Planning structure of public buildings.
It is formed according to the following basic schemes:
1. Corridor scheme
2. Anfilade scheme
3. The Wiring Scheme
4. Combined circuit
Corridor - a set of rooms, combined with each other with the help of corridors.
It is used in public buildings, schools, health care.
Anfilade - the rooms are located one behind the other, joined together by a through passage. It is used in shops, museums, railway stations and so on.
The hallmark is a collection of rooms that are united by a compositional room (hall). It is used in sports facilities, markets, cinemas.
Combined - has in its layout all kinds of layout. It is used in university buildings, large shopping centers and so on.
Basic planning elements of public buildings.
These include:
1. Entrance knots (tambours, vestibules, wardrobes)
2. Horizontal communications (corridors, foyers, halls and so on)
3. Vertical communications (stairs, lifts and so on)
4. A group of basic (working) premises that provide the basic function of a building
5. Power supply
6. A conference hall with a lobby and smoking
7. Sanitary facilities
Applicable to administrative buildings.
Entrance node in public buildings.
The tambour is a planning element of a building that performs the function of an air-thermal lock. Designed in the form of locks in consecutive arranged one after another, or with one or two turns. Heat curtains are designed for a public building with an intensive visit to people. Depending on the location of the tambours in the input group, they are divided into attached, built-in - attached, built-in.
1 - the doors open in the direction of travel,
Requirements for tambours:
The width of the vestibule should be no less than the width of the doorway + 15 cm or more on both sides.
The depth of the vestibule is not less than the width of the door leaf + 20 cm; or at least 1.2 m
The lobby is the main planning element of the entrance group in front of visitors. Entering the lobby, the visitor should present the location of the vertical communications, the lobby should be located at the same distance from the main groups of the building premises. The capacity of the lobby depends on the purpose of the building. In buildings with a uniform flow of visitors per person, 0.17 - 0.2 m2, for non-uniform - 0.25 - 0.3 m2.
Wardrobe - should be located next to the entrance, but that would not create counter flows of visitors departing from him with coming to him. It is not advisable to locate along the front side of the building, as this worsens the lighting of the building.
1. Depth location
2. Side
3. Perimetral
4. Island
The depth is 6 m, the width of the barrier is 60-70 cm, and the length depends on the operating mode and the functional value. For buildings with uneven flows (cinemas, sports) 1 m barrier for every 30 people. For an even flow - 1m for every 50-60 people. As a rule, a console type hanger is used in public buildings.
Drawing….
Between the hangers the distance 140 - 170mm
Horizontal communications of public buildings.
Horizontal communications of public buildings are designed to provide connections between rooms located within a single storey. The main types of communication rooms include: corridors, passages, passages, a gallery, as well as communication nodes that perform recreational functions. The main types of communication nodes include: foyers, halls, lobby, light pockets, waiting rooms and so on. Horizontal communications are not only designed to perform the main function of the building, but also to evacuate people from the room in emergency situations.
Corridor - according to the nature of the building are divided:
1. Corridors with one-sided building
2. Corridors with two-sided building
3. The corridors are paired
4. Corridors with mixed buildings
Depending on the shape of the corridors are:
1. Straight lines
2. Curvilinear
3. Corridors with ledge
4. Cross-shaped
5. Rectangular
Depending on the lighting:
1. Dead-end
2. With one-sided lighting (using illumination at the end, or using light pockets)
3. With two-sided lighting (through)
Corridors:
1. The main ones - provide the communication of premises with the vertical communications of the building (elevators and stairs)
2. Secondary - communication of premises with main corridors
Corridors with two-sided building and unilateral illumination through window openings in the ends should be designed not more than 24 meters long. And corridors with two-sided building and two-sided lighting should not be more than 48 meters.
In cases where the corridor length for architectural reasons should exceed 48 meters, it is necessary to arrange light pockets, with the maximum distance from the end of the corridor having a light opening to the light pocket should not exceed 30 meters.
The width of the light pocket should not be less than half its depth. B ≥ L / 2
The maximum length of the secondary corridors should not be more than 10 meters.
The width of the main corridors should be at least 1.5 meters, and the width of the secondary corridors should not be less than 1.25 meters.
Corridors can be illuminated with natural light, as well as with the help of a second light, that is, light-transparent partitions, light-transparent doorways, or through transoms in partitions.
Corridors should have a clear planning structure, and should be designed so that it is possible to easily find the vertical communications of the building.
If there are less than 15 people in the working room - the door opens inwards, if more than 15 people - then out. Bandwidth along the length of the corridor should not vary.
