The choice of this or that method is subject to such factors:
- the time of the year in which the laying works are carried out;
- plasticity of the solution used in the technology;
- appearance of the face of the wall.
Method in the clamp. Apply it for both spoon, and for tychkovyh seams. It is carried out on rigid solutions, with full filling. The distance from the face wall to the edge of the solution bed should be at least 10-15 mm.
The sequence of brick laying for this method is as follows:
- tool located in the right hand, its back edge makes the alignment of the bed, the size of the segment, which includes from three to five bricks, turned by the knuckle edge;
- a small mass of the mixture is captured by the edge of the trowel and is moved to the vertical surface of the already laid brick;
- in the other hand a new stone is taken and fed to the work site;
- falls on the prepared bed and moves to the linen trowel, which is pressed against the stacked block;
- the tool is pulled out by moving upwards, and the brick moves with the left hand and clamps the solution between its and the side edge of the neighboring block;
- the brick block is backed up with pressure, so as to be provided by the norms joint width of brickwork;
- the squeezed solution is picked up by the trowel and used for the second time in the next section. Trimming is performed after laying the five-bricks with a pinched edge and the spoon side of the two.
This method can be defined as the most time consuming, because the execution process is accompanied by a large number of movements. The advantage of this method is very strong, even and clean laying.
brickwork method
The method in vpresyk . Another name "in wasteland", because the facial sutures are not completely filled. Plastic solutions are used for it. Filling with this method will be incomplete, and the distance from the vertical plane will be 20-30 mm.
Masonry in the wasteland, order of implementation:
- the solution is leveled;
- the stone is taken and slanted at a distance of 10-12 mm from the neighboring block previously laid;
- the face is grasped by the solution and advances, in the process of advancement, the correct position of the stone block can be adjusted;
- it is joined to the face of the laid stone, and the solution grasped by the side will perform the role of a vertical seam;
- the stacked stone block is settling.
This method can be used as a right or left hand. The joining is done with a spoon and a knuckle side, depending on the requirements for the laying process.
IMPORTANT! The method can not be used in places with seismic activity, because unfilled seams can lead to the destruction of the structure.
The method with the undercut . For him, the solution spreads, as for the method in the press, and the laying works are carried out, as with the technology in vpresik. The solution is applied quite hard, compared to the mixture used for the method without trimming. Trimming is performed by grasping the trowel of the extruded solution. The collected solution surpluses are pounced on the next section. The use of this kind of laying is more economical in the consumption of related materials than with the method of gluing.
masonry method
Method in a half-prick. Use it mainly for backfilling. First, external rows must be laid. Work must be done with both hands.
Correct bricklaying:
- at the same time, two blocks are taken and are brought almost flat for a distance of 6-8 cm, from the previously laid;
- lowering them, a small amount of solution is raked;
- moving to the side to the laid brick blocks;
- the deposition is carried out, with the pressure of hands, the upper edge of the product must be in the same plane with the verst surface.
With this method, vertical seams are obtained unfilled, this nuance is corrected when the solution of the next row is decomposed. And the transverse vertical seams must be tightly filled. Failure to do so will result in the loss of the thermal protection functions of the masonry.
One of the most laborious processes in the construction of houses is the laying of bricks. There are several ways and types of masonry, differing in labor productivity, cost, material consumption and scope of application.
Methods of brickwork
From the correct choice of the method of masonry, the quality of the erection of walls and the laboriousness of work depend. There are several ways of brickwork, listed below.
- Masonry in the back is performed in the following sequence: the laid bricks (two at a time) are placed at a slight angle on the mortar layer at 10 cm from the previous one and with pressure are pushed to the last, gradually leveling. In this case, before the approaching ends of bricks are formed beds of mortar, which fill vertical seams. The method is used in the laying of piers and is characterized by high productivity.
- By the method of laying, the capital walls are erected in a fixed position. The mortar is leveled, part of it is pressed vertically by the trowel to the end of the previous brick. After laying the next brick, the trowel is taken out, the brick is pressed, the excess solution is cut off, the seams are subsequently expanded. The mortar for brick laying is hardened in order to manage to cut off its excess. This method is the most laborious, but it allows you to get quality seams.
- When laying in with the pruning, the mortar is laid, as in the method of pressing, and the brick lies down, as in the laying, the seams are shredded. This method makes it possible to obtain a complete filling of the joints with a solution at a higher labor productivity.
