To Category: Water supply and heating
Panel heating systems
In panel heating systems, heating appliances are steel pipes, through which the coolant passes; The pipes are keyed in concrete panels. When combined elements of heating systems with building structures increased the collection of construction and reduced labor costs. In addition, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic qualities have improved, and metal consumption has decreased compared to heating systems in which radiators are radiators.
Fig. 1. Window-type concrete heating panels: 1 - slab, 2 - coil, 3 - double-cock, 4 - hatch, 5 - furrow, 6 - riser, 7 - seams around the perimeter of the panel, 8 - sleeve, 9 - slag layer, 10 - floor, 11 - floor slab
At the device of panel heating the heating element is placed: in the side window panels, partitions, external walls, and also embed in the ceiling or in the floor.
Heating panels are a finished element of factory manufacturing, and their installation is carried out simultaneously with the erection of the building.
The window panel (Fig. 1) is a 200-250 concrete slab in which a coil is made of 20 mm diameter pipes. For thermal insulation panels from outer wall between the panel wall and outer wall lay an insulating layer of slag fibers 30-40 mm thick. It is possible not to use an insulating layer, but in this case it is necessary to leave an air gap of 40-50 mm between the inner surface of the panel and the outer wall.
Panels are installed directly on the slab and fixed to the outer wall.
Window sills do not find wide application due to the complexity of their installation, as well as the need for additional laying risers and sub-assemblies.
Partition heating panels are much more widely used (Fig. 2). In these panels, not only the heating elements but also the risers are installed, so the installation of the system is reduced to installing the panels, connecting them with interstitial inserts and laying the main pipelines.
The partition wall is a concrete slab thickness 120 mm, width 800-1000 mm and height in the floor of the room. The panel is part of the partition and is installed near the outer wall.
Fig. 2. Partition heating panels: a - for a two-pipe system, b - for a single-pipe system; 1 - heating elements, 2 - concrete panel, 3 - control valve
Partition heating panels can be used in two-pipe and single-pipe heating systems.
The disadvantages of partition walls are: equal heat transfer to two adjacent rooms with different heat losses and the absence of the possibility of adjusting the heat input to each room, the difficulty of processing the interfaces of the panels with partitions (cracking), the absence of taps for household adjustment and the large concentrated heat emission of the panel.
To reduce the concentrated heat transfer, the heating elements are placed along the perimeter of the partition (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Partition concrete heating panels: a - a riser diagram of a single-pipe system of panel heating, b - a partition wall of type P-2, in the same way, P-4, g - the same, P-1, d - the same, P -3
At present, the most rational are the systems of panel heating, in which the heating elements and risers are embedded in the external wall panels (Fig. 4).
In such systems, the number of cold surfaces in the room decreases, and when the heater is positioned in the lower part of the outer wall, the action of the falling cold air flows from the windows is eliminated under the windows and room temperature control is provided.
Fig. 4. Wall panel with heating element
The heating panels are tested at the factory with a hydraulic pressure of 10 kgf / cm2. The panel is considered suitable for installation, if there is no pressure drop within 5 minutes.
For the construction of the panels are supplied with caps at the ends of the pipes to avoid clogging of the heating elements.
At the construction sites before installing the panels, the heating elements are blown with air to remove scale and debris from them.
The concept of panel and electric heating
Fig. 5. Elevator
Panel heating system. In this case, in the construction of the floor, ceiling or walls, the pipes are closed and hot heat transfer medium is passed through them. The heat from the coolant to the air of the rooms will be transferred to the surface of the building structure itself. Panel heating systems provide savings in metal, provide the best sanitary conditions of the air, cause convective currents of minimum speed. These advantages of panel heating and the emerging trend of construction of large-sized elements make panel heating increasingly popular with the construction of trade and public catering buildings.
Electric heating. The principle of the action of electric heating is that the electric current, passing through the conductor, heats it, and the latter heats the air surrounding it. The most common among electric heating devices are reflectors. Electric heating does not require fuel preparation, its heating devices have a small mass, the possibility of freezing of devices is excluded. However, this type of heating is fire hazardous and consumes a significant amount of electricity. In view of these shortcomings, electric heating has not been widely used and is used in trade and public catering buildings located in areas with a short heating period as a temporary heating device.
Panel heating systems
In modern housing and civil construction systems of panel heating are widely used.
A distinctive feature of them is that part of the surface of any enclosure of the room is a heating panel, heated by some coolant, gives heat to the rest of the fences and air of the heated room. In this case, from the point of view of the thermal effect, it does not matter where the panel is placed - in the ceiling, in the floor or in the wall.