If adjacent sections of the corridors are at different elevations, then the construction of rapids and steps is not allowed, ramps must be made. The ramp of the ramp is 1/8.
Fig. 10. Entrance group: vestibules
The entrance group is one of the most important parts of the building. When deciding the layout of the entrance tambours, it is necessary to take into account the free movement of human flows, so their depth must be at least one and a half times the width of the door leaf. The minimum depth of the vestibule is defined as the width of the door leaf plus 20 cm, the minimum width is equal to the width of the door leaf plus 15 cm on both sides. By design, the vestibules can be built into the wall, attached inside or outside. Direct entrance to the vestibule is arranged with intensive human flow, a complex layout is used at low intensity and only in winter. When placing the doors, it is necessary to ensure convenient and complete closing of the first door before starting the next door. In the tambours it is not allowed to install kiosks, trays and other devices that impede the unhampered movement of human flows. According to evacuation requirements, all doors of the vestibule should open outwards. In buildings with intensive human flows, doors can be opened 90 ° in both directions from the plane of their openings. The lobby is a large communication room with distribution functions in front of the entrance to the interior of the building. Usually the Input Panel is designed at each input.
The entrance group, depending on the purpose of the building and its loading and evacuation system, is arranged as:
- combined entrance and exit (the most common method);
- separate entrance and exit (in shops, cinemas, museums, etc.);
- separate entrance and exit for men and women (in bathhouses, sports pavilions, etc.)
The entrance group of premises is an obligatory component in most types of buildings. It includes
- entrance tambours,
- lobby,
- wardrobe
- utility rooms.
Entrance group: tambours and vestibules
The tambour is a part of the room between the outer and inner doors or a small annex to the building in front of the doors to protect it from wind, cold and heat, etc. The entrance tambours are air-heat locks at the entrance to the building (Fig. 10). The place of connection of horizontal and vertical communications of buildings. From the lobby begins the internal architectural space of the building. Human lobbies are formed in the vestibule and a first impression is created of the comfort of the building.
The entrance group is designed proceeding from the appointment, the size of the building and its capacity and can be treated in a variety of ways: from the kindergarten's lobby to the main entrance and a representative one in the theater or large administrative building. The basic requirements for the architectural solution of the lobby are due to the need for a good disclosure of the prospects for staircases, elevators and halls for a good orientation of people, as well as a device for natural lighting. The number of vestibules depends on the number of entrances to the building. As a rule, one main entrance, service and auxiliary entrances are arranged in the building (in the entertaining buildings the lobby for spectators and artists, in sports facilities for spectators and sportsmen). Accordingly, the vestibules are main, service and auxiliary.
The area of the entrance group namely the lobby with a wardrobe is determined based on the capacity of the building:
- for buildings with mass flows 0,25 - 0,35 m2 / person;
- for buildings with uniform flows of 0.15 - 0.2 m2 / person. In the design practice, the following variants of the arrangement of the vestibules are common (figure 11):
- frontal symmetrical - a, b;
- depth symmetric - in;
- asymmetrical with removal of elevators away from the axis - g.
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Depending on the specific situation, various variants of the site arrangement for maneuvering the stroller in front of the entrance door to the building or premises are possible. The dimensions of these sites depend not only on the type of entrance doors and the direction of their opening, but also on the direction of entrances to the doors. At designing it is necessary to remember dimensions of the invalid in a wheelchair (850 х 1200 mm) and know the requirements for the depth of sites and tambours (SNiP 2.08.02-89 *, p.4.7.):
The depth of the space for maneuvering the wheelchair in front of the door when opening the "from yourself" should be at least 1.2 m, and when opening "to yourself" - not less than 1.5 m.
Hence, it is possible to deduce a "golden rule" for all occasions:
The depth of the site in front of the entrance door and the depth of the vestibule can not be less than 1.2 m.
I will immediately note that such depth is necessary not only for maneuvering wheelchair users, but also for ordinary people. Let us consider this with concrete examples.
If the depth of the narrow platform in front of the entrance door is only 600 mm, and the leaf of the swinging door is 900 mm, then the person opening the door must first climb the steps to the platform, and then, opening the door and backing down, go down (!) To one or two Steps, since the leaf of the open door will actually hang over the upper steps of the stairs. And what about the baby stroller, if a woman with a small child is climbing the stairs? From this we can conclude: the depth and width of the area in front of the entrance door should be no less than the width of the door leaf to open (Figure 4.3).
To ensure that on such a narrow site (Figure 4.3), when opening the doors, a person does not have to go back to the steps, the depth of the site must be even further
Table 4.2.
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is increased by approximately 300 mm (Figure 4.4). The total depth of the site is 1200 mm.
