The first stage of the work consists of. Stages of construction of a production building

22.09.2015 6:24

The process of building any building can be divided into several stages. Builders are so much more convenient to implement the process and produce it qualitatively. The main stages of construction will be discussed in this article.

Algorithm

First, specialists are working on creating a building project, think through all the smallest details. At this stage it is very important to think over the subtleties of the structure, what rooms will be there, how lighting will be carried out, and much more. This stage many experts call the creation of models of buildings ( http://www.makety.ru/services/doma-zdaniya/). Architects approve their projects with other specialists and coordinate all the constructions.

After the completion of the layout, experts carefully and carefully study the soil. It is also very important to study the Earth, in order to know what kind of quality it is. Only after studying the soil, experts begin to erect the foundation of the building. It is built taking into account all the data obtained, the foundation must fit a certain territory, soil.

After the construction of the foundation, the developer starts construction of the building itself. Time can take as many as you want, because everything depends on the number of floors, the building project itself. The simpler the project, the easier and faster to build a certain building. At this stage, a variety of materials are required.

After the completion of the construction, specialists conduct communications in the building. We are talking about heating systems, water supply, lighting. This can take a long time, because experts will long check the correctness of the installation of these systems. The building should be safe for everyone who is in it.

After carrying out the necessary systems, interior finishing, inspections, the building can be considered built. The developer receives the necessary documents that can confirm the end of the construction process. Thus, buildings and structures are built.

Specialists distinguish and other stages of construction, describing the process in more detail, but many moments inexperienced people are not clear. The main stages in this process are the above. It is most clear not only to specialists, but also inexperienced and ignorant in this field people.

In most wells, the water level ranges from one and a half to two meters, rare lucky ones can boast of a large. Depending on the season and the weather, this value varies: in a dry summer, the water mirror in the well can drop to one meter. In such a situation, it is almost impossible to do without interruptions.

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Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Chair of technology, organization and mechanization of construction

on production practice

discipline: Technology of production processes

Completed

student 3 years of distance learning

Levin Leonid Sergeevich

No. of inv. books 11-12-052

Kazan 2015

pile foundation pile building plaster

3. Breakdown of pile driving axes. Immersion of driven piles

5. Grill devices

12. Production of installation works (installation of slabs, columns, beams, trusses)

13. The device of roofs from roll and sheet materials

14. Production of glass works

15. Manufacture of plastering works

16. Production facing works with the use of facing tiles

17. Production of cladding works with the use of rack and pinion polymer and metal materials

18. Production of works for the installation of suspended and stretched ceilings

19. Manufacture of painting works with the use of vodokley and water-emulsion paints

20. Production of painting works using oil and enamel paints

21. Manufacturing of wallpaper works

22. Production of works in the installation of wooden floors

23. Work on the installation of monolithic flooring

24. Work on the installation of tile floors

25. Production of works in the installation of floors with roll coatings

26. Production of works for the installation of engineering systems of buildings

1. Technology of production of geodetic works

Geodetic work in construction (geodetic support of construction) is a complex of measurements, calculations and construction in drawings and nature that ensure the correct and accurate placement of buildings and structures, as well as the erection of their structural and planning elements in accordance with the geometric parameters of the project and the requirements of regulatory documents.

Geodetic works are an integral part of the process of building design and production, their content and technological sequence are determined by the stages and technology of the main production.

We can distinguish the following stages of production of geodetic works:

1) Geodetic work during excavation.

The main tasks at this stage of construction are:

Detailed breakdown of the pit contour;

Control depth of the excavation pit;

Calculation of the volume of earthworks;

Executive survey of the pit.

Source documents:

alignment plan or topographic plan of the site;

the requirements of the RPGR on the main characteristics of the excavation in terms of height and height.

2) Scheduled Markup

It is performed by a tacheometer and a tape measure.

To remove and fix on the ground the main axes of the structure

To postpone from the main axes of the building the distance to the bottom contour of the bottom of the excavation (the lower edge.The data on the postponed distances are indicated in the PPGR and can be 0.5 h 1.0 m.

Calculate and postpone the distance from the lower loop to the upper contour of the excavation

In modern times, the upper edge of the foundation pit is removed. Then fixed with reinforcement with an alarm tape. When excavating the reinforcement must remain. Geodetic control of the depth of excavation using a vizier or level, if the depth is excavated up to 2 m.

2. Opening foundation pits under the foundations of buildings

The production of construction and installation works and, first of all, the erection of the underground part of buildings and structures, is associated with the implementation of significant amounts of excavation. Earthwork refers to the most difficult, and labor-intensive types of construction work performed in difficult conditions and largely dependent on natural and climatic factors. Therefore, one of the tasks facing designers, technologists, builders is the development and implementation of methods and technologies that help reduce the amount of excavation work on the construction site.

Earthwork refers to a set of works of the zero cycle, which includes: excavation of trenches and trenches, drainage, reinforcement and preparation of bases for the construction of the construction of foundations and walls, ceilings, tunnels, backfilling, soil in the sinuses between the foundations and slopes of foundation pits and The works of the zero cycle are considered complete after the installation of the underground part of the building with all communications and elements underground structures.

Excavation is attributed to the most difficult and labor-intensive types of construction work. They are carried out by various methods, allocated in four groups: mechanical, hydraulic, explosive and manual. In addition, in some cases, to increase the load-bearing capacity of the soil, it is tamped, developed by drilling.

