Brick - durable, durable material with high fire resistance. Brick is the most common construction material size 250x120x65 mm, without allowance for tolerances of 3-5 mm. Bricks are laid with a long side (25 cm) along the facade (along the wall) and called spoons or short - across the wall and called tyches. The gaps between the bricks, filled with mortar, are called sutures. The normal thickness of the horizontal seam (between the rows) is 2 mm, the vertical (between the bricks) is 10 mm. Application of much thicker joints is highly undesirable, because it reduces the heat-shielding qualities and strength of the wall and disrupts the modularity of the dimensions.
In cottage construction, solid brick or clay red, burnt, with a volume weight of 1700-1900 kg / m3 and less expensive silicate or white (volume weight - 1800-2000 kg / m3) is used in cottage construction. For the convenience of work, the weight of one (full-bodied) bricks is 3.2 to 4 kg. The thickness of homogeneous (continuous) brick walls is always a multiple of half of the brick and erected in 1/2; 1; l / 2; 2; 2/2 bricks, etc. Taking into account the thickness of vertical joints of 10 mm, brick walls have a thickness of 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm and more.
The brick is inferior to many materials by its heat-shielding properties, for example, at an estimated outside air temperature of 30 ° C (central part of Russia), external walls of full bricks solid masonry should have a thickness of 640 mm (2/2 bricks), which is 2.5-3 times more than wood.
Domestic industry produces mainly six types of bricks.
Ordinary solid brick, usually red, has frost resistance, porosity from 6-8% to 20%.
The porosity of the brick determines the strength of its adhesion to the masonry mortar, the thermal conductivity of the walls and the absorption of moisture when the weather changes.
Usually ordinary brick has an unattractive rough surface, as a result of which the internal and external walls erected from it must subsequently be plastered.
Hollow bricks - for the erection of external walls with increased thermal insulation ability. Colour: pale red, dark red, brown, yellow.
Hollow brick is used to reduce the thickness of walls. The presence of voids in the brick reduces the need for raw materials, transportation costs, facilitates roasting, improves frost resistance. In order to reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of walls and load on the foundation, the outer walls can sometimes be completely laid out of hollow bricks.
Hollow brick are manufactured with through and non-circular round, slit-like, oval or square voids. Due to the fact that the diameter of the through cavities does not exceed 16 mm and the width of the gap is 12 mm, during the laying process the solution slightly fills the voids, and the masonry has a lowered thermal conductivity. Bricks can be plastic or semi-dry pressing: with plastic pressing, the brick is made with through voids, and when it is semi-dry - with blind (also called five-walled and laid with voids down).
Brick facing - for almost all types of outdoor work. The color varies from light yellow to dark red, depending on the raw material. Withstands water and frost.
Some species facing bricksused for external finishing stoves, fireplaces, on the outer surface have printed beautiful ornaments, which give them an additional decorative effect.
With the use of facing bricks, the cost of walls increases, but the difference is approximately equal to the cost of plastering the facade.
Beautiful facing bricks of light colors, yellow and cream, light-clay clay, the color of the already burnt brick is influenced more by the content of various compounds in the clay, and, first of all, iron oxide.
A peculiar aesthetic effect is achieved when using a profile facing brick. In the old days, profile bricks were obtained by combing conventional bricks or in special shapes.
Brick figured - mostly for exterior decoration. Color - red-brown, has a high frost and moisture resistance.
Figured brick, as a rule, is used for exterior finishing of the house.
Foreign firms offer a wide choice of shaped bricks of various shapes and colors.
Brick glazed - for the cladding of internal and external walls. Color - a different range of colors.
Glazed brick refers to facing brick and is designed primarily for the original cladding. Obtain a glazed brick, adding to the clay mass a variety of chemical solutions, which in the process of firing raw form a colored vitreous layer. Moreover, the decorative layer has good adhesion to the main mass and has increased frost resistance.
In terms of its basic properties, glazed bricks are similar to clinker ceramics, but it is the most fragile in comparison with other types of facing bricks, which significantly limits the area of its application. It is interesting to use it for various kinds of panels and mosaic paintings both on the facades of houses and indoors.
Ceramic clinker modular brick is used for facing external walls. Color: white, gray, light black, red, has a low moisture absorption, heat-resistant, frost-resistant.
Features of ceramic clinker brick are its frost resistance (withstands at least 50 cycles of heating-cooling), heat resistance, low level of moisture absorption (0.2%). This is achieved both by the choice of raw materials and by a special firing technology (at a temperature of 1800 ° C).
