Initially, the houses of Khrushchev's projects were conceived as temporary, to solve the housing problem. However, to this day, they occupy a fair share of the fund. The main problem of residence is the scheme of the Khrushchev's heating system and its device. Given the natural wear and tear, it often does not perform its functions fully.

Centralized scheme for heating the Khrushchev

For the houses of this project, a single-pipe scheme is typical when the distribution of the coolant starts from the upper (5th) floor and ends with the input of cooled water into the basement. Such heating systems in Khrushchev have one significant drawback - the uneven distribution of heat in the apartments.

This is due to the alternate passage of the coolant along the floors, i.e. the greatest degree of its heating will be on the 5th, 4th, and on the 1-m heat quantity is insufficient for heating the room. In addition, the five-story Khrushchev heating scheme has the following drawbacks:

• Bad condition of heating elements. Calcareous growths on the inner surface of pipes and batteries lead to a reduction in diameter, and as a consequence - a decrease in heat transfer;
• Absence of temperature control system on batteries. Reducing the flow of coolant devices is impossible, since this will affect the hydraulic pressure throughout the system. Output - installation of a bypass on each radiator.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to modernize - install modern radiators and pipes. Metal heaters and pipelines from polymers have proved to be the best ones. They have higher heat transfer rates, which contributes to faster heating of rooms. However, in order to create a truly effective heating system in a Khrushchev, it is necessary to replace all floors. If the old ones leave the old pipes and radiators, then the speed of the water in the system will be the same as the unsatisfactory.

Implementation of such modernization can be carried out not only by the forces of tenants, but also by attracting the resources of the housing office. This organization is obliged to carry out scheduled replacement of pipelines. They also know how the heating system in Khrushchev is arranged - the layout and arrangement of pipelines for a particular house.

Auxiliary heating in hruschevka

What to do, even if after performing the improvement and replacement of the elements, the temperature in the apartment is far from ideal. The best option is autonomous heating in Khrushchev. However, this is not always possible - the installation of a gas boiler is not permitted due to low pressure in the mainline or due to inconsistent chimneys.

Then begin to develop alternative ways to increase the temperature in the room. Negative point is that the heating scheme of the five-storey building Khrushchev does not provide for the connection of additional radiators. This can lead to a reduction in pressure in the pipes and a significant loss of heat in residents living below. To avoid unpleasant moments, you can perform a number of actions that contribute to energy saving in the apartment.

Warming of the external walls of the Khrushchev

It is recommended to install a heat-insulating layer on the outer walls. It will help reduce heat losses and will not affect the current state of the heating system in the Khrushchev. It is also necessary to replace old wooden windows with new ones made of PVC or laminated veneer lumber. Particular attention should be paid to the thickness of the double-glazed windows. For effective thermal insulation this parameter should be not less than 28 mm.

Warm floor in Khrushchevka

This is one of the best mechanisms to increase the temperature in the apartment. It can be installed not only in the bathroom and kitchen, but also in living quarters. It is best to choose infrared models of the warm floor, since their installation requires a minimum increase in the thickness of the floor covering. Scheme of heating Khrushchev is not designed to connect the hot water floor. Its installation may cause the entire heating circuit of the house to malfunction.

Heaters for apartments

They can solve the problem with the speed of heating the air in the apartment and do not affect the operation of the main system of heating apartments in the Khrushchev. Along with traditional converter oil and electric heaters, infrared models have become very popular. They raise the temperature not of air, but of objects, heating their surface. However, the disadvantage of such devices is an increase in the financial costs of electricity.

Before connecting the heaters, you need to check the wiring. Often the cross-section of the wire is not designed for heavy loads. The heating scheme for a five-story Khrushchev is designed only for a water coolant.
  Therefore, it is recommended to replace it first, only after that install powerful electrical appliances.

Autonomous heating systems in the hruschevka: selection of the boiler and proper piping

Contrary to popular belief, you can make individual heating in Khrushchev. To do this, it is necessary to select the boiler corresponding to the standards and provide the management company with the developed project. Preliminary, it gives the technical conditions on the basis of which an autonomous heating system is built in the Khrushchevka.

What should I look for in this task? Consider the main components of autonomous heating in Khrushchev - a boiler, a pipeline system and radiators.

Heating boiler for Khrushchev

The average area of ​​a two-room apartment in a Khrushchevka does not exceed 60 m2. Therefore, the optimum power of the gas boiler should be 7-8 kW. The next condition is the type of burner - it must necessarily be closed. Since the device of the heating system in the Khrushchev according to the scheme does not provide for the installation of the boiler - it is necessary to ensure a normal air exchange for its operation. This is necessary to take air from the street with a coaxial chimney. In some cases, it is possible to install systems for the evacuation of carbon monoxide into the air channels of a building. But before that it is necessary to get the fire department coordination. Often this is an obstacle to the installation of individual heating in the Khrushchev.

Pipes and radiators for heating

For laying the main line, it is best to use reinforced polypropylene pipes. They are characterized by simple installation, affordable cost. Their advantages include the possibility of a hidden installation. It can be performed only in the floor, since the strobing of bearing walls is prohibited. The scheme of the heating system in the Khrushchevka is designed so that the place of installation of radiators is most often under the windows. When designing an autonomous heating system, additional batteries can be installed. Most often they are installed in the bathroom.

The design and schemes of heating of Khrushchev

When designing a scheme for heating a Khrushchev, all nuances should be envisaged. In particular - provision of hot water supply. Therefore, it is best to purchase dual-circuit heating boilers.

The requirements for the scheme are no different from the standard ones.

