Foundations for private housing construction. Foundation of a private house. Features of the tape base. Building materials and site marking. Fill

When laying the foundation of the house, modern builders make many calculations that will help to build the building correctly, without the risk of further deformation of load-bearing structures. The soil is checked first, calculations of the expected load are carried out. Starting a foundation for a private home is worthwhile with determining the type of future basis.

Types of foundations

Tape

This type of foundation is common for the construction of private houses on strong ground. By the method of construction, it can be:

prefabricated;
monolithic.

Monolithic is simple - for him dig a trench, install a formwork, make a reinforcing frame, pour concrete. When erecting prefabricated structures, prefabricated concrete blocks, rubble stone or ceramic bricks are used.

According to the depth of the bookmark, the strip foundation can be shallow. This species is popular with private developers. This will help save money and time. This type is used in the construction of single-storey light houses on stable soils. The depth of freezing of the ground should be small, and the ground water should not be low.

Attention! In advance it is necessary to take care of the ventilation of the basement in a private house. For example, for a house of 100 m² it will take 8 holes in the basement - 2 on each side.

For the construction of houses with heavy walls, or when planning under the building of the basement (a spacious cellar), a buried foundation is performed. He is able to withstand heavy walls, buildings with two or more floors.

In addition, the tape bases are divided into several types:

flexible - has a transversely-longitudinal armor belt;
monolithic - it is concreted at once;
intermittent - some elements of the base are located under the bearing structures;
hard - has a longitudinal reinforcing belt.

To select the foundation for a private house, it is necessary to calculate the load and take into account the characteristics of the site.

Plate

The slab foundation is a multilayer pie. An equalizing layer is made from below, then protection is provided, and a concrete slab is placed on top. The protective layer has a heater, hydro- and vapor barrier. The leveling layer is a gravel-sand cushion. Strengthen the construction of the slab foundation with reinforcement. This helps to make your home stronger and more reliable.

The mass of the slab is so great that no process that occurs in the soil beneath it is capable of damaging the structure. Of course, with a strong earthquake, the base can not withstand, but for such cases other types of foundation are provided.

Plate version requires a foundation pit, the depth of which is determined in view of whether the basement will be executed. Detailed composition of the slab base:

leveling layers of sand, gravel and gravel;
a layer of waterproofing;
concrete;
reinforcement;
pouring of foundation pit with concrete;
reinforcement;
concrete layer.

The height of the plate sometimes reaches 1 meter. When building large buildings such a foundation will be very expensive. One of the main advantages of such a foundation is durability - with proper installation it will serve not one hundred years.

Columnar

This type of foundation is used for the construction of private structures with light walls. Usually this wooden houses not more than two floors. Construct a columnar foundation is simple. To begin with, it is necessary to drill a pole into the ground. Also, concrete can be poured into the drilled well. On top of the pillars stack the strapping (grillage) of reinforced concrete beams.

Possible materials for bookmarking poles:

Tree. Such a foundation, made of wooden logs / beams, is used for bathhouses, cottages.
A rock. Often used natural material, which is applicable in the construction of heavy buildings.
Brick. Posts need to be built from full bricks, using sand-cement mortar. Such a foundation fits the house no higher than two floors.
Concrete. The foundation of concrete is used in the construction of heavy buildings. Perform such a foundation of concrete and reinforcement.

Advantages of the columnar type of the base are the low cost of erection, small shrinkage, the possibility of exploitation on the subsoil soils. The disadvantages of such foundations include the mandatory implementation of grillage, the possibility of using only for light buildings, greater sensitivity to elevations. For the construction of cottages and small country houses, such foundations are ideal.

The pile

The foundation consists of several piles, united by a single slab. The latter is most often made of concrete, reinforced with iron rods. Usually such bases are built on sands and quicksands. The foundation can withstand heavy houses with two or more floors.

The pile foundation under the private house is made of different materials:

Wood - used in the construction of houses from logs and timber. Such piles are made more often from pine, which has undergone special treatment.
Reinforced concrete - it is chosen for houses with a high weight.
Metal - it is used in case of impossibility of using reinforced concrete structure.
Combined piles, made of concrete and metal. They are used in extreme conditions, on difficult soils. They can be used even on marshy soil.

