Efficient operation of the heating system is only possible if the equipment is properly selected and properly installed. To avoid emergency situations during its operation, you should not only carefully study all its nuances before starting work, but also get a detailed consultation of an experienced specialist.
Calculation of boiler power
Regardless of the type of fuel used (solid or liquid, gas or electricity), the principle of connecting all heating systems is one. The difference is only at the stage of installation of the boiler. At the same time, the calculation of its capacity is made using a single formula:where W is the specific power required for heating 10 square meters. m of the room;
S is the total area of the house.
For the Russian regions, the following power values are taken into account:
for homes located in the middle zone of Russia up to 1.5 kW;
for Siberia and the North: for every 10 sq. km. m up to 2 kW;
for the southern regions: up to 0.9 kW.
Since enough heating 10 square meters. m residential building located in the middle zone of Russia, requires up to 1.5 kW of power, then, for example, for heating 100 square meters. m you need a boiler with a capacity of 15 kW:
(100 x 1.5) / 10 = 15 kW
This figure is increased by 15-20% (power reserve for possible heat losses, which is inevitably lost even with the ideal insulation of the building). Thus, for heating the house 100 square meters. m is required (15 + 2.3) = 17.3 kW.
Calculation of the number of radiators
As to ensure sufficient heating of 1 square. 100 watts of battery power, to calculate them total power the area of the heated space should be multiplied by 100. (When purchasing radiators their power should be looked at in the documentation attached to them).Important! At ceiling heights from 3 m when calculating both the number of radiators and the volume of the boiler, it is not the area of the room but its volume that is used.
20 x 100 = 2000 W or 2.0 kW.
In this case, if:
one window and two end walls this figure is increased by 20%;
two windows and two outer walls - by 30%;
exit windows to the north - another 10%.
If the battery is closed by a decorative panel, this figure is increased by another 15%. Since eventually the radiators inevitably become clogged, a margin of 15-20% is added to this value. Additional sections are better to install in corner rooms, which warm up worse.
Table for calculating the required number of sections
Calculation of the number of sections with a ceiling height of more than 3.0 m
Diagrams of heating systems
The simplest and most commonly used heating system is heating with natural circulation fluids. The principle of its operation is simple: the water or antifreeze heated in the boiler, expanding, is pushed along the line, and then, cooling down, they return to the boiler, where they are again heated to the desired temperature.For the normal functioning of such a system, it is necessary to ensure both the incline of the return to the boiler side up to 5 per 1 m of the main line and the slope of the feed. (A return is called a pipeline through which water or antifreeze returns to the boiler). Probably, for this purpose it is required to lower a floor slightly in a boiler-house. In order for the coolant circulation to be ideal, the return must be located below the level of the radiators. Failure to comply with all of these requirements can lead to insufficient heating of the radiators due to the constant formation of air congestion.
System diagram with natural circulation
The most important element of such a system is the expansion tank, into which excess coolant (water or antifreeze) is discharged arising from its expansion due to heating. It is installed at the highest point of the system - under the ceiling of the boiler room or in the attic. When installing such a tank in the attic, it is carefully insulated.
Its volume is determined by the formula:
Amount of coolant in the system x Coefficient 0.08.
For example, if 100 liters of liquid are pumped into the system, then the tank volume will be equal to 100 x 0.08 = 8 liters.
Expansion tank of open type
When forced circulation the slope of the pipelines is not necessary, since the circulation of the liquid is provided by the pump. In this case, instead of the expansion tank, it is better to use accumulator (membrane tank), which not only can protect the system from water hammer when the pump is turned on and off, but also regulates the frequency of its activation as the tank is emptied.
Accumulator
Important! The maximum temperature for continuous operation of the circular pump is 70 ° C. That's why to avoid overheating it is put only on the reverse, in which the temperature of the water is less than in the system.
The degree of heating of pipes in such a system is increased by 30%, which allows to save fuel substantially. Without forced circulation, it is also impossible to ensure a uniform supply of water in two-story houses.
Important! Required installation is required when installing the pump bypass (bypass line) - bridges between pipes equipped with shut-off and control valves (cranes).
Circular pump installation
Bypass with three shut-off and control valves for the circulation pump
Types of wiring
Single-pipe system, in which all the radiators are connected using a single pipe, is today considered morally obsolete and rarely used. Its disadvantage is the uneven heating of rooms. As the water moves from battery to battery, the liquid gradually cools, and in the last room it comes almost completely cold.
Single-pipe heating system
You can improve the situation by adding bypasses (bridges between pipes) equipped with control valves. Such a construction is called "Leningrad".
Heating system "Leningrad"
However, a more two-pipe system, at which the hot coolant goes along the upper tube, and the cooled liquid returns back through the second pipe. This method can be used both in systems with forced and natural circulation.
Two-pipe system
Collector system is a more complex option and is rarely used, mainly when equipping multi-storey houses with a large area. The heat carrier in it is distributed evenly throughout the system, while the heating intensity of each radiator can be adjusted. Sometimes such a method is called radial.
