The roof of the house protects the country house from the atmospheric precipitation. In addition, it maintains the necessary thermal conditions.
Virtually all types of roofs are also responsible for decorative functions. Architecture gives all the rooftops very important. Often, a non-standard roof is decorated with the most ordinary country house. But still the main function of the roof is protection. Therefore, all canopies must comply with established norms and standards. Our article will tell you about all the requirements. Now I would like to talk about terminology.
The roof is a part of the building, located on top of its base. It protects the interior from moisture penetration, wind and solar radiation. The roof is a complex architectural element. It includes load-bearing structures (rafters), responsible for the distribution of roof load and rainfall. Also part of the roof is, protecting the country house from winds, cold and moisture.
The roof is a multilayered "pie". It consists of:
- roofing;
- waterproofing layer;
- thermal insulation (one or several layers);
- vapor barrier material.
Roofing is a part of the roof that can be seen from the outside. It is the roof that not only protects the building itself, but also determines its entire architectural and decorative appearance.
But not only the roofing affects the roof of the house. Important importance is given to the type of roof - the defining element for the entire building. Today you can find a variety of classic and unusual roofs. This allows you to choose the most appropriate option and make a house with a unique design.
Types of roofs:
- Flat roofs are the simplest type with a slope of only 3%. They are used in the construction of apartment buildings and other massive structures. Private houses rarely contain this type of roof, as the design value is almost nonexistent. In addition, flat roofs accumulate snow masses, and this in turn leads to an increase in the requirements for the strength of the roof and for bearing structures;
- Pitched roofs have a ramp angle of 10 degrees or more. Ideal for a private house.
Advantages of pitched roofs:
- self-purification from various types of precipitation;
- allow to equip an attic or an attic;
- the possibility of using design and architectural designs.
Types of Roofs
This is not a complete list of pitched roofs.
Attention: When designing pitched roofs, provide the main system for draining water and snow from the roof surface.
Today you can find assortment of roofing materials. For example, the classic slate is popular. It is used to construct the roofs of outbuildings. Modern materials are represented by metal tiles or composite tiles. Often you can find a plastic roof. Thanks to modern materials, it is possible to equip both reliable and aesthetic plastic tiles. The choice of colors is very great.
As a waterproofing roof used a variety of materials, ranging from ruberoid, and ending with liquid rubber. The ruberoid is represented by bitumen for the roof, which is applied to the fabric base. In this respect, roofing material is a rather universal material. It is used as a material for flat roofs of warehouses, hangars and apartment buildings. Note that originally felt felt like sheets of cardboard 1x1 meter. One side was free, the other was covered with bitumen.
Of course, such a cardboard roofing paper served a rather limited time. However, it was indispensable if it was required to block the roof in a short time. Today, roofing materials include fiberglass. This allows the material to be used for 20 years without loss of quality. Before you cover the roofing material, you need to prepare the surface. It is important to make the roof surface as level as possible.
Typical knots of a roof and fastening of rafters
The rafter is the basis for the roofing cake.
The pitched roof has a relatively large area. It is even compared with a sail. And it's not accidental - after all, a strong wind can easily rip it off or move it for some distance.
In both cases, the roof will be damaged. And this is an extra headache for the owner of a country house. In these conditions, reliable fastening of the roof to the walls will make it stable and durable.
- The rafters are mounted on a beam (mauerlat). It, in turn, is attached to the walls of the structure. To create a mauerlat, you need a bar of 15x15 cm or a board of 15x10 cm.
- Mauerlatt is attached to the walls. To do this, use anchor bolts or screws bolted to the wall in advance. For greater reliability, you can tie the bar with a fired reinforcement. Also, the Maulelat timber is usually associated with neighboring bars.
As a result, a strong foundation is obtained for the rafter frame and roof. The task of tying involves a competent redistribution of the load on the walls of the building.
Gable roof - device, detailed video:
Protection against lightning
During the design and construction of the roof, remember that the skate is the highest point of the building. In these conditions, without protection from lightning you can not do. Especially if it's a metal roof.
As practice shows, even a small lightning strike into the roof of the building leads to a fire. At the same time, if people are in the attic or in the attic, they can also get injured. To prevent accidents, an important process - the grounding of the roof - will help.
Tip: Steel pins act as protection against thunderstorms. Their diameter should exceed 8 mm. Pins fasten on all edges of the roof and on the pipes. The height of the pins should be at least 1 meter above the roof. In this case, the distance between them should ideally not exceed 12 meters.