Also piles differ in the way of manufacturing:

Pressed - they are deepened into the ground by pumps.
Driving - placed in the ground hydraulic hammers. This type of piles can be used if there are no other buildings in the nearby area. The shock wave created when driving piles, can damage neighboring houses.
Stuffed - for them a well is drilled, and then the concrete is fed into it. In this case, different types of concrete can be used - at the discretion of the builder.
Screw - this is the most expensive kind of piles, but it can be used on any ground. The pile is screwed into the ground like a screw.

Pouring the printed foundation for a private house is done independently (the "home" method), without the use of special equipment. For this, a bore hole is drilled, and then a formwork is produced from the roofing material along the diameter of the borehole. It should be made longer than 20-30 cm. Instead of such a formwork, an asbestos-cement pipe is also suitable. At the bottom of the well, it is important to place the roofing material in several layers, it is necessary that the milk that holds the compound does not go into the soil.

Then the reinforcing cage is made. This increases the strength of the pile. Concrete is poured on 40-60 cm, with regular compaction. After doing these jobs, you need to make a grillage. Concreting should be carried out slowly, with careful ramming.

Correct choice of foundation

the depths of groundwater;
how much the soil freezes in winter;
whether there will be a basement;
general condition of the soil on the site;
service life of the erected building;
materials that builders will use;
availability of underground communications.

Only after a qualitative and thorough evaluation of the soil can lay a solid foundation of the house. In the absence of information from the company that provides the land, all work will have to be done independently. First you need to drill a well and measure the depth groundwater.

When laying the foundation, a soil property such as swelling during cold weather is taken into account. To prevent the problem from affecting the foundation, a so-called "pillow" is executed under it. It includes gravel, sand and gravel. This will help distribute the lifting load evenly over the entire area. Choose a foundation for a private house will help a special table:

Type of foundation	Stability indicators	Labor costs	Price	Load Limitations	Plinth	On what soils is applied
	excellent			Not more than 20 t per m²
banded	excellent			Not more than 20 t per m²		In addition to the soil, which is saturated with water
tiled	excellent		Very high	Not more than 25 t per m²		In addition to drained peatlands

Not everyone can afford a tiled foundation. For large country houses, the cost of such a foundation turns into a decent amount. When small area At home the basement foundation plate is justified for multi-storey construction.

Calculation of the depth of the deposit

The construction of the foundation for a private house was worth starting with the calculation of the depth to which it is to be laid. It depends on the type of soil. If it has a high degree of ripeness, the foundation is laid lower than the ground freezes. If the soil is non-stinging, the foundation of the building is laid in the ground for 0.5 m (not less).

Leaving the surface water from the house is an important task. This is the only way to protect the foundation from destruction.

There are several points that will help to make a strong foundation for the house with their own hands:

The basis for the construction of foam blocks should not be done on stilts. This is irrational in terms of costs.
Columnar and belt for silty soils should not be used. If the soil is characterized by a high degree of puffiness, piles are used.

To ensure that the foundation is not destroyed by the action of moisture, it is worthwhile to perform its waterproofing. It is carried out in different ways. One of the most popular is the use of a special film that is unable to pass moisture from outside. The foundation must not be exposed to meltwater and rain. For this, it is necessary to arrange a drainage system, to carry out drainage work.

To understand how to properly build a foundation, you need to perform a few simple calculations, choose the type of basis for the house and determine the features of the building.

Date: 10-07-2015
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Pros and cons of the piling foundation

Sometimes the developer is faced with such a situation, when the purchased site is located on an unstable ground. If at the same time a solid solid layer of soil is too deep, it is not entirely rational to erect a house on a banded buried foundation. It is necessary to show responsibility and take into account all the subtleties of construction. It is possible that in this situation it is most reasonable to use a foundation on stilts for a private house, since in this case the construction will take a minimum of time, and the foundation will be sufficiently reliable.

The foundation on piles can be built on terrain with any terrain: on slopes, flooded or uneven areas, peat soils and manicured lawns, near large trees. No preliminary work is needed to clear and level the site, and therefore there is no urgent need for disturbance of the natural relief.

There are, of course, disadvantages in the pile-and-screw foundation, of which the following can be noted:

Do not install piles in areas with stony ground or limestone interlayers, as well as in rocky terrain.
It is impossible to carry out at a distance less than 0.5 m from the erected building, since difficulties will arise with the use of special levers.