The result of the development of the soil is an excavation, which is a engineering structure, arranged from the ground in soil massif or erected on the surface of the soil. Earth structures are divided:

in relation to the surface of the ground - excavations, embankments, underground workings, backfill;

by service life - permanent and temporary;

for functional purposes - pits, trenches, pits, boreholes, dumps, dams, dams, roadways, tunnels, planning platforms, workings;

by geometric parameters and spatial form - deep, shallow, extended, concentrated, simple, complex, etc.

Temporary excavations include excavations, tearing off the foundations of residential and industrial buildings, bridges, dams, trenches for laying water, sewage, gas and other networks, mounds for temporary roads and dams.

Recesses of more than 3 m in width are called trenches, narrower notches for tape foundations or communication networks - trenches, excavations for free-standing foundations or pillars - pits. These structures have a bottom and side surfaces, inclined slopes or vertical walls. The excavations developed for the extraction of the missing soil for construction are called reserves; mounds, in which carry out the excavation of excess soil - cavalry or dumps. Places for filling construction and other garbage are called dumps, and places where they develop sand, gravel and other building materials - careers. Recesses closed from the surface of the earth and arranged for the laying of transport and communication tunnels are called underground excavations. The recesses have a bottom and inclined slopes, after the construction of underground structures (or underground part of structures), backfilling of the sinuses is performed - filling the ground with the ground between the structure and the slopes of the excavation.

3. Breakdown of pile driving axes. Pile driving piles

The position of the main axes is periodically checked by linking them with accurate geodetic instruments to the baseline. The breakdown of the main axes must be maintained for the duration of the work.

To break up vertical positions (marks of pile heads, bottom of the grillage) near the structure, a permanent frame is laid. The reper should be attached to the signs of state leveling by a precision level. The absolute mark of the frame should be represented on it with indelible paint. Like the reference marks, the benchmark is installed in places where no ground movements can occur.

The breakdown and fixing of the main axes, as well as the installation of the frame, must be performed by a qualified surveyor. The breakdown of the pile field can be carried out with and without upgrade.

Breakdown of the pile field with the device for renovation. Prior to the breakdown at a distance of at least 3 m from the main axes of the building, an inventory or non-inventory upgrade with a height of 1-1.5 m is arranged. The covering is arranged in all corners of the building and along the perimeter with intervals of no more than 20 m. To break down the pile field into the corners The buildings carry the main axes of the building with the help of a theodolite. Intermediate axes corresponding to the individual sections of the pile field layout are applied to the reaming by means of a measuring tape. The position of the main and intermediate axes on the upgrade is fixed with nails or locks. Between the points of the pile field axes put out on the reaming line, a soft steel wire with a diameter of 1-1.5 mm is tightened, fixing the position of the building axes carried to the terrain. The intersection points of the axes are demolished by means of a plumb line on the planned surface of the section and fixed with metal pins or wooden rings.

A breakdown of the location of piles between fixed axle lines along the main and intermediate axes is produced on each site by a measuring tape.

Breakdown of the pile field without an upgrade device. The breakdown of pile axes without an update device is performed with the help of a theodolite and a steel measuring tape in the following sequence:

a) on the available control points specify the correct position of the main axes of the structure on the ground;

b) with the help of a theodolite and a measuring metal tape, break down the location of the piles along the main axes (this work must be completed before the pile driving starts);

Pile driving piles

The driven piles are immersed in the ground by impacts, vibration, indentation and a combination of these methods.

At the construction site, pile storage sites should be located closer to the tracks of the coppers so that the piles can be lifted without a crane. Moving the coppers should be as straight as possible with a minimum number of turns.

The most popular method was the impact method of piling. According to this method, various hammers are used for sinking piles - mechanical, steam-air and diesel-hammers, which are mounted on copras or mobile coppers.

The process of sinking the pile consists of the following operations: moving the piling machine to the pile dipping site, dragging, lifting, aligning and installing the pile, and then piling up to the design mark or the specified failure.

At high volumes pile works and the use of piles longer than 12 m using universal tower-type coppers mounted on platforms, carts, moved on rails. Such coppers have a large carrying capacity and a significant own mass.

The largest, spread in industrial and civil construction self-propelled piling equipment on the basis of cranes, excavators, tractors and cars.

Such installations have great maneuverability and are used to immerse piles with a length of 3-10 m. Pile drives allow dragging and raising the pile, turning the head of the pile into the headband.

Efficiency of pile driving depends on the right choice pile hammer, namely from the correct determination of the ratio of its mass and pile weight. This also takes into account the type of soil in which the pile sinks. The mass of the shock part of a freely falling hammer when driving a pile length of 12 m in dense ground should equal 1.5 times the weight of the pile with the head restraint, and when piling into soils of medium density of 1.25 of this mass.

Steam-air hammers come in single and double action.

4. Arrangement of bored piles

Stuffed piles are arranged at the site of their design position by laying (piling) a concrete mixture or sand (soil) in the cavity (borehole) formed in the ground. Piles are often made with a widened lower part - the fifth. The broadening is obtained by drilling the ground with special borers, expanding the ground by reinforcing the concrete mixture in the lower part of the well or blasting the explosive charge.