- The lower ends of the pins, as a rule, contain a wire, which should be welded to them. The diameter of the wire must match the diameter of the current lead. Special clamps are used for securing the current lead. The element is attached to the roof and walls of the structure. It is recommended to fix it on the basis of a drainpipe.
- After fixing and lowering the current lead to the ground, it is necessary to fix it on a flat surface. To do this, from each wall of the building measure the distance of 1 meter.
- Further, a hole is digged in a half meter deep, where three steel pipes are immersed. To join them is recommended in advance welded strip of steel.
Pipes act as earthing switches. But they will not perform their functions without a current lead. You will need bolts to fasten the element. It will not be superfluous to weld the current collector to the surface of the pipes. This grounding scheme will create a high-quality protection against thunderstorms. There are no roles for types of roofing, such protection should be on every roof of a country house.
Thus, the construction of the house implies compliance with all norms and rules of the roof strapping. Important is the competent installation of the rafter frame and roofing pie. Creating a reliable roof - you are contributing to the future of its construction (read: ""). After all, if you conduct a competent process, you can save on the possible repair of the roof or its elements. Different types of roofs differ from each other in their design and type of roofing material. However, all of them should be chosen, based on practical significance. In other words, it is important to choose not only an aesthetic, but also a reliable roof.
In order for your house to be warm and cozy, great value plays and roofing of the building. In order to choose the right option, it is necessary to take into account all the characteristics of the market roofing materials. Let's consider the main types roofing materials in modern construction practice.
All known roofing materials can be divided into two main categories:
1. Actually roofing materials;
2. Roofing materials.
Properly roofing materialsare divided into:
Rigid (sheets, plates, plates). Also bear the name of solid roofing materials.
Flexible (roll-type). They are also called soft.
To hard roofs belong to:
Metal (roofing steel - black and galvanized, cast-iron roofing sheet), corrugated board, metal-tile;
Stone slabs (from natural stone), slabs and sheets of artificial material (tile, asbestos cement), slate, euro-slate;
Wooden (shingles, grafts).
Roll roofing materials - roofing material, humorum, parchment, bitumen shingles and the like.
Under under-roofing materialsunderstood roofing film. Roofing films - are used to protect the thermal insulation of roof structures from moisture ingress.
Rigid roofing materials are characteristic of those that have an intended purpose, and the selection of materials is carried out depending on the architectural features of the building, climatic conditions of operation. The second kind (flexible) is inherently more universal.
Soft materials are often used in the construction of large buildings, with a flat and solid roof structure. They are also used in the construction of pitched and tented roofs.
In this article, more attention is paid to soft materials.
Deciding to apply soft roofing materialsto create a permanent roof, you need to take into account the features of the temperature regime and the angle of inclination of the future roof. If you decide to apply bitumen as a basis, then at a high temperature the roof, which has too steep slope, can "flow" in the hot noon.
The main advantages of bitumen roofs are the traditionality of the technologies used, availability and relatively low price.
But at the same time their reliability and durability leave much to be desired: they are not durable, and the technology of making a roof is quite dangerous, because it is associated with the use of molten pitches and bitumen of high temperature.
The intermediate variant between bitumen and synthetic roofing is bitumen-polymer roofs. They are created on the basis of the addition of impurities (various synthetic substances and polymer compounds). The concentration of polymers does not exceed 10-12%.
You also need to take into account the peculiarities of the domestic climate, if you decide to apply a soft roof. Constant temperature fluctuations, along with the presence of regions with a temperate continental and sharply continental climate, do not allow the use of not only pure bitumen, but even with an admixture of polymer compounds, otherwise these roofs are destroyed quite quickly.
Another subspecies of soft roofing is bitumen. It differs somewhat in type and capabilities of temperature stability and operational reliability. Bituline is covered with flat, pitched and mansard roofs, and this material is also used as a waterproofing at the joints between the roof and the stove heating pipes, reservoirs, foundation of buildings and walls, etc.
Bitumen is characterized by the fact that it can be relatively quickly and available to lay without using mastic with a high temperature, it is resistant to the rays of the solar ultraviolet, has an increased level of thermal resistance. Such roofs can last a decade.
The basis is a glass fiber with additional impregnation and admixtures of bitumen resins. From above it is covered with talc, and from the bottom (from the side of the attic) - with a special film.