Collector arrangement
Collector (beam) wiring
Connection of radiators
The choice of how to connect them depends on their total number, the method of laying, the length of pipelines, etc. The most common methods are:diagonal (cross) way: the straight pipe is connected in the side of the battery at the top, and the reverse is on the opposite side of the bottom; this method allows the heat carrier to be distributed in all sections as evenly as possible with minimal heat loss; It is used for a considerable number of sections;
unilateral: It is also used for a large number of sections, a hot water pipe (straight pipe) and a return pipe are connected on one side, allowing sufficient uniformity of heating the radiator;
saddle: if the pipes go under the floor, it is most convenient to mount the pipes to the lower tubes of the battery; because of the minimum number of visible pipelines, it looks attractive, but the radiators heat up unevenly;
lower: the method is similar to the previous one, the only difference is that the straight pipe and the return are located practically at one point.
Ways to connect radiators
To protect against the penetration of cold and create a heat curtain, the batteries are located under the windows. The distance to the floor should be 10 cm, from the wall - 3-5 cm.
The order of mounting the system
The heating system is assembled in the following sequence:installation of the boiler;
Piping of pipes and their connection with batteries;
device expansion tank or accumulator;
installation of a circular pump;
connection of the boiler to the assembled system.
In a private house it is better to use single-circuit boilers, heating water only for heating. Using double-circuit boilers, in which, in addition to heating the radiators, water will be heated to take a shower or bath, washing dishes and the like, it seems inexpedient, since too much scale will form in the pipes. To get warm water for domestic needs, it is better to buy an electric boiler.
If you plan to install two boilers: working on solid fuel and electric, it is better to connect them in series. In this case, if the solid fuel boiler cools down, the control system of the electric boiler will automatically turn on. The piping can be of any type.
Since in the places of pipe bends very often air cork is formed, if it is impossible to minimize their number, it is recommended to install additional vent valves. In aluminum radiators, due to the reaction of aluminum with the coolant, the plugs are formed much more often, so it is absolutely necessary to install such radiators air vent.
Air vent (Maevsky cranes)
You built yourself a country house (dacha) and it's time installation of sewerage and water supply . When the plot is small and the family consists of two people, and the house will be used only in the summer, the water supply can easily be entrusted to the household pump. In the case of a large family and a large plot that requires irrigation, a water supply network must be installed to supply a country house water. A domestic pumping station was created especially for autonomous water supply. The pumping station automatically submits water to the water supply system under pressure and constantly supplies you with water day and night. It is about the advantages of a pumping station, the principle of operation and how to connect a pumping station with one's own hands - this article will be discussed.
Benefits of using a pumping station
The pumping station for the house automatically takes water from a source of water supply and, under pressure through pipes, delivers water to a source of water. Also, the station can increase the pressure in the water supply system. This is necessary when your water supply system has insufficient pressure for consumption. Quite often used in conjunction with a deep pump, when the depth pressure is not enough.
Advantages of the pumping station in front of the deep and surface pump:
- during the power outage the pumping station will continue to supply the water remaining in the accumulator;
- if properly selected, the pump station will create the necessary head;
- light weight;
- the pump station is installed in any place convenient for you;
- the pumping station operates with periodic shutdown and shutdown, which means minimal electricity costs and low equipment wear.
Simply put, an autonomous pumping station will work for you for more than a year and eliminate the need to carry water manually.
The device, the principle of operation of the pumping station
Surface pump with ejector
For a person who understands the technology a little, the pumping station will not be a discovery. The main structural element is a surface pump with an ejector installed on the accumulator. The pump is able to pump water from a 10 meter depth and feed it to the desired point of draw-off.
Pumping station
Accumulator for pump station
From the pump, a suction line goes into the water source, at the end of which a check valve with a filter screen is installed. In the complete set with the pump there is a pressure tank (- steel or stainless steel).
The hydraulic accumulator has a closed structure, it has two cavities separated by a rubber membrane. One cavity is pumped with air under pressure, and the second one will receive water under the pressure of the pump. The accumulator has the following functions:
- protection of the water supply network from hydraulic shocks;
- accumulates water under pressure in the water cavity, depending on the stock and water flow, the pump is switched off for a while, i. In the event of a power outage, the water stored in the tank will be supplied to the system.
Due to the property of accumulating water, the pressure tank was called a hydro accumulator. The volume of accumulators starts from 8 and ends with 500 liters.
Pressure switch
The pump station is equipped with a pressure switch that starts and turns off the pump when the pressure falls and rises to a certain level, respectively. To control the pressure, the pump is equipped with a pressure gauge in the line.
Polyethylene pipes for water supply
The connection of the components of the pumping station is carried out with the help of pipes and fittings. For the installation of a water supply network, we recommend the use of polyethylene pipes for convenience.
Polyethylene pipe is not corroded, light and strong. When freezing a polyethylene pipe does not tear, it expands. Polyethylene pipes will last more than 50 years. The principle of operation of the pumping station in pumping water from the source (well, well), creating pressure in the water supply network, water under pressure is distributed to the points of draw-off.
Water through a water intake pipe with a valve and a filter net is pumped from the source by a pumping station and fed first into the pressure tank. As the optimum pressure is reached in the accumulator, set on the pressure switch, the pump switches off. After filling the storage tank with water, the pump turns off, and when you open the tap, water starts running under pressure from it. It is the air in the second plane of the tank that is under pressure that keeps water in the system under pressure and pushes it into the demountable crane. The pump station switches on when the pressure drop has reached the set pressure in the relay for shutdown.