- Masonry in the half-prick is performed during the removal. Bricks lie with two hands between the versts (outer rows of bricks), as in the first method. Versts should be laid out by experienced masters, the filling of the zabutki can be entrusted to workers of low qualification.
Types of brick masonry
Depending on the purpose and the necessary bearing capacity of the walls, different types of masonry are used.
Solid masonry is done by a thickness that is a multiple of half the brick in the form of a monolithic construction. The space between the inner and outer versts is filled with a scarf. The cost of laying bricks at the same time is the largest, but with this type of masonry, the maximum load-bearing capacity of the walls is ensured. Bricks in a row, depending on the thickness of the wall, are laid along or across (spoon or poke). Single-row, three-row and multi-row dressing systems are used.
The system of dressing, in which the poke and spoon rows of bricks alternate, is called single-row. In this case, the vertical transverse seams overlap the top row in a quarter of the brick, and the longitudinal - in polkirpicha. This system provides the optimal tying, but it is very labor intensive.
With a multi-row ligation system, one tumbler row alternates with five spoon rows. Overlapping of transverse joints is carried out in each row, longitudinal - in every fifth, so the bearing capacity of the walls is reduced by 6% in relation to the previous system, but the labor input is reduced by 40%.
With a three-row dressing system used in laying pillars and small piers, vertical seams can coincide in three adjacent rows, the dressing being carried out in the fourth. The bearing capacity is reduced by 3%.
Lightweight masonry, used in single-story houses, is two closely spaced parallel walls in polkirpicha, between which a heater is laid. The walls are connected with each other by reinforced, brick or mortar diaphragms, bunch rows of bricks entering the insulation layer, transverse vertical bridges.
Reinforced masonry is used to increase the bearing capacity of walls. For this purpose, a reinforcing mesh is inserted into the horizontal and vertical seams.
When laying with a facade, the facade side of the wall is laid out from the facing brick. Cladding facade versts is carried out simultaneously with the erection of the wall, with a multi-row dressing. Decorative types of masonry are performed by combining different types of brick, non-standard sequence of spoon and bunching rows, masonry with coincidence of vertical seams in all rows.
Types of masonry are discussed in the project or at home, ways - in the project of work organization. The correct choice of the type and method of laying allows the construction of walls meeting the design requirements in appearance and load-bearing capacity with minimal effort.
The wall consists of several rows of bricks. The first rows are called "versts", the inner rows are called "zabutka." Versts, especially the outer ones, are laid out with the best quality brick. It is allowed to lay bricks with chips and cracks.What is the sequence of masonry?
The laying of bricks begins from the outer verst. The facade of the building bricks are turned with a side that is free of damage and spasms. There are regular, stepwise and mixed methods of laying.When is the masonry method used?
Ordinary method - simple, but time-consuming. the laying of each next row begins after laying the verst and the backstab of the previous one. This method is used primarily in a single-row dressing system. However, in order to facilitate the work of the mason, the following order is recommended: after bumping bricks the outer verst is laid with spoon bricks of the second row of the outer verst, then - inner versts and wall fences. Observing such a sequence, the mason less often switches from the outer versts to the internal ones, than when laying first completely one row, and then the other.As a rule, with a multi-row dressing. First lay out a poke verst of the first row and on it the outer spoon versts from the second to the sixth row. The maximum step height for this sequence is six rows.
How to spread walls in a mixed way?
In a mixed way, spread the walls with a multi-row dressing. The first 7-10 rows of masonry are performed in order. With a masonry height of 0.6-0.8 m starting from 8-10 rows, it is recommended to use a staggered masonry method, since it is difficult to continue laying in the orderly way, especially with a wall thickness of 2 bricks or more. In this case, the mason, laying out the upper rows of the outer versts, can rely on the lower steps of the masonry, which greatly facilitates his work.What are the general rules in the masonry process?
Walls and piers perform a single system of dressing joints - multi-or single-row (chain). For masonry of poles, as well as narrow partitions (up to 1 m wide) inside the building or concealed by finishing, a three-row suturing system is used. Plate rows in the laying lay of whole bricks. Regardless of the adopted system of bandaging joints are laid necessarily in the lower (first) and upper (last) rows of erected structures, at the level of the cuts of walls and pillars, in the protruding rows of masonry (cornices, belts, etc.). In the case of a multi-row dressing, stitching rows must be laid under the supporting parts of the girders, slabs, balconies, under the Mauerlats and other structures. In case of single-row (chain) dressing, joints are allowed to support prefabricated structures on the spoon rows of the masonry. With a single-row (chain) ligation of straight walls, having a thickness of one and a half bricks, the first outer verst of the first row is laid with bite bricks, and the second - with spoon bricks. When laying walls that have an even number of half-bricks in thickness, for example two, the first row begins with the laying of pokes across the entire width of the wall, in the second row, vertex bricks are laid with spoons, and forging - with pins. When laying walls of greater thickness in the verst rows in the second row, put spoons on the tying points, and poke over the spoons. Zabutku in all ranks perform a poke.What is a "bandaging system"?