Also used polymer-bitumen roofs. They are membranes from several layers of water-resistant material with the inclusion of modified polymers and plastics in the composition, which increase the resistance of such a combined material to high, low temperatures, acidic medium, intense ultraviolet.
Thanks to the use of specialized membranes that are reinforced with fiberglass, it is possible to protect such roofs from decay and decay.
The so-called "rubber roofs" have proven themselves as roofing materials with a long period of successful operation in the work of large enterprises and the construction of apartment houses and multi-apartment complexes. Roofs based on rubber membrane EPDMin one layer it is possible to create roofs of different types of structures: inversion type, ballast.
Another type of roofing material is bardolines. It is made of fiberglass and mineral materials, and also of silica sand.
It is a durable, climatically effective and reliable, heat-resistant material for modern roofing, which requires neither special skills nor sophisticated equipment for fastening and installation. Bardolin will last you for at least 20 years, it is light and strong, it comes in the form of glued strips of tiles.
The next material for modern roofing is plastic,which is made of polycarbonates. Not unknown its operational properties, it is 250 times more reliable and 10 times lighter than the usual glass. The plastic is easy to process with the usual tools for wood and metal work; and its sheets have high flexibility and elasticity.
Even so far in private houses, the roofs are made of roofing iron. Among the advantages of roofs made of iron - low price, comparative convenience, ease of operation and the ability to manufacture additional components and parts right during processing and installation.
The main disadvantages are: fragility (not more than 15 years); Unattractiveness in terms of design; the need for additional processing and staining.
It should be noted that we still often use slate, although in most countries that are leading in construction and repair technologies, its use is prohibited due to the fact that asbestos, which is part of it, easily crumbles and causes lung cancer.
Therefore, well think about everything before choosing the right one for you
The construction of any house begins with the design. It is important for every person that the house is beautiful, warm, comfortable, practical and unusual in architectural design. In most cases, the roof is attached to the home by its attractiveness and eccentricity.
But the roof, first of all, is not an ornament, but a protection from the influence of the environment (ultraviolet radiation, snow, rain and wind). Therefore, when choosing the type and shape of the roof, attention must be paid to its functional features.
Types of roofs depending on the angle of inclination
Flat roofs - this roof, in which the slope is 2.5-3% of the horizon. In low-rise buildings this type of roof is rarely used, because they often form stagnation of water, which leads to the flow of the roof. In winter, the snow accumulates on the roof, which must be cleaned in order to get rid of unnecessary load on the roof, as well as avoid leaks. But, despite the shortcomings, this type of roof has one significant advantage - low cost. Also this roof can be used as an additional recreation area or for sports if it is properly equipped.
Pitched roofs - these are roofs that have an inclination angle of 10% or more from the level of the horizon. This is one of the most practical types of roofs in operation. This roof does not allow accumulation of precipitation, since the rajids serve as drainage. Typically, this type of roof is used in the construction of private houses. Pitched roofs have different shapes, on which their features depend.
Types of roofs and their shapes
Shed roofs - these are the roofs, which consist of one slope. The slope of the roof is formed by the rafter system, which rests on the wall at different heights. Such a roof is easy to assemble. As building materials for gable roofs, use slate, tile, ondulin or metal. The convenience in using such roofs is that precipitation is not collected on it. The disadvantage is the inability to organize an attic space, so they are used in the construction of garages, terraces and verandas.
Gable roofs - this roof with two slopes, which are based on the same height on two walls. Between the slopes there is a space that can be used as an attic space. This is the most common and convenient type of roof. Thanks to the slopes on the roof there is no precipitation. This type of roof is not very difficult to install, and the variety of shapes and design is much larger than that of other types of roofs.
Mansard roofs - this roof, which have two slopes with broken lines. It is this type of roof that allows you to organize a large attic space for various purposes, for example, for an additional room. The roof of this type has a pentagonal shape. In terms of installation, the roof has no complications, but at a price it will be more expensive than others, due to warming.
Hip roofs - these are the roofs that have four slopes. Two slopes of a triangular shape and two slopes of a trapezoidal shape. Triangular ramps are located on the side of the front of the wall. This is a fairly complex type of roof, which requires considerable cost and effort during installation. For them, beams and double tightening are necessary for installation, as it is necessary to equip stingrays with gutters, the angle of which is 45 °, to ensure the slope of water and snow.