• Correspondence of the temperature regime and pressure to the operational characteristics of pipes, radiators;
• Connection to the water supply system for heating supply;
• Installation of expansion tank and circulating pump.

In this case, it is possible to install a water-heated floor. For this purpose, the heating circuit of the hruschevka provides for the installation of a collector. It will distribute the heat carrier through the pipelines of the warm floor, the built-in mixing system for hot and cold water flows (two-way valve) will automatically adjust the temperature.

For a minimum increase in the thickness of the floor, it is recommended to use a decorative coating designed for installation directly on the water heating pipes. The package must be labeled accordingly.

In addition to modernizing the installation of autonomous heating, a number of actions can be performed, the result of which will lead to a decrease in current operating costs and payment of utility services. Given the specific scheme of the heating system in Khrushchev, the installation of heat meters in the apartment is not practical. This is due to the lack of a central riser, i.e. even for a one-room apartment will have to put at least three counters - in the bathroom, in the kitchen and living room.

The total cost of installing one device can be from 25 to 30 thousand rubles. An exit from the created situation is the installation of a house-count meter. It will take into account the amount of thermal energy consumed for the entire building. The benefit of a centralized scheme, typical of all types of heating Khrushchev allows you to do this. As an additional function, the coolant flow adjustment mode can be provided depending on the temperature in the street.

For the central scheme of heating five-storey hruschevka you can install a balancing riser. It will perform the functions of a uniform distribution of the coolant over all floors of the house. However, what kind of project is carried out only with the agreement of the Housing Office, as it relates to the category of changing the principle of hot water supply.

If the house has old steel pipes and radiators - it is recommended to conduct periodic chemical and mechanical cleaning. Before this, the socialists should carefully study the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev house in order to draw up a work plan. It is recommended to clean the apartments from the upper floors. As a result, the patency of the coolant through the pipes and radiators will improve.

In the Russian Federation, for the most part, heating systems for multi-storey buildings are centralized, that is, they function from a CHP plant or a central boiler house. But the water circuits themselves are mounted in different ways, that is, they can be made, both single-tube and two-tube.

For passive users, it does not really matter, but in case of overhauling an apartment with your own hands, you will have to learn to understand these nuances.

Centralized heating systems

First, let's pay attention to the local or autonomous heating system, used for the most part in the private sector and in rare cases (as an exception) in multi-storey buildings. In such cases, the boiler room is located directly in or near the building itself, which allows for correct adjustment of the coolant temperature.

But the price of autonomy is quite high, so it is easier to build a combined heat and power plant or one powerful boiler house to heat the entire residential area. Heat carrier from the center along the main pipes are supplied thermal points, from which it is already distributed among the apartments. Thus, on the TP, it is possible to further regulate the supply of the heat carrier by means of circulation pumps, that is, this feeding principle is called independent.

There are also dependent heating systems, as in the photo above, this is when the coolant enters the apartment radiators directly from the cogeneration plant or boiler house, without additional distribution. But the water temperature does not depend on whether there are distribution points or not. Such units basically serve as something like an additional circulating pump in an autonomous heating system.

It is also possible to divide the system into closed and open systems, that is, in a closed system of hot water supply, the coolant from the CHPP or the boiler goes to the distribution point where it is separately supplied to the radiators, and separately to the hot water supply. such distribution is not provided, and the selection for DHW occurs directly from the highway. Therefore, in open systems outside the heating season, it is impossible to provide residents with hot water.

Types of connections

Change the scheme of the centralized water circuit is not in your power, so the adjustment of the heating system of an apartment building can be made only at the level of its apartment. Undoubtedly, there are situations when in a single building the tenants completely redesign the system, but here comes the so-called "binding to the terrain", and the principles of heating with one or two pipes remain unchanged.

On this page you can also watch a video clip that will help you understand the topic.

Single-pipe heating system

• Single-pipe heating systems of apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many shortcomings, and the main one is a large heat loss during the journey.
    That is, the water in this circuit is fed from the bottom up, in each apartment getting into radiators and giving off heat, because the water cooled in the appliance returns to the same pipe. To the final point, the coolant comes already fairly cooled, so complaints from residents of the upper floors are often heard.

• But sometimes this system is simplified even more, trying to raise the temperature in, and for this they are cut directly into the pipe. It turns out that the radiator itself is a continuation of the tube, as shown in the lower diagram.

• From this connection only the first users win, and in the last apartments the water gets even colder. In addition, the possibility of adjusting the radiators is lost, because reducing the flow in a single battery, you reduce the flow of water throughout the pipe.
    It also turns out that during the heating season you will not be able to change the radiator without draining the water from the entire system, so in such cases, jumpers are installed that allow you to turn off the device and send water over them.
• For an ideal solution, the radiators will fit in size, that is, the first batteries should be the smallest and, gradually increasing, at the end you need to connect the largest devices. Such a distribution could solve the problem of uniform heating, but, as you know, no one will do this.
    It turns out that saving money on installing the heating circuit results in problems with the distribution of heat and, as a consequence, in complaints of residents on the cold in the apartments.

Two-pipe heating system

• Two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in this temperature regime for radiators of any level. Pay attention to the connection diagram of the radiators below, and you will see why this is so.