Depending on the methods of creating cavities in the soil and methods of packing and sealing the material, the piles are divided into boron, pneumatic, rammed, frequency-tamped, sand and soil-concrete.

Bored piles. A characteristic feature of the technology of drilling bored piles is the preliminary drilling of wells to a specified mark and the subsequent formation of the pile shaft.

Depending on the ground conditions, bored piles are arranged in one of the following three ways: without fastening the walls of the wells (dry method), using clay mortar to prevent collapse of the walls of the borehole, with well casing attachment by casing.

The dry method is applicable in stable soils (subsidence and clay hard, semi-solid and turgid consistency), which can hold the walls of the well. The technology of the construction of such piles is as follows. Rotary drilling methods (auger column or bucket drill) in the ground drill a well of the required diameter and a given depth. Upon reaching the design mark, in necessary cases, the lower part of the well is expanded with the help of special expanders attached to the drill rod and included in the rig kit. The principle of the expander is as follows: the pressure transmitted through the bar opens the hinge system of the expander knives; when the rod rotates, the blades cut the soil that enters the bucket located under the expander. For 4 ... 5 operations of cutting and extraction of soil, a broadened cavity with a diameter of up to 1.6 m is formed. After acceptance of the well in the established order, if necessary, a reinforcement frame is assembled in it and concreted by the method of a vertically moving pipe.

Used in the construction of concrete pipes, as a rule, consist of separate sections and have joints that allow fast and reliable connection of pipes. In the intake funnel, the concrete mixture is fed directly from the mixer or by means of a special hopper. As the concrete mix is laid, the concrete pipe is removed from the well. In the well, the concrete mixture is compacted with the help of vibrators fixed on the receiving funnel of the concrete pipe. After the concreting of the well, the head of the pile is molded in a special inventory conductor and protected by a heater in winter. According to this technology, boring piles with diameters of 400, 500, 600, 1000 and 1200 mm and up to 30 m in length are most often produced.

Clay mortar for retaining the walls of wells from caving is used for the construction of bored piles in unstable watered soils. In this case, the boreholes are drilled in a rotary manner.

However, when penetrating rocky inclusions, interlayers use removable shock-type working bodies (grapples, chisels). In the well, the clay solution enters the hollow drill rod. Due to the hydrostatic pressure exerted by this solution, whose density is 1.2 ... 1.3 g / cm, piles without casing are arranged. The clay solution is prepared at the site of production mainly from bentonite clays, and as it is drilled it is injected into the well. Climbing along the well along its walls, the clay solution enters the sump, from which it is returned by pump to the drill rod for further circulation. Then a reinforcement cage is installed in the well. Concrete mixture is supplied by means of a vibrobunker with a concrete pipe, which is lowered into the well. The vibrating concrete mixture, entering the well, displaces the clay solution. As the well is filled with concrete, the concrete is removed.

The construction of bored piles with casing of casing walls is possible in any geological and hydrogeological conditions.

Special pipes can be left in the ground or removed from wells during the manufacture of piles (inventory pipes). Casing sections, as a rule, are connected by joints of a special design or by welding. Casing pipes are loaded during the drilling of the well with hydraulic jacks, as well as by plugging the pipe into the ground or by vibrating. Bore wells with special installations rotary or impact method.

After stripping the face and installing the reinforcing cage in the well, the well is concreted by the method of a vertically movable tube (VPT). As the well is filled with a concrete mixture, the inventory casing is removed. In this case, a special system of jacks mounted on the installation, informs the casing back and forth and half-rotational movement, further compacting the concrete mixture. After the concreting of the well, the head of the pile is molded in a special inventory conductor.

For the device of broadening in the pile bases, as a rule, an explosive method is used. For this purpose, a casing is installed in the drilled well so that its lower end does not reach the bottom of the well by 1.2 ... 1.5 m, ie, it is beyond the limits of the camouflage explosion. A charge of the explosive of the calculated mass is lowered to the bottom of the well and the conductors are taken from the detonator to the subversive machine. The tube is filled with a concrete mixture and produces an explosion. The energy of the explosion compacts the ground and creates a spherical cavity, which is immediately filled with a concrete mixture from the casing. Finally, the well is filled in the manner described above.

In our country, bored piles are manufactured with a diameter of 880 ... 1200 mm, up to 35 m long. For casting piles, a cast concrete mixture with a cone draft of 16 ... 20 cm is used.

5. Grilling devices

The design of the grillage and the technology of its device are adopted depending on the type of piles. Grillage units unite a group of piles into one structure and distribute the loads from the structure to them. They often represent a continuous tape throughout the contour of the building in a plan, including interior walls. When using reinforced concrete piles grillage can be made of monolithic and precast reinforced concrete. Depending on the type of building or structure, grillage is divided into high and low. With driving piles, whose heads after plugging may appear at different elevations, before the device grillage it is necessary to perform laborious operations to level the heads of the piles. For this it is necessary to cut down (cut off) concrete piles under a certain level, cut off or bend their reinforcement.