How to connect a pumping station
Now you know the structure of the pump station, go to the most important thing, how to connect the pump station using only your own experience and the passport of the unit. In order for the station to work reliably and smoothly install it on a stable surface. Ideally, the pumping station is installed on a concrete base, you can also fasten it to a wooden panel. Mandatory rigid attachment using rubber as a shock absorber. To install the pump station, we need:
- bars 150: 100 sections, the length of the bars should be greater than the width of the pumping station by at least 6 cm;
- edged board 10-15 cm in width (or 2 boards of 5-7 cm wide), thickness 4-5 cm, the length of the board should exceed the dimensions of the pumping station by 8-10 cm;
- and also sandy-clay solution 3 to 1.
On a flat surface, we make two grooves in the shape of a rectangle, the width of the rectangle is 2.5 cm and the depth is 1.3 cm. The bars are pretreated with an antiseptic and placed horizontally at the bottom of the groove. The top of the bar should protrude 2 cm from the base.
The base for the installation of the pumping station
For the bars, grooves are made opposite the fastener at the pumping station (runners on the accumulator). We prepare the sandy-clay mixture and stack around the bars necessarily ramming. The boards are also treated with an antiseptic and screwed with screws or nailed to bars. When the solution is frozen, install a pumping station of water supply on the boards and fasten it with screws "wood grouse" with an engraving under the cap, which does not allow you to unscrew during vibration.
Installation of the pump station to the base
Under the legs of the pump station, rubber spacers 1-2 cm thick are laid. This is all done to reduce vibration and reduce noise from the station.
Maintenance of the pumping station
The work of the pumping station should be periodically, and not yet broken, monitored. Check the presence of air pressure in the accumulator, for this you can use a simple car pump with a manometer. If the pressure drops, swap it. Factory pressure 1.5 atmosphere. Check at which mark the manometer the pumping station starts and on which it is switched off. The factory settings are on by 1.7 * (8), off 2.8.
Every two years a membrane is washed. If the membrane is worn out, replace it.
The membrane can be rinsed using a solution of water and soda. The injector of the pump can also become dirty, you will know it when the water stops flowing into the water main. The shell is removed and the injector is cleaned.
Frequent cleaning of the injector reduces its service life. For cleaning, sandpaper No. 80-110 is used. The contacts in the pressure switch are cleaned at least once a year.
Prices for membranes start from 800 rubles. depending on the capacity.
Elimination of probable malfunctions of the pumping station
Congratulations, now you have installed a pumping station and know how to service it, now you can connect it! Malfunctions may occur during the test run or in the future. We will find out which ones and how to eliminate them.
Malfunction:
The pump station is running, and the pressure level in the line is zero and no water is flowing.
Elimination:
remove completely air from the suction line; if it does not help - check the membrane and its attachment for integrity, straighten and install into place.
Malfunction:
The pump station is not switched off, water is supplied with an admixture of air.
Elimination:
Check the connection point of the water intake pipe and the filter for the presence of a hole in which air can enter, seal it with a silicone sealant.
Malfunction:
Water does not enter the water supply, but flows out of the pump.
Elimination:
Check that the check valve is installed correctly, this is determined in the direction of the arrow drawn on the surface of the device.
How to choose a pump station
Before selecting pumping stations for a country house or dacha you should first know the performance of your source (well, well). Capacity below 1.7 m³ / h - the pumping station will not be able to provide the necessary pressure in the water supply system, there will be constant interruptions in water supply. Therefore, when selecting a pump station model, be guided by the maximum capacity of your source, which should be slightly more than the capacity of the pumping station. Otherwise, your source will be permanently empty, as the pump will quickly pump out all the water from it. The required capacity is calculated by the number of water points.
The average at one point of water extraction is 0.35 m³ / h. If the points of water 5 are obtained, 1, 75 m³ / h. Pumping station should always be taken with a margin of productivity, so a pump with a water supply of 2 m³ / h is needed. Taking into account the water-pumping points, the accumulator is selected. For each new point of use, 12 liters are added. Our example is 5 × 12 = 60 liters.
Pumping station for water supply at home
Pumping station Aquario
Those who have already installed a pumping station of water supply, leave favorable reviews about it. Water entering the tap automatically, allows you to not store water in advance and carry it from water sources manually. Taking a shower becomes much easier. The process of watering the garden and garden with automatic water supply with the help of a pumping station is a pleasure, not a punishment. If you still install drip irrigation, you will have more time for other things. This time you can devote to your family!
This system is original scheme and many may seem a bit complicated. But as the three-year experience of its trouble-free work showed, many "excesses" were established not in vain.
When designing this water supply system, the following tasks were set by the customer:
The most economical consumption of water from the well.
The minimum amount of sewage (saving on sewage)
Protection of the pump against overloads and "dry" running.
Simplicity and convenience of use and repair.
The ability to promptly repair the system by an unprepared user.
Maximum standardization, availability and compatibility of all system nodes
No electronics
Low cost.