• In a two-pipe heating circuit, the cooled water from the radiator no longer returns to the same pipe, but is diverted to the return channel or to the return duct. And, it does not really matter if the radiator is connected from the riser or from the deck - the main thing is that the temperature of the coolant remains unchanged throughout its journey through the feed pipe.
• An important advantage in the two-pipe circuit is the fact that you can regulate each battery separately and even install cranes with a thermostat on it to automatically maintain the temperature regime. Also in this circuit you can use instruments with side and bottom connections, use dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

DHW in the heating system

• Hot heating systems in Russia for multi-storey buildings are mainly centralized, and water for hot water is heated by a coolant at central heating points. Hot water can be connected from a single-pipe or two-pipe heating circuit.
• Depending on the number of pipes in the main (one or two), you can get either warm or cold water in the hot water tap in the morning. For example, if you have a single-pipe heating system for a multi-family 5-storey building, then by opening a hot tap, within the first 20-30 seconds you will get cold water out of it.

• It is explained very simply - at night there is practically no analysis of hot water, and the water in the pipe cools down. When you open the tap, the water from the TSC is fed into your house, that is, the parse appears and the cooled water merges until hot. This disadvantage is also caused by overuse of water, because you simply drain unnecessary cold water into the sewer.
• In a two-pipe system, water circulation is continuous, so there are no such problems. But sometimes through the hot water system loop the riser with towel warmers, then it pours out into the problem - they are hot even in the summer!
• Many people have a question, but why does hot water disappear from the end of the heating season and sometimes for a long time? The fact is that the instruction requires post-test tests of the entire system, and this takes time, especially if you are on a damaged site. But here you can very positively characterize the public services, as they try by any means, even changing the scheme of filing, provide citizens with hot water - it's still their earnings.
• Also in the middle of summer the entire heating system is awaited by current and capital repairs, when it is necessary to disconnect certain sites. With the onset of autumn testing of the repaired sites is carried out and some places can not stand, and this is again a trip. Do not forget that the system is still centralized!

Radiators for centralized heating systems

• Many of us have long been accustomed to cast-iron radiators installed since the construction of the house and, even if necessary, replace them with similar ones. For centralized heating systems, such batteries are good enough because they withstand high pressure, so in the passport the battery has two digits, the first of which indicates the working pressure, and the second - the pressure test. For cast iron appliances, this is usually 6/15 or 8/15.

• But in a nine-storey house, the working pressure usually reaches 6 atmospheres, so the above-described batteries are quite suitable, but the 22-story pressure can reach 15 atmospheres, so that steel or bimetal devices are more appropriate. Are not suitable for central heating only aluminum radiators, since they will not withstand the operating state of the centralized circuit.

Recommendations. If you started a major overhaul in the apartment and want to also replace the radiators, then replace the piping pipes if possible.
  These tubes are ½ or ¾ inch, most likely also not in very good condition and instead of them it is better to use an eco-plastic.
  Steel and bimetallic (sectional or panel) radiators have more watercourses than iron ones, so they can clog and lose power.
  To prevent this from happening, put a normal filter on the water supply to the battery, which is installed in front of the water meter.

Conclusion

If the heating system of a multi-storey building does not justify our expectations, then we often criticize utilities or even a specific plumber, but in 99% of cases they do not deserve it. The main problems with heat are due to the design of the water circuit and the maintenance personnel are no longer able to change anything.

In residential buildings for comfortable living, quality communications are needed, including those that are intended for heating. They are divided into two large groups - single-tube and two-tube. The first is much simpler and cheaper. Hot water is supplied and one pipeline is diverted to all the heating devices connected to the system in series. Single-pipe system is an ideal option for a single-storey house with a small area without a basement.

Advantages and disadvantages of a two-pipe heating system

Despite the higher cost of installation, systems with two pipelines are used more often, since they are suitable for buildings of any number of storeys and configurations. It should be borne in mind that the decision to install such heating is best taken under construction.  Although it is not excluded the possibility of installation in a finished house.

The two-pipe system received a similar name because the coolant one pipe is fed to the radiators, the other - is removed.  Heating devices are connected in parallel, and the temperature in them is independent of the distance to the collector or boiler.

The main advantages of the system with two pipelines:

• all heaters receive a coolant with the same temperature;
• possible to establish thermostats for radiators  , allowing to regulate the temperature of the coolant;
• the failure of one heater does not affect the operation of the other;
• can be used in homes with any number of floors.

The disadvantages are:

• many pipes and connectors;
• quite complicated installation;
• a higher cost than a system with a single pipeline.

Varieties of the system with two pipes

Two-pipe heating can be with natural and forced circulation of coolant  , with vertical or horizontal wiring. Exist various mounting schemes  for single-story, two-storey and multi-storey buildings.

Vertical two-pipe wiring in a single-story house

The main advantages of this system are the ability to mount pipes of the same diameter and high pressure due to the difference in feed and return rates. The main circumstance that may not work is the need for installation expansion tank  in an unheated attic. But this defect can be eliminated if you move the tank to heated areas.

Those who choose the top wiring, most likely do not care about the location of pipes under the ceiling. In this case, the supply pipe can be placed above the windows, and the tank - under the ceiling. But it should be borne in mind that it can decrease circulation rate  because of the reduction in the length of the riser. With this scheme, the pipes will be above the windows in all rooms without exception.

If the distance from the top of the window to the ceiling is too small, then next to the riser, you can make a cutout in the ceiling so that the tank remains in a heated room.  Only the upper part will have to be warmed. In this case, the riser will be longer. But it will not be possible to take technical water, because the expansion tank can not be combined with the expansion tank.

The return line is used for the installation of two pipelines at the floor or under the floor. But when installing under the floor, you can not use connecting elements. They increase probability of leakage.

Pipes above windows or under the ceiling spoil the appearance of the premises. In addition, some heat is lost through the ceiling. Therefore, there is a scheme with a supply pipe under the radiators. But the main faults in the top wiring  this does not eliminate.