Cutting piles. Wooden piles and tongue are cut with mechanical or electric saws, steel piles - autogenous or benzorezom, in reinforced concrete piles, concrete heads are usually destroyed by pneumatic hammers. It is more effective for these purposes to use punches - installations for cutting pile heads, consisting of a rigid closed bed, lowered and clamped on a pile, a movable frame, detachable teeth and a hydraulic jack with a piston. The set includes several pairs of punches for piles with different sizes of the cross section. The maximum working force is 200 tons, the working stroke is from 10 to 50 cm, the productivity of the unit is the cutting of the heads 15 ... 20 piles per hour.

Piles when dipping sometimes deviate in the plan, with multi-row or bush pile arrangement, these deviations do not cause complications in the construction of grillage. If there is a single-row arrangement of piles and part of the section of individual piles goes beyond the boundaries of the future grillage, then in this case it is necessary to arrange a monolithic.

When preparing the heads of the pile piles for the device of prefabricated grilles, check the upper surface of the level and, if necessary, level the bearing surface of the piles with a concrete mix or cement mortar. Themselves of reinforced concrete grillage are installed on the leveling podsypku of sand or slag, starting from the corner of the building, and perform installation work strictly according to captures. The elements of the pre-assembled grillage are connected to the assembled short piles on the welding with the unification of the joints.

6. Construction of foundations and foundation walls or columns of buildings

Preparatory processes. Prior to the foundation of the foundation, it is necessary:

organize surface water withdrawal from the site;

lay the necessary driveways and access roads for transport and construction equipment;

prepare storage areas, assembly formwork, consolidation of reinforcing mesh and frames, deliver mounting hardware and accessories;

to bring to the warehouse formwork kits, reinforcement grids and frames;

perform the necessary sand, gravel, concrete preparation for foundations;

to make a geodesic breakdown of the axes and positioning

foundations in accordance with the project;

note the position of the working planes of the foundation formwork boards with the help of a pier, pins, other locks;

verify the device is correct concrete preparation and marking the position of the axes and marks of the foundations foundation.

Cleaning the surface of dirt and debris.

When erecting monolithic walls should focus on the manufacture of sound formwork, its reliable attachment and convenient repositioning in the concreting process. Typically, the formwork is made on one wall or, even better, on the entire perimeter of the walls. Shields 2-4 m in length and 50-80 cm in height are made of well-planed and tightly-fitting planks 30-40 mm thick and joined from the outside by bar-posts with a section of 80x80 mm through 1--1.5 m. installation of shields on the wall they are connected at the bottom by metal ties with threaded fastening with bolts (after removal of the formwork screeds knock out), and at the top of the rack fasten with the same screeds or wooden overlays with fixing cutouts.

The process of erecting the wall is as follows. First, one or two layers of ruberoid are spread on the plinth and two rows of bricks are laid out on the M25 solution. 2-3 days after that, set the formwork and proceed to concreting. The concrete is poured in layers of 15-25 cm. Each layer is first pierced with a metal rod (especially carefully at the shields), then it is rammed with a wooden rammer, the next layer of concrete is poured, etc. The formwork is removed and rearranged no earlier than 3 days, on all this time a roofing material.

Instead of the formwork panels, you can use brickwork in half a brick, which then serves as a wall cladding. Wall masonry and concrete pouring are carried out simultaneously. For better adhesion to concrete through 4--6 rows in height and through 2--3 bricks along the length into the thickness, the walls release knocks of bricks. Such a combined structure has the advantage that in this case there is no need to make expensive formwork.

Lightweight concrete is most often prepared from cement and coal slag. Composition of concrete with cement M300 (in volume parts) 1:10 for external and internal walls and 1: 8 for thin partitions. When using cement M200 or M400, the amount of slag is respectively reduced or increased by 2 parts. To improve the quality of concrete slag is preferably sifted and divided into two fractions: coarse (with grain sizes of 6-40 mm) and fine - up to 5 mm. The large slag in the aggregate should be 1.5 times larger. First, both fractions, measured in the right volume, mix with each other and with cement, then gradually add water, once again thoroughly mixed until uniform and only then proceed to pour walls. Prepared concrete should be used within an hour, so its volume should be accurately calculated and not cook more than necessary. The plasticity of the concrete mass can be increased by adding 1- to 2 parts of lime - this will facilitate its mixing and laying.

Construction of foundations. When erecting monolithic foundations first transfer their axis from the excavation to the excavation, and then, on the basis of these axes, the contour of placement of the inner faces of the form is broken. In large foundations, the formwork is broken up from the renovation. In this case, use identical points of the upgrade and use the method of rectangular notch to obtain each contour point, fixing it with a peg or pin.

On small objects, the axes are demolished with the help of wires hung on the plug-in, on large ones - by theodolites installed above the points of reaming and oriented along their axes. If wire is used, the point of intersection of them is carried to the bottom of the foundation pit by a plumb line, and if the theodolite is determined on the basis of intersection of sections cut to the bottom of the excavation. The bottom of the foundation, the characteristic ledges and the top of it are controlled by the level of the workers' benchmarks. The mark of the level of pouring of concrete is fixed with nails or a colored pencil on the inner wall of the formwork. Due to shrinkage of concrete, the level of the foundation is somewhat lowered, which is sometimes taken into account in the reference surface mark. In practice, most often the actual mark of concrete is somewhat lowered in order to then make the gravy of the base plate. This method is used for the construction of foundations for technological equipment and for columns with milled shoes.