The brick has smooth end walls, like ceramic tiles, and non-standard size - larger than that of ordinary facing bricks (in connection with this, it is called "modular"). Therefore, due to the smaller number of required bricks in the wall being built, the masonry time can be shortened.
To reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the weight of walls and load on the foundation, the outer walls are laid out of hollow bricks or full-bodied, but with the formation of voids, wells, the use of heaters, warm solutions,
The most impractical solid masonry made of solid brick, more economical masonry with the formation of closed air interlayers with a width of 5-7 cm. At the same time, the consumption of bricks is reduced by 15-20%, but external plaster is needed. Air layers are filled with mineral felt, foam. It is also effective to use warm clay mortars based on aggregates from slag, expanded clay, tuff, etc.
The most common economical design of the external brick walls of the pit, in which the wall is actually laid out of two independent walls half a brick thick, connected by vertical and horizontal brick bridges with the formation of closed wells. Wells in the course of laying are filled with slag, expanded clay or light concrete. This solution protects the heater from external influences, although it somewhat weakens the structural strength of the wall.
With solid masonry, it is economical to install brick walls with external or internal insulation. In this case, the thickness of the brick wall can be minimal, based only on the requirements of strength, that is, be in all climatic regions equal to 25 cm, and thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of the insulation. When the insulating layer is located from the inside, it is protected from water vapor by a vapor barrier, when placed outside - it is protected by a shield or plaster from atmospheric influences.
Brick walls They have a great thermal inertia: they slowly warm up and also cool slowly. Moreover, this inertia is the greater, the thicker the wall and the greater its mass. AT brick houses the temperature inside the premises has insignificant daily fluctuations, and this is the advantage of brick walls. At the same time in houses of periodical residence (cottages, garden houses), this feature of brick walls in the cold season is not always desirable. A large mass of cooled walls requires each time for their heating up a significant fuel consumption and sudden changes in temperature inside the premises lead to condensation of moisture on the internal surfaces of the brick walls. In such houses, walls from the inside are better covered with boards.
The inner bearing walls are usually laid out of solid (clay or silicate) bricks. The minimum thickness of the inner bearing walls is 25 cm, the cross-section of the poles is not less than 38x38 cm, the walls are not less than 25x51 cm. Under heavy loads, the supporting tables and partitions reinforce metal mesh from a wire in diameter of 3-6 mm through three-five rows on height.
The partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (half a brick) and 6.5 cm (brick "on the edge"). With the length of the partitions laid out "on the edge", more than 1.5 m they are also reinforced with wire through two or three rows in height.
The facades are best lined with facing ceramic bricks. In appearance, texture and allowed deviations in size, it is the most qualitative.
Brick walls are usually spread on cement-like sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortar. Cement-sand mortar for any brand of cement is too hard and tough, so it's better if you add lime or clay dough to it. The solution from such an additive will become plastic and convenient-stackable, and the consumption of cement will decrease by a factor of 1.5-2.
Lime dough, used as an additive to the cement-sand mortar, is prepared from slaked lead. If there is quicklime in the form of separate pieces (kipelka) or powder (pukhonka), it must be extinguished with water in a trench pit, trimmed with boards, and soak for at least two weeks. The longer the aging time, the better. The homogeneity of the composition and the strength of the calcareous test with prolonged exposure are increased.
Clay dough for masonry mortars is also advisable to prepare in advance. Pieces of clay soaked in water and kept in this form until the full spreading of three to five days. Then add water, mix, filter, after sludge drain excess water and use it.
The storage life of clay dough is unlimited.
The strength of the wall is provided by dressing the seams. There are two systems of dressing joints - single-row chain and multi-row, it is also possible multi-row mixed dressing.
In the case of single-row knitting, the knife rows also alternate.
Two-, three-, six-row cladding systems are more common.
Strength brickwork, made with a bandage of vertical seams in each row or in three six rows, is almost the same. It significantly increases if, independently of the masonry system, in horizontal joints, through three to five rows, lay a reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide from a wire 3-6 mm in diameter.
Quite a wide application received in the individual construction of masonry with three-row diaphragms and, of course, mixed masonry.
Facing the facades, as already mentioned, is made with ceramic bricks (stone), but this can be successfully carried out and a thickened brick with voids and, finally, a concrete stone.
Of undoubted interest is lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms.
This brickwork represents two parallel walls with a thickness of 1/2 bricks, connected through every five rows of masonry by horizontal bumps. The latter are sometimes replaced by bars of reinforcement 6 mm thick, which are laid every 50 cm of the length of the wall. The ends of the bars are bent under a straight line. The total length of the bars should be such that in the masonry they were at a depth of 8-10 cm.