When the coolant arrives, practically no air congestion,  because the pressure in the riser is high enough. If you include a pump in the system, you can use pipes of minimum diameter.

Vertical two-pipe wiring in a two-story house

If there are two floors in the house, this scheme is more effective -   circulation increases  due to the large difference in the height of the radiators of the second floor and the boiler located in the basement. Hot water from the boiler enters the distribution tank in the attic or the second floor, then it is directed to the heating devices via an inclined pipeline. In this version, the expansion tank can be combined with a distributor designed for hot water supply. In the presence of wood-fired boiler  The house is completely independent of the power outages.

Even more successful in a two-story house may be a combined system - a combination of a single-tube and two-pipe scheme. At the same time, the possibility remains regulate temperature  in all rooms.

Another option is laying the pipes on the second floor in the form underfloor heating. This part can be mounted as a separate single-pipe system. If the feed pipe is sent from the boiler to the second floor, there is no need for a slope in the pipeline.

TO shortcomingsthe top wiring is:

• high consumption of pipes;
• problems with the placement of the expansion tank;
• unaesthetic appearance of premises;
• additional costs for decorative finishing (to hide pipes);
• on the second floor the rooms warm up better;
• it is not always possible to combine the expansion tank with the distribution tank;
• it is impossible to install in rooms with a large area.

But the top wiring is often used because of the main advantage - the high speed of water circulation and the absence of air plugs.

Two-pipe system with bottom wiring

The horizontal wiring has two main features - increased diameter of the pipeline  and its location at an angle with respect to the plane. You can mount the system with horizontal wiring and natural circulation or with a pump (with forced circulation). This scheme is chosen in homes with sloping roof  and a good basement.

When using horizontal wiring, the feed pipe can be mounted at the same level as the radiators or even below them. The main drawback of such a system - frequent formation of air congestion,  for the elimination of which it is necessary to install Mayevsky cranes on each heating appliance.

Advantages of bottom wiring:

• high efficiency;
• can be mounted in an unfinished building;
• you can turn off the top floorif they are temporarily not used or are being renovated there;
• all shut-off valves are installed in the same room;
• the system is easily overlapped and regulated.

The system with the bottom wiring can be with parallel installed radiorators  or collector. In the second variant, to each radiator from the collector there are two pipelines - supply and discharge. Premises warm up better,  but for installation, a large number of pipe materials and connectors are needed.

Mounting Features

When installing two-pipe heating, you must follow certain rules:

If a collector is installed in the heating system, it must be installed in such a way that the distance from it to any radiator is the same. Material for the pipeline is selected depending on the preferences of the owner of the house and hydraulic calculations.

The heating system in a multi-storey building

In multi-storey houses, the most common are combined heating systems - wiring for floors with two pipes, for apartments - with one. But sometimes there are other options.

Worst of all, if a multi-apartment house uses a single-pipe wiring. The main drawback of such a system - large heat loss  during the transport of the coolant. Hot water moves from below, distributed to all apartments and returns to the same pipeline. Usually it turns out that the radiators on the upper floors are almost cold.  Even worse, if during installation the system is simplified - radiators are embedded in the pipeline,  that is, they are elements of the pipeline. The inhabitants of the first floors win. The coolant enters the last floors even colder than with the unprotected scheme.

Talk about how to adjust the temperature of the radiators, generally not worth it. If you change the flow parameters in a single heater, they will immediately change in the entire system. Besides, in case of accident  during the heating season to change one radiator you need to turn off the entire system and release water from it. In order not to do this, special jumpers are used.

It is possible to improve slightly the heating performance with a single pipe, if radiators of different sizes- the first small, the last - the largest. This can make the heating more even. If the developer saves on materials, after settling there are problems with the distribution of thermal energy, and the tenants remain unhappy.

The two-pipe system is more convenient, since it allows to keep the temperature at one level in all heaters. Water, cooled in radiators, is returned via another pipeline. In addition, tenants have the opportunity regulate temperature  each heater and install valves with thermostats. Another advantage - the ability to include in the system radiators with a lower and lateral connection.

Diagram of heating wiring for a private house

The choice of the scheme for heating distribution depends, in the first place, on number of storeys and the area of ​​the house.  For example, in a single-story house with an area of ​​less than 100 m 2 no one will install two pipelines. Depending on the availability of the basement and attic, the owner will choose a single-pipe system with a top or bottom wiring. If the boiler is installed in the basement, horizontal layout is preferable. If there is no cellar, then the only option is vertical wiring.

If the house big square  and two or three floors, then certainly you need to install heating with two pipelines, with a vertical or horizontal wiring. Both options have both advantages and disadvantages. With vertical wiring, the temperature is evenly distributed over the heaters, but you need a good insulated attic  . The advantages of horizontal wiring include the possibility of installing radiators with various connections and placing all control devices in the same room. The main disadvantages of the horizontal system are:   large consumption of pipe materials,  complex and time-consuming installation, inability to install heating appliances from cast iron.

In small two-story houses, often a closed one-pipe vertical heating "Leningradka"  . The pipeline is laid along the perimeter, a vertical riser is welded to the boiler, an expansion tank is installed in the attic, from which the coolant is distributed over the radiators.  But the final choice of the scheme depends entirely on the preferences of the owners of the house

How is the heat supply of the apartment building arranged?

On the territory of Russia, the central heating system of an apartment building is usually used, the heat carrier to which comes from a city boiler or CHP. At the same time, water circuits are arranged according to different schemes, since they are single-tube and two-tube. Usually heat consumers are not very interested in such nuances, but if necessary, repair the apartment and change old batteries for new modern radiators in similar details to owners of residential real estate it is desirable to understand.