To create a water supply system, I needed the following:
1. Well (has already been)
2. The pump
3. Check valve 2 pcs.
4. Metal-plastic pipes 32 mm, 16 mm approximately 50 meters
5. Accumulator for 100 liters
6. Electric water heater 100 liters
7. Pressure regulator Honeywill
8. Manometers 2 pcs.
9. The coarse filter
10. Fine filter (10 micron)
11. Ball Valve 1 \\ 2 "8 pcs.
12. Pressure switch 2 pcs.
13. Dry running relay
14. Illumination shield for 6 places
15. Automatic machines for 6 amps 3 pcs.
16. Indicator lamps for 220V, colored, 3 pcs.
17. Water meter (used)
18. Flexible hose 1 \\ 2 "2 meters
19. Fittings, adapters, clamps (as required)
There was already a water well on the customer's site, but only the builders used it, periodically dropping the "stream" pump and pumping water into the barrels.
We had to start with the arrangement of the well.
The well of water supply is at a considerable distance from the house, about 8 meters. The well is made of concrete rings, the depth is 12 meters, the height of the water column is 1.2 m.
The plastic pipes of the water conduit with a diameter of 32 mm were laid underground, at a depth of 1.5 meters, insulated and additionally wrapped with a heating cable. Along with the pipes, an electrical cable was installed in the additional insulation to connect the pump. Photos of this process was not done, because this was done by other specially hired people.
For convenience of operation and maintenance of the pump, a self-made ladder welded from scraps of pipes, corners and fittings was installed in the well.
After that, a pump, a hydraulic accumulator, a pressure regulator, pressure gauges, pipes, fittings, adapters, pressure switches, and other necessary spare parts were purchased.
In view of the fact that 99.9% of the pumps that are sold in our stores differ only in price tags and stickers, but are made in the same plant in China, the pump was selected based on the following parameters: price, convenience of connection, availability of protection and maximum period guarantees.
A centrifugal submersible pump with a capacity of 700W was purchased, with a built-in water level sensor (frog), and a 3/4-inch connecting fitting. The maximum height of water lifting is 50 meters. The name and brand do not indicate, I'm an opponent of advertising.
Something like this.
The installation of the system was decided to be done directly on the wall in the back room of the house.
Pipes and equipment are attached to the wall using clamps.
As you can see in the following photo, the entire water supply system is mounted in series, while the whole process of its operation is well traced. On the metapole tubes markers are marked with arrows indicating the direction of water movement. In the future, this greatly facilitates the operation of the system and its repair even by an unprepared user.
At the pump itself, a check valve is installed in the well, which prevents the water from draining from the pipes back into the well. Also on the pump there is a water level sensor (frog), which turns off the pump, if the water level in the well falls below 50 cm.
Water from the well (see photo) goes to the system input, where a safety relay is installed to limit the maximum pressure in the system. This relay is set to turn off at a pressure of 5 kg / cm and is set so that the pump does not fail under overload (if the filter is blocked, the tap is accidentally closed).
As it was established by experience, the minimum debit of this well is 0,7 .0,8 m3 per day in winter, and the maximum 2,0 ... 3,0 m3 of water in summer. What can you do, this "waterless" place, you have to save.
Then a check valve is installed on the pipe, followed by a "dry run" relay, which operates at a system pressure of less than 0.5 kg / cm if a leakage occurs in the system or air enters the pipes.
Next come a coarse filter (mesh) and a fine water filter. Then a pressure gauge is installed showing the pressure in the accumulator, then the pressure switch, and the pressure regulator. A pressure gauge is installed behind the pressure regulator, showing the pressure in the flow line leading to the consumers (sink, shower, etc.)
The pressure switch turns on the pump, it works if the pressure in the accumulator becomes less than 2.0 kg / cm, and turns off at 4.0 kg / cm.
The pressure regulator in this water supply system is simply necessary. It is this device that makes it possible to economically use water, not allowing peak loads and draining the well. Without this device, for example, 100 liters of water was enough only for a short time shower, and now you can use water for several hours before the pump starts and starts pumping water into the system. The pressure regulator is designed to maintain in the pipes of water users the minimum pressure necessary for their normal operation, regardless of the input pressure level.
It has been experimentally established that 1,5 kg / cm is enough for the washing machine and for the shower, and more than enough for washing the hands and working the toilet. But now, no matter how widely the faucet is opened at the consumer, it will not be able to use the value of the jet of water set at a level of 1.5 kg / cm. It is very convenient, you know, especially for city guests who do not know how to save water.
The electrical part of the water supply system is installed in a standard shield with a DIN rail for six positions, consists of three switches (conventional automatic protection devices for 6A) and three indicators.
The picture is clearly visible: power switch B1, heating switch B2, power indicator (green), pump operation indicator (blue), alarm indicator (red), and forced switch B3 (in case of water pumping or watering).
Here is the circuit of an autonomous water supply system.
Р1, Р2 are contacts of the relay of protection and the relay of "dry" course. P3 - pressure switch, M1 - pump.
The installation of the water heater is carried out in accordance with the instructions attached to it, standard scheme and has no special features. The only addition is a tap for forced drainage of water from the water heater in case of repair or replacement of heating elements.
For all the work time, no repairs to the water supply system were required, except for the replacement of the rubber pear guarantee in the hydraulic accumulator. The old pear remained after vulcanization. There she is, on top of the water heater.
