Transportation of oversized and heavy cargo is regulated by a number of requirements, standards and rules, which are described in the relevant documents. However, it should be remembered that despite the fact that oversized cargo must be transported in accordance with special rules developed specifically for this category of cargo, traffic rules still play a dominant role during transportation. It is worth keeping in mind that large and heavy cargo can be transported by road only if the cargo cannot be transported in parts. In addition, it is prohibited to transport cargo if it exceeds the size of the car in front by more than 2 meters and in the rear by more than 4 meters. The only exception can be when reducing the load is impossible and transporting the load in parts can be very difficult and expensive. Particular attention should be paid to the requirement that if, when loading goods, it is possible to choose the dimensions of the load (width, height or length), then exceeding the permitted width should be avoided.

The maximum speed of movement is determined by the special permit holder depending on the size of the cargo, its weight and other nuances and road conditions.

In this case, the speed should not exceed: the maximum permissible speed of the vehicle is 80 km/h.

Transportation of oversized items is permitted only if a number of conditions are met:

1. The load does not impair the driver’s visibility;

2. Does not have a negative impact on the stability of the vehicle;

3.Does not cover reflectors, lighting devices, identification marks, does not interfere with the perception of hand signals given to the driver;

4.Does not create noise, does not raise dust during transportation, does not harm the road or the environment.

If one of these conditions is violated while driving, the driver’s task is to eliminate the violation. If for any reason this is not possible, you must stop driving, otherwise a fine will be issued for transporting large cargo.

Instructions for the transportation of oversized and heavy cargo pay special attention to the loads acting on each axle of the vehicle. In no case should their value exceed that permitted by the manufacturer. In general, it is necessary to take into account the weight of the semi-trailer, which also should not exceed the maximum permissible values. However, even if all calculations are carried out correctly, the safety of the route largely depends on the qualifications of the driver - the rules for transporting large-sized cargo require him to constantly monitor the quality of cargo securing and their location on the platform.

The responsibilities of a large cargo driver include:

1.before departure, make sure that the cargo is in good condition and check this throughout the entire journey;

2. keep to the right on the road and, if necessary, stop in a suitable place to allow cars behind you to pass, or give way to oncoming cars.

The responsibilities of a large cargo carrier include:

1. organize transportation in such a way that it least interferes with and threatens other road users;

2. avoid transportation during rush hours and at other times when, due to road or weather conditions and frequency of traffic, it is dangerous and causes an obstacle to the movement of other vehicles;

3.if possible, avoid transportation in residential areas, also along busy streets and intersections;

4.take into account buildings located on the side of the road: traffic signs, power lines, etc. If necessary, agree with the road owner on the temporary removal of obstacles on the road;

5.Strictly follow the established route. If it is necessary to change the route, you must again apply for a new special permit. The carrier company and the driver performing the flight are responsible for ensuring the safety of oversized cargo during transportation. However, this is often not enough, since the sender wants to play it safe in order to be completely confident that the expensive cargo will be delivered to its destination on time, safe and sound. In such cases, transport companies offer to use the service of escorting oversized items. The cargo is accompanied by so-called “cover vehicles” - vehicles equipped with special signals, and in some cases with special markings. Thus, the presence of cover vehicles notifies all road users that oversized cargo is being transported, a special speed limit and other rules for the transportation of oversized cargo are observed.

In addition to cover vehicles, escort and security vehicles (as a rule, these are traffic police vehicles) may also accompany oversize vehicles. Their presence makes cargo transportation as secure and safe as possible. Escorting oversized cargo requires additional financial investments, but such expenses are more than reasonable, especially when transporting valuable cargo (expensive or exclusive equipment). In addition, accompanying oversized items can significantly speed up the transportation process, and the sender can be confident that the cargo will arrive on time. In addition to all of the above, there are also requirements for the technical condition, equipment of vehicles and the designation of cargo. Vehicles transporting oversized cargo and heavy loads must be equipped with special light signals (flashing beacons) of orange or yellow color.