Individual heating in apartment houses

In addition to the central one, one can find an autonomous heating of an apartment in an apartment building, usually such a heat supply is rare and in recent years has been installed in new buildings. Local heating systems are also used in the private residential sector. At individual heating in an apartment house the boiler house is accepted to have or in the building in a separate room or near to the house, as it is required to regulate the temperature of the heating medium in the heating system.

The cost of autonomous heating in an apartment building is rather large, therefore it is preferable to commission one powerful boiler house capable of providing heat and hot water to a residential microdistrict.

Central heating of apartment buildings

On the main pipelines the coolant from the central boiler house is supplied to the thermal unit of the apartment building and is further distributed to the apartments. Additional regulation of the degree of hot water supply in this case is made directly at the heat point, for which circular pumps are used. This method of supplying the coolant to the end consumer is called independent (more: "Central heating is both pluses and minuses").

In addition, apartment buildings use dependent heating systems. In this case, the coolant is transported to the apartment batteries without additional distribution directly from the CHP. At the same time, the water temperature is regardless of whether it is delivered through a distribution point or directly to consumers.

In the latter version, the heat carrier from the CHP or the central boiler house, after reaching the distribution point, is supplied separately to the heating radiators and to the hot water supply. In open systems, this separation is not envisaged and the heated water for the needs of the tenants is supplied from the main pipe, so consumers outside the heating season are left without hot water supply, which causes a lot of complaints about utilities. Read also: "Heat meter for battery".

Types of connections to heating systems

The circuit of the centralized coolant circuit can not be changed. For this reason, the adjustment of heating in an apartment building is only available in a penthouse version. Quite rare, but sometimes there are situations when the residents of the house rework the heating system in their own hands, but the principles of coolant circulation, in which one or two pipes are used, remain unchanged. Read also: "Independent heating system".

Single-pipe heating system

Single-pipe heat supply of an apartment building has a lot of drawbacks, the main among which are significant heat losses during the transportation of hot water. In this circuit, the coolant is fed from the bottom up, after which it enters the batteries, gives off heat and returns back to the same tube. To the final consumers living on the upper floors, before hot water comes in a barely warm state.

There are cases when a single-tube system is further simplified, trying to increase the temperature of the coolant in radiators. To do this, the battery is cut directly into the pipe. In the end, it seems that the radiator is its continuation. But from such a connection, only the first users of the system get more heat, and to the last consumers the water reaches practically cold (read also: "The apartment heating system is a characteristic"). In addition, single-pipe heat supply of the apartment building makes it impossible to adjust the radiators - after reducing the flow of coolant in a separate battery, the watercourse also decreases along the entire length of the pipe.

Another drawback of this heat supply is the impossibility of replacing the radiator in the heating season without draining the water from the entire system. In such cases it is necessary to install jumpers, which makes it possible to disconnect the battery, and send the coolant through them.

Thus, on the one hand, as a result of installing the outline of a single-pipe heating system, savings are obtained, and on the other, serious problems arise regarding the distribution of heat across the apartments. In them, the residents freeze in the winter.

Two-pipe heating system

An open and closed system for heating an apartment building can be a two-pipe system (see photo), which allows you to keep the temperature of the coolant in radiators located in apartments on all floors. The design of the two-pipe circuit implies that the hot water cooled in the radiator does not fall back into the same pipe. It enters the so-called "return" or in the return channel. Read also: "Elevator unit of the heating system: what is it?".

It does not matter how the battery is connected - to the riser or lounger pipe, the coolant has a constant temperature all the way through its delivery pipes.

One of the important advantages of two-pipe water circuits is the adjustment of the heating system of the apartment building at the level of each individual battery by installing cranes with a thermostat on it (read also: "Adjusting the heating system - details from the practice"). As a result, the apartment provides automatic maintenance of the desired temperature regime. In the two-pipe circuit, the use of radiators with both bottom and side connections is available. It is also possible to apply a different motion of the coolant-a dead-end and a passing one.

Hot water supply in heating systems

DHW in multi-storey houses is usually centralized, while water is heated in boiler rooms. Connect hot water from the heating circuits, and from single-tube, and from two-pipe. The temperature in the faucet with hot water in the mornings can be warm or cold, which depends on the number of main pipes. If there is a one-pipe heat supply of a multi-apartment building with a height of 5 floors, then when the hot tap is opened, first for half a minute, cold water will flow from it.

The reason lies in the fact that at night, hardly any of the residents includes a tap with hot water supply, and the coolant in the pipes cools. As a result, overspending of unnecessary cooled water is observed, as it merges directly into the sewage system.

Unlike the one-pipe system in the two-pipe version, the circulation of hot water is continuous, therefore there is no problem with DHW there. However, in some houses through a system of hot water supply a riser loop with pipes - towel warmers, which even in the summer heat are hot.

Many consumers are interested in the problem with DHW after the heating season is over. Sometimes hot water disappears for a long time. The matter is that the municipal services are obliged to observe the rules of heating of apartment houses, according to which it is necessary to produce post-heat tests of heat supply systems (read also: "Act of hydraulic testing of the heating system and pipelines"). Such work is not performed quickly, especially if damage is found that needs to be eliminated.

In summer, the entire system providing central heating in the apartment building is subjected to testing. Utilities carry out current and capital repairs on the heating main, disconnecting the individual sections. On the eve of the upcoming heating season, the repaired thermal main is repeatedly subjected to testing (more: "Rules for preparation for the heating season of a residential house").