But even this deeper playground has a significant drawback. It consists that at opening of doors the person all the same should be pushed back on a platform. To solve these problems, it is necessary to expand the site on the side of the door handle.
In Fig. 4.5 shows inadmissible and correct options for installing doors. The minimum distance from the door to the corner must be at least - 300 mm. This zone is enough to be placed on the side of the door of an ordinary person.
If the door, which is located from a corner at a distance of 300 mm, will be opened by a disabled person in a wheelchair, then the depth of the platform must be greater than - at least 1700 mm!
You can increase the distance from the corner to the door to 500 mm. Then, for maneuvering the wheelchair, the usual depth of the platform-1500mm will suffice. That's why, probably, there is no mention in the regulations of 300 mm, but it's about 500 mm, but a little in another form:
For doors located in the corner of the corridor or the room, the distance from the handle to the side wall must be at least 0.6 m.
Thus, the size of the area in front of the entrance should be the same as in Fig. 4.6.
The minimum area of tambours at entrances to buildings and structures should be established in accordance with the possibility of unobstructed passage and turning of the disabled person on the wheelchair. The dimensions of the tambour depend on the location of the doors and the direction of their opening.
In Fig. 4.7. For example, the dimensions of the vestibule are shown when the door is opened inside the vestibule to the outside. If the distance from the door to the wall you want to reduce from 500 to 300 mm, then you will have to increase the depth of the vest by 300 mm to 1800-2000 mm. The dimensions of the entrance areas at the equipment at the entrance of the staircase and the ramp are discussed in the section "Ramps".
Fig. 4.5
Fig. 4.6
Fig. 4.7
The tambour is a small room at the entrance to the house, which serves as a heat gateway between the house and the street. Entering the house, the person consistently opens and closes first the door from the street, and then the door from the vestibule to the house.
Thus, between the house and the street there is always at least one closed door. The tambour protects the interior of the house from penetration from the street by wind, dampness, cold in winter, and heat in summer.
The presence of a tambour reduces the amount of heat that in winter leaves the house on the street with an open entrance door. The loss of heat with the air leaving the tambour will be minimalif the tambour is not heated and has not too much volume.
According to construction rules, the device of a thermal lock is a tambour, it is necessary in a multi-apartment residential building located in regions with a temperate and cold climate.
For a private house, the presence of a tambour is not a mandatory requirement of the rules.
In private homes, as a rule, they refuse to install a standard small tambour.The room at the entrance to the house architects increase in size, add to it new functions, or do without a vestibule.
Standard vestibule, built into the thermal circuit of a private house. The area of the tambour 2.1 m 2. The normative depth of the tambour is not less than 1.2 m.
Many architects and developers came to the understanding that to arrange a small cramped closet at the entrance to a private house, only for the sake of saving heat, is not profitable. Look at modern layouts of private houses, for example, Scandinavian architects - there is no tambour in the house.
Russian architects often do not see the difference between a thermal lock in an apartment building and a private house. In projects, in both cases, draw at the entrance close cubicles of minimal dimensions. Probably, the lack of experience of life in a private house.
In a house without a vestibule, the arrival of cold air, the wind is limited by various architectural techniques. For example - place a porch and an entrance door in a recess, in a niche. Look at the picture and imagine. You open the front door and you do not get into the small hallway of the vestibule or even the hallway. And in front of your eyes immediately opens the grandeur of the design of a spacious hall with a far perspective of the dining room and the living room. It's so modern, fashionable and cool!
Now imagine another picture. Opens the front door and freeze air clubs from the street unhindered fly deep inside the house. In the summer, the wind blows through the open door and carries heat, dust and allergenic pollen of plants around the air-conditioned home. From the door in the hall that leads to the garage, the sounds and smells of the engine running are heard.
Which of the two paintings in the house without the vestibule impressed you more?
In the Russian tradition, before entering the residential part of the house, there were always quite large canopies. The canopy is a thermal lock, which protects the house from the air of the street, as well as connects the residential part of the house with household buildingslocated in the same volume with the house.
If household buildings do not adjoin the house, the walls of the hall are made glazed, and such a room at the entrance to the house is called a veranda.
In the northern snowy areas, the staircase, on which they rise to the level of the ground floor. can be more than 1 m. In the southern regions, a high porch with stairs outside the house is often used for this.
Of course, in the north you can also make a high porch and outside the step, but with electric heating. Otherwise, the steps of the porch in the winter are icing, and provide the owner with constant headache and anxiety for the health of relatives.