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General information about the pile foundation

Screw piles are steel pipes with sharp tips with thread and blades or with a combined thread for screwing into the ground. The most expensive of them are screwed with blades, but due to this design they better compact the soil. There are no standard for screw piles. They are both hollow and solid, with a different diameter and length, with a hat, rectangular, U-shaped or round.

Sometimes on the way of screwing piles foreign objects (usually stones) appear, which make changes to the pile fields, then they simply leave the line. But this can not be foreseen, since in any case there is a factor of uncertainty. For screw piles, this factor is the roots of trees, stones and other unidentified objects that are underground. To adjust the location of the pile, which is out of order, there is a headband - it compensates for the withdrawal of the line from the center and allows at least partially to grab the harness for the building under construction.

The diameter of modern screw piles varies from 47 to 108 mm for different manufacturers, and they can be ordered with a larger diameter on special order.

Piles are twisted into the ground with special equipment and by hand, since the pillars themselves enter the soil at a given depth. The foundation on piles can be dismantled if necessary (only if the hollow poles are not filled with concrete) and moved to a different location.

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Tools for building a foundation

For self-screwing, you will need special tools. They are of great importance for a private house. Here is the set of tools that can be purchased at the building store:

A shovel for leveling the soil in place.
The level on the magnet is 30 cm fixed to the pile when screwing to control the vertical level.
The hydro level is not less than 15 m to display the horizontal mark.
Roulette is not less than 20 m for measurements.
Armature A12 on 1 m, 9 rods for marking on, to them around the perimeter tied twine (you can use the usual perfectly even pegs).
Metal scrap - it is passed through the pile and threaded on it with pipe-levers.
Pipes of 2.5 m with a diameter of 50 mm, 2 pcs. - put on both sides of the scrap and serve as levers for twisting the pile.
A small sledgehammer or a hammer to drive pegs or fittings into the ground.
Garden drill - its diameter should be less than the diameter of the screwed piles. With its help, drill guiding holes or probing the soil on the pile field.
Twine in 180 m long for marking and as beacons to control the displacement of screw piles.
Bulgarian for cutting under one level of screw piles.
Extension.
A construction pencil or marker for marking.
Thin cardboard for delineating an even circle around the screw pile for cutting it. I need to wrap the suture with a sheet of cardboard and combine the ends on the set mark, then delineate an even circle.

To screw the pile, you need two workers. Ideally, there are two installers and an assistant who will control the line of the series, the verticality of the screw pile, etc., the construction of the foundation of the house. You will need a drawing, a tape measure, eight reinforcing bars (two in each corner) and a twine.

The first thing you need is a link to the site, that is, the "starting point". To do this, the first line is drawn for either side of the basement. It should be unchanged, since it will have to build a geometry for the entire foundation (you can move the rest of the sides to set the size).

This side is measured so that it is parallel to the road or the fence, pull the twine and tie it to two rods. Each line of marking should be longer than the foundation under construction and in the end each corner of the marking will be cross-wise. Do this so that the reinforcement does not interfere, and the "flexible" corners control the screwing of the pile.

Then proceed to drill holes. Bury them with any drill: motobur, homemade, garden, with the diameter of the hole should be less. Thus piles are guided along the desired path. To reduce labor costs, the drilling rig can be rented, but this will affect the cost of work. Although with a large number of holes, the savings will be inappropriate, and it is better to order an automobile installation for drilling. The depth of the hole may be different, but necessarily shorter than the pile itself.

If the twisting is carried out without a "guide", it is difficult to obtain the required position accurately. Sometimes piles without "guides" do not go to the ground (deviating either to the right or to the left). Both options can be tested and verified in your own experience.

The hole needs to be drilled in the center of the corner, so that, when installed, the pile clearly fits into the corner, without twisting the twine and not deviating from it.

After drilling the first four corners, you can start screwing.

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How to achieve a vertical position

Piles are put in a corner, a magnetic level is attached to it and a scrap or a profile thick-walled pipe is passed through. Levers will not be required, since the initial stage does not require much effort. But in the course of screwing, most likely, you will need the help of one or two more people.