Features of heat supply in a block of flats, details on video:

Radiators for heating systems for high-rise buildings

Familiar for many residents of multi-story buildings are cast-iron radiators, which were previously used for several decades. If necessary, replace such a heating battery, it is dismantled and installed similar, which requires a heating system in the apartment building. Such radiators for centralized heating systems are considered to be the best solution, since they can withstand sufficiently high pressures without problems. In the passport to the cast-iron battery two figures are indicated: the first one indicates the working pressure, and the second indicates the test (pressure) load. Usually this is 6/15 or 8/15.

The higher the residential house, the greater the value of the working pressure. In nine-storey buildings, it reaches 6 atmospheres, so the cast-iron radiators are suitable for them. But when it is a 22-storey house, then for operation of centralized heating systems, 15 atmospheres will be required. In this case, steel or bimetallic heating appliances are needed.

Specialists do not recommend using aluminum radiators for centralized heating - they are unable to withstand the operating state of the water circuit. Also, professionals advise owners of real estate when carrying out major repairs in apartments in the event of replacing batteries, change the heat dissipation pipes of ½ or ¾ inch. Usually they are in poor condition and instead of them it is desirable to put products of eco-plastic.
  Some types of radiators (steel and bimetallic) have more watercourses than cast iron products, so they are clogged and lose power in the future. Therefore, at the point of supply of the coolant to the battery, a filter must be installed, which is usually mounted in front of the water meter.

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Features of heating systems in a multi-storey building: an overview of piping schemes, coolant parameters, autonomous and centralized heat supply

During the design of professional heating systems, all factors, both external and internal, must be taken into account. This applies in particular to heat supply schemes for multi-unit buildings. What is special about the heating system of a multi-storey building: pressure, circuits, pipes. First you need to understand the specifics of its arrangement.

Features of heat supply of multi-storey buildings

The scheme of heating a multi-storey building

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building should fulfill one function - the timely delivery of a coolant to each consumer while maintaining its technical qualities (temperature and pressure). To do this, the building should be provided with a single distribution center with the possibility of regulation. In stand-alone systems, it is combined with water heating devices - boilers.

Characteristic features of the heating system of a multi-storey building are its organization. It should consist of the following mandatory components:

• The distributing unit. With its help, hot water is supplied through the mains;
• Pipelines. They are designed for transportation of coolant in separate rooms and premises of the house. Depending on the method of organization, there is a one-pipe or two-pipe system for heating a multi-storey building;
• Controlling and regulating equipment. Its function is to change the characteristics of the coolant depending on external and internal factors, as well as its qualitative and quantitative accounting.

In practice, the heating scheme of a multi-storey residential building consists of several documents, including the calculation part in addition to the drawings. It is compiled by special design bureaus and must comply with current regulatory requirements.

The heating system is an integral part of a multi-storey building. Its quality is verified upon delivery of the facility or during the implementation of scheduled inspections. The responsibility for this lies with the management company.

Piping in a multi-storey building

Types of pipes in a multi-storey building

For the normal operation of the building's heat supply, it is necessary to know its basic parameters. What pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building, as well as the temperature regime will be optimal? According to the standards, these characteristics should have the following values:

• Pressure. For buildings up to 5 floors - 2-4 atm. If the number of floors is nine - 5-7 atm. The difference lies in the pressure of hot water to transport it to the upper levels of the house;
• Temperature. It can vary from +18 ° C to +22 ° C. This applies only to living quarters. On stairwells and non-residential rooms, a reduction of up to + 15 ° C is allowed.

Having determined the optimal values ​​of the parameters, one can proceed with the choice of heating distribution in a multi-storey building.

It largely depends on the number of storeys of the building, its area and the capacity of the entire system. The degree of thermal insulation at home is also taken into account.

The difference in pressure in the pipes on the 1 st and 9 th floors can be up to 10% of the standard. This is a normal situation for a multi-storey building.

Single-pipe heating distribution

Types of single-tube heating

This is one of the economical options for organizing heat supply in a building with a relatively large area. For the first time, a single-pipe system for heating a multi-storey building was used for "Khrushchev". The principle of its work is the presence of several distribution risers, which connects consumers.

The heat transfer medium is fed through one pipe circuit. The absence of a return line greatly simplifies the installation of the system, while reducing the cost. However, the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building has a number of disadvantages:

• Uneven heating of the room depending on the remoteness of the hot water take-off point (boiler or collector unit). Those. options are possible when the consumer connected earlier in the scheme, the batteries will be hotter than the next in the chain;
• Problems with the adjustment of the degree of heating of radiators. For this, a bypass must be made on each radiator;
• Complex balancing of single-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building. It is carried out with the help of thermostats and shut-off valves. In this case, a system failure is possible even with a slight change in the input parameters - temperature or pressure.

At present, the installation of a single-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building of new construction is extremely rare. This is due to the difficulty of individual accounting of the coolant in a separate apartment. So, in residential buildings of the Khrushchev project the number of distribution risers in one apartment can reach up to 5. Those. for each of them it is necessary to establish the meter of energy consumption accounting.

Correctly drawn up estimates for the heating of a multi-storey house with a single-pipe system should include not only maintenance costs, but also the modernization of pipelines - replacing individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe heating distribution

Two-pipe distribution of hot water

To improve efficiency, it is best to install a two-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building. It also consists of distribution risers, but after passing the coolant through the radiator, it enters the return pipe.