The requirements for the transportation of oversized and bulky cargo are divided into several groups, based on the size and dimensions of the cargo. To get a more detailed and clear picture, the author compiled the following table:

Parameters of a road train with cargo	Parameter changes	Need for permission	Cover car	Patrol car
Length of the road train with cargo (m)		necessary
		necessary	necessary
	30 or more	necessary		necessary
Width of the road train with cargo (m)		necessary
		necessary	necessary
		necessary		necessary
Height of the road train with cargo (m)		necessary
	4.50 or more	development of a route depending on obstacles using special equipment for lifting electrical networks, etc.
Weight of the road train with cargo (t)		necessary
	44 or more	development of a special project

In addition, on vehicles transporting large-sized and heavy cargo, identification signs “Road Train”, “Large Load” and “Long Vehicle” must be installed. Sign “Road Train” Sign “Large Load” Sign “Long Vehicle”

Road train sign indicated in the form of three orange lights located horizontally on the roof of the cab with intervals between them from 150 to 300 mm. This sign is installed on trucks and wheeled tractors with trailers, as well as on articulated buses and trolleybuses.

"Large cargo" sign designated in the form of a shield measuring 400x400 mm with diagonally applied red and white alternating stripes 50 mm wide with a reflective surface.

Long vehicle sign indicated in the form of a yellow rectangle measuring at least 1200x200 mm with a red border (40 mm wide), having a reflective surface. This sign is installed on the back of vehicles whose length with or without load is more than 20 m, and road trains with two or more trailers. If it is impossible to place a sign of the specified size, it is allowed to install two identical signs measuring at least 600x200 mm symmetrically to the axis of the vehicle.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 No. 272
"On approval of the Rules for the transportation of goods by road"

(as amended as of December 22, 2017,
with changes and additions, included in the text,
according to the resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation: dated December 30, 2011 No. 1208,
dated 01/09/2014 No. 12, dated 12/03/2015 No. 1311, dated 11/24/2016 No. 1233,
dated December 22, 2016 No. 1442, dated December 12, 2017 No. 1529)

In accordance with Article 3 of the Federal Law “Charter of Road Transport and Urban Ground Electric Transport”, the Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Approve the attached Rules for the transportation of goods by road.

2. This resolution comes into force after 3 months from the date of its official publication, with the exception of the clauses and Rules approved by this resolution. The paragraphs of these Rules come into force after 12 months from the date of official publication of this resolution.

3. Establish that before paragraph 3 of the Rules approved by this resolution comes into force, the transportation of dangerous goods by road in urban, suburban and intercity traffic is carried out in accordance with the specified Rules, as well as the rules for the transportation of dangerous goods by road, approved by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation in pursuance of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 23, 1994 No. 372.

Rules for transporting goods by road

I. General provisions

1. These Rules establish the procedure for organizing the transportation of various types of cargo by road, ensuring the safety of cargo, vehicles and containers, as well as the conditions for transporting goods and providing vehicles for such transportation.

2. Transportation of goods by road in international traffic across the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of road transport, regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and these Rules.

large vehicle- a vehicle whose dimensions, with or without cargo, exceed the maximum permissible dimensions of the vehicle according to Appendix No.;

"divisible load" - cargo that, without loss of consumer properties or risk of damage, can be placed on 2 or more cargo items.

II. Concluding a contract for the carriage of goods, a contract for chartering a vehicle for transporting goods

6. Cargo transportation is carried out on the basis of a cargo transportation contract, which can be concluded through the carrier’s acceptance of an order for execution, and if there is an agreement on the organization of cargo transportation, an application from the shipper, except for the cases specified in paragraph of these Rules.

The conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods is confirmed by a waybill drawn up by the shipper (unless otherwise provided by the contract for the carriage of goods) in the form according to Appendix No. (hereinafter referred to as the waybill).

7. The order (application) is submitted by the shipper to the carrier, who is obliged to review the order (application) and, within 3 days from the date of its acceptance, inform the shipper about acceptance or refusal to accept the order (application) with a written justification of the reasons for the refusal and return the order (application ).