Heating panels are made mostly of concrete. As a heat carrier, mainly water, as well as steam and air are used. With heat transfer media to the Ipare, the heating elements of the panels are coils or registers made of water-gas electrowelded or seamless pipes.
In the case of ceiling panels, heat transfer is mainly carried out by radiation; convection is only an attendant factor here. In the case of placement of heating panels in walls, the role of radiation decreases as the radiating surfaces approach from the ceiling to the floor. In systems with panels in the floor, convection predominates over the radiation.
In all cases, the radiant component of the heat transfer of the panel heating systems is much higher than the conventional radiator ones, in which the heat transfer is carried out mainly by convection. Therefore, in contrast to radiator (convection) heating, panel heating is sometimes called radiant.
Parts of panel heating systems in walls and ceilings (ceiling-floor).
Panel heating systems
In panel heating systems, heating appliances are steel pipes through which the coolant passes; The pipes are keyed in concrete panels. When combined elements of heating systems with building structures increased the collection of construction and reduced labor costs. In addition, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic qualities have improved, and metal consumption has decreased compared to heating systems in which radiators are radiators.
Fig. 1. Window-type concrete heating panels: 1 - slab, 2 - coil, 3 - double-cock, 4 - hatch, 5 - furrow, 6 - riser, 7 - seams around the perimeter of the panel, 8 - sleeve, 9 - slag layer, 10 - floor, 11 - floor slab
At the device of panel heating the heating element is placed: in the side window panels, partitions, external walls, and also embed in the ceiling or in the floor.
Heating panels are a finished element of factory manufacturing, and their installation is carried out simultaneously with the erection of the building.
The window panel (Fig. 1) is a 200-250 concrete slab in which a coil is made of 20 mm diameter pipes. To insulate the panel from the outer wall between the panel wall and the outer wall, an insulating layer of 30-30 mm thick slag is laid. It is possible not to use an insulating layer, but in this case it is necessary to leave an air gap of 40-50 mm between the inner surface of the panel and the outer wall.
Panels are installed directly on the slab and fixed to the outer wall.
Window sills do not find wide application due to the complexity of their installation, as well as the need for additional laying risers and sub-assemblies.
Partition heating panels are much more widely used (Fig. 2). In these panels, not only the heating elements but also the risers are installed, so the installation of the system is reduced to installing the panels, connecting them with interstitial inserts and laying the main pipelines.
The partition wall is a concrete slab with a thickness of 120 mm, a width of 800-1000 mm and a height in the floor of the room. The panel is part of the partition and is installed near the outer wall.
Fig. 2. Partition heating panels: a - for a two-pipe system, b - for a single-pipe system; 1 - heating elements, 2 - concrete panel, 3 - control valve
Partition heating panels can be used in two-pipe and single-pipe heating systems.
The disadvantages of partition walls are: equal heat transfer to two adjacent rooms with different heat losses and the absence of the possibility of adjusting the heat input to each room, the difficulty of processing the interfaces of the panels with partitions (cracking), the absence of taps for household adjustment and the large concentrated heat emission of the panel.
To reduce the concentrated heat transfer, the heating elements are placed along the perimeter of the partition (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Partition concrete heating panels: a - a riser diagram of a single-pipe system of panel heating, b - a partition wall of type P-2, in the same way, P-4, g - the same, P-1, d - the same, P -3
At present, the most rational are the systems of panel heating, in which the heating elements and risers are embedded in the external wall panels (Fig. 4).
In such systems, the number of cold surfaces in the room decreases, and when the heater is positioned in the lower part of the outer wall, the action of the falling cold air flows from the windows is eliminated under the windows and room temperature control is provided.
Fig. 4. Wall panel with heating element
The heating panels are tested at the factory with a hydraulic pressure of 10 kgf / cm2. The panel is considered suitable for installation, if there is no pressure drop within 5 minutes.
In panel houses heating pipes are often mounted in a wall. When moving to a building of this type, people are often surprised at the similar arrangement of the heating elements and even doubt their effectiveness. How productive is this system? Will there be enough heat in the apartment in the cold season? Let's try to answer these questions.
Diagram of heating system distribution
When making heating appliances inside the room or when repair workah there is often a question about the layout of pipes. Standard Schemes: beech P or inverted beech Sh. What exactly are their schemes implemented in your apartment depends on the panel house.
Two risers are located next to each other. Sometimes they are separated by a wall separating the rooms. In this case, the riser has the form of the letter T, 2 risers are located on one side and one on the other. They pass through the walls. The output of the connection zones of the structures is the ceiling and the floor.