In former times the farm kept cattle, cultivated the land, raised many children. The house had to bring wood, water, amenities on the street. The entrance door to such a house was almost closed from morning till night. A thermal lock in such a house is of course necessary.
Modern life in a private home is often quite different. Modern entrance doors, unlike the previous one, are hermetic and well insulated. Another way of life in a private home, new designs and technologies in building a home, allow in many cases to do without a vestibule at the entrance.
Is there a tambour in a private house?
The tambour can:
- Protect the house from penetrating through the entrance door of cold, heat, dust, pollen of plants.
- Be a buffer room between the residential and economic parts of the house, ensuring convenient movement, and at the same time, protecting living quarters from pollution and noise economic.
- Become an anteroom where you can take off and store your outer clothing and shoes.
- To serve as a place for placing stairs at the entrance to the house for ascent to the level of the ground floor.
Dimensions, depth of the vestibule
According to the building rules, a standard vestibule in the house must have a depth of at least 1.2 m. To use the room was comfortable, you should provide at least a small window or an entrance door with glass.
According to the rules of fire safety in apartment buildings and public buildings, both doors in the tambour should open outwards, towards the street. For private houses, this requirement is not required.
In a conventional vestibule, heating is not done.
The device entrance tambour in a modern private home
Tambour - anteroom
Entrance tambour is advantageous to combine with the hallway. The premises provide for the installation of cabinets for storing outerwear and shoes, a place for changing clothes.
Tambour - the hall is equipped with wardrobes for storing outerwear and shoes. Left a place to dress. To protect the premises of the house from the air of the street, the hallway is separated from the rest of the house by the door to the hall. The wall protrusion creates on the porch a "quiet zone", protected from the wind. Tambour - the hallway is equipped with heating. A window is required.
To ensure that the hallway functions as a thermal lock, must install the door Between the hallway and the rest of the premises in the house.
To eliminate dampness and odors, in the hallway-tambour it is necessary to do. Ventilation reduces the humidity in the room, which reduces the risk of condensation on the door entry from the street.
Tambur - Seni
If under one roof with a house there is a garage, boiler room or other utility rooms, it is convenient to make a vestibule a buffer room through which people move between the residential and economic parts of the house.
Tambur - Seni (urban version), connects the residential part of the house with utility rooms. The porch is located between the walls of the house and the garage in a place protected from the wind. In areas with snowy winters, it is advantageous to place a ladder for ascent to the level of the first floor inside the porch. Agree, it is comfortable to move from one part of the house to another without leaving the street. From the utility rooms, you can immediately go into the house without going through the tambour to go outside.
At the same time, such a tambour protects the residential part of the house not only from the air of the street, but also from smells and sounds from the utility rooms.
To smells do not fall through the tambour into the house, the business premises must be equipped with an exhaust ventilation system.
Such a tambour should not be heated, if you want to save heat. But the window should be foreseen.
Tambour - veranda
Thermal lock on the entrance to the house can serve as a closed, glazed veranda. Verandas are usually arranged in the house, when outbuildings are located away from home.
Tambour is a veranda with glazed walls. In areas with snowy winters, the staircase at the entrance for elevation to the level of the first floor is advantageously placed inside the veranda. Here the vestibule is outside the thermal envelope of the house. In areas with a cold climate, it is recommended to warm the walls of the vestibule of the veranda, and for glazing use double-glazed windows.
To improve thermal protection, the walls of the vestibule-verandas are often made of wall materials and reduce the glazing area. The veranda adjoining the house, as well as the canopy, reduces heat loss through the wall of the house.
Heating on the veranda is not necessary.
Porch device at the entrance to a private house
Outside, in front of the front door to the house. arrange a porch. Porch is necessary to protect the entrance door from rain.
Besides, porch creates comfortable conditions for a person, who is preparing to enter the house. On the porch you can safely put bags, fold an umbrella, clean your feet on the rug, get keys or wait for the door to open the house.
To accomplish these tasks, the porch must have a roof. The man on the porch feels more comfortable, if it is protected from the wind.
In a house without a vestibule, the design of the porch is chosen so as to restrict the movement of cold air into the house. For this porch must be protected from the wind.
The porch is arranged on the site, which is raised above the ground on the site. In this case, the porch surface is always dry. The surface of the porch is recommended to be raised with respect to the blind area by at least one step - by 20 cm. By the way, the minimum height of the socle of a private house is also 20 cm.
House with a tambour - veranda. Not a good design - A tall narrow porch is open to all winds, rains and blizzards. The porch will constantly get wet, freezing and decaying from the effects of frost. Poorly protects the front door from rain. The man on this porch is uncomfortable. The height of the socle of the private house is usually made more minimal. Therefore, the porch is also raised to the level of the socle, arranging outside the steps.