When considering an order (application), the carrier, in agreement with the shipper, determines the conditions for transporting the goods and fills out paragraphs 8 - 11, 13, 15 and 16 (as regards the carrier) of the waybill. When transporting dangerous goods, as well as when transporting a heavy and (or) large vehicle, the carrier indicates in paragraph 13 of the waybill, if necessary, information about the number, date and validity period of the special permit, as well as the route of such transportation.

8. Before concluding a contract for the carriage of goods, the carrier, at the request of the shipper, submits a document (price list) containing information about the cost of the carrier’s services and the procedure for calculating freight charges.

9. The consignment note, unless otherwise provided by the contract for the carriage of goods, is drawn up for one or several consignments of cargo transported on one vehicle, in 3 copies (originals), respectively, for the shipper, consignee and carrier.

The consignment note is signed by the shipper and the carrier or their authorized representatives.

Any corrections are certified by the signatures of both the shipper and the carrier or their authorized representatives.

10. In the case of loading cargo to be transported onto various vehicles, a number of waybills are drawn up that corresponds to the number of vehicles used.

11. In the absence of all or any individual entries in the “Conditions of Transportation” section of the waybill, the conditions for the transportation of goods provided for by the Federal Law “Charter of Motor Transport and Urban Ground Electric Transport” (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law) and these Rules are applied.

The absence of an entry is confirmed by a dash in the corresponding column when filling out the delivery note.

12. When the shipper declares the value of the cargo, the cargo is accepted for transportation in the manner established by these Rules, indicating its value in paragraph 5 of the waybill. The declared value must not exceed the actual value of the cargo.

39. The time frame for loading and unloading cargo does not include the time required to carry out work to prepare the cargo for transportation.

40. Loading of cargo into a vehicle and container, as well as unloading of cargo from them, is carried out taking into account the list of works in accordance with Appendix No.

41. If loading of cargo into a container and unloading of cargo from it is carried out by removing the container from the vehicle, the delivery of an empty container to the shipper or a loaded container to the consignee is drawn up with an accompanying statement in accordance with Appendix No. (hereinafter referred to as the accompanying statement).

42. When delivering an empty container to the shipper or a loaded container to the consignee, the carrier fills out paragraphs 1 - 4, 6 - 10 (as far as the carrier is concerned) of the accompanying statement, and also in the column "Copy No." indicates the serial number of the copy (original) of the accompanying statement, and in the line "Accompanying statement No. " - the serial number of the carrier's accounting of accompanying statements.

43. When submitting a vehicle for loading, the consignor notes in the accompanying sheet in the presence of the carrier (driver) the actual date and time of submission (departure) of the vehicle for loading, the condition of the container and its sealing after loading onto the vehicle, and also fills out paragraph 10 of the accompanying sheet (as regards the shipper).

44. If necessary, the shipper indicates in paragraph 5 of the accompanying statement the information necessary to fulfill the phytosanitary, sanitary, quarantine, customs and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as recommendations on the deadlines and temperature conditions for transportation and information on locking and sealing devices container.

45. When submitting a vehicle for unloading, the consignee notes in the accompanying statement in the presence of the carrier (driver) the actual date and time of presentation (departure) of the vehicle for unloading, the condition of the container and its sealing when unloading from the vehicle, and also fills out paragraph 10 of the accompanying statement (in terms of the consignee).

46. ​​The accompanying statement is drawn up in 3 copies (originals) - for the consignee, consignor and carrier.

Any corrections in the accompanying statement are certified by the signatures of the consignor or consignee and the carrier.

47. The time for delivering the container to the loading and unloading points is calculated from the moment the driver presents the accompanying sheet to the consignor at the loading point, and to the consignee at the unloading point.

48. Unless otherwise established by the contract for the carriage of goods (chartering agreement), the shipper (charterer) ensures the provision and installation on the vehicle of the devices necessary for loading, unloading and transportation of cargo, and the consignee (charterer) ensures their removal from the vehicle.

