Technologies of monolithic housing construction

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A monolithic multi-storey house is a serious object in which the heating, water supply, ventilation, power supply and sewerage systems are linked together.

The construction process is divided into several stages, which ultimately affects the time. Despite this, multi-storey houses are increasingly built on monolithic technology.

The main stages of construction of multi-storey buildings on monolithic technology

Any construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology is a long and painstaking procedure. And, this applies not only to themselves construction works, but also approval of the project and other paper documentation.

Let's consider the basic stages of erection of a monolithic high-rise building:

• 1.   Perhaps, the most difficult stage is connected not just with construction. To start, you need to get permission to build up and select a suitable plot. Then comes a difficult period of reconciliation of disputed issues with the local administration (considering the complexity of the sphere of urban construction, this stage will take a huge amount of time and nerves).
• 2.   On a designated plot of land geological and topological exploration . It is necessary to correctly determine the type of soil and its composition, depth of occurrence groundwater, the freezing level of the soil and other important indicators.

  The pit for the construction of a residential house

  Piled field under monolithic house


Removable formwork

  Removable wall formwork

• 3.   An extremely important stage is the development of a multi-storey house project . It includes all the necessary documentation for the construction: the calculation of the material, engineering systems, cuts, floor plans, the final estimate. The project is the last paper document and after it the stages of construction work begin.
• 4.   The site is broken up and started preparatory work  on foundation preparation. Required dig a foundation pit and drive piles under the foundation. After this, the frame is assembled from the armature (using a rod of rectangular or circular cross-section). When building a multi-storey house using monolithic technology, the frame performs an important role - it gives the construction the necessary rigidity.
• 5.   Performed erection of demountable formwork from wooden boards, expanded polystyrene or plastic. You can use the completed formwork. After the assembly is completed,   mortar pouring with further ramming (using deep vibrators). Now it remains to wait until the mixture dries completely and hardens, after which the formwork is dismantled. Various additives can be used to accelerate the process. By this principle, they erect a floor by floor.
• 6. Warming and finishing the facade produce after the complete drying of the last layer of concrete. This takes at least 28 days, and even more in damp and cold weather.
• 7.   At the final stage of the house connect to all necessary communications . After that, ennoble the territory adjoining the house.

  Fixed formwork (example)

  Construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology

Advantages of monolithic multi-storey buildings

Monolithic high-rise buildings have obvious advantages in comparison with brick and panel analogs.

• First of all, it is worth highlighting their reliability and compactness.
• An important component is the external appeal.
• Warm and plastered monolithic high-rise building looks much better panel or brick.
• In addition, very often in the construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology, additional architectural methods and elements are used: ledges, bay windows, curved walls, window openings with original geometry.
• One of the key advantages is strength. Thanks to the special construction technology, monolithic construction  has fewer joints, which can significantly increase the service life. Such buildings can be built in seismically active areas.
• Monolithic high-rise buildings are ideal as objects with a developed infrastructure. In the basement and ground floors there is the possibility of arranging outlets, sports facilities, parking lots and other institutions.

Disadvantages of monolithic skyscrapers

The shortcomings include reasons not related to the performance characteristics of buildings. The main negative point is the probability of shifting the deadline for delivery of the facility. This is due to incorrect miscalculation or deterioration of weather conditions. This can include the complexity of the work, because not every company can overpower a monolithic structure.

Question price

It may seem that, given the characteristics given, the cost of such a house is several times higher than the budget of similar buildings made of panels and bricks. In fact, their cost is approximately equal, and with a well-written project can be lower. Analysis of the real estate market shows that prices for living space in monolithic high-rise buildings are 10-15% lower. Thus, this property can be considered an excellent investment.

Progress in the construction area is slow. Proven and effective technologies have been used for decades. Nevertheless, significant competition leads to the search for new solutions that allow building buildings faster, cheaper and more durable.

Most of the innovations come from Western countries, and they are brought by international construction companies. In the Russian Federation, modern technologies are fully used for the construction of the largest or non-standard objects of great social importance. After mastering the technology, it finds application in standard buildings. Thus, innovative methods become public.

Construction of the complex "Moscow City" as a celebration of high technologies

An excellent example of the modern is the complex of buildings "Moscow City", located in the capital. To carry out such a grandiose project without innovative techniques would be impossible. One of the most famous objects of this complex is the "Mercury" tower, which at the height of 338.8 m is the highest skyscraper in Europe. To reach such a height, it was necessary to use a number of new solutions, including the technology of prestressing concrete.

The prestressing of concrete makes it possible to reduce the weight of the structure and increase its strength properties.

This technology allows you to increase the pitch of supporting columns by 2 times or more, to reduce the thickness of interfloor floors by 20%. Reducing the consumption of concrete is achieved up to 25%.

The technology of prestressing concrete is known for a long time, but it was used to create separate blocks. AT monolithic construction  it was used quite recently. Its essence lies in the fact that steel reinforcement with high strength is stretched by means of jacks of hydraulic and screw structure. After that concrete is poured. When it seizes, the tension is weakened. The armature tries to return to the original length, and exerts a compressive force on the material. When the product is used, these compressive loads can reduce tensile deformations, which are a common cause of destruction of concrete structures.

  High-rise complex "Moscow City" - monolithic construction

Higher strength indicators for monolithic elements with stressed reinforcement make it possible to erect concrete structures  with long spans that do not have intermediate supports. This reduces the overall weight of the building. This method was proposed earlier by the Soviet scientist Victor Mikhailov, but his ideas remained unclaimed. A successful experience of construction by the method of an engineer from France, Eugene Freycinet began to be widely used first in Europe, and then in Russia.

Another innovation was used in the construction of the multi-storey tower "Russia". It has a considerable number of underground floors that go to the ground at 56 m. The construction company Satori performed the work with this building. The Up & Down technology was used, which proved to be very useful in deep digging operations. It involves the gradual seizure of the soil, as the floors are erected in the underground layers. This approach makes it possible to quickly build both above-ground and underground part  building.

Experts believe that there is currently no alternative to Up & Down technology in urban construction. It allows to significantly reduce the construction period of the building, since the construction is carried out simultaneously up and down relative to the ground level. Unlike traditional methods of erection, you do not have to wait until the ground floor is completely completed. This technology is now increasingly used not only on non-standard objects, which is the complex "Moscow City", but also in the usual construction in many large cities of Russia. Often, this method is the only way out when the sealing construction is performed.

When performing construction work in the city, and especially in its center, it is required to minimize the use of heavy equipment. The height of the truck cranes is much smaller than the modern high-rise buildings, and they do not allow to deliver the concrete to which the overlapping is done. In connection with this, at the construction site of the Moscow City complex, a technical innovation was used.

To feed the solution to the huge height of the towers, concrete pumps SANY (SANI) were used. In this case, concrete grade B90, which is characterized by very low fluidity. The choice of concrete grade was made by the general contractor, proceeding from the safety of the building. Construction of buildings was carried out all year round, even when the temperature dropped to -20 ° C. For this purpose, the technique was adapted in a special way. It was equipped with a starting system, which ensures operation at low temperature, heating of the hydraulic drive and a thick layer of heat insulator.

According to the engineers, the concrete pump has become a necessary installation on the construction site. Without its use, the terms of work would have grown significantly, and time in such construction plays a decisive role. With the help of a deposit, up to 60 cubes of concrete per hour can be fed to the upper floors. When constructing a residential micro-district or several objects around the city, a concrete pump becomes an obligatory installation, without which the work goes much slower.

Quarter in Khamovniki in the English style

Privozvedeniya residential, and, especially, luxury real estate, much attention is paid to giving buildings individuality from an architectural point of view. Such an example can be a residential complex Knightsbridge, in which the developer tried to convey the spirit of old London, which met quite intricate architectural forms. Despite the complex structure of the facades and layouts, the deadlines for the delivery of such complexes are compressed, and a busy schedule requires builders to find new solutions that can shorten the execution time.

When creating Knightsbridge Private park, considerable attention was paid to assembling the formwork. As it often happens, the effect was a simple improvement in the process - the use of laminated plywood for concreting ceilings, on which a grid-pattern is pre-applied. This greatly simplified the marking and cutting of concrete formwork slabs on the construction site.

The use of plywood sheets makes daily work easier, which builders need to do - measuring and marking. When using laminated plywood with a plotted grid, workers can easily measure the required distances. Such a grid reduces the time it takes to lay reinforcing bars. Lines running at intervals of 25 and 50 mm can serve as guides and with their help it is easy to sustain a step when laying the reinforcement. The laminated plywood itself has a coating based on acrylic, which protects the material from moisture.

"Kazan Arena" and "Opening Arena" - grounds for new records

Opening of the international Universiade, held in Kazan, was held July 6, 2013. The main venue for her was the new stadium "Kazan-Arena". Its construction was almost two times faster than that of similar facilities, due to the use of modern ways  creation of formwork.

If you inquire about the duration of different stages of construction at the site of monolithic construction, you can see that the installation and dismantling of the formwork requires the greatest time. These processes are laborious enough, and they largely determine the pace of construction. Significant time savings spent on the construction of the Kazan Arena, it was possible to achieve the creation, connected by "fast locks".

Assembly of the system using this technology can be started immediately when the formwork is brought to the construction site. The usual formwork is collected on the site, which requires a lot of time. When moving to the next floor with a different layout, the formwork must be completely dismantled and rebuilt anew, making all the work, in fact, from scratch. A formwork system, consisting of typical components, is mounted much easier - "quick locks" are disconnected, the elements are transferred to a new location and reconnected. Such a system has a great durability.

During the construction of the "Kazan-Arena" PSK-CUP formwork of the beam-frame structure was used. It combines the advantages of both shield and beam-beam formwork systems, while also acting as a scaffolding. Such an innovative design made it possible to save the money needed for the rental of forests, their installation and dismantling.

construction "Opening Arena"

The Spartak stadium, also called the "Opening Arena", located on the territory of the old Tushino airfield, is due to open in mid-2014. The final project was agreed only in 2010, which required the builders to accelerate the work on pouring concrete. At the same time, they had to be performed in the winter, and the low temperature should not have a negative effect on the strength of the concrete.

To ensure normal hardening, concrete was heated using heat guns with electric heating elements. About 60% of works with concrete at the stadium "Opening Arena" were performed in the winter of 2011-2012. Great importance was played by the formwork of the beam-frame structure PSK-CUP. It has provided resistance to high loads and temperature extremes.

During the construction of the "Opening Arena", another new technology was used - joints of valves using couplings. The use of such elements instead of welding rods and their knitting made it possible to significantly speed up the fitting of the reinforcement, since this operation required no more than 10 minutes.

Compared with viscous gaps, coupling joints allow to reduce the consumption of reinforcing bars. Also a plus of this method is that it allows you to create a connection with equal strength over the entire length reinforcing cage. This ensures a uniform distribution of loads across all the rods. The welded joint has an important drawback - the complexity of control over the quality of the seam. To do this, you need bulky equipment that can not be used in the field. Coupling joints provide high quality joints due to the use of tapered threads.

Pre-stress concrete, powerful feed pumps, laminated plywood with mesh, couplings and other new technologies simplify the work of builders. Such technologies give companies advantages over competitors and freedom of solutions in the construction of complex buildings.