During screwing, it is necessary to monitor the deflection. The pile should be strictly in the corner in an upright position throughout the entire process. This result is extremely difficult to achieve, as it will certainly shift to the sides and deviate from the necessary vertical position. But all the same it is necessary to twist one pile in each of the four corners. If resistance begins to be felt, then it's time to put on levers. To twist it is necessary, applying equal efforts of all participants.

In the case of an uneven effect on the levers, the displacement may be even greater. While the two twist the pile, one constantly follows the vertical level and, if necessary, adjustments are immediately made to the workflow.

On the pass-through ground four piles can be immediately put on the hydraulic level, which will allow to control all the lines and other piles to build the same way. After screwing the first four, the marking is removed and the twine is wound directly on the piles, since the lines are needed to install all the others. If they rise to different heights, the level should be set with twine and then navigated along it.

The foundation of any building is the foundation. It carries all the loads of the erected object, and the proper service life of the building depends on the correct choice of the supporting structure, the quality of the foundation construction.

What is the foundation to install? - this question sets all individual developers, starting to build a house made of bricks, wood, expanded clay, gas silicate or other material. There are several types, which differ in the form and technology of stacking.

At construction of private households today construct the following:

tape,
columnar,
pile,
plate,
screw.

Different types of foundations for the house has its own characteristics, each of them has pros and cons, taking into account which and choose a certain type of supporting structure for the construction site. Let's consider in more detail

In appearance, the ribbon foundation resembles a single canvas, which is laid under all walls. Rigid frame construction can be made of a monolith or concrete, in all areas it has the same thickness and shape. The support base can be poured directly on the construction site or collected from reinforced concrete blocks.

There are two types of belt foundation - prefabricated and monolithic.

The prefabricated structure consists of concrete blocks, cemented together with each other. Elements are laid out along the perimeter under all walls on a special pillow made of fine gravel. In individual construction, blocks of 20x20x40cm and weighing about 30 kg are used to install the foundation, which makes it possible to produce installation work without the use of special equipment.
Monolithic strip foundation is a continuous strip for the creation of which heavy concrete grades are used. The reinforcement is mandatory: rigid (longitudinal) and flexible (transversal and longitudinal simultaneously).

Given the depth of freezing of the ground, the strip foundation can be: shallow (up to 70 cm) and recessed. This separation creates mounting options at different depths, which is especially important when you have to perform work in sandy or loamy soils.

Technological process of erecting a strip foundation provides for earthwork. Trenches up to 80 cm wide dig with a reserve for formwork. The foundation is massive and durable, regardless of whether a monolith or blocks are applied to the concrete mix, which are tightened with metal wire and sealed at the seams.

Such a support can be quickly erected, but it will require considerable cost. For example, with a shallow groundwater table, additional measures will be needed to protect the structure.

Belt foundation is the most universal. It is chosen for the construction of light wooden buildings, as well as for the construction of cottages using heavy materials (stone, brick, expanded clay, slag blocks). He definitely prefers, when the project provides for the construction of several floors, basements, parking.

The depth of penetration is chosen taking into account the weight load. For example, a monolithic recessed design is suitable for heavy large-sized objects that have several floors.

The shallow depth option is ideal for a private house made of timber, the project of which will be generally less expensive compared to a brick building.

Features columnar foundation

The main element of the columnar foundation is the pillars, which are installed at a certain distance from each other in all corners and at the intersection of walls. They are digging under the walls, if the house has significant parameters along the length and width.
Posts can be concrete or stone.
On top of them lay a frame of reinforced concrete beam (grillage), which binds together and forms a single rigid structure.
Elements are installed at a distance of 1-3 meters from each other. Such measures are necessary so that the load is optimally redistributed, and in case of installation in freezing soils, in this case shrinkage under the supports will be minimal.
Pillars deepen into the ground literally half a meter, but at the same time they create either a cushion of small pebbles or they are poured with cement.

Such foundations are monolithic and prefabricated. The first option is set at a low level of groundwater (deeper than a meter). Under the monolithic foundation, it is necessary to drill holes in the ground. For reliability, the posts are reinforced with metal rods.

If you have to build an object on a site with high soil moisture, then select a prefabricated columnar foundation. On the site, all the poles are connected to a reinforced concrete slab, reinforced with a metal wire, and then the entire structure is installed in the finished form.