When constructing the band foundation, the walls are additionally monitored for the breakdown of the entrances into the building of underground communications. At a certain point and at a distance fixed in the project, wooden plugs of a slightly larger diameter are installed in the formwork than the communication pipe. When concreting the base in these places there are holes, to which the communication is subsequently brought.

After concreting the foundation, control measurements of the distances between the axes and leveling of the foundation surface are performed. As a result of the measurements, an execution scheme is made in which deviations from the design data are shown.

7. Manufacture of concrete works for the erection of monolithic foundations for columns of buildings

Preparation. Prior to the foundation of the foundation, it is necessary:

To organize the withdrawal of surface water from the site;

Pave the necessary driveways and access roads for transport and construction equipment;

Prepare the places of storage, assembly of formwork, enlargement of reinforcing mesh and frames, deliver mounting hardware and accessories;

To bring to the warehouse formwork kits, reinforcement grids and frames;

Perform the necessary sand, gravel, concrete preparation for foundations;

Make a geodetic breakdown of the axes and a breakdown of the foundations according to the design;

Mark the position of the working planes of the foundation formwork panels using the pier, pins, other retainers;

Check the correctness of the concrete preparation and marking of the position of the axes and the marks of the foundations foundation.

The device for preparation for the foundation should be drawn up acts for the work. The prepared foundation for foundations must be accepted by the commission.

Before the start of the installation of large-panel formwork of walls and ceilings on the next working horizon, the following preparatory measures should be performed:

Leveling of the overlapping surface;

Breakdown of axes and marking the position of the walls according to the project;

Application on the surface of the overlap with paint paint, fixing the position of the formwork;

Preparation of mounting tools and working tools;

Cleaning the surface of dirt and debris, and in winter - in addition to snow and ice.

Installation of formwork.

Control of the formwork kit delivered to the construction site should include: an external visual inspection, completeness check, quality of the materials used, welds, geometric dimensions of the assembly units and elements, threaded joints, paint coatings, and the presence of marking on the products.

The formwork elements delivered to the construction site must be located in the range of the crane. They should be stored under a canopy, in a position in which the formwork elements are located in the transport process, sorted by brand and size and under conditions that exclude mechanical damage. Shields of formwork are stacked in stacks with a height of no more than 1.2 m on wooden pads and gaskets, the rest of the fastening elements should be stored in boxes. Before the installation of the formwork, an assembly of the panels in the panel is made.

The device of foundation formwork is produced in the following sequence:

Mount and consolidate the enlarged formwork panels of the lower step of the shoe;

Install the assembled box strictly along the axes and fix the formwork of the lower stage with metal pins to the base;

Apply to the edges of the enlarged panels the risks indicating the position of the second stage basement;

In accordance with the risks, a pre-assembled box of the second stage of the foundation is installed;

For the risks, a third stage box is arranged;

On the upper box there are risks, indicating the position of the box of the sub-column;

Arrange the box of the sub-column;

Install and fasten the formwork liners.

Installation wall formwork must be performed in the following sequence:

Clean the shields and other elements from dirt and mortar;

Apply anti-adhesive coating to the formwork;

Attach brackets scaffolds to the formwork panel;

Connect the formwork panels to each other in a single formwork panel with locks; On the height in the angular and central zones three locks are set;

The formwork panels are lifted from the assembly site by means of a crane, they are delivered to the installation site and are installed close to the concrete base, previously concreted;

Fix the formwork panels by means of struts;

Lay working decks on scaffold brackets;

The ties on one side through the holes in the shields and the bushings located between the shields extend to the other side;

Tighten the screeds using nuts from one or two sides until the shields are completely connected to each other and the bushing located between them, the length of which is equal to the thickness of the formed structure;

Perform verification of the reliability of fastening: the elements of the formwork and the quality of its assembly.

Reinforcement of the structure. Reinforcement iron concrete structures it is desirable to carry out welded reinforcing cages and factory-made grids.

Reinforcing elements and ready-made nets are delivered to the building site and placed on the storage site. When accepting the reinforcement, nets and frameworks delivered to the object, control the conformity of reinforcing bars and grids to the project, the diameter and distance between the working rods of the frames and grids. Elements of the frame, which require preliminary pre-assembly, are brought to the assembly site. Reinforcing skeletons and nets are assembled on the stand of the enlarged assembly using the necessary conductors and all kinds of welding: contact, point, electric arc, in some cases viscous. Reinforcing skeletons and nets are completed in packages and in this form by an installation crane are fed into the work area.

Reinforcing mesh shoe foundations are arranged in the formwork on the locks, providing a protective layer of concrete for the project. The rest of the reinforcement foundations of the foundation are installed and unfastened by welding or binding wire, while observing the necessary protective layer of concrete.

During the installation of reinforcement in the formwork of walls and ceilings, special attention is paid to the design dimensions of the thickness of the protective layer of concrete, the displacement of reinforcing bars when they are installed in the formwork, and also in the manufacture of in-situ reinforcing frames and nets.

To assess the deviation from the design values, the position of the axes and the verticality of the skeletons are made using geodetic tools.

The reinforcement and shuttering processes are interrelated. Depending on the location of the structure, you can first install the reinforcement, and then the formwork, into which the reinforcing mesh and frames are laid. In some cases, arrange part of the formwork, it is installed and fastened with it reinforcing cages, attach and connect the remaining shuttering boards.