In winter, especially in areas with a stable snow cover, such a the ladder on the porch requires constant cleaning from the snow and still often turns into a skating rink. Porch with stairs is large. If the steps of the ladder are not protected from precipitation, then they are moistened and quickly destroyed by frost.
In areas with severe snowy winters it is advantageous to make the height of the porch minimal, and the staircase to the first floor should be placed in the vestibule - in the hall or veranda, as our ancestors did.
Dimensions of the porch of a private house
The minimum dimensions of the porch area before the entrance door are shown in the figure.
The convenient height of the steps to climb the porch, 12-18 cm. width of tread 33-40 cm.
If the site is located at an altitude of 0.45 m. and more, then it is necessary to make a fence of the site and the stairs.The height of the fence and railing on the staircase is not less than 0.9 m.
For safe and convenient movement of people on the stairs they arrange handrails.Children of different ages on the stairs will be more safe if the handrails are placed in three levels at an altitude of 0.5 - 0.7 - 0.9 m.
Fencing is not required, if the stairs are made with one or two other sides of the porch.
The height of the porch in this version should not be more than 1 meter. If such a porch is located at a height of more than 1 meter, then it is necessary to make a railing on each side of the descent from the stairs.
Standard width of the entrance door to the house 90 cm . Sometimes install a door width of 120 cm. with two leaves, and the leaflets have different widths - 90 cm and 30 cm.
Entrance from the garage to the house. The minimum dimensions of the "porch" site are 60x60 cm.
In the house attached to the house, the floor level is usually lower than on the ground floor in the house.
Before the door from the garage to the house you have to arrange a "porch" with steps. To make the porch take up less space, do it as shown.
Another option is to make the floor in the garage level with the floor in the house. In this case, at the entrance to the garage, a ramp is arranged.
Street insulated entrance doors for the house
Pay special attention to the choice of the entrance door to the heated room from the street. The door must have reliable seals and good thermal insulation. The door in the outer wall is installed so as to eliminate the cold bridge through the slopes bypassing the door box.
The porch of the TERMO steel outdoor door with thermal fracture. Steel outer and inner parts of the cloth and boxes are separated by a layer of thermal insulation. Do not place in the entrance from the street into the heated room the usual single steel the door will freeze, become covered with condensation and frost.
It is necessary to install a special steel a street door made by the technology of thermal fracing of the details of the box and linen.
Entrance doors from a special PVC door profile and double-glazed windows will provide thermal protection and natural lighting of the hallway in the house. You can also put doors from a composite metal-plastic window-type profile, but made from a reinforced door profile.
Traditional entrance doors from a solid oak tree street Or street doors made of wood - better from an array of oak.
Two doors at the entrance to the house
Scheme of installation of a double entrance door at the entrance to the house In the harsh climate in the outer wall of the house install two entrance doors. The door leaf on the side of the street opens outward, and the other - inside the room. The second inner door, together with the air gap between the doors, reduces heat loss and prevents the outer door from frosting. In this version outside you can put a conventional steel door. The door that is installed from inside the house is also not shown any special requirements. You can install a regular interior door. On the inner door does not have to install locks, it is enough to equip the door with a lock.
Installation of two simple doors at the entrance to the cost may not be much more expensive than the installation of one special door with thermal frac. Some owners for the summer period remove the canvas of the inner door, and with the onset of cold weather returns to the place.
Which one to choose a tambour for a private house and do it at all? When answering this question, one should take into account the way of life of the family, the layout of the house and the climatic conditions of the area.
If the family leads a peasant way of life - it keeps cattle, cultivates a household plot, then in the house it is profitable to make traditional canopies, which will combine all outbuildings in one volume with the house. It is convenient to make another exit out of the passage to the side of the infield. It is often built in areas with severe winter and high snow cover.
In the southern regions, outbuildings, summer kitchens are usually located on the plot near the house. At the entrance to such a house they arrange a vestibule-hall, It will protect indoor premises with air conditioning from street heat and dust. The porch at the entrance to the house is obscured by a large canopy.
In a house with a urban way of life, family members often move along the route of the house-garage-car. On the site there are only in the summer, and even then go through the summer doors in the living room. In this version it is better to have a tambour-seni, urban option, connecting the garage with living quarters. To store outerwear is advantageous at the entrance to the house
If the garage is located separately from the house or the parking of cars is made under a canopy, then at the entrance to the house is placed a tambour-hallway.
In the urban version is often combined a tambour, a canopy and an anteroom.
Which tambour is needed in a private house
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