This type of foundation is not used in the construction of a heavy house made of stone or brick. It is not suitable for building a building on a surface with a complex terrain, since here the soils can be mobile.

But the columnar foundation is the best option for a house that has a relatively light weight - from wood, timber, aerocrete blocks. The installation of a supporting structure on a dense freezing soil guarantees the durability of construction and durability. Also, pillars can be used as support for rocky areas and where there is a danger of flooding.

Among other advantages of this type can be called the budget columnar foundation.

Features plate foundation

Device Diagram plate foundation

Plate foundation is reinforced concrete structure in the form of a strip installed along the perimeter of the construction site. Often it must be carried out from prefabricated beams, which must be very tightly joined. Plates have several protective layers of insulating and insulating materials. They are additionally reinforced with reinforcing bars, which are poured with concrete.

The construction of the slabs is erected on a flat relief. The foundation can be used on subsidence, friable and even humid soils where the water level lies close to the surface. Because of this feature, the slab foundation is sometimes called "floating", because it is able to withstand the movement of soil in a vertical and horizontal position.

The house on the slab foundation does not shrink. Such a foundation is erected simply, but it turns out to be quite costly, since it requires a large amount of concrete and metal for the reinforcement. Costs are particularly significant if you have to install a buried foundation when building a heavy building or a house with cellars, ground floor, parking. For wooden buildings, lighter in weight, this option is optimal for all parameters.

Pile foundation features

The base of the pile foundation is the pillars with pointed ends. Elements of the structure are screwed into the ground to a certain depth, from above are connected with each other by concrete beams. Made of reinforced concrete, steel or wood, piles are capable of withstanding loads of up to 5, and in some cases up to 8 tons.

By the method of fixation, several types of piles are divided:

solid,
single,
cluster,
screw,
chiselling.

The pile foundation has a high bearing capacity for unstable ground, with a close location to the surface of groundwater. It is often chosen at the construction of an object from a bar on problem areas.

The erection of a pile foundation requires considerable resources, because when carrying out work (drilling, slaughtering in the ground), it requires the involvement of professional equipment and specialists. Rise in price leads to the fact that this type of supporting structure when building a private house is not always beneficial and therefore is used infrequently. But in a number of cases, in particular, when building a building in hard-to-reach places (swampy soil on a site or a rocky hillock), such a foundation proves to be the most reliable.

In large-sized construction piling foundation fully justifies itself.

Screw foundation features

The most popular screw foundations

The main element of the screw foundation is a steel pipe having blades of a certain configuration. It is screwed into the ground to a certain depth: it passes a weak ground and is screwed into a dense layer. From above all the pillars are leveled and concreted, forming a single structure.

The screw foundation withstands large load-bearing loads and is often used in the construction of private cottages in areas with unstable ground or a complex landscape (slopes, stony territory). At the same time, its erection does not require the performance of excavations (leveling the territory, digging holes). Such a foundation is quickly erected, it can be built at any time of the year. The advantage is that screw piles can be used repeatedly if necessary.

However, when choosing this type of foundation, we must carefully calculate the weight of the building object, take into account the shrinkage index in the presence of a problem ground.

Criteria for choosing the foundation of the house

Regardless of the type of foundation, at the selection stage, a number of factors must be taken into account, which will avoid mistakes and, if necessary, adjust the design. Before starting work, it is necessary to conduct survey activities, determine:

type of soil on the construction site and the depth of its freezing;
level of groundwater occurrence;
the relief of the site;
weight of the building as a whole.

The received data will allow to estimate, what prevails a ground on a site, what load it is capable to sustain, where in the future building should be located heated and not heated premises. Equally important are the information on the mass of the building: how many floors are planned, what will be the premises (basement, parking, sauna, socle, etc.). A general picture of the information will lead to a choice the best option foundation.

Most often, when building a private house, preference is given to monolithic ribbon and slab foundation as more universal. Columnar and pile are preferred for the construction of light one-story buildings. But in each case it is necessary to take into account in the complex all the factors listed below.

According to the terms of erection, pile foundation is laid faster than others, because it does not require excavation, installation of formwork, etc.