Semi-wool roofs These are roofs that have the shape of a truncated triangle, which is located above the trapezoidal rays. This type of roof is convenient in areas with strong winds. The main disadvantage of such roofs is the high cost of installation, since additional building materials are needed to cover the areas that are adjacent to the inclined roof ribs.
Tent roofs Is a kind of hip roof with four or more triangular slopes. This type of roof is most often used in the construction of equilateral or square houses. The difficulty of installing a roof is to use a rafter system.
Multi-hood roofs - this roof, which have a complex design. When it is arranged, a lot of internal corners and external ribs are formed, so it can be mounted only by specialists who correctly calculate all the dimensions so that during its operation no leakage occurs. This type of roof is convenient when building a house, in which there are many outbuildings and side attics.
Dome roofs - this roof, which have curved elements of the frame. This type of roof can completely or partially cover the house. As building materials for such roofs, choose soft materials: roofing material, glass-insulated glass or bituminous tiles. To date, such roofs are popular, because they give the house a unique and ancient.
Types of roof structures
Types of roof structures fall into two categories:
- Uncovered roofs - this roof, which is combined with the main room. In turn, such roofs are divided by the installation method: unventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated.
- Attic roofs - this is the roof, separated from the main room, they can be insulated or not, depending on the use of the bottom space.
There are a lot of different types of roofs, so choosing a roof for your house, you can develop a project that will allow your house to be not only cozy, reliable and warm, but also creative, unusual and interesting.
The roof of the house is not only protection against atmospheric influences (snow, rain, sun, wind, etc.), but also the appearance of the house. A beautiful roof, like an elegant hat, decorates the house and emphasizes its individuality, is the crowning of the architectural structure.
The roof of almost any configuration consists of a load-bearing structure - trusses and roofing - and the roof itself.
The presence of certain elements of the roof is determined by its shape and design features.
The shape of the roof is chosen depending on the purpose of the building and its dimensions.
One-pitched roof is often covered by outbuildings, garages, canopies. For residential and garden houses are traditional gable and roof skylights. They are simple to manufacture and are covered with any roofing materials. In the southern regions, hip roofs are often arranged, since they are better against wind loads.
Roofing materials
Of roofing materials, the most reliable and durable properties are the slate. For low-rise buildings the best roofing material is tile, but it requires reinforced rafters due to the weight of the tile.
Roofing steel is used for complex roof configurations. Rolling roofs are used when covering utility premises or as a temporary cover in residential buildings. In one-story houses with an average load-bearing wall, a roof with inclined rafters, resting at one end on the outer wall, is usually arranged, the other for a run or a rack installed above the middle wall. Elements of the rafters are connected with each other by rafter brackets, nails.
: 1 - two-sided; 2 - attic; 3, 4 - hip; 5 - hipped; 6 - multi-clasp.
To the chopped walls of the end of the rafters are fastened by staples. To the stone walls of the rafters are attached as follows: first to the wall, not higher than the fourth masonry seam, the metal ruff is clogged from above. To the rust twists of wire in two loops are attached rafters.
The ends of the rafters of the stone house are supported by a bar laid along the entire length of the wall, which distributes the load from the rafters to the wall. In rafters and crates in the place where the chimney passes through the stove, a fire break is arranged from the stove, a gap of 13 cm is left between the rafters, the trumpet and the crate.
Elements of the roof: 1 - skates; 2 - the hobby; 3 - inclined rib; 4 - the chick; 5 - cornice overhang; 6 - gable overhang; 7 - trough; 8 - drainage pipe; 9 - chimney.
Construction farms for roofs of various shapes have their own characteristics. At the heart of any truss is a triangle, as the most rigid and economical design. It is formed from 2-rafter legs (the upper belt of the truss) and tightening (lower belt). The rafter's legs are connected to the ridge run by the upper ends. The lower ends of the rafter ng, as well as the ends of the lower belt, are attached to the outer walls of the house. The design, consisting only of the upper and lower belts, can withstand only a very light roof. For greater reliability, the farms are equipped with additional internal supports (struts, risers, fights).
Construction farms create the necessary roof slope, which depends on a number of factors:
Features of the climate: with a large amount of precipitation, the roof slope is 45 ° or more, with the prevailing winds the slope is much lower, etc .;
Roofing material: when using piece roofing materials, the slope is not less than 22 °, for roll materials - 5-25 ° and more, for asbestos cement sheets and tiles - 25-35 ° and more.