49. All equipment belonging to the shipper (charterer) is returned by the carrier (charterer) to the shipper (charterer) in accordance with its instructions in paragraph 5 of the waybill and at the expense of the shipper (charterer), and in the absence of such instructions, they are issued to the consignee along with the cargo at the point of destination .

50. Loading of cargo into a vehicle and container is carried out by the shipper (charterer), and unloading from the vehicle and container is carried out by the consignee, unless otherwise provided by agreement of the parties.

51. Loading of cargo into a vehicle and container is carried out in such a way as to ensure the safety of cargo transportation and its safety, as well as to prevent damage to the vehicle and container.

52. Cargo items loaded by mechanized means, as a rule, must have loops, eyes, protrusions or other special devices for gripping by lifting machines and devices.

The choice of means of securing cargo in the vehicle body (belts, chains, cables, wooden blocks, stops, anti-slip mats, etc.) is carried out taking into account traffic safety, the safety of the transported cargo and the vehicle.

Securing cargo with nails, staples or other methods that damage the vehicle is not permitted.

IV. Determination of cargo weight, sealing of vehicles and containers

53. When transporting cargo in containers or packaging, as well as piece goods, their weight is determined by the shipper, indicating in the waybill the number of cargo items, net (gross) weight of cargo items in kilograms, dimensions (height, width and length) in meters, volume of cargo places in cubic meters.

54. The weight of the cargo is determined in the following ways:

a) weighing;

b) calculation based on geometric measurement data according to the volume of the loaded cargo and (or) technical documentation for it.

55. An entry in the waybill about the weight of the cargo, indicating the method of determining it, is carried out by the shipper, unless otherwise established by the contract for the carriage of goods. At the request of the carrier, the weight of the cargo is determined by the shipper in the presence of the carrier, and if the point of departure is the carrier's terminal, by the carrier in the presence of the shipper. When transporting cargo in a covered vehicle and container sealed by the shipper, the weight of the cargo is determined by the shipper.

56. Upon completion of loading, the bodies of covered vehicles and containers intended for one consignee must be sealed, unless otherwise provided by the contract for the carriage of goods. Sealing of the bodies of vehicles and containers is carried out by the shipper, unless otherwise provided by the contract for the carriage of goods.

57. The seal imprint must have control marks (abbreviated name of the owner of the seal, trademarks or vice number) or a unique number.

Information about the sealing of the cargo (type and shape of the seal) is indicated in the waybill.

58. Seals placed on the bodies of vehicles, vans, tanks or containers, their sections and individual cargo items must not allow access to the cargo and removal of the seals without violating their integrity.

59. Seals are hung:

a) for vans or their sections - one seal on the doors;

b) containers have one seal on the doors;

c) for tanks - on the hatch cover and the drain hole, one seal each, except for cases when, by agreement of the parties, a different sealing procedure is provided;

d) at the cargo item - from one to four seals at the joining points of edging strips or other binding materials.

60. Sealing of the body of a vehicle covered with a tarpaulin is carried out only if the connection of the tarpaulin to the body makes it impossible to access the cargo.

61. The seal must be hung on the wire and compressed with a vice so that the prints on both sides are readable and the wire cannot be removed from the seal. After compression with a vice, each seal must be carefully inspected and, if a defect is found, replaced with another.

Transportation with unclear imprints of established control marks on seals, as well as with incorrectly hung seals, is prohibited.

62. Sealing of certain types of cargo can be carried out by bandaging them, if this is provided for in the contract for the carriage of goods.

Paper tape, braid and other materials used for wrapping cargo should not have knots or extensions. When bandaging, each place where the packaging material used is fastened together must be marked with the shipper's stamp.

Banding should prevent access to the cargo without compromising the integrity of the packaging material used.

V. Delivery times, delivery of cargo. Cleaning of vehicles and containers

63. The carrier delivers and releases the cargo to the consignee at the address indicated by the consignor in the bill of lading, and the consignee accepts the cargo delivered to him. The carrier delivers the cargo within the period established by the contract for the carriage of goods. If the terms of the cargo transportation contract are not specified, the cargo is delivered:

a) in urban and suburban traffic - within 24 hours;

b) in intercity or international traffic - at the rate of one day for every 300 km of transportation distance.