The concept of independent heating is a type of heating in which the heated room is either independent of external factors and sources, or has an individual independent source of thermal energy.
Autonomous heating ◄ - is a system designed for independent heating and hot water supply of premises and structures for various purposes, operating from an independent source of energy. Such a private house heating system is the only one possible to provide comfortable living conditions in the cold season, and in the case of apartments, production and office premises, it frees from a number of inconveniences associated with the central system, moreover, is the most efficient and economical. Based on this, the following benefits can be distinguished: autonomous system :
Boiler house for a private house
Modern boiler house 
Installation of water filters Gas wall boiler Boiler repair
- the possibility of self-regulation of the room heating temperature;
autonomous heating of the house can be operated year-round;
allows to avoid inconveniences, connected with breakages of the centralized system in the winter;
savings - as payment is made for actually used heat (gas, electricity);
possibility to choose the source of energy - this can be electric heating, autonomous gas heating ◄, a boiler operating on a solid or liquid fuel.
The most common and economical autonomous gas heating, since gas is an affordable, inexpensive and environmentally friendly type of fuel. For comparison - 1 kW / hour costs about 0.2 rubles, while electricity - 2.42 rubles, diesel fuel - 1.72 rubles. Although, if there is no possibility of connecting a gas boiler, the best way out of the situation may be to electric heating.
The main element that includes heating system of a private house, is a cauldron. Its choice depends on the method of installation (floor or wall), on the method of traction (natural and forced), on the type of ignition, on the number of circuits (single and double circuit) and on the power.
Also, in the selection process, the area of the object and its design features are taken into account.
Installation of heating .
To autonomous heating at home worked effectively, did not deliver to the inconveniences and justified its purpose, it is very important for its competent calculation and professional installation. Calculation of heating is made individually, taking into account the needs of the building in heating and its design features, as well as on the type of equipment being installed. Scheme of heating a private house must correspond to its layout, area and type of rooms. In this way, heating installation consists of several main stages:
Is carried out heating design, which is based on thermal and hydraulic calculations. The project should also include the necessary equipment for installation and an installation plan.
Selection of the necessary equipment, which will ensure uninterrupted heating of countryside at home. At this stage it is important to agree with the customer all the nuances concerning the optimal price-quality ratio and to conduct calculation of heating .
Completion of equipment in accordance with approved calculations.
Installation of boiler equipment. This may include the installation of pumps, filters, expansion tanks, boiler, regulating, control and measuring equipment and other equipment.
Organization of a distribution manifold. Comfortability in the further operation of the heating system depends on it, since the manifold is responsible for the uniform distribution of the coolant through the system, simplifies its repair, since in the event of a branch failure, it can be turned off without disconnecting the whole system, her.
Installation of a pipeline for heating and water supply. Also autonomous heating system can include a system of "warm floor", therefore, as a material for pipes, the optimal solution is copper.
Connection of radiators of heating, installation of points of water.
The connection of the system, as well as the commissioning, in the course of which the equipment is diagnosed and adjusted, defects are detected, and their elimination is carried out. The process of optimization of the system performance is performed with the entry of performance indicators into the technical documentation, which is then handed over to the customer.
In this way, heating a country house - this is a complex and time-consuming process, requiring professionalism, knowledge and experience, so you only need to trust it to specialists. Our company, having vast experience in this field, provides a wide range of services for connecting independent heating and water supply, which includes:
- heating design;
boiler installation and installation of boiler equipment;
- the organization of the pipeline and connection of radiators of heating;
connection of the system;
commissioning.
For all our work, we provide a guarantee.
Autonomous heating of the house.
Independent heating is required in many cases not only for a country house, but also for organizations.
Separate boiler heating.
More about autonomous heating we give an example of an autonomous device heating systems fitness center. The problem with heating was that there was no possibility to heat the heating system from the city heating system, and therefore a decision was made to install autonomous own heating.
Where to place the heating boiler and tanks to the fuel. The decision was to use metal sheets, and with the help of welding equipment to weld a small boiler house. Because the boiler heating systems installed in an independent room, the heating boiler does not require dependence on other heat networks, the boiler room equipment can be called autonomous boiler room for heating the building.
Owners of suburban mansions often face the problem of water supply of their homes - unfortunately, in the province, centralized water supply is either absent altogether, or its quality is, to put it mildly, unsatisfactory. Medieval conditions of the "bucket" water supply from the nearest well, of course, do not correspond to even the most minimal modern concepts of comfort. The only way out is that the homeowner should take care of the development of a full-fledged autonomous water supply. Fortunately, such systems are already successfully operating in many regions of our country.
How is the system of autonomous water supply arranged? Simply put, it consists of devices supplying water (pump, well) and water treatment devices (purification filters, water heaters). Also in the system of autonomous water supply are pumped storage tanks, automatic pump control systems, devices supporting pressure in heating systems, etc. All this kit is worth a lot of money: to ensure a perfect autonomous water supply the house may need an amount of $ 10,000-20,000, and this, as they say, is not the limit.
The cost of autonomous water supply systems largely depends on the specific features of the land plot: the level of occurrence of a suitable aquifer and the degree of mineralization of the water contained in it. Also, the cost of "private water supply" is affected by the maximum water flow to which it is projected. The higher the consumption, the more money you will have to pay for the water supply system, and the amount grows exponentially.