Its main difference is the presence of a second circuit, which performs the function of the return line. It is necessary to collect the cooled water and transport it to a boiler or to a heat station for further heating. During the design and operation it is necessary to take into account a number of features of the heating system of a multi-storey house of this type:

• The possibility of adjusting the temperature level in individual apartments and in the entire highway as a whole. For this purpose it is necessary to install mixing units;
• To perform repairs or preventive maintenance, you do not need to disconnect the entire system, as in the Leningrad scheme for heating a multi-storey building. It is enough to block the flow into a separate heating circuit with the help of stop valves;
• Low inertia. Even with a good balancing of the single-tube heating system of a multi-storey building, the consumer needs to wait 20-30 seconds, until hot water through the pipelines reaches the radiators.

What is the optimal pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building? Everything depends on its number of storeys. It must ensure that the coolant is lifted to the desired height. In some cases it is more efficient to install intermediate pumping stations in order to reduce the load on the entire system. At the same time, the optimal pressure value should be from 3 to 5 atm.

Before buying radiators you need to know the scheme of heating a residential multi-storey house its characteristics - pressure and temperature conditions. Based on this data, the batteries are selected.

Heat supply of a multi-storey building

Distributive unit for heating an apartment building

The distribution of heating in a multi-storey building is important for the operational parameters of the system. However, in addition to this, the heat supply characteristics should be taken into account. An important one is the way of supplying hot water - centralized or autonomous.

In the overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But practically the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, with the possibility of choice, preference is given to the autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building

independent heating of a multi-storey building

In modern multi-storey residential buildings, it is possible to organize an independent heat supply system. It can be of two types - poktvornoe or obschedovom. In the first case, an autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building is carried out in each apartment separately. For this, independent pipelining is done and a boiler is installed (most often gas). The general house means installation of a boiler-house, to which special requirements are made.

The principle of its organization is no different from a similar scheme for a private country house. However, there are a number of important points that need to be considered:

• Installation of several heating boilers. One or more of them must necessarily perform a duplicating function. In the event of failure of one boiler - the other must replace it;
• Installation of a two-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building, as the most efficient;
• Scheduling of scheduled maintenance and preventive maintenance. This is especially true for heating heating equipment and safety groups.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the heating scheme of a concrete multi-storey building, it is necessary to organize a quarter-system heat metering system. To do this, for each incoming branch pipe from the central riser, you need to install energy counters. That is why the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building is not suitable for reducing current costs.

Centralized heating of a multi-storey building

Diagram of elevator unit

How can the heating distribution in an apartment building change when connected to a central heating system? The main element of this system is the elevator unit, which performs the functions of normalizing the coolant parameters to acceptable values.

The total length of the central heating mains is quite large. Therefore, in the heat point such parameters of the coolant are created, so that heat losses are minimal. To do this, increase the pressure to 20 atm. which leads to an increase in the temperature of hot water to + 120 ° C. However, taking into account the peculiarities of the heating system in an apartment building, the supply of hot water with such characteristics to consumers is not allowed. To normalize the parameters of the coolant, an elevator assembly is installed.

It can be calculated both for a two-pipe, and for a single-tube heating system of a multi-storey building. Its main functions are:

• Reduction of pressure by means of an elevator. A special conical valve regulates the volume of the coolant flow into the distribution system;
• Lowering the temperature to + 90-85 ° C. For this purpose, the mixing unit of hot and cooled water is intended;
• Filtration of the coolant and reduction of oxygen content.

In addition, the elevator unit performs the basic balancing of the single-pipe heating system in the house. To do this, it provides a shut-off and control valve, which automatically and semi-automatically regulates pressure and temperature.

It should also be taken into account that the estimate for centralized heating of a multi-storey building will differ from an autonomous one. The table shows the comparative characteristics of these systems.

Heating of apartment buildings

Heating of apartment buildings, in most cases, is carried out by a centralized scheme. Constantly developing and commissioning new systems that are more modern and technological, but it is the proven method of supplying heat to homes remains the most common and popular.

For a long time using central heating it has proved its effectiveness and, with uninterrupted operation, has the right to exist.

This scheme differs from other options in that heat is produced outside the house and delivered to the apartment through a complex communication system. This is a very complex mechanism, located on an impressive area and providing heating in many buildings simultaneously.

Components of a centralized heating system

It consists of several basic structural elements that depend on each other and function as a whole.

The first of them is a source of heat. This can be a boiler or a heat power plant in which the heating medium is heated. They differ from each other in that the heating of water, which is subsequently transferred to the consumer for heating the premises, is carried out in different ways.

In boilers, it is heated immediately, and in the CHP it is first converted to a steam state, and this steam is used to generate energy. This energy is used to heat water, which is sent to the pipe system.

The next element is the heating system. They represent an extensive pipeline through which hot water is transported to the consumer and return of the spent coolant to the heat source.

Most often consists of steel pipes of large diameter, from 1000 to 1400 mm. Heating systems can be laid both underground and on the surface, with mandatory thermal insulation.

Consumers of heat - radiators located directly in apartment buildings and other buildings.

Classification of central heating

Centralized systems, in spite of a single principle of operation, can be divided into several features. Depending on the mode of use, they are divided into seasonal ones, functioning exclusively in the cold season, and year-round, producing heat without interruptions.

By type of coolant, the following types of central heating can be distinguished:

1. Water.  It occurs most often when heating houses. The system is easy to use and allows you to deliver heat at impressive distances. There is the possibility of increasing or decreasing the temperature in the heat network.
2. The air.  In addition to heating buildings, it is used for ventilation of internal premises. Due to expensive installation and operation is rare.
3. Steam.  The most economical system in comparison with the previous species. Pipes with which the heat is circulated have a relatively small diameter, which simplifies their use. In most cases, such a scheme is found in production rooms where water vapor is needed.