When constructing such walls, first lay two walls on a height of five rows. Then the space between them is filled with dry fillers or poured with "warm" concrete (saman) layers 15 cm thick and carefully compacted. The last layer is leveled at the level of the masonry.
If the diaphragms are brick, then whole bricks are placed on the solution from the lower and upper sides, ensuring their strong binding. In order to protect the applied rods from rusting, in the backfilling against the places where they are laid, the grooves are selected by furrows with a depth and width of 3-4 cm. The same furrow width and length of 5-6 cm are chosen near the walls. Both those and others are filled with a mortar (better cement, with a composition of 1: 4 or 1: 5) at a height such that the laid reinforcement is heated in it or half its thickness, or completely. After removing the first row, the rods are covered from above with a layer of a solution of the same thickness. Then put five more rows, fill the filler or fill the grout, lay the rods, etc. In the course of the laying, every two rows of the void is filled with "warm" concrete on the lightweight aggregates, and the brick piles are also firmly bound with concrete. by 25-30% and reduces the need for bricks. Lightweight masonry is acceptable when building houses not higher than two floors.
A three-four-story mansion is recommended brick-concrete anchorage.
It represents two parallel brick walls, in the space between which lay lightweight concrete. Pointed bricks protrude inside the masonry in concrete and are some kind of anchors connecting concrete and brick into a single structure. Deaf parts of the walls can be connected in 2-3 m by solid vertical diaphragms 1/2 brick thick.
It is necessary to supplement the list of types of masonry with the most durable - English - dressing, in which the spoon and bunching rows alternate through a row. That is, the bricks of two neighboring rows of rows lie crosswise in relation to each other.
In the Flemish bandaging, in the same row alternate spoon and binder bricks.
Brick house needs warming, both external and internal. The internal insulation must not be installed until the outer walls are protected from the cold, otherwise condensation on the walls will accumulate in the inner room, mold will appear. If you did external thermal insulation it is usually done with the help of professionals then you can make the internal insulation of the brick walls with your own hands.
Work on the insulation of internal brick walls
Begin the work with the treatment of walls with an antiseptic. It is necessary for the destruction of fungus and mold, if not, then impregnation is done to prevent the appearance. Further, let the wall dry out, afterwards a heater is attached to it. Internal insulation Brick walls do best with polyurethane foam. In this case, the walls do not need to install a vapor barrier, this material does not allow moisture to enter the room. Some make the insulation of internal walls brick house with the help of mineral wool. Create metal carcass, thus, the space between the wall and the metal structure is obtained. In this space is placed mineral wool, and then it is covered with plasterboard or plywood, to whom it is convenient. But know for the future that this method is too bad in the sense that the material of cotton wool is breathable, absorbs moisture. Therefore, the insulation of the internal walls of the brick house will be made for them in vain. With the passage of time, and after a short period of time, cotton wool simply starts to let coolness through itself, as it gets wet and deformed. It will get wet from the condensate, which in small amounts can still be formed on internal walls, in the event that you have performed outside work not by the rules.
Brick wall interior finish
In general, if the house is insulated from the outside, then in the internal insulation it does not need. Since the thickness of the internal brick walls is 25 cm. If the house is insulated, then inside it is possible to confine itself only to the plaster mortar correctly applied. This material is also considered a heater.
The interior decoration of the walls of a brick house with the help of a plaster composition is done in 4 stages.
- First step. Mount a thin mesh on the wall
- Second phase. Apply a spray on the wall, this is a liquid stucco consistency
- The third stage is the covering from the solution with a thicker composition
- The fourth stage. The primer is a solution having a thicker composition than sour cream
Thus, the thickness of the internal brick walls becomes larger, respectively, in the room of heat. In the event that you have applied a heat insulator to the wall, then it also needs to be closed, that is, in fact, to finish the walls with some other material. The most optimal solution is to attach a mesh to the heater and plaster it. But interior finish walls of a brick house, thus, subsequently complicates the installation of a heat insulator. Many dismantle the created design to conduct work to prevent the appearance of fungus, that is, apply an antiseptic on the walls and then again mount a heater. In principle, it's right, you need to take care of your home.
Brick - strong and durable material. A wall 25 cm thick (in one brick) is capable of carrying any evenly distributed load arising in one-, two-storey houses from the above structures, including from reinforced concrete floors. The service life of brick walls with reliable foundations and properly executed masonry is almost unlimited.