Mounted reinforcement must be securely secured and protected from deformations and displacements during the process of manufacturing concrete structures. Cross crossings of the reinforcement bars laid in pieces, at the points of their intersections, must be fastened with a knitting wire or with the help of special wire connecting clips. The design position of reinforcing bars and nets should be ensured by the correct installation of supporting devices, templates, latches, gaskets and supports. As the supports can not be applied trim cuttings, wooden bars, pieces of brick, gravel, gravel.

Acceptance of mounted reinforcement, all butt joints must be carried out prior to laying the concrete mixture and be drawn up by an act on hidden works. In the act, possible deviations from the project should be noted, and the quality of the installed reinforcement should be assessed.

After installation of the reinforcement and formwork, quality control of the work is given permission for the production of concrete works.

Concreting. Before the work on laying the concrete mix in the formwork of walls and ceilings, it is necessary to finish the installation of the reinforcement and formwork within the gripper. Before laying the concrete mix, it is necessary to check the quality of the installation and fixing of the formwork, as well as all structures and elements that are closed during the concreting process (reinforcement, fittings, etc.).

Before laying a concrete mixture it is necessary:

Check the correct installation of the reinforcement and formwork, installation and fixing of the fasteners, providing the necessary thickness of the protective layer of concrete;

Accept under the act all hidden structures and elements, access to which after concreting will not be possible;

Clean the fittings and formwork from debris, dirt and rust. The composition of works on concreting of individual structures includes:

Receiving the concrete mixture and feeding it to the work area;

Stacking and compacting of concrete mix;

Care of concrete in the process of recruiting the required strength.

Concreting the foundation with the sub-column is performed in two stages. At the first stage, all the steps of the foundation and the sub-column are concreted to the bottom of the insert, on the second - the upper part of the sub-column after the insertion and fixing of the liner.

Uninterrupted delivery to the object of a concrete mixture is expedient to organize with the help of truck mixers. The feeding of the concrete mix to the place of laying can be solved in several variants. When using the bada, they are installed on the unloading site, and after the overload in them, the concrete mixture is alternately supplied to the laying area, where it is unloaded directly into the concrete structure.

When concreting with the use of an auto concrete pump, the range of its distribution boom allows the concrete mix to be laid in the construction in the boom's range of action. Normal operation of the concrete truck can be ensured by pumping a concrete mixture of permitted mobility, which will facilitate the transport of concrete to the limiting distances and without delamination and the formation of plugs.

The concrete mixture is laid with horizontal layers 0.3 ... 0.5 m thick, without discontinuities in length and with a consistent direction of laying in one direction in all layers.

Each layer is carefully compacted with vibrobulbs (deep vibrators). When compacting the concrete mix, it is not allowed to support the vibrators on the armature, embedded parts, screw ties and other formwork elements.

When compacting the concrete mixture, the end of the working part of the vibrator should be immersed in the previously laid concrete layer by 5 ... 10 cm. The step of the vibrator shift must not exceed 1.5 times its radius of action.

Vibration at one position should provide a sufficient seal, the main features of which are:

Termination of settling of the laid concrete mixture;

The appearance of cement milk on its surface;

Cessation of air bubbles on the surface.

Remove the vibrator when moving it slowly and without switching it off, thereby allowing the void under the tip to be uniformly filled with a concrete mixture. The subsequent layer of concrete mix must be laid before the beginning of setting the concrete of the previous layer. The break between the laying of the layers of the concrete mix can be done within 40 minutes, but the subsequent layer must be laid before the setting of the concrete mix begins.

After laying the concrete mixture in the formwork, it is necessary to create favorable temperature and humidity conditions for hardening concrete. The horizontal surfaces of the concreted construction are covered with wet burlap, tarpaulin, sawdust, roll materials for a period depending on climatic conditions and in accordance with the recommendations of the technological map for these works.

8. Installation of monolithic bases, floors and floors

Preparation of the base, installation of an underlayer and screeds

To prepare the base, the bulldozer removes the vegetative layer of the soil and takes it out for use for landscaping. Fluffy and frozen soils, an admixture of snow and ice should be removed and replaced with sandy podsypkami. The bases on non-stony soils are compacted with rubble or gravel with the size of 40 ... 60 mm in one layer, pressing it into the ground and watering it with water. Before the installation of a concrete underlayer (preparation), it is necessary to erect underground part buildings, make a backfilling of the sinuses between the foundation and foundation pit, plan and roll out the soil.

Preparation for concrete floors of M100 - M200 grades is laid on the design mark by separate stripes with the help of a set of concrete batching machines. In unheated rooms through 10 ... 12 m in length and 5 ... 6 m in width, in the preparation, pass through the temperature joints of 8 ... 10 mm in width, which are cut by machines equipped with abrasive disks. The grooves are filled with hot bitumen.

The underlying layer of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs (dimensions 6 x 3 x x 0.12 m) is arranged according to the finished sand base. Place the plates with a crane. The sites near the columns and walls are concreted in place.

The screed is a layer 15 ... 40 mm thick from fine-grained concrete, cement-sand mortar grade 100 or asphalt concrete. The screed is arranged over the overlap to level its surface or to give it a design slope. If a layer of porous or non-rigid soundproof material is laid on the surface of the overlap, the screed forms a crust serving as the basis for covering the floor. Tighten the pipelines that are placed on the surface of the overlap, making it 10 ... 16 mm thicker than the diameter of the pipes.

Surface cement screeds under the laying of synthetic carpets, linoleum and PVC tiles are wiped with a CO-89 machine with a productivity of 40 ... ... 50 m2 / h.

Under the cover, laid on bituminous mastic, the screeds are primed with a primer - bitumen solution in kerosene (composition 1: 2 or 1: 3), which is applied with a spray gun.

The device is a monolithic plate. Producing construction works, it is important to follow clearly technical requirements and recommendations, which contains a technological map for the installation of a foundation reinforced concrete slab. From the implementation of these recommendations will depend on the length of the life of the building. The construction of the reinforced concrete base is done on the ground or ground floor, with a monolithic slab there. Strengthen its strength characteristics allows the construction of such a foundation, which evenly distributes the load relative to the slab under the foundation.

Such a technological map is developed for the construction project individual house or buildings for superintendents or masters of construction organizations and can serve as a technological document. In the appendix, the technological map contains a detailed schematic image with exact dimensions of the monolithic foundation laid on it. The technological map describes the technology of building processes (reinforcement, formwork and concrete works); provides guidance on safety, discloses technical and economic indicators by type of work; gives an idea of the equipment and tools used in the erection of a reinforced concrete slab; leads the calculation of costs for the installation and dismantling of various structures, describes the process of quality control of the executed processes.

The design of reinforced concrete monolithic slab refers to one of the options for erecting a shallow or non-buried foundation.

A shallow foundation is used for lightweight buildings, the installation of which is made of wood or from foam concrete, small brick or frame structures. It is advisable to use it on weakly-puchinist soil. Foundation plate Small deposits are laid deep into approximately 50-70 cm.

Heavy houses with bulky slabs of overlap build on a buried foundation. This type of foundation is used in the soil soils, as well as in the case when it is planned to equip a basement or a basement in the house, for example, for a utility room or a garage. The foundation is deepened 20-30 cm deeper than the freezing point of the soil. Stopping at this design, it should be understood that its device will entail a large consumption of materials and labor.

What is a solid plate? This is a slab of reinforced concrete, under which a pillow is laid from a layer of compacted crushed stone or sand 10-30 cm. The gravel pillow is placed on the mainland, in another way - the land that was not subjected to mechanical action (loosening and digging).

Often concrete slab in thickness is 20-40 cm. In addition to a monolithic slab, a precast concrete block of several plates (for example, road slabs) is allowed. They provide for the device over the slabs of concrete or cement leveling screed.

However, the monolithic foundation representing the device from one plate is more reliable and durable in operation, since it has great spatial rigidity, in comparison with the foundation of the prefabricated type from a variety of plates. In addition, the installation and installation of a monolithic foundation in place at a cost is much less expensive than the acquisition, delivery and installation using a crane of road slabs and the installation of a cement screed over them.

9. Concreting of monolithic floors

Basic instructions for concreting floors

The technological scheme is designed for concreting monolithic ceilings during the construction of a residential house. Concreting of ceilings is performed using the shuttering formwork on the grapples, after the execution of the monolithic walls and columns to the lower mark of the overlap. Prior to the commencement of concreting ceilings on each seizure, it is necessary:

Provide for safe work at height;

Install the formwork;

Install reinforcement, embedded parts and hollow-out for wiring;

All structures and their elements that are closed during concreting (prepared base structures, fittings, embedded products, etc.), as well as the correct installation and fixing of the formwork and supporting elements must be adopted and in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85.

Before concreting, the surface of the wooden, plywood or metal formwork should be covered with emulsion grease, and the surface of concrete, reinforced concrete and reinforced concrete formwork should be wetted. The surface of previously laid concrete should be cleaned from the cement film and moistened or covered with cement mortar. The protective layer of the reinforcement is maintained with the help of inventory plastic locks, installed in staggered order. To reconcile the upper mark of the concreting overlap, spatial fixators are installed or demountable beacons are used, the top of which must correspond to the level of the surface of the concrete.

Transportation of concrete mixture to the object is made by truck concrete trucks with unloading of concrete into the bunker on the concrete reception area. The supply of concrete mixture in the construction of the floor is made in bunkers with a volume of 1.0 m3. using a tower crane.

When concreting, walk on the covered ceiling is allowed only on boards with supports, which are supported directly on the formwork of the floor. When unloading the concrete mixture from the hopper into the shuttering formwork, the distance between the lower edge of the hopper and the surface on which the concrete is laid should not be more than 1.0 m. The concrete mixture should be laid horizontally with layers of 1.5-2 m width of the same thickness without ruptures, with a consistent direction stacking in one direction in all layers. Laying the next layer of concrete mixture is allowed before the beginning of setting the concrete of the previous layer. The duration of the break between the laying of adjacent layers of concrete mix without the formation of a working seam is established by the construction laboratory. When concreting flat plates, the working seams, in agreement with the design organization, are arranged anywhere along the wall axis. The surface of the working seam should be perpendicular to the surface of the plate, for which in the planned places of interruption concreting, slats are laid along the thickness of the plate. The resumption of concreting at the place of the working seam assembly is allowed to be performed when the concrete reaches a strength of at least 1.5 MPa and the cement film is removed from the weld surface with a mechanical brush followed by watering. To compact the concrete mix, deep vibrators (ИВ-66, ИВ-47А) or surface vibrators (ПВ-1, ПВ-2) are used.