Systems can be open, in which hot water comes from heating systems, and closed, in which it is taken from the common water pipe with subsequent heating.

Advantages and disadvantages of a centralized heating system

One can single out a number of advantages of such a scheme for providing heat to residential buildings:

1. The use of central heating does not require large financial costs.
2. A clear system of control and regular checks has been developed by specialized services. This circumstance ensures the reliability of the system and reduces the risk of problems with the circulation of hot water.
3. Such a method is as environmentally friendly as possible.
4. The system is easy to use.

However, it is worth noting a number of shortcomings:

1. Almost always, heating is supplied on a clear schedule and consumers have no way to influence these terms.
2. There are no ways to adjust the temperature directly in the living areas.
3. Often there may be pressure drops.
4. While hot water is in the heat network, its temperature may drop. Especially often such situations arise when the consumer is at a considerable distance from the boiler house.
5. Thermal equipment and its installation have a high cost.

Individual heating

In multi-apartment houses, some residents organize heating systems for their apartments, independent of municipal services. Also, such methods of heat supply are often used in private homes.

The source of heat in this case is either in the building itself, in a separate room, or nearby, in a specially equipped small building.

This location is due to the fact that there is a need for constant temperature control in the heat network. It is more expedient to equip one autonomous boiler room, from which the whole house or microdistrict will receive heat.

This solution has many advantages. The tenants of the house, in which the individual heating system is installed, pay only for the amount of energy that was expended.

There is also no risk that the heating will be suddenly switched off, and the degree of heating of the radiators can be adjusted depending on the weather conditions. The consumers themselves will start and finish the heating season. This decision will not depend on public services.

There are statistical data according to which an autonomous heating system for apartment houses is three times more economical than heating buildings by using a centralized boiler house. Therefore, this method of supplying hot water to radiators located in apartments is much more profitable for the consumer.

How to switch to autonomous heat supply

In an apartment building, the transition to individual heat supply and the creation of a boiler house is carried out after the general meeting.

After the adoption of a positive decision by a majority of votes, it is necessary to proceed with the registration of the necessary papers, the purchase of equipment and, after obtaining permits, to install the structure.

If the house was previously provided with the location of the boiler house, then there should be no problems with the documentary side of the issue. Otherwise, it may take more time and effort.

First you need to buy a boiler with a closed combustion chamber. If there are periodic problems with hot or cold water supply, it is necessary to install a hot water circuit.

The boiler type can be any. The most optimal solution is to install a model of polypropylene. In any case, it is important to take into account the features of the house. It is necessary not to forget about the shut-off valve, by means of which the circulation of hot water is regulated.

There are several options for connecting radiators to the heat supply system, which circulates hot water through all the radiators in the apartments.

The single-tube scheme is of low cost, but it is not always appropriate to install it. This method is designed for heating small rooms.

The two-pipe scheme is the most common, it allows you to organize the circulation of water in such a way that it will always be hot in the coolant and directly in the radiators, and the cooled water will be diverted through the return channel, the so-called "return".

Also worth noting is another important advantage - a two-pipe water circuit allows you to adjust the temperature in the radiators by installing thermostats, which ensures the maintenance of the required level of heating batteries in each apartment individually.

There is also a radial way of routing the pipes. Its main advantage lies in the fact that radial heating allows you to adjust the temperature of each radiator individually. This contributes to a serious fuel economy in the boiler room and, as a result, a reduction in financial costs.

Required Documentation

Paperwork is the most difficult part of the transition to autonomous heating, which takes quite a long time.

It is necessary to collect and prepare a lot of various documents and certificates, and the decision itself can be dragged on for a long enough period.

It is necessary to carefully study the list of necessary papers, since in each case the package of documents that must be provided is purely individual. As well as obtaining any other permission, this process can require huge costs not only of time, but also of forces.

But all efforts will not be wasted, because the installation of an individual boiler house after obtaining the permit will have a serious positive impact on the condition of the house as a whole, not to mention the serious savings that the autonomous heating system of the residential house will provide.

On average, the entire procedure for processing documents takes a month and a half, but this time can stretch, it all depends on the work of various services. Therefore, it is best to prepare papers in advance, long before the onset of cold weather, in time to move to a new system. Do not take risks and delay with this decision, as few of the tenants will be pleased with the prospect of staying in winter without heating.

Summarizing all of the above, it should be noted that individual heating systems are much more beneficial for residents of houses than centralized ones.

They allow you to control the amount of energy that is consumed during the generation of heat, and to regulate the temperature level in the heating systems. In many new buildings, the availability of own boiler house is provided in advance.

How correctly to start heating in an apartment house Gas heating in an apartment house Payment for heating in an apartment building

Heat supply for apartment buildings: centralized heating system

As is known, the provision of heat to a significant proportion of the housing stock is carried out centrally. And, despite the fact that in recent years, more modern schemes of heat supply have been introduced and are being implemented, central heating remains in demand, if not from owners, then developers of multi-apartment housing. However, it should be noted that many years of foreign and domestic experience in using such a heating option has proved its effectiveness and the right to exist in the future, provided that all elements are fault-free and of high quality.

A distinctive feature of this scheme is the generation of heat outside the heated buildings, the delivery of which from the heat source is carried out through pipelines. In other words, centralized heating is a complex engineering system, distributed over a large area, which simultaneously supplies a large number of objects with heat.

Structure of the central heating system

The main structural elements of the central heating system are: