e12631ea2b8f5044b811750226db4!}

{!LANG-14aff9242390d2759076a9a9276b8831!}
{!LANG-16e43563b84f2de3c6dae88e4302092a!}

{!LANG-41e8f096b7b4457fdc0771754834b1cd!}
{!LANG-1d67cbe4cf7604e152d0f910f0f3b367!}

{!LANG-c3644a036125e560b5cfc5a8bcbed456!}
{!LANG-995ed4107b0612838f75abab5b755991!}

{!LANG-30b09a1ee3b6286c8a66506e981df520!}
{!LANG-0272c4fd336475ba751b7fd9ecd0e327!}

{!LANG-8e66cf6697662f9cc2bdd753f746f0d8!}
{!LANG-eee3c345d682d12e790492d3f05b4da9!}

{!LANG-c0ca8af664b8715e433ea90aeba27211!}
{!LANG-2983ebbc370c57e4de3637b621b2dea9!}

{!LANG-07e2c90e7ae1c19b6bb177268cf2b0a2!}
{!LANG-2a754e10d3bb43988d2702d5d6419f12!}

{!LANG-491733b06808aef7163278219fe59cb3!}
{!LANG-01cd5ca0ae9fc93a1e6a3a3dc1f49d44!}

{!LANG-46494a5f81028719d8c10e47915acd9f!}
{!LANG-8fd85c37cececada598a1c6523b6372a!}

{!LANG-7fb76973879213caf4035922cf87d57f!}
{!LANG-1cc6a21364b9ee227692d6b90886da09!}

{!LANG-f24eef7c036e40b68f4c9d5fce744947!}
{!LANG-dec9a6764330d6207990da89e32c5875!}

{!LANG-9ecfcabe0554c3f0694be1aa6084183d!}
{!LANG-5ee93e5a494d8b786a1156c01bdc07aa!}

{!LANG-d98a98cca924a4b0f5c06eaf060217a2!}
{!LANG-c132f6b084b04e44fc2e1af09189ee81!}

{!LANG-db0669e4bd0885f987d13befbce63b41!}
{!LANG-47efcbe6bc27b1d5644b1136e11e7ef6!}

{!LANG-c3ab1c147d383c83e20c36486361ac85!}
{!LANG-aebbdfd1e2347d5341ef259e00115606!}

{!LANG-3482c32ca85dee105eed5f0c08f0c7c6!}
{!LANG-2ac8467b652f5353f72ffce4208cf849!}

{!LANG-58da1b7cd266885c9f9fb14cd820de35!}
{!LANG-f8d875beaffd71ad1ce5f015f45de39b!}

{!LANG-dfda13c74c4edec3a662f9e3df909da6!}
{!LANG-cc6e351e22e28e2b8385611eade355c5!} {!LANG-7a4cd2474085419604e07d3e6679e604!}{!LANG-74406b3d9b44a906f48475ca68d57aa3!}

{!LANG-f4706df0cd72dd4f50a71fc4260164b9!}
{!LANG-e993f08e28d519dec39d59432e4825e3!}

{!LANG-6fcdd6e4a1b0eb4c9a41e46d0b6a922a!}
{!LANG-0a052e8dae09b2c9341ee92a6b3510b2!}

{!LANG-8b6d8c86ade765b2f41cff9f4e5e1169!}
{!LANG-c77873b6d51b2420f1abd28e4c0be721!}{!LANG-211b46aba9ff49c0ce39325737461fe9!}

{!LANG-89d1d94f75f46bd514f8525107d93537!}
{!LANG-44c0a779fbaba7d3f695b53068ca354d!}

{!LANG-6395f8612ae9b91470bec8da1031713d!}
{!LANG-d9d6c9129b1a9ea1f91830dcbb485985!}

{!LANG-5d1ed70e635c83915cdde4a9f66d5709!}
{!LANG-8bd1fd2174387f0ffb7ed20b7882aff8!}

{!LANG-458b9fdae65e0b72466f27ec8e8d48c6!}
{!LANG-b4396f12f20cde3e6d7e4097d3c7a561!}

{!LANG-0fd8926524f86ded860c47f77ac118d2!}
{!LANG-98f9fe2733db96248fcc1c1df4c8d146!}

{!LANG-26dbc1aacd1fcfba53ab7cdc29521880!}
{!LANG-40b11a53b8c5d647501c8267f787c3cf!}

{!LANG-aa1cc3f4208bb96d69cc58f56b4057db!}
{!LANG-cc11d09c78de8ce467054c9619096d35!}

{!LANG-08ffaeeceac9c6921859cc88c476e0f6!}
{!LANG-b3bd442b9363b16b6ac16cb5c101e5f7!}

{!LANG-f37de4d99a6982c2ab8002ea44c4fac1!}
{!LANG-d1251071c73916150f2c8791784083e4!}

{!LANG-635645ad5d7740819373b0eca2992790!}
{!LANG-e9cf5a045cef7dc52c645f9128ec8cfe!}

{!LANG-ea1b81fcfc317f77e36badecbec71a44!}
{!LANG-fe8adf19c5f968372d55a29c5167fb36!}

{!LANG-b075353fa76d43b2507daf9b09fd716f!}
{!LANG-b3b43dd72edb5df72dcabc05213cac4f!}

{!LANG-735e3aee1671f94abae517bceb23632d!}
{!LANG-21d5a9a37e26dc96df10d0b870bf7073!}

{!LANG-c4ae262f0e320dd6c1ab36c8db23f73b!}
{!LANG-0f709121f7952db2113c36cfa43a170d!}

{!LANG-50fdb821f9cf2b59be6a4a8504d72cd0!}
{!LANG-96c8d2a7c6a48868e7215372a5281441!}

{!LANG-e94eac79334f3f639069ffab97692e44!}
{!LANG-20f16241ff62054a4328a956aff0bb98!}

{!LANG-ba1ce206ca536ad9c82bb3a8cdb16f16!}
{!LANG-8e93fb61e27b61c0583a0fe3df563f78!}

{!LANG-39256ec9713f86a32c3b6252079137a7!}
{!LANG-d274fbc61b1f896ac450709db591997a!}

{!LANG-005c4cebccb39e8488ae5fb9b9439178!}
{!LANG-61124e023e1bea68e38b34857c27aad6!}

{!LANG-90a423b8658d274579e8c61527a36979!}
{!LANG-4e52d407ecdb37f058d30f5e29f4d2cc!}

{!LANG-64f26451f28701ac1b62f86550f17610!}
{!LANG-f4adbc033118950d0b96f95fa4eda4e1!}

{!LANG-ab4c55f79d156b2b4ddfa41025d04eb8!}
{!LANG-9154cf842a285c688002d965b0c4baa6!}

{!LANG-50ff64de5d26391c5e920d6e179ce9a5!}
{!LANG-41e1185bb17c35d8b20eacdf94f926c6!}

{!LANG-fc0e6ad1ef00947811f189ae452978e0!}
{!LANG-7501bfbee90d4d4b9099e44405a11f54!}

{!LANG-a5711d1c01b75883c75f4c21d1e3cf8e!}
{!LANG-72334381169ce076c8596df04ad2ca65!}

{!LANG-c612b4f1765aec2ea704853e50d265fa!}
{!LANG-4c0c8e83b41e0fe6eecab669d675d202!}

{!LANG-fe99eac1f8900059e3b42467338c19a6!}
{!LANG-56dc3da32a0a7a20aeecdfd47b232982!}

{!LANG-217ac9c2718516fdbae99e781dd36310!}
{!LANG-e43cab08b542c58396b0b02611eb9f1a!}

{!LANG-1a5862a795dbf3e14ef52e7a7f62c7cb!}
{!LANG-015c2b981b5668d631a278d649eb22c1!}

{!LANG-d74bf79b36904f918e7455acdb2514c3!}
{!LANG-7547b92c4013c8fcde7d6face4ab270e!}

{!LANG-00499877b74b657a5a3753dba6e14864!}
{!LANG-9ed527a3478d55206929dd7f87e3ed7c!}