At the same time, the brick, especially solid, having high strength, is inferior to many other wall materials in terms of its heat-shielding properties. For example, at an estimated outdoor temperature of -30 ° C (most areas of the central part of the RSFSR), the outer walls of solid masonry made of full-bodied bricks should have a thickness of 64 cm (2.5 bricks). At the same time, the thickness of the wooden paved walls can be only 16-18 cm.
In order to reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the weight of the walls and the load on the foundations, the outer walls should be laid out either from hollow or full-bodied bricks, masonry with the formation of voids, wells, broadened joints, and also to apply effective heaters, warm masonry and plaster solutions . The use of solid masonry of full-bricks with a thickness of more than 38 cm (1.5 bricks) is economically inexpedient.
In Table. 8 give examples constructive solutions exterior brick walls, from which you can see that the most uneconomic is the wall of continuous masonry made of solid brick. With this solution, for example for a one-storey 3-room house (39) with exterior walls 64 cm thick (for design temperature outside air -30 ° C), only about 25 thousand bricks with a total mass of 80-100 tons are required for the exterior walls. Taking into account the brick required for the middle wall and partitions, such a house turns into a brick warehouse with massive and cumbersome foundations.
Solid masonry in cold mortar with internal plaster and external insulation mineral wool slabs thickness of 5 cm and planking the same with a thickness of plates 10 cm
Solid masonry in cold mortar with internal plaster The same, on a warm water vapor solution, with a vapor barrier, when placed outside protect from the weather by screen or plaster.
When using hollow (multi-buckled) brick, all the above options for the installation of external walls are possible, including continuous masonry without insulation, in which the wall thickness will be approximately 0.5 brick less than in full brick bricks.
Brick walls have a large thermal inertia: they are slowly warmed up and also cool slowly, the more inertia becomes, the thicker the wall, the larger its mass. In brick houses, the temperature inside the premises has insignificant daily fluctuations, and this is the advantage of brick walls. At the same time in houses of periodic residence (cottages, garden houses) this property of brick step is not always desirable, especially in the cold season. A large mass of cooled walls requires each time for their heating up a significant fuel consumption, and sudden changes in temperature inside the premises lead to condensation of moisture on the internal surfaces of the brick walls. In such houses, walls from the inside are better covered with boards.
For the laying of walls of low-rise buildings, practically all types of bricks produced by our industry are suitable (Table 9). Red (clay) ordinary and hollow brick of plastic pressing is used without restriction. The same brick of semi-dry pressing and silicate can not be used without additional protection in the outer walls bathrooms, showers and laundry rooms.
The inner bearing walls are usually laid out of full-bodied (clay or silicate) bricks of any commercially available brand. The minimum thickness of the inner bearing walls is 25 cm, the cross-section of the poles is not less than 38X38, the partitions are not less than 25X61 cm. At high loads, the supporting poles and piers are reinforced with a metal grid of wire 3-6 mm in diameter through 3-5 rows of masonry in height. Partitions lay out a thickness of 12 cm (vpolkirchcha) and 6.5 cm (brick "on the edge"). When the length of the partitions laid out "on the edge" is more than 1.5 m, they are also reinforced with wire through 2-3 rows of masonry in height.
For facing facades is best to use facial ceramic brick. In appearance, texture and permissible deviations in size, it is the most qualitative.
The masonry of brick walls is conducted on a cement-sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortar. Cement-sand mortar for almost any brand of cement is excessively strong and tough, so it's best if it adds lime or clay dough. The solution from such an additive will become more plastic and workable, and the consumption of cement will decrease by a factor of 1.5-2. A grade of mortar for bearing walls and poles, as well as plaster facades - 25, for bearing walls and partitions-10 (Table 10) .
Lime dough, used as an additive to the cement-sand mortar, is prepared from slaked lime. If there is quicklime in the form of separate pieces (kipelka) or powder (pukhonka), it must be extinguished with water in a trench pit, trimmed with boards, and soak for at least two weeks. The longer the aging time, the better, as the uniformity of the composition and the strength of the calcareous test increase.
Clay dough "used for masonry ra-yurov, it is also advisable to prepare in advance, for this clay pieces are soaked in water and stand them until they are completely razmokaniya (3-bsut). Then add water, mix and filter the mixture, after sludge drain excess water and use the dough in the case. The storage life of clay dough is unlimited.
Mortar for brickwork is prepared immediately before the beginning of work and use it for 1.5-2 hours.