Heating pipes built into the walls are usually made of metal. The advantages of this material in durability and reliability. In addition, in the repair work using a perforator, you do not have to worry that the drill will damage the structure. When you come into contact with metal, you can quickly understand that in this place you need to stop work.
Advantages and disadvantages
To be happy or preparing for a severe winter period if you moved to a panel house with heating pipes walled in? Consider the pros and cons of this option. Among the main advantages are:
- Aesthetics. Constructions made inward, often spoil general form apartments. The system inside the partition allows you to save the design of the room without this "eyesore";
- Space saving. This factor is especially relevant for small apartments. Heating elements do not occupy free space, which is already small;
- Efficiency. Do not be afraid that all the heat will go into the partition. Heating elements in such structures are designed for high power, which is enough for a good heating of the room. In addition, in order to increase the efficiency of the system, designs with calibrated diameters are used, and the most suitable wiring scheme is used.
However, the heating pipes in the wall also have disadvantages:
- In some cases, low power. The power of the system depends largely on the service provider. Sometimes the heat from the heating elements is not enough;
- Difficulties with repair work. When emergencies arise, it will not be easy to get to the structure. However, such unforeseen circumstances occur very rarely;
- Problems when working with the partition. If you want to drill a septum, you need to do this with great care, so as not to hurt the structure. For this you need, first of all, to study the layout of the wiring in your house;
- Difficulties with carrying out cosmetic repairs in the apartment. Hot constructions can provoke cracking of plaster. Also can leave the wallpaper.
It is difficult to say unequivocally how effective and convenient the heating pipes in the wall will be. It all depends on the person's personal preferences. Some want to put the heating pipes inside the premises, while others, on the contrary, wall it into the wall. But, in any case, it should be remembered that the work with risers should be preliminary negotiated with the relevant services. Unauthorized intervention in the scheme of constructions may entail a considerable fine.
Residents of Russia, especially its northern part, believe that if the walls are thin, it means that in the winter it will be cold in the house. But what about homes with walls in which several rows of bricks or a multi-centimeter concrete block are laid? It's still cold. And in the panel houses, when building the buildings, special attention is paid to the insulation materials, which, despite the small thickness of the walls, keep the heat well in the winter.
Not so long ago, panel houses came to the domestic construction market. The technology of creating such houses originates in such countries as Canada and the states of Scandinavia. Agree, in Canada and Norway is not a hot climate. But people live in panel houses and do not think to build for themselves large-volume cottages, and heating in panel house for northerners - not a problem. It's all about technology that can withstand frosts below minus 30 degrees. The fact is that between the two panels the builders lay a special insulation material. It turns out such a "sandwich", which does not let cold into the room, but walls "breathe freely".
Also, the design of the house always takes into account what kind of heating system it is best to conduct. The main thing is not to trust the crooks, but to turn to experienced masters and engineers. The construction of a panel house and the installation of an acceptable and optimal heating system require high qualification. Conducting heating equipment into the house is a laborious process. Everything depends on the requests of the owners and the total area of the panel house.
There are several optimal and effective ways to conduct heating in the panel house, namely: install convector, heat pump, water heaters.
Which heating method to choose?
Many prefer mobile heaters: oil coolers, convectors. Convectors work at the expense of electricity, their convenience is in mobility, but it requires large financial costs. Oil heaters work at the expense of mineral oil inside the steel case. But the connection is from the mains and it is desirable to use them only as an additional coolant. This heating in the panel house is too expensive.
A good way out is to purchase heat pumps with high technical performance. Energy saving reaches 30% compared to other types of boilers. But the high cost and long work on installing the device make many people give up this idea.
In the absence of supplied natural gas in the area, it is possible to install a water-heating boiler on solid fuel (coal, wood, peat) or electric. Boilers are very advantageous for liquid fuel, which burns for a long time, continuously releasing heat into the room.
If natural gas is conducted to the house - there is no need to even think about it - to install heating in a panel house only through a gas boiler. There are many advantages:
- cost savings,
- gas is much cheaper than electricity, wood and coal,
- constancy of fuel production,
- no soot and soot.
Water boilers are the first in the list of heating systems. The operation of the boilers depends on the installed radiator coolant system. Now you can buy radiators of different types: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic.
Cast iron is a thing of the past because of the poor wear resistance and heaviness of the metal. Aluminum and steel - light in weight, have a maximum heat transfer. But the first in a row of batteries are bimetallic radiators. They have maximum heat transfer and ease, are resistant to any kind of coolant, to chemical additives in fuel. The exterior finish of modern bimetal radiators easily fits into any cozy design of the room.