In terms of cash, the most costly are plate, monolithic tape and screw foundation. Installation of pile and columnar is cheaper.

By collecting all the information and comparing the data for each of the species, you can make the right choice of the foundation on which your new home will stand.

The fact that a strong foundation - a pledge of well-being and many years of trouble-free living in the house - is a truism, to convince no one ...

When choosing a material, individual developers often prefer houses made of timber, and lately - from glued beams. Wooden houses...

Each private developer before the construction starts is faced with the problem of choosing a foundation. So which foundation is better for the house? That was and ...

Obligatory and used in any of the buildings erected building element - the foundation. Among the currently known constructive types of foundations for private houses, mostly those that are most suitable for their qualities and fulfill certain conditions for the erection of each particular house are used.

The main factors for choosing the type of foundation are:

project of the building, its characteristics;
type and quality of the soil in the construction site;
the depth of the greatest freezing in the cold season and the depth of surface water;
loads that can affect the foundation and, as a consequence, be transferred to the building itself.

The basic requirements for the pawned foundation of a low-rise private house:

reliability of the structure;
durability of the foundation;

Types of foundation for a private house

When choosing the option of laying the foundation for a private house, they are guided by the choice of the most suitable variant from four basic types of foundations for such types of houses:

columnar foundation.

At the same time, attention should be paid to the fact that in modern construction Low-rise buildings for private use have virtually abandoned the use of columnar foundations.

A wider application for construction on peatlands and light soils has found plate types of the base, the pile foundation is mainly used for wetlands and where groundwater is very close to the surface. But the ribbon foundation for private housing construction is almost universal option.

Ribbon foundation

The base of the tape foundation is indispensable for buildings that are planned to be built from heavy materials. This type of base of the house is more suitable fortress walls. The house on the ribbon foundation can be in two and three floors. As a rule, such a foundation is laid under the house of a simple geometric form, it will reliably serve its owners for many years, it is the belt foundations that are most often designed for country mansions and houses.

Pile foundation

On the weak types of soils and in the swampy areas of the terrain, a pile foundation is used. A feature of this type of building basement is the constructive transfer of the building load to the installed piles.

Plate foundation

An excellent option for construction on light soils or soils such as peat or clay will be a slab foundation device. The main feature of the construction is the transfer of the building's weight to a large area of the slab foundation, thus reducing the pressure and practically not extruding water.

Characteristics of foundations

Considering the properties of each type of foundation, it is useful to know the basic characteristics of each:

Tape foundation is the most common type of foundation for private houses. Belt foundations can be:
Monolithic foundation type;
Assembly base.

Monolithic foundations have been applied to many types of soils due to their versatility. It very poorly transmits moisture and is therefore used in areas with dry soil. At its erection the pillow from sand and rubble, playing a role of the basis is arranged.

The process of erection of a monolithic belt foundation in many respects has become even simpler with the use of modern construction equipment. Beginning is arranged a base of sand and gravel, on top of which is laid waterproofing material, the base is leveled.

In a specially designed reinforcement frame. And fill the received volume with ready-mixed concrete. To improve the properties of the foundation and uniform distribution of the mixture, the vibrators are additionally compacted.

The assembly strip foundation is much faster, unlike the monolithic one. Its main elements are concrete blocks, laid in the base. Individual blocks are additionally reinforced and joined with concrete:

Pile foundation - the structure of the base, as a rule, are made of reinforced concrete elements, metal or wood. Despite the great advantages of the pile foundation, unfortunately, it also has negative sides:
The pile foundation is erected with the help of special equipment, which significantly increases the cost of the project;
With the independent installation of the pile foundation, labor costs increase by more than 2 times in comparison with other types of foundations;

When choosing a pile foundation for a private house, as a rule, tenements of 1.5-2 meters depth are torn off for houses of low storeys, a reinforcement frame is mounted and its concrete casting is performed, followed by consolidation.

However, a more reliable way is to use a special technique for clogging or twisting the piles. Subsequently, piles are contacted to form a reliable foundation. Simply put, a monolithic reinforced concrete crown is put on the piles, which later serves as the basis for erecting the walls.

A slab foundation is an ideal option for a manor, where it is provided. Technologically, the structure of this type of base is no different from the filling of the rink or plate.