It should be remembered that with the increase in the slope of the roof, the consumption of materials increases, and, accordingly, its cost.
Depending on the method of attaching the farm to the walls of the house, designs with hanging or inclined rafters are distinguished.
Hanging rafters are in the same plane, rigidly connected to each other and are supported by two extreme supports (external walls).
: 1 - brace; 2 - single puff; 3 - board-overlay; 4 - lining; 5 - outer wall; 6 - the overlay.
Support for the lower ends of the rafters are Mauerlats, hewn by two canting. The simplest hanging trusses consist of rafters and puffs (lower belt). To protect from the sagging of the rafter legs, when there is insufficient cross-section between them, a lattice is introduced from the rack, struts and bolt. This increases the rigidity of the truss structure. Rafter legs are strengthened with clamps and tied with a wire 4-6 mm thick to the ruffs that are hammered into the wall. This protects the roof from a possible stall in strong winds. The lower end of such twisting is fixed for a crutch or ruff, hammered into the stitch of the masonry at 250-300 mm below the wall cut, or behind the beam of the attic floor. In wooden chopped houses the rafters are stapled with the second wreath of the log.
: 1 - brace; 2 - Mauerlat; 3 - twist; 4 - outer wall; 5 - inner wall; 6 - cutting; 7 - the lever; 8 - roofing material.
For the installation of suspended rafters, it is necessary to lift the rafters, each separately, to the attic ceiling, and then to assemble them using auxiliary braces and sawing out of the boards for the temporary fastening of the truss. The nodes of the rafter truss hanging rafters are assembled with bolt or without bolt for spans of up to 6 or 8 meters. A single puff is made from the same boards as the rafters, for a double puff, smaller boards are suitable. For lining bolts suitable boards 25-30 mm. If the rigidity of the roof is provided by the truss, then in order to counteract wind loads in the transverse direction, 1-2-diagonal ligaments (braces) are installed. The cuttings are made of boards of thickness 30-40 mm, fastened to the base of the rafter and to the middle of the neighboring one. It is most convenient to put braces above the middle wall. In such a case, the boards are nailed to the counter and lay down. The cross-section of rafters depends on the size of the span, the pitch of the rafters and the slope of the roof. The most common step of rafters is 120 cm.
The inclined rafters are laid obliquely, on supports of different heights. The supports are either two external walls, or the outer and inner walls. When installing a gable roof for inclined rafters, a support wall is necessary.
The rafters of the opposite roof slopes can be in the same plane and stacked on the ridge run alternately. Roof rafters are easy to assemble, do not require complicated mechanisms for installation. The nodes of the layered rafters are assembled with struts, struts.
If the width of the building is 10 m, one additional support is sufficient, and if it reaches 15 m, then two supports are desirable. The upper ends of the rafter legs are overlapped by means of corner linings. The lower ends of the rafters are attached to the supporting bars (mauerlates) with a size of 100x100 mm. Mauerlaty in most cases harvested from whole logs, hewn by two canting, but sometimes for the sake of economy they are made of scraps with a length of 0.6-0.7 meters. In the middle of the farm, the middle post is supported, on which the top of the upper belt of the truss rests.
At the top of the roof truss structure, a runway is laid, which serves as the basis for the future roof ridge. The ridge run is either made of logs with a wide section, or is made of two boards 50 mm thick.
For mansard roofs, farms of a special design are made. They can also be installed with an inner wall (for two-span houses) or without it (for single-span houses). A feature of mansard farms is the presence of interstitial overlapping instead of tightening. This is due to the fact that the lower belt serves as the basis for the floor of the attic room. The upper and lower belts, as well as vertical risers and horizontal battles should be paired, made of double beams. For a two-span mansard structure, doubling is not necessary, since it has an additional support in the center.
Modern houses with an attic often do without a broken roof design, with the location of the wall at an angle to the floor.
: A - a hanging farm of a single-span house; B - trussed farm; B - a farm for a single-span house with a width of more than 8 m; D - sloped rafter; D - truss for the attic roof.
To illuminate the attic floor in the roof slopes, additional windows are often arranged. Such windows can be arranged not only for lighting. Often they are performed in the form of vents, designed to enter the roof and ventilation of the attic.