64. The carrier informs the shipper and consignee about the delay in delivery of cargo. Unless otherwise established by the contract for the carriage of goods, the consignor and consignee have the right to consider the cargo lost and demand compensation for damages for the lost cargo if it was not released to the consignee at his request:

a) within 10 days from the date of acceptance of the cargo for transportation - for transportation in urban and suburban communications;

b) within 30 days from the day when the cargo should have been delivered to the consignee - when transported in intercity traffic.

65. The consignee has the right to refuse to accept the cargo and demand compensation from the carrier in the event of damage (damage) to the cargo during transportation through the fault of the carrier, if the use of the cargo for its intended purpose is impossible.

66. If the consignee refuses to accept the cargo for reasons beyond the control of the carrier, the latter has the right to deliver the cargo to the new address specified by the shipper (cargo redirection), and if it is impossible to deliver the cargo to the new address, return the cargo to the shipper with appropriate prior notification. The costs of transporting cargo when it is returned or re-addressed are reimbursed by the shipper.

67. Cargo redirection is carried out in the following order:

a) the driver, using communication means, informs the carrier about the date, time and reasons for the consignee’s refusal to accept the cargo;

b) the carrier notifies the shipper in writing or using communication means about the refusal and the reasons for the consignee’s refusal to accept the cargo and requests instructions on redirecting the cargo;

c) if redirection is not received from the shipper within 2 hours from the moment of his notification of the impossibility of delivering the goods, the carrier notifies the shipper in writing about the return of the goods and instructs the driver to return the goods to the shipper;

d) upon receiving instructions from the shipper to redirect the cargo before its delivery to the consignee indicated in the consignment note, the carrier, using communication means, informs the driver about the redirection.

68. When submitting a vehicle for unloading, the consignee notes in the waybill in the presence of the carrier (driver) the actual date and time of submitting the vehicle for unloading, as well as the condition of the cargo, containers, packaging, marking and sealing, the weight of the cargo and the number of cargo pieces.

69. Upon completion of use of the vehicle, the charterer notes in the work order in the presence of the charterer (driver) the actual date and time of completion of use of the vehicle.

70. Checking the weight of the cargo and the number of packages, as well as issuing the cargo to the consignee are carried out in the manner prescribed by Article 15 of the Federal Law.

71. After unloading cargo, vehicles and containers must be cleared of the remnants of these cargoes, and after transporting goods according to the list in accordance with Appendix No., vehicles and containers must be washed and, if necessary, disinfected.

72. The responsibility for cleaning, washing and disinfecting vehicles and containers lies with the consignees. The carrier, in agreement with the consignee, has the right to undertake, for a fee, the work of washing and disinfecting vehicles and containers.

VI. Features of transportation of certain types of cargo

73. When transporting cargo in bulk, in bulk, in bulk or in containers, its weight is determined by the shipper and, when the cargo is accepted by the carrier, is indicated by the shipper in the waybill.

74. When transporting homogeneous piece cargo on a vehicle, separate markings (except for the gross and net mass of the cargo) are not applied, with the exception of small consignments of cargo.

When transporting homogeneous piece goods in containers to one consignee in the amount of 5 or more packages, marking of at least 4 packages is allowed.

When transporting cargo in bulk, loose or liquid, it is not marked.

75. The placement of divisible cargo on a vehicle is carried out in such a way that the total weight of the vehicle with such cargo does not exceed the permissible weight of the vehicle provided for in Appendix No. to these Rules, the load on the axle of the vehicle with such cargo does not exceed the permissible load on the axle of the vehicle , provided for by Appendix No. to these Rules, and the dimensions of the vehicle with such cargo did not exceed the maximum permissible dimensions of the vehicle provided for by Appendix No. to these Rules.

76. When transporting cargo in bulk, loose or liquid, cargo sealed by the shipper, perishable and dangerous cargo, as well as part of the cargo transported under one consignment note, declaring the value of the cargo is not allowed.