The waterproofing material and the reinforcing frame are laid on the leveled platform, after which a monolithic plate is poured. The disadvantages of such a foundation include the high cost of living and the cost of materials used for construction.

Which to choose

As a rule, when choosing a project a country house or at home for permanent residence, a mandatory assessment of the site, its study and the binding of the project of the house to the area. Mandatory in this process is the study of the application of one of the most suitable types of foundation.

The analysis by qualified specialists of local conditions will allow further significantly reduce the costs of construction and operation of the house.

At the same time, a simple study of the type of soil on the site, the depth of occurrence of the water horizons will immediately give an answer regarding the choice of the type of foundation for the construction of the house.

Criterias of choice

Considering the criteria for choosing the options for a foundation, you should pay attention to:

economic indicators of each type of ground;
labor costs for the bookmark;
complexity of the device and the need for additional equipment and equipment;
time exponent of construction.

In addition, consider and perform each of the types of foundations of the basic requirements for the foundation of a low-rise private house:

reliability of the structure;
durability of the foundation;
the quality of the foundation of the house being erected.

Advantages and disadvantages

The indisputable advantages of all these foundations is their strictly defined application of the soil type. At the same time, none of the types of grounds for a private home is fully versatile.

Ribbon foundation, especially prefabricated over time, requires the equipment of the house with a rainwater drainage system, the pile foundation does not allow the installation of the basement, the slab is subject to various deformations during the spring and autumn saturation of the soil with rainwater.

What determines the size and price of the foundation

The main factors affecting the size and price of the foundation are:

the dimensions of the erected building;
use of different materials;
basement technology;
use of construction equipment and additional mechanisms;
features of the relief of the construction site;
the time of the year when the foundation is laid.

Rules for laying the foundation

When laying the foundation, the following basic principles are adhered to:

the stage of work;
checking the correctness of each operation;
timeliness of actions;
compliance with technology at every stage of construction.

Main stages

The main stages of the construction of the foundation of the house include:

preparatory - marking of the site, making calculations;
stage of excavation - cleaning of the site, excavation of trenches and pits under piles;
the device of a sand cushion, packing of a waterproofing material;
erection of formwork;
reinforcement of the frame;
pouring concrete;
the final stage - drying, a set of concrete necessary qualities.

Common Errors

The most common errors in the construction of the foundation are:

non-observance of geometrical proportions of the project;
insufficient penetration;
mistakes in the laying of waterproofing;
incorrect reinforcement.

At the same time, in the development of the project, nevertheless one should be more sober-minded, clear calculations without adding "just in case for reliability" will allow to significantly reduce construction costs, saving estimates from excessive spending on materials.

The foundation of the house is its most important element. The reliability of the entire structure depends on the correct choice of the foundation. It should be taken into account not only the weight of the future structure, but also the type of soil, the relief of the selected site and the proximity of the location of groundwater.

Basic types of foundations

As the basis for an apartment house you can use the following types of foundations:
: solid sheet of reinforced concrete (for small buildings can be made of bricks) in the form of a closed contour, laid under all load-bearing walls;

Ribbon foundation

plate ("Floating"): is a monolithic slab of reinforced concrete;

Plate foundation

columnar: a system of massive concrete, brick, wooden poles or stone-pylon supports located at a distance from each other, with a grillage (the frame connecting the posts between themselves) or without it;

Filling the columnar foundation

Pile: Support from pipes connected with grillage or without it; in contrast to the columnar, is not installed in the pit, but is screwed or driven straight into the dense ground.

Pile foundation

Foundation application

Ribbon foundation

Despite the fact that the construction of such a foundation requires a large amount of work and a considerable amount of concrete, because of their high strength such foundations are used in construction most often. They are used as in the construction of stone or brick, and wooden and slag-block single and multi-storey buildings.
For the construction of such a foundation is prepared formwork with reinforcing belt, where concrete mixture is poured. In the presence of weak soil, you can make a wider sole (step foundation) or make it in the form trapezoid, where its wider part will serve as the sole.