Laying of the concrete mix in the construction is carried out by layers of 15 ... 30 cm with careful sealing of each layer. The most common way of compacting concrete is by vibrating. On the construction site, use internal (deep), external and surface vibrators. Vibrators are powered by electric current (electric vibrators) or compressed air (pneumatic vibrators). In massive structures, concrete is laid using internal vibrators. Surface vibrators compact concrete mixtures in slabs, floors and other similar structures. External vibrators are used for concreting thickly-reinforced thin-walled structures. The duration of vibration at each location of the vibrator depends on the plasticity (mobility) of the concrete mix and is 30 ... 60 s. A sign of the sufficiency of vibration is the cessation of the settling of concrete and the appearance of cement milk on its surface. Excessive vibration of concrete mix is harmful, as it can lead to stratification of concrete. The step of permutation of internal vibrators is from 1 to 1.5 radii of their action.

When large concrete is supplied to large arrays, batch (group) vibrators are used. Large structures are concretered with sections (blocks) with the device of working (construction) seams. Dimensions of the block in terms of not more than 50 ... 60 m sq. M. and a height of up to 4 m.

The interrupted concreting can be resumed after the setting process is completed in the previously laid concrete mixture and the concrete acquires a strength of at least 1.2 MPa, approximately 24-36 hours after the concrete placement. For the reliable adhesion of concrete in the working seam, the surface of the previously laid concrete is carefully treated: by cutting, the upper film of the solution is removed and the coarse aggregate is expelled, blown out with compressed air and washed with a water jet, wiping with wire brushes, and removing the rods from the solution at the outlet of the reinforcement.

During operation, it is not allowed to support the vibrator on the armature and embedded parts of the monolithic structure. In places of direct installation of electrotechnical boxes vibration compacting is not performed.

The step of rearranging the deep vibrators should not exceed one and a half times the radius of its action, the surface vibrators are rearranged so that the vibrator's site at a new position by 50-100mm overlaps the adjacent vibrating area.

The duration of vibration at each position should ensure sufficient compaction of the concrete mixture, the main features of which are the cessation of its settling, the appearance of cement milk on the surface and the cessation of the release of air bubbles. In places where the reinforcement, embedded products or formwork interfere with the proper consolidation of the concrete mix with vibrators, all should be further sealed with a bayonet. During the concreting and at the end of it it is necessary to apply measures to prevent cohesion of the formwork elements and temporary fasteners with concrete.

Concrete bonding with formwork increases with time, therefore the formwork must be removed as soon as the concrete acquires the necessary strength. Decomposition of the side surfaces of concrete structures is allowed after the concrete has reached strength, ensuring the safety of their corners and edges, which is observed for concrete strength of at least 2.5 kg / sq.q., achieved in 1 ... 6 days, depending on the concrete grade, cement quality and the temperature regime of hardening of concrete.

Removal of load-bearing formwork of reinforced concrete structures is allowed when the design strength of concrete is reached,%:

plates and vaults span up to 2 m 50

beams and girders span up to 8 m 70

plates and vaults span 2 ... 8 m 70

bearing structures with a span of more than 8 m 100

In the production of works it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures", SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002 "Safety in construction" and SP 12-135-2003 "Safety in construction ., Industry standard instructions on labor protection. "

10. Manufacture of masonry in the construction of solid walls of buildings

Depending on the structural, operational and other features of the bearing and enclosing elements of buildings and structures, a solid, lightweight masonry and a cladding with a lining are distinguished.

Solid unreinforced brickwork It is applied at erection of walls, piers and poles, partitions, at the device of crosspieces and cornices and is executed from the solid single (250х 120x65 mm) and hollow (250 X X120X65 and 250x120x88 mm) bricks. Walls. Height free standing wall depends on its thickness and massiveness of the masonry, as well as on the wind load and can reach 8 m. The average thickness of horizontal joints is 12, vertical - 10 mm (joints not more than 15 and not less than 10 mm are allowed).

To ensure the integrity of the masonry, the vertical and lateral vertical joints are ligated in a single or multi-row system. With a single-row system of dressings, the knobs and spoon rows alternate, with several rows of multiple rows overlapping one with a pinch. The number of spoon rows depends on the type of brick and its thickness. When laying a full-bodied single and hollow brick with a thickness of 65 mm, the knotted row overlaps the crowbar of spoonfuls. This dressing is called six-row. If the thickness of the brick is more than 65 mm, the lacing of the spoonful rows with a pinch is to be provided every 0.4 m (from the top of the lower to the bottom of the upper tying line). In the case of a multiple-row dressing system, the longitudinal vertical seams remain through-through to the entire height of the spoon rows, and the transverse seams are tied in each row.

The strength of multi-row masonry on solutions below M25 is less than one-row, and on solutions of grade M25 and higher is almost the same.

When laying solid brick walls On a single-row dressing system, each vertical seam of the lower binder line should be covered with bricks of the upper spoon row.

11. Manufacture of masonry in the construction of insulated building walls

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The first stage of the work consists of. Stages of construction of a production building

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