77. Perishable cargo is transported in compliance with the temperature regime determined by the conditions of its transportation, ensuring the safety of its consumer properties, indicated by the shipper in column 5 of the waybill.

78. The amount of natural loss of cargo transported in bulk, in bulk or in liquid form under several waybills from one consignor to one consignee is determined for the entire consignment of simultaneously issued cargo in accordance with the norms of natural loss determined in the prescribed manner.

VII. The procedure for drawing up acts and filing claims

79. The act is drawn up in the following cases:

a) non-removal due to the fault of the carrier of the cargo provided for in the contract for the carriage of goods;

b) failure to provide a vehicle and container for loading;

c) loss or shortage of cargo, damage (damage) to cargo;

d) failure to present for transportation the cargo provided for in the contract for the carriage of goods;

e) refusal to use a vehicle provided on the basis of a charter agreement;

f) delay in delivery of cargo;

g) delay (downtime) of vehicles provided for loading and unloading;

h) delay (downtime) of containers owned by the carrier and provided for loading.

80. The act is drawn up by the interested party on the day the circumstances are discovered that are subject to the act. If it is impossible to draw up a report within the specified period, it will be drawn up within the next 24 hours. In the event that carriers, charterers, shippers, consignees and charterers evade drawing up an act, the relevant party has the right to draw up an act without the participation of the evading party, having previously notified it in writing about the drawing up of the act, unless another form of notification is provided for by the contract for the carriage of goods or the charter agreement.

81. Marks in the waybill and work order regarding the preparation of the act are carried out by officials authorized to draw up the acts.

for highways designed for a load of 10 tons per axle

for highways designed for an axle load of 11.5 tons per axle

Single axle (weight per axle)

over 2.5

5,5 (6)

9 (10)

10,5 (11,5)

Biaxial group (the sum of the masses of the axles included in a group of 2 closely spaced axles)

up to 1 (inclusive)

8 (9)

10 (11)

11,5 (12,5)

9 (10)

13 (14)

14 (16)

10 (11)

15 (16)

17 (18)

11 (12)

17 (18)

18 (20)

Three-axle group (the sum of the masses of the axles included in a group of 3 closely spaced axles)

up to 1 (inclusive)

11 (12)

15 (16,5)

17 (18)

over 1 to 1.3 (inclusive)

12 (13)

18 (19,5)

20 (21)

over 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)

13,5 (15)

23,5 (24)

over 1.8 to 2.5 (inclusive)

15 (16)

22 (23)

25 (26)

Close axles of vehicles with no more than 4 wheels on each axle (load per axle in a group of 4 axles or more)

up to 1 (inclusive)

3,5 (4)

5 (5,5)

5,5 (6)

over 1 to 1.3 (inclusive)

4 (4,5)

6 (6,5)

6,5 (7)

over 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)

4,5 (5)

6,5 (7)

7,5 (8)

over 1.8 to 2.5 (inclusive)

5 (5,5)

7 (7,5)

8,5 (9)

Close axles of vehicles with 8 or more wheels on each axle (load per axle in a group of axles)

up to 1 (inclusive)

over 1 to 1.3 (inclusive)

10,5

over 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)

over 1.8 to 2.5 (inclusive)

13,5

____________

* If the owner of the highway installs appropriate road signs and posts on its official website information about the permissible axle load of the vehicle for the highway.

** For vehicles with axles and groups of axles with single wheels equipped with pneumatic or equivalent suspension.

*** A group of close axles is grouped axles, structurally combined and (or) not combined into a bogie, with a distance to the nearest axle of up to 2.5 meters (inclusive).

**** Mass per axle, or the sum of the masses of the axles included in the group of axles.

Note.1. Values ​​in parentheses are given for axles with dual wheels, without brackets - for axles with single wheels.

2. Biaxial and triaxial groups, which include axles with single and double wheels, should be considered as groups of axles, which include axles with single wheels.