Rectangular, stepped and trapezoidal ribbon foundations

According to the method of erection such foundations are divided into:
monolithic: The reinforcement frame is installed in the prepared formwork, then the formwork is poured with a sand-concrete or concrete mix; for their arrangement can be used and brick, but the life of such bases is much lower;

prefabricated: are assembled from ready-made concrete blocks, cemented together with cement mortar using reinforcement; but the strength of such a structure will be lower than that of monolithic ones, as the waterproofing in the junction areas will be substantially reduced, which will lead to its premature destruction, especially in marshy areas.

Precast strip foundation

According to the depth of the laying, the belt foundations are divided into:
: they are used for light buildings on weakly hepatic soils (soils that are not subject to frosty whipping), are laid at a depth of 50-70 cm;

Finely ground ribbon foundation

deep: The rigid concrete frame is installed at a considerable depth (20-30 cm lower than the freezing level of the ground); Are used for buildings that have a significant weight.

Deep deep-seated ribbon foundation

Important! To avoid damage by groundwater, a foundation waterproofing layer. In areas with a low temperature in winter, such a foundation can additionally warm.

Waterproofing and warming of the foundation

When the basement is planned, the walls of such a foundation serve simultaneously walls of the basement. As a rule, such a basis is provided for sand and gravel pillow, which serves as a drainage and serves as a protection against groundwater. It is able to compensate and deform. The absence of such a pillow is allowed only when building small structures.

Tip. Reduce the material costs for the construction of lightweight buildings possible when laying intermittent band-shaped foundations . They can be made both from ready-made concrete blocks, and can be poured directly on the construction site.

Intermittent belt foundation

Plate foundation

One of the most expensive designs. Can be as a continuous monolithic concrete, and in the form of a grating plate made of cross reinforced concrete beams with sealing of joints. Its minimum thickness is 20 cm (without considering the stiffeners). The maximum thickness is 30 cm.

Monolithic plate

Grid plate foundation

Since such a base does not deepen into the ground and is not subject to deformation in the case of frost-defrost, it is used mainly in complex areas with a movable, loose (subsidence) or heaving ground when erecting small buildings (baths, garages, etc.). In the case of careful insulation, these structures can also be used as a finished rough floor. Using finished prefabricated panels It is permissible only in the case of erection of small structures, because the heterogeneity of such a structure reduces its strength.

Plate foundation consists of several layers:
geotextiles;
cushions of sand and gravel;
insulation;
reinforcement belt;
itself concrete slabs;
layer of waterproofing.

Cutting plate foundation

Column foundation

This is one of the low-cost and least labor-intensive ways of erecting a foundation for houses with light wooden or frame walls. Can be used for building construction on the topsoil under conditions of laying the foundation just below the depth of freezing of the soil. In small buildings it is possible to use shallow (half the standard depth) or unshadowed (40-50 cm) columnar structures.

Such structures are installed every 3-6 m, as well as in the corners of the building and at the junction or intersection of the bearing walls on a sand pillow. Can be either monolithic and erected directly on the site of construction, and national teams (manufactured in factories).

Monolithic reinforced concrete columnar foundation

The cross-section of the columns depends on the material of manufacture. So, when using concrete, their minimum cross-section is 400 mm, in stone constructions - 600 mm, with brickwork - 380 mm.

Brick columnar foundation

The types of piles include prefabricated structures of the so-called " glass type", Having two or more sections. In this case, the first link is clogged by half the length of the pile. The second part is introduced into the tubular beaker. However, such structures are used only for the construction of special objects and in private construction are not applied.

The main drawbacks of columnar foundations include:
impossibility of use on mobile soils due to tendency to overturn; partially eliminate this shortcoming is possible with the device grillage, the use of anchor foundation blocks or foundations with an expanded sole;

Grill device for columnar foundation

Restriction during construction on poorly subsidence, saturated with water or peat soils;
complexity of the device basement premises (cellars, underground garages, etc.).

Pile foundation

A similar basis is used for constructing buildings on water-saturated swampy or loose soils and soils subject to a strong winter whipping, when deepening of the foundation is required to a very large depth.

Piles for the foundation include:
driven piles: reinforced concrete rods, having a square cross-section and a pointed end; in the ground are immersed by special installations by the shock method;

Pile driving piles

pipe-concrete: A hollow steel pipe equipped with a cone-shaped tip; After installation, a concrete solution is poured into the pipe; piling is made by special pneumatic machines; in private construction are used rarely;

Pouring of pipe-pile piles