We dance from a well
The main source of water for autonomous water supply systems are wells drilled "to limestone" -to the level of occurrence of water-saturated limestone, located, as a rule, at a depth of 40-250 m, and "on sand" - to the level of occurrence of water-saturated sands, the depth of 10- 40 m. Lime wells have many advantages compared to sandy wells:
- The life of these wells is 20, 30 or more years. Wells drilled "on the sand", of course, will cost much less, but they are short-lived and fail in 4-6, a maximum of 8 years due to clogging of soil particles;
- Only lime wells are able to ensure a stable water flow that will not decrease significantly over time, and will not depend on the season of the year. Sand wells can not guarantee the same stability;
- Water from the lime wells does not change its biochemical composition over time. This is especially important (even if there is a qualitative water treatment system) - water from sand wells can suddenly become contaminated with various "sources" from the surface of the earth. For example, you drilled a well, did a water analysis and picked up filters - and a month later a neighbor built a septic tank and begins discharging sewage into your "aquifer".
Recently, the problem of supplying people with quality water is also a concern for the state. After the tragic events related to the cholera epidemic in Tatarstan, the state program "Drinking water" was developed, which explicitly states that only underground waters should be used as a source of drinking water, and not groundwater. The groundwater Recommended for use in domestic water supply in most developed countries of Europe and the USA. The conclusion is obvious: if you are building a house that you are going to use for many years, it is best to use long-serving and reliable limestone wells as a source of water. In the future we will only talk about them. Of course, if you need water of "unknown quality" and for a short time, you can manage a sandy well, or even easier - to use the so-called "open water intake": a river, a lake, a well.
The price of "life-giving moisture"
Water-saturated limestones lie on most of the territory of our country. The exception, perhaps, is only "the place of exit of the basic steam-forming rocks," in other words, the mountains. But the depth of the water-bearing limestones is different in different regions, hence significant fluctuations in the cost of drilling work. Wells with a depth of 40-60 meters will cost the customer $ 30-50 per running meter, the cost per meter of wells with a depth of over 100 meters reaches $ 80-100, and the technology used in drilling is also important (this will be discussed below). Thus, the "same" lime well will cost from $ 1,200 to $ 25,000. The depth of the well (and, consequently, the cost) is affected by the depletion of the upper water-bearing calcareous layer and its relative contamination - similar phenomena are typical for densely populated areas with developed industrial infrastructure. Alas, the Moscow region can be safely attributed to such areas, the upper aquifer layer of limestone in many of its places is already unsuitable for operation, it is necessary to drill deeper wells. Of course, to spend several tens of thousands of dollars on (even a very good one) the water supply system is far from being affordable for every inhabitant of the province. This is used by unscrupulous brigade builders, who are sometimes taken to drill wells for substantially less money. Unfortunately, attempts to save money by attracting such "volatile Dutch" often end badly - the wells soon cease to work, the water in them becomes contaminated and becomes unsuitable for consumption. After a year or two, the owner has no choice but to turn again to other builders to drill a new well for him.
You can distinguish diligent builders from potboilers by using the drilling technology that they use. Shabashniki, working quickly, cheaply and poorly, lay pipes in the well to the upper layers of limestone, and in limestone continue drilling with an open trunk to the water-saturated layer. After the water appears in the well, the well is pumped for several hours, and when transparent water begins to flow, the bottle is solemnly handed over to the customer. "Everything, the work is finished.
At the same time, builders are not at all embarrassed by the fact that limestone is a soft rock that is very easily dyed into the wellbore. Over time, a gap can form between the pipes and the ground, along which the polluted water enters the limestone from the upper sand horizons. The well is silted, its productivity decreases, the quality of water becomes unacceptable due to the increase in the number of microorganisms. Sometimes, mountain-builders prefer to connect pipes in a well by welding, which is unacceptable. Welds are easily corroded and destroyed, acting as "additional" sources of pollution. Pipes in the borehole can only be joined by a threaded joint.
Thus, a limestone well, made somehow, turns out to be little better than a well drilled on sand. The most unpleasant thing is that the quality of water in it worsens gradually, imperceptibly for its owners. Water analysis done shortly after drilling can yield excellent results, but there is no guarantee that all indicators will remain normal after several years of operation.
More responsible builders take into account the decolorization of calcareous rocks and prevent its destruction as follows. Well drilled to limestone, put metal pipe, and then a certain amount of cement mortar is pumped into it, which "seals" possible cracks in the limestone, preventing it from collapsing. This method significantly reduces the possibility of siltation of the well and the admixture of contaminated water into it. The usual guarantee for such wells is five years.
However, even a cement "pillow" does not always help. Sometimes limestone is so loose that even local strengthening with its cement does not prevent chipping. The only way to avoid "borehole problems" with a 100% probability is to use European drilling technology. In this technology, a casing metal column of a larger diameter than usual is placed on the limestone, below, in a limestone, a well is drilled with an ordinary diameter. A production column made of food plastic with a perforated surface is placed in a metal column, and the intertube gap is filled in the lower part of the pipe with a layer of fine fine gravel, and in the upper - with a layer of special clay "compactonite." Gravel protects the well from siltation, playing the role of a filter, and compacton, which has the property of increasing in volume under the influence of moisture, plays the role of a sealed plug that tightly blocks access to the lime layers of contaminated water from the upper horizons. This technology ensures well operation for decades, only one guarantee period for such a well is 30 years.