3. Uneven distribution of load along the axles is allowed for biaxial and triaxial groups, if the actual load on a group of axles does not exceed the permissible load on a group of axles with single or dual wheels and the actual load on the most loaded axle in biaxial and triaxial groups does not exceed the permissible axle load of a single axles with single or double wheels, respectively.

4. If groups of axles have different values ​​of interaxle distances, each distance between axles is assigned a value obtained by arithmetic averaging (the sum of all interaxle distances in the group is divided by the number of interaxle distances in the group). The center distance, obtained by arithmetic averaging, is assigned to two-axis and three-axle groups to determine the permissible load.

Appendix No. 3

to the Rules for Cargo Transportation
by car

Maximum permissible dimensions of vehicles

All vehicles	2.55 meters
Isothermal vehicle bodies	2.6 meters

All vehicles

Note.The maximum permissible dimensions of vehicles specified in this annex include the dimensions of swap bodies and cargo containers, including containers.

Appendix No. 4

to the Rules for Cargo Transportation
by car

Form

Waybill

Waybill			Order (application)
Copy No.			date
1. Shipper (cargo owner)			2. Consignee
__________ (authorized person)) ___________			(last name, first name, patronymic, residential address, phone number - for an individual (authorized person)) telephone number - for a legal entity)
3. Name of cargo
(shipping name of the cargo (for dangerous goods - in accordance with ADR), its condition and other necessary information about the cargo) _______________________ (net (gross) weight of packages in kilograms, dimensions (height, width and length) in meters, volume of cargo packages in cubic meters) _____________________________________________________________
4. Accompanying documents for the cargo
_________________________________________________________________ (list of documents attached to the waybill, provided for by ADR, sanitary, customs, quarantine, and other rules in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, or registration numbers of these documents, if such documents (information about such documents) are contained in state information systems) __________________________________________________________ a list of certificates, quality passports, certificates, permits, instructions, titles of title and other documents attached to the cargo, the availability of which is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, or registration numbers of these documents, if such documents (information about such documents) are contained in state information systems)
5. Shipper's instructions
_________________________________________________________ (vehicle parameters required for cargo transportation ___________________________________________________ (instructions necessary to fulfill phytosanitary, sanitary, quarantine, customs and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation) ______________________________________________ (recommendations on deadlines and temperature conditions for transportation, information on locking and sealing devices (if provided by the shipper), declared value (value) of the cargo, prohibition of cargo transshipment)
6. Reception of cargo			7. Delivery of cargo
(address of loading place) ____________________________________________ for loading)			____________________________________________ (address of unloading place) ____________________________________________ (date and time of delivery of the vehicle for unloading)
_________________ (actual date and time of arrival)	__________________		__________________ (actual date and time of arrival)	__________________ (actual date and time of departure)
_______________________________________________ Markings and sealing)			_________________________________________________
_______________ (cargo weight)	___________________ (number of cargo pieces)		_______________ (cargo weight)	____________________ (number of cargo pieces)
_______________________________________________ shipper (authorized person)) _______________________________________________ who accepted the cargo for transportation)			______________________________________________ (position, signature, transcript of the signature of the consignee (authorized person)) (signature, transcript of driver’s signature, who delivered the cargo)
8. Conditions of transportation
_____________________________________________ (terms after which the shipper and consignee have the right to consider the cargo lost, form of notification of an examination to determine the amount of actual shortages, damage (spoilage) of cargo) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (amount of fee and maximum period of storage of cargo in the carrier’s terminal, terms of loading (unloading) of cargo, procedure for providing and installing devices necessary for loading, unloading and transportation of cargo) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (the procedure for making a record in the waybill about the weight of the cargo and the method for determining it, sealing covered vehicles and containers, the procedure for loading and unloading operations, performing work on washing and disinfecting vehicles) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (amount of fine for failure to pick up cargo due to the fault of the carrier, untimely provision of a vehicle, container and late delivery of cargo; procedure for calculating the period of delay) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (the amount of the fine for failure to present vehicles for the transportation of goods, for delay (idleness) of vehicles submitted for loading, unloading, for idle time of specialized vehicles and delay (idleness) of containers)
9. Information on acceptance of an order (application) for execution
_____________________________ (date of acceptance of the order (application) for execution)		______________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, position of the person who accepted the order (application) for execution)			_______________ (signature)