{!LANG-dcce98133cc504bab4d05762843bdf0e!}
{!LANG-39381183bdb64209af0c1b3406946454!}

{!LANG-07bfb5be4ee0228463df1698993c86a9!}
{!LANG-61ea7ba726a4b660a5540325cb9fd877!}

{!LANG-7cb4851553082778202727cd9be7d4ba!}
{!LANG-dcea6c16bf17d7b7c25e163903aef5f0!}

{!LANG-09a67c83b27ab19b3b751f64e9054a03!}
{!LANG-fac690dff17b93a33b1e49e0e83705e3!}

{!LANG-319aef45832b19727b9fc1034e773d31!}
{!LANG-73c43a9acd7271d53aa2c69c935573ad!}

{!LANG-4a7135ea866a1b12093d668ca9ba37b5!}
{!LANG-82a37e4bf66e5128ba694a8dba30994b!}

{!LANG-f8e8576482f2a6b45ef02f9b8b3d47a8!}
{!LANG-96e7438357c3b10c6008f3ccecc6b764!}

{!LANG-57a8c9db548a7c0d74aa93d68c7d4024!}
{!LANG-45df267c9c672fb1670d1737a1bbaf56!}

{!LANG-fa776c94fed502dc9c0357e1e482cec4!}
{!LANG-6ccbfba04db8292572277efaec02b521!}

{!LANG-02d55d17362554612ff1c1a213aad8f9!}
{!LANG-b4b707889b8438ced6b8daf3f19ba867!}

{!LANG-f7a66415a12a833cce09281d2a1aa80c!}
{!LANG-4c0711a4cc2dd32283e503c1bec3a163!}

{!LANG-012f4603a8ff8f1fca9fcab1e390b565!}
{!LANG-9c4ee0a0e3c66ead8651460ac96f7bf5!}

{!LANG-d96cbd25e21a88e572773c05180c0967!}
{!LANG-6d492b51f882965056a79a254b2acc0e!}

{!LANG-d0ddc633315d3d15a86a0accf8832cba!}
{!LANG-27cc5b56ca925c7ae3cec6a95e30ab76!}

{!LANG-5bb6bc1345a8582109223c41ebd9833e!}
The sections of the wall separated by thin profiled frames; shield from thin boards, plywood or plastic, covering the gap in the frame of the door leaf.

{!LANG-28e4b8b159146fc0cd9d2bbc7e49a258!}
{!LANG-e23982142804e051f4e5203f23182851!}

{!LANG-306a6a757426d3d33a6f083d4f0803d6!}
{!LANG-ae8760b3df810bda568b25ba4043bcff!}

{!LANG-66e908961026377c92da67115f9edc92!}
{!LANG-8434204f7c8d0920d2e62282392eb281!}

{!LANG-3ada744e4f01514b8c6fe1dd2e2a805b!}
{!LANG-4af211215c3816c1b96099892ea4bf7e!}

{!LANG-f2c4826ccd2ce17b65e2b0c81bfd36a5!}
The upper glazed part of the window sash. Sometimes it is installed above the doors.

{!LANG-5b96c85904698c6d550bd63dd9be9d81!}
{!LANG-d67aba6123ebf213d57e0c9fede842ab!}

{!LANG-f84c4b89408a9e8d45f323da39ec0143!}
{!LANG-707f383ad36f6772992c0f3a13ca3390!}

{!LANG-513fe73305b34dd246ebcbc071fa6c03!}
{!LANG-b5aab806cae28b430bf759786dfa0f85!}

{!LANG-0bb0d02c36c6a9b16bd80433d00e50b1!}
{!LANG-88d556e3617e3d46b01d24a742315dc7!} {!LANG-08530f11f8657caef80a6b86f7eb7361!}{!LANG-df387209122b03155e3c912af00b64c7!}

{!LANG-005abe2415d5a093634d5ca24eacfb74!}
{!LANG-045d340b327e817897236a491635d25b!}

{!LANG-077913d276ea2bd289e02d9a28c80b94!}
{!LANG-1186417d54da9f74c98943bc70ecfb50!}