In addition to purely technical problems, any potential organizer of autonomous water supply will face the need to resolve a number of legal issues. To drill wells for limestone, it is necessary to obtain a permit for drilling operations, agreed with environmental organizations. The cost of the entire package of "permits" documents is about 200,000 rubles - an amount comparable to the cost of drilling the well itself. At the same time, the nerves and time spent on obtaining permits are not taken into account - it is not surprising that in such conditions many land owners prefer to drill the wells illegally, without any permits. If such wells are found by inspection, they will, of course, be closed and concreted, or (if the well, in principle, meets sanitary standards and requirements), their owners will be asked to arrange the well properly.
The most "advanced" construction organizations can take on themselves, as an additional service, the procedure for issuing documents permitting drilling. The cost of registration, of course, a little increase, but the owner of the well will be spared from exhausting bureaucratic fuss.
Finally, it is worth mentioning one more important document, which has a direct relation to wells - a well passport. This passport is made after all production work, as well as control measurements of well performance. It indicates all the necessary specifications wells - its consumption, static and dynamic water level in it. The well passport may be required in case of deterioration of its water supply, as well as for the correct selection of the necessary pumping equipment.
And instead of the heart - a downhole pump ...
So, the well is drilled, there is water, gentlemen from the SES are satisfied -for choosing the "right" borehole pump and the elements of the supplying water pipe. The selected pump must provide the required flow, able to satisfy the water demand of all users in the house during the peak period, i.e. included simultaneously. Approximately the required pump flow can be estimated based on the number of faucets installed in the house (the consumption of one tap is, on the average, 0.6 mZ / h). In suburban mansions with all possible amenities, the water consumption in the peak period can be 2-5 m3 / h or more. In addition to flow, the downhole pump must provide the necessary head. The required head is determined by the height at which water must be lifted from the well, the distance from the well to the house (the so-called pressure losses over the length of the pipeline), and the operating pressure in the water supply system that is necessary for the normal operation of household appliances (for example, in hot water systems the water pressure should be at least 20 meters). Loss of head on length
The pipelines depend on the material from which the pipeline is made and the speed of movement of water along it; the sum of losses varies from a fraction of a meter to several meters for every 100 m of the pipeline and can amount to a considerable amount in the remote location of the well from the house. Based on the received flow and pressure values, the desired pump model is selected. It is most convenient when selecting it to use the diagrams of the characteristics of models, at which both head and flow are presented simultaneously. The fact is that the design of the absolute majority of pumps is such that the maximum flow is achieved with a minimum head and vice versa. At the same time, these values have not been achieved< могут. Насос же работает с наибольшим КПД в некотором среднем диапазоне, который обычно хорошо просматривается на диаграмме.
Downhole pumps are high-tech mechanisms that must work for many years in a sufficiently aggressive environment (water with mineral salts dissolved in it, sand particles). In addition, these pumps are located in an extremely inaccessible place, why the cost of their dismantling and repair is a very significant amount, $ 500-800, comparable to the cost of a new pump. Therefore, to save on buying a pump, choosing a model is cheaper, does not make sense-the risk does not justify itself. It is best to immediately turn to the products of companies that have long and well proven in the pumping equipment market, such as GRUNDFOS, WILO (both - Germany), NOCCH1 (Italy), EBARA (Italy-Japan). The leader in the volume of sales of downhole pumps is GRUNDFOS. The pump of this company SQE is equipped with an electronic speed regulator, which allows maintaining a constant pressure in the water supply network of the house. Traditional water supply systems are not able to maintain a constant pressure when the flow rate changes.
Other devices, which are highly desirable in the downhole pump, include motor protection systems against voltage drops in the network and dry-running sensors. The latter protect the pump from running dry, fraught with overheating and failure. Similar devices are equipped with almost all well pumps of leading manufacturers.
In addition to the pump itself, a pump set for water supply includes pressure sensors, stop valves and membrane hydraulic accumulators, which are water tanks with a capacity of 8 ... 1000 liters. Hydraulic accumulators are necessary to stabilize the pump operation mode - impulse operation with frequent short-time switch-on and switch-offs is a serious load on the pump motor and can lead to its premature failure. It must be understood that the accumulator is not an analogue of the water tower tank, and to ensure reliable operation of the pump a tank with a capacity of 50-100 liters is sufficient.
Protection for all occasions
Any, even the most "crystal clear" water from underground sources contains a lot of dissolved chemicals, most of which deteriorate its organoleptic properties and adversely affect the pipeline, plumbing, water heating systems, etc. The most common phenomena include scum, formed on heating elements of heating systems and washing machines; rusty stains on the plumbing, corrosion of metal parts ... Get rid of all these misfortunes can only be done with a set of filters for water treatment.
Filters differ among themselves in the design of pitchers, cartridge and regenerated systems of filling type. In autonomous water supply systems, cartridge and backfill filters are used, and cartridge filters are used, as a rule, at low water flow rates, comparable in magnitude to the consumption of a single tap. For the purification of water in large volumes only recyclable backfill systems are suitable. Such filters are the only type of water treatment equipment that can cope with water costs of 3-4 m3 / h, in addition, they provide for periodic restoration of filtering capacity by washing performed in automatic mode. Their only drawback - a high price, reaching up to several thousand dollars per set.