The thickness of vertical seams is assumed to be 10 mm on the average. Horizontal joints with the use of a solution with plasticizing additives (lime or clay) are also laid out with a thickness of 10 mm, without additives - 12 mm. The maximum thickness of joints is 15, the minimum is 8 mm.
The laying of the outer walls starts from the corners of the building, on each of which make lighthouses in the height of 6-8 rows of bricks in the form of inclined fines. Then between them, with an indent from the vertical plane of the wall for 3-4 mm, at the top of the laid bricks pull the cord-pier. Masonry bricks always start from the outside. For strength, the rows of brickwork are led with a dressing of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams, using not only the whole brick, but also its parts: V4, Yg and 3/4. If the brick wall is plastered on both sides, one should strive for dressing the seams in each row. When laying walls with a seam of external seams, the lining of the face bricks obeys the accepted pattern of brickwork, however, in this case it is also necessary that the lining of the brick is tied to the wall at least 5 rows apart.
60 shows a continuous masonry of external walls with a thickness of 25, 38 and 51 cm with a system of complete ligation of vertical joints in each row and in 3 or 5 rows. When the first and second rows are interleaved only single-row dressing seams, if after the second row lay the third, again the second, then the first, etc. (shown in the axonometry), then we get a three-row dressing. In the case of a double alternation of the second and third rows, a complete dressing of the vertical seams will occur through five rows.
The strength of the brickwork, made with a bandage of vertical seams in each row or in 3-5 rows, is almost the same. It significantly increases if, regardless of the masonry system, in horizontal joints, through 3-5 rows, lay a reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide from a wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm.
Non-existent lintels above window and door openings with their length up to 1.5 m can be ordinary, ie, made on site, in the course of masonry, by building a reinforced belt from a high-strength cement-sand mortar with a layer thickness of 3-5 cm, wooden formwork. An ordinary jumper can be strengthened by laying additional reinforcement in the 2-3 lower rows of a masonry made of wire with a diameter of 4-b mm with the opening of its bent ends into the masonry by 1-1.5 bricks in each side of the opening.
Block prefabricated reinforced concrete bridges with a thickness (height) of 7-14 cm can cover spans of length up to 1.8-2.3 m, respectively. If the joists are supported on such a bridge, then on the inner side of the wall its height should be 22-29 cm.
For fixing boxes of carpentry in the course of laying, install wooden antiseptic (covered with bitumen and wrapped with ruberoid) plugs, multiples of the size of the brick: in the window apertures of two, in the doorways - three on each side of the opening.
Walls with air interlayer (61) are suitable for use as a full-bodied, and effective brick. In this type of masonry facial (spoonful) rows are bandaged with the main wall through 4-6 rows of bunch rows of bricks or metal bonds. From the outside, such walls are usually plastered or spread out with the seaming of the joints, in order to avoid blowing, with strict control of the quality of work. Metal bonds (anchors made of wire with a diameter of 4-b mm) protect against corrosion with bitumen, cement mortar or epoxy resin. The thermal efficiency of such walls increases significantly if the air layer is filled with a warm solution, mineral wool or foam. Particularly effective foam. When used, the total thickness outer wall can be reduced to 29 cm (12-J-5-I-12), and such a wall for thermal protection qualities is equivalent to a continuous brick masonry of full-bricks with a thickness of 64 cm.
Brick walls with internal or external insulation (62) simplify the process of brickwork and allow to work on their insulation in the second turn. When the walls are insulated from the inside, you can use fibrolite, arbolite, sawdust, soft wood-fiber boards, and also insulating blocks made of lightweight concrete. Plates of organic materials are installed on beacons for inorganic insulation are attached to the wall directly on the solution or inorganic adhesives. For outdoor insulation it is best to use mineral wool or styrofoam.
Wells are used when there is enough relatively light and low-heat-conducting material in sufficient quantity to fill the inner space of walls; slag, expanded clay, crushed stone or sand of light rocks, sawdust, etc. Mineral materials (not amenable to biological destruction) can be used as a dry backfill, organic - necessarily in the form of lightweight concretes based on inorganic binding cement, lime, gypsum or clay.
The wall of the pit (63) consists of two longitudinal walls half a kilogram thick, located one from the other at a distance of 14-27 cm and connected through 65-120 cm of vertical transverse walls. Wells between the longitudinal and transverse walls are filled with insulation layer thickness of 10-15 cm with layered tamping. To prevent shrinkage, heaters at 30 to -60 cm in height arrange horizontal diaphragms from reinforced cement-sand mortar or bunch rows of bricks.