{!LANG-2fb158aacba3ae7904a93e32faa95da2!}
{!LANG-5b03717924668db8dd782a4f4b5df2c2!}

{!LANG-31b1f32f69139c7845a7a14c8d2b94d2!}
{!LANG-c198f6329363c9e7b08232dd0684df9a!}

{!LANG-d32d41f34d8f8158ac0baaefaa3af1b0!}
{!LANG-07dad91189a7846436c1dbae44e8139f!}

{!LANG-6bb6b4f3d5b43fb988cf630677b00fa6!}
{!LANG-b33b2fcc65b87a834a6e443db269765b!}

{!LANG-eeba333d469eac2ca37abbbfed499e40!}
{!LANG-7cba7fb8ef0b4045a166fb497a4bddfc!}

{!LANG-eda422f970d7e050d1329c47778982c0!}
{!LANG-463745f3cdec787a0d22b92ae1eb4a7e!}

{!LANG-467602f31d8b3245929a63adae15f90d!}
{!LANG-0db85705dafb3ee209249e39bc9707c4!}

{!LANG-7957dcb79f2220a1153721677cf3d4eb!}
{!LANG-02d1dfc515b0071e3ab1b4252fa942d3!}

{!LANG-b285019449a008bba9043c3de7560917!}
{!LANG-d54fd8b4dd2448ebcd165c00a8626c69!}

{!LANG-c1bc2741c0dd47f85b4d62b220b35c32!}
{!LANG-01069e0395f34b39217c768743bf776b!}

{!LANG-c0c49416ad0d163b0fcd4f2ae9140dfc!}
{!LANG-7409457941369234115c2d5378c6f2fc!}

{!LANG-b2b2a477b54d4ab73bcb0073d10aeb3e!}
{!LANG-70e529cccbd321311cf88836769210fb!}

{!LANG-a0e07cdcdce5d128640ca5752df64a35!}
{!LANG-b28e69027c1486ec01ab5f5787cba1db!}

{!LANG-17d95ae6b2b9e1f4d4cca5bb7fd25326!}
{!LANG-1267361b25dc7c62411eee8ecd3eed29!}

{!LANG-de136a4203b65610ccf2824c00fb51c0!}
{!LANG-61abcd9f998056518cf394ec53ad2bda!}

{!LANG-d5281b51096939f8b39f104ed3021427!}
{!LANG-4c7d50a99697894122b40697d913736c!}

{!LANG-5df369b6e95f57ca960f123e9221e05b!}
{!LANG-1becb48c5e17ea59cde76e34e6315e71!}

{!LANG-cd14a0be86efc7ee355d6606daf82a0c!}
{!LANG-98ad0b2dd0c8902d5b7a6078b2a4f3be!}
{!LANG-a637aee6246815f4376dad0eae495746!}

{!LANG-685d4f0dc2c1cbaba1e2b8174d4be6e3!}
{!LANG-173ac274476ece1f6c4816009bf6b2b6!}

{!LANG-ec8f499c2939e2a8c503d76836171de6!}
{!LANG-b9f11bf1d398fae21e20b6feda7a0cd4!}

{!LANG-6f43bb0d22bcb44fd17565f7043e3dc7!}
{!LANG-878578481c878d1ba2ce38e9d55ed15a!}

{!LANG-d0cc5cf28d97be9015aead9e1120fe66!}
{!LANG-855c1b1e4ec72b90baebc354907d0d29!}

{!LANG-183bd0958e217e8a2462e1ca50853267!}
{!LANG-ae91488fbe52c13f5e858b1be1f8f3f7!}

{!LANG-8c417b31ed37e09e875cd097af2c94b7!}
{!LANG-c5a23af86f9b92b2895f5dc1e7dc4dd9!}

{!LANG-947482473152cbd8c20fb8c249787ec1!}
{!LANG-413346520960d0abdce8d53fc684e18c!}

{!LANG-77bae013e0d91991011960358c59baf9!}
{!LANG-99cb351a753566db0957863abba215d6!} {!LANG-922008760c61b245cbb893735b4b4452!}{!LANG-683a30d57a438bb09f60269bb4e8eb29!}