To the roofs of buildings had a overhang necessary to drain water from the walls, puffs or rafter legs are released beyond the wall line. In wooden buildings overhang should be at least 550 mm.
The surface of the structure is the basis for the roofing. Depending on the type of roofing, the lath can be made of boards, bars or tes.
The lining directly perceives the load of the roofing material and, in turn, presses the rafters, and the rafters convey the weight of the roof to the bearing walls.
The cladding can be continuous, when the gap between the beams does not exceed 1 cm, or sparse. Solid formwork, as a rule, is arranged from two layers: the first - discharged and the second - solid from the boards, laid at an angle of 45 ° with respect to the boards of the lower layer.
The continuous crate is arranged under the soft roof, flat asbestos-cement and asbestos-free slate, metal and soft tiles. The rarefied lath is quite suitable for steel roofing, roofing from clay or cement-sand tiles, as well as for roofing from wavy asbestos-cement sheets.
Nylon bars are nailed to the rafters with nails, the length of which is equal to the thickness of the two beams. In the places of junctions and intersections of skates (on the ridge, ribs, valleys, razzhelobkah), as well as over the eaves of corn always make a continuous crate.
Usually the supporting structure is made of coniferous wood.
In brick and block houses rafters and lathing can be made of reinforced concrete or metal.
The optimal size of the crate for most roofing coatings are bars measuring 50x50 mm (60x60 mm) or poles with a diameter of 70 mm. The average distance between rafter legs is about 1 m. On roofs with a slope of more than 45 ° this distance increases to 1.2-1.4 m and on roofs of houses located in snowy areas decreases to 0.8-0.6 meters .
Distances between the rafters of the supporting structure (m)
Currently, to facilitate private construction, the industry produces ready-made truss structures, which can only be assembled, laid on external walls and on top of them to arrange a flooring. Manufacture of load-bearing structures of wood, reinforced concrete or metal. All designs are prefabricated. They are delivered to the site of construction work in disassembled form and they are already stacked on site. A foldable structure can consist of several elements packed together. Some designs are rather bulky even in disassembled form, since they are divided into three large parts: for the pre-karninian and skate. Others are made up of smaller planes. The most convenient to use are hinged structures, provided with hinges either in ridge run or along the eaves. Hinges allow the supporting structure to be folded and unfolded without problems.
Forms of finished roof structures reflect almost all existing roof configurations.
The rim bars are attached to the finished roof trusses in the manner that is provided by the structure itself. To the rafters made of wood, the battens are simply nailed. With regard to reinforced concrete trusses, they can have either holes for nails, or outlets with a diameter of up to 6 mm, which grab and firmly hold the bars of the crate, or spikes, on which the burrs are pierced.
Often the base for roofing materials requires additional leveling. So, reinforced concrete slabs, as well as the base on which a semi-rigid or loose insulation is laid, are leveled with cement-sand mortars or asphalt concrete.
: 1 - gable farm; 2 - a farm with a complex form of the upper belt; 3 - scissors; 4 - vaulted farm; 5 - mansard farm.
Alignment with sandy asphalt concrete is allowed only on roofs with a slope of not more than 20%.
screeds are carried out in the following order: with a slope of up to 15% - first in the areas of abutment and expansion (valleys), and then - at the slopes; With a slope of more than 15%, the work on leveling the foundation is carried out in the reverse order.
Leveling screeds are not solid on the entire surface of the base, but on sections of 6x6 m (for cement-sand mortar) or 4x4 m (for asphalt concrete). Between these sections are made temperature-shrinkage seams 5 mm wide or 1 cm wide with the insertion of racks in them. For lice lay strips of ruberoid with a width of 150 mm with dot pasting them on one side of the seam.
The thickness of the asphalt concrete tie depends on the base material: if the base is made of concrete or rigid heat-insulating slabs, the thickness of the screed should be 15-20 mm, and if from a non-rigid heater, then 20-30 mm. Asphalt-concrete screed is arranged only on skates.
After the leveling screed is installed, the substrate must immediately be primed, which will ensure a stronger adhesion of roll and waterproofing materials. Before that, all the unevenness of the base is closed by the cement mortar. Screeds are primed with strips 4-5 m wide.
The quality of the base device is checked for the following indicators:
Ravness;
Strength and rigidity (the base should not fall and sag under the feet);
Smoothness and roundness of places of junctions and razzhełalkov (for more strong pasting of roll materials).