Selection of filters is performed after laboratory chemical analysis of water from the well. Depending on the results of the analysis, coarse filters, de-ironing filters, filters-softeners, disinfection plants, sorption-clarifying filters may be required. Coarse filters remove insoluble particles from the water - sand, slurries, rust. Such filters can be mesh (JUDO, RUSCO, HONEYWELL), lobed, disk. The deferrizers are designed to remove iron and manganese ions from the water, which are oxidized in natural conditions by the oxygen of the air when the water is settled. In these filters, either a method of forced aeration (intensive enrichment of water by air) or a method of reagent deironing, reduced to passing water through filling fillers, containing in their composition manganese dioxide.
Filters-softeners neutralize the calcium and magnesium ions contained in water, which are the cause of the water hardness that is familiar to everyone. In water these ions are contained in the form of carbonates, sulfates, chlorides and other salts. Carbonate salts - carbonates, bicarbonates, hydrogen carbonates - decompose on heating, forming an insoluble precipitate and carbon dioxide, which is why the carbonate hardness is called temporary. The remaining salts form non-carbonate or constant water hardness, which is retained after boiling (therefore - those people who believe that boiled and distilled water are one and the same are mistaken). To completely eliminate stiffness (or, as they say, "water softening"), chemical methods are used - blasting based on ion-exchange resins. The chemical properties of resins are restored by treating them with a solution of common salt.
To eliminate organic compounds, sorption-clarifying filters are used. The working environment in them is activated charcoal, fine sand white or other porous materials. UV disinfection and reverse osmosis filters are also used for disinfection. Installations of ultraviolet disinfection destroy dangerous microorganisms and are relatively cheap, but do not remove organic impurities from water, which can worsen its taste and smell; so they are most often used to handle large quantities of water not intended for cooking, for example, for disinfection of water in swimming pools. Reverse osmosis filters, in which the filter medium is a thin membrane with microscopic holes, are able to purify water of impurities by almost 100% (on these membranes even viruses are delayed!). Alas, they have very low productivity, measured in liters. hour, in addition, the water should already be previously slightly cleaned, otherwise these filters will quickly fail. Therefore, such filters are used exclusively for
Preparation of drinking water and water for cooking.
For the correct selection of filters it is important to know exactly the expected water flow in the water supply system. If you apply a filter to the filter that exceeds it throughput, then the water will pass through it untreated. It is not practical to put filters with a "large power reserve" because of their relatively high cost, which can reach up to $ 4,000-5,000 for the whole set, and the cost increases noticeably even with a small increase in the design charge. Because of the high cost of filters and fillers, luxury can be a complete cleaning of all the water entering the house. To reduce costs in Europe (and more recently, we have) is used to build utilities with separate water purification. The water entering the house is cleaned to a "technical level" suitable for household needs, and a small part (about 3-5% of the total volume) intended for drinking and cooking is finalized on separate filters (usually reverse osmosis systems or cartridge filters). This approach lowers the water treatment system by 20-30%.
Who is cold, and who is hot ...
Perhaps, hot water supply is a luxury only in the Russian province, in the rest of the "civilized" world it is a vital necessity. Often "hot" questions are solved in a single complex with the installation of a heating system on gas or liquid fuel, equipped with a boiler that provides the required amount of hot water. A detailed discussion of heating systems is beyond the scope of this article - we will limit ourselves to general recommendations. First of all, the heating systems can be divided according to the type of fuel they use (gas or diesel fuel). Gas is preferable, as it completely burns out and practically does not clog the combustion products of the nozzles of the burners. Heating boilers that run on diesel fuel require preventive inspection and cleaning on average once a year. Therefore, diesel heating systems are usually used only when it is impossible to connect to gas communications.
Among the companies engaged in the production of heating systems, the greatest authority is enjoyed by such companies as BUDERUS, VIESSMANN, VAILLANT (all - Germany). Heating boilers of these manufacturers are characterized by high efficiency and reliability in operation; The working parts of the boilers are made of cast iron and steel. As a source of domestic hot water, a water-cooled water boiler with a capacity of up to 1000 liters is used. Such a boiler can heat water literally in tons (for example, the model Logalux ST 300, BUDERUS is capable of producing an hour to 1700 liters of water with a temperature of 45 * C).
In addition to the so-called "centralized" hot water supply, local water-heating devices are widely used in country houses, which, of course, are cheaper and more economical (but not always more convenient) for full-scale DHW networks. These are automatic gas water heaters, well-known in the people "AGV", wall gas columns, electric water heaters, flow and storage, etc. The largest "autonomy" among all these heaters is shown by storage electric heaters, manufactured by S
TIEBEL ELTRON (Germany), ELECTROLUX (Sweden), ACS (Belgium), DeDIETRJCH (France) and many other companies. The capacity of these heaters is from 5 to 150 liters, while a "normal" bath requires a heater with a capacity of at least 100 liters. Simple and reliable in operation, such heaters can be considered as an "emergency" version of hot water supply, or as a full-fledged source of hot water.