Brick masonry is performed on a specific system, called a dressing. This system provides for mandatory overlapping by a brick of the overlying row of seams (gaps) between the bricks of the underlying row to obtain a strong masonry with a uniform distribution of the load throughout its volume. The dressing, providing the maximum overlapping of the underlying joints, is called "spoon". With this dressing, the bricks overlap each other half of their length. If symmetrical bricks overlap 1/4 of the length, the dressing is called "chain". The dressing, overlapping the rows also by 1/4 length, but with an asymmetric orientation in the volume of the masonry, is called a "cross".With what periodicity when laying walls it is necessary to carry out a poke bandage?
When laying walls from hollow bricks with a thickness of more than 65 mm, the knotting is carried out at least as often as 0.4 m in height. When laying walls of hollow ceramic stones with vertical voids, the lacing of the spoonful rows of poke is performed no less frequently than three rows of masonry in height.What is the difference between single-row (chain) dressing?
Alternation of spoon and bunching rows in the masonry. Cross seams in adjacent rows are shifted relative to each other by 1/4 of the brick, and longitudinal - to half a brick. All vertical seams of the lower row are overlapped by the bricks of the overlying row.What does the multi-row dressing look like?
In the case of a multi-row dressing, the masonry consists of individual walls with a thickness of 1/2 bricks (120 mm), folded from spoons and tied in several rows along the height by a pinch row. Depending on the size of the brick, the maximum height of the spoon laying is established between the bogie rows for different types of masonry: from a single brick with a thickness of 65 mm - one bump row to six rows of masonry; of a thickened brick with a thickness of 88 mm - one tumbler row for five rows of masonry.When is a multi-lane dressing system used?
Multi-row system of dressing is recommended as the main one for the erection of walls, including those faced with other types of bricks. The multi-row system of dressing is not allowed to apply for the laying of poles, because they will not be strong enough due to incomplete seaming. Pillars and piers with a width of up to 1 m should be laid out on a three-row system.Which dressing is the most rational?
The laying of the outer and inner versts is the most time-consuming operation. The productivity of labor in the laying of bricks in the construction depends on the ratio of the number of full brick in versts and forging, i.e. from the ligation system. For example, in case of a multi-row bandaging of walls with a thickness of two bricks, about 1.3 times less bricks are laid in versts than in case of chain (single row) bricks. Therefore, the mason's work is much easier: the accuracy of dressing is easier to provide, the number of more labor-intensive transverse seams is reduced. Another nuance: with a chain dressing requires more three-quarter bricks for the ends of the walls.How to perform vertical seams of brickwork?
Longitudinal and transverse vertical joints in the masonry should not be through the height of the structure, otherwise the entire masonry will be dismembered into individual columns. Each such column will be very unstable, and the masonry itself may collapse. To prevent this from happening, longitudinal and transverse seams in adjacent horizontal rows of masonry must be tied with bricks of the overlying row, shifting them by a quarter or half of the length in relation to the bricks of the underlying row. Then the stresses in the masonry arising under the influence of any load will be transferred not to a single column by a section of one brick, but to the entire masonry.How to lay bricks properly when building walls?
In the sequence of brickwork, three main stages are distinguished.The first - the application of mortar and the laying of bricks on the mortar. The brick is placed on the mortar some distance from the last brick (about 1/4), the brick must be placed so that its lower bed squeezes out the mortar. The solution should be evenly distributed under the brick. The next stage is the movement of the brick along the solution forward. In this movement, the bumpy side of the brick must collect enough mortar to form a vertical seam.
The last stage is the bracing of the brick, setting it in place and removing excess solution. When installing a brick, tapping the trowel is easy. Work is necessary in mittens - the solution is aggressive and corrodes hands. As experience is gained, the amount of solution applied in the first stage is optimized, and the amount of surplus removed is reduced.