- Simple. On 100 m² of surface there is a maximum of 2 ramps.
- Average. On the same area can be from 2 to 5 skates.
- Complex. The number of skates exceeds 5.
However, you need to consider the form. If you become acquainted with the accepted classification for ENR-7: 1, complex designs include curvilinear (domed, tent, vaulted) with a perimeter of more than 10%. If you summarize all these data, you can form a general definition.
- The roof of a complex shape is characterized by the presence of 5 or more flat rays, or their smaller number with a characteristic curved surface.
In addition to the original appearance, these structures must perform their direct functions - protecting the building from the influence of weather factors and maximum heat retention in it. In many respects it depends on the applied installation scheme and consumables. Therefore, self-design is not recommended. This work should be carried out by professional architects, as they take into account all the necessary factors and nuances. Otherwise, the roof will not fulfill its purpose, and the laboriousness of maintaining it in an appropriate condition will increase.
Features of design and construction
Drafting a complex roof is an integral step in creating documentation for the construction of a new house. It is also possible to install a new roof for the old building. But in this case, the characteristics of bearing walls, the maximum load on them, are taken into account.
What needs to be envisaged to make a functional and beautiful complex roof? Photos of already finished projects favorably differ from standard ones. To achieve this result, architects and engineers pay attention to the following parameters.
- Roofing system
It is the basis for the future design. Depending on the configuration, the rectilinear and curvilinear surfaces are distinguished. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the maximum snow and wind loads. Rafters must not only withstand external pressure, but also ensure the safety of the main coating material.
Therefore, in addition to them, the configuration and location of the erection is taken into account. They should form a platform for the installation of protective material -, or traditional tiles.
- Tilt angle
There is an opinion that the height of a truly original complex roof should be 2/3 of the height of the facade. In most cases, the inclination angle of the rays is greater than 60 °, which is the basis for the appearance of other problems in the design.
Also, it is necessary to take into account the labor intensity of the organization of the ends, the places where the skates are joined. With a large angle of inclination between them, the installation of standard plastic or galvanized boxes is not possible. Therefore, the land is settled using soft materials - roofing material with bitumen covering and special mounting tapes.
Consider the number of complex elements that are inherent in most types of complex roofing. The nodes carry a certain operational and aesthetic load.
- The Endovs. About them it was spoken above. The problem of design and installation can arise when two or more rays intersect at the same time.
- The horse. It is intended for connection of skates in the top point of their contact. It should perform functions of protection from external weather factors, and is also an important element in creating roof ventilation.
- Additional elements. These include snow chains, ventilation pipes, etc. The urgency of installation is determined at the design stage and is associated with the design feature and its properties.
All this has a direct impact not only on construction, but also on the repair of complex roofing. A professional approach is to create instructions for carrying out restorative or maintenance work. At the same time, security measures are envisaged.
Also, the estimated snow load is summarized by its increase due to the presence of workers on the roof.
Common species
If you chose a complex roof structure, you should immediately prepare for an increase in the cost of its creation - both for design and construction. Most often choose projects with rectilinear skate planes. By their complexity, they do not differ much from the standard, the difference is in the consumption of the material.
Hip
It consists of 4 skates, two of which form the skate of the building. Others have a triangular shape and are adjacent to the ends of the roof. Despite the seeming simplicity, several nuances must be taken into account in the construction and arrangement.
- Provision of tightness at the junctions of the ramp. This task is solved by installing a soft waterproof material with bitumen impregnation and steel protective elements.
- Gutters gutters should be located under each ramp, forming a closed drainage system.
You can do it yourself. The main thing is to take into account the snow load and correctly calculate its weight. It must not exceed the specified parameter for the bearing walls of the building.
Multi-clasp
The design includes several pairs of skates, connected with each other by valleys. This is one of the striking examples of complex roofing. Video of such buildings attracts with their originality, but when choosing a project with a similar roof, difficulties may arise. First of all - it's a big weight. Therefore, independent design and construction of such structures is not recommended.
To the positive sides can be attributed a truly individual design and the possibility of using the attic as a residential. Usually for this, attic windows are installed.
Do you need a complex roof for a standard house? To answer this question, you need to decide on the construction budget and requirements for the appearance of the building. Often make a roof. But if there is a desire to make an interesting and different house - a complex roof will be the best way to implement such a project in practice.