{!LANG-360bfcaab2c8c4ff2cf89ad9797fc033!}
{!LANG-61f84c286dd3eab3f9d89149f52b7e64!}

{!LANG-88849bd59e765f0c67d054a503f2ac19!}
{!LANG-292ea04b59829bec1f57a53fa41024c7!}

{!LANG-6e7c9258dfb5f007f90dc6b36563f456!}
{!LANG-8461d085edfebe5d83329550e214c0ea!}

{!LANG-7883babbfb4ee9ca6736e73f5f204360!}
{!LANG-49a373f7fb8ba85343e3c0419e87c303!}

{!LANG-ebd956c444dcac35a116e254a32b8869!}
{!LANG-4c2ab554b0054410a9a9b34adc87280e!}

{!LANG-a7c80b52342f9cac28b6dd5498818e4c!}
{!LANG-2c22377a7c490bd42a888e23506d801b!}

{!LANG-21f0dc31e77091df31878b85fd8913fd!}
{!LANG-73a7233f850513e49957c66cccb5726a!}

{!LANG-9da2513d1e9a446d36c59f0f1f541dcf!}
{!LANG-3591ec010ee9d24a70435735a9dd5d10!}

{!LANG-4bcaabb43228733bb1687ce1bd00caae!}
{!LANG-b1303a56fda7daa7a3e761a581c1adb9!}

{!LANG-0aedc8eb1f8b06460a06f6ac061ed571!}
{!LANG-84d21fc63900527f0bb7cec46ea2b69e!}

{!LANG-ab5e3c8bf54aca459491d78fff1954ec!}
{!LANG-b28ff9be03367620ecab4b9a526810be!}

{!LANG-8b4baaf1f7ca48b3f3e445abfeb65ddf!}
{!LANG-ebb138816eeddcb069b96086d2399d7d!}

{!LANG-5daec687fff7d7e2f41b95209d4d03b8!}
{!LANG-e41a5412d90ab0b8aad699eebe4f3599!}

{!LANG-70aa6beae63e8bd20798ff923a9d50f9!}
{!LANG-a0674c4574389f477ef7c3954d41e1cf!}

{!LANG-5461d0962142c5d657acc4436290144b!}
{!LANG-7f1b1be6e10da39f4273deeaed3786b5!}

{!LANG-4190faa53527ef279eb144ea493592da!}
{!LANG-222d2f1a768d521b5e28a9396dd5ab5a!}

{!LANG-5a1fc21596fa3fe96fe96220f7e15bcf!}
{!LANG-62427bd60d7a1868c7a1206a348dff79!}

{!LANG-b1c987cedd28df8cedf38bfdb0af179a!}
{!LANG-e0b01e36aea0abb9f0daa66d61726d95!}

{!LANG-66408bd582476e19ec7e4a85c5dff8b9!}
{!LANG-25c4ba4820de429c86c067915cdd83f0!}

{!LANG-d06adcb179226a66c5d4d86acf332b5a!}
{!LANG-78bae0a005c8d23371a037f87dec7d70!}

{!LANG-208ab25e132df8f91c4c5920ee583568!}
{!LANG-14a48bee041cd0cd83ba7e7ce93193c9!}

{!LANG-b5f98ce1a76382a1b84d6a1232e960eb!}
{!LANG-63304ec1f41800fd383189bfced7ad75!}

{!LANG-a986831742c15e5cf45f52104e183fb7!}
{!LANG-8bc172668bfb0eab5de241c2273a17f7!}

{!LANG-6362ab154f7ebee86f56867771465ae3!}
{!LANG-6efefb6004244d0a3a5bd0651bff865d!}

{!LANG-6a6d601c78ce925742bb283cf512d920!}
{!LANG-1a7576f058e541af2f09b9f0a49fa7a8!}

{!LANG-c29db86cf0a0ce6e7a676a981064861d!}
{!LANG-3fbcdb2a677ab70336504d4e0465b0f4!}