Reverse side

10. Carrier
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, residential address, telephone number - for an individual (authorized person)) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (name and address of location, telephone number - for a legal entity) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Vehicle
______________________________________________________ (quantity, type, brand, load capacity (in tons), capacity (in cubic meters)) ______________________________________________________							_______________________________________ (registration numbers) _______________________________________
12. Reservations and comments of the carrier
________________________________________________ (actual condition of cargo, containers, packaging, marking and sealing upon acceptance of cargo) ________________________________________________ (changes in transportation conditions while moving)					__________________________________________ (actual condition of cargo, containers, packaging, marking and sealing upon delivery of cargo) __________________________________________ (change of transportation conditions during unloading)
13. Other conditions
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Forwarding
__________________________________________________ (date, form of forwarding (oral or written) ______________________________________________________ (information about the person from whom the instructions for forwarding were received (name, surname, first name, patronymic, etc.)				_______________________________________________ (address of the new unloading point, date and time of submission vehicle for unloading) ________________________________________________ (if the recipient of the cargo changes - new name consignee and his location)
15. Cost of carrier services and procedure for calculating freight charges
________________________________________ (cost of service in rubles, procedure (mechanism) calculation (calculations) of fees) ________________________________________ (amount of freight charge (to be filled in after end of transportation) in rubles) _______________________________________				___________________________________________________________ (carrier's expenses and payments made to the shipper for travel on toll roads, ___________________________________________________________ for the transportation of dangerous goods, goods transported by heavy and (or) large vehicles, payment of customs duties and fees, ___________________________________________________________ performing loading and unloading operations, as well as work for washing and disinfecting vehicles)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (full name of the payer’s organization (shipper), address, bank details payer (shipper) organization
16. Date of preparation, signatures of the parties
_______________ (shipper (cargo owner) (authorized person))	________ (date of)	_________ (signature)				_____________ (carrier (authorized person))		_______ (date of)		________ (signature)
17. Marks of shippers, consignees, carriers
Brief description of the circumstances that served as the basis for the mark			Calculation and amount of the fine						Signature, date

Appendix No. 5

to the Rules for Cargo Transportation
by car

ORDER-JOB

for the provision of a vehicle

Work order	Order
Copy No.	date
1. Charterer	2. Freighter
______________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, residential address, ______________________________________________ full name, location address, telephone number - for a legal entity)	_____________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, residential address, telephone number - for an individual, ______________________________________________ full name, location address, telephone number - for a legal entity)
3. Name of cargo
(shipping name of the cargo (for dangerous goods - ADR), its condition and other necessary information about the cargo) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (number of packages, labeling, type of container and packaging method) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (net (gross) weight of packages in kilograms, dimensions (height, width and length) in meters, volume of cargo packages in cubic meters) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (in case of transportation of dangerous goods - information on each dangerous substance, material or product in accordance with paragraph 5.4.1 of ADR)
4. Accompanying documents for the cargo
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (list of documents attached to the work order, provided for by ADR, sanitary, customs, quarantine and other rules in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (list of certificates, quality passports, certificates, permits, instructions, attached to the cargo, title and other documents, the availability of which is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation)
5. Charterer's instructions
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (parameters of the vehicle required to transport cargo (type, brand, load capacity, capacity, etc.)) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (instructions necessary to comply with phytosanitary, sanitary, quarantine, customs and other requirements, established by the legislation of the Russian Federation)
6. Route and place of delivery of the vehicle
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (date, time and address of the place of delivery of the vehicle, transportation route) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________ (actual date and time of delivery of the vehicle)	____________________________________________ (actual date and time of completion of use vehicle)
___________________________________________ (position, signature, transcript of signature charterer (authorized person))	____________________________________________ (signature and transcript of driver’s signature)
7. Transportation deadlines
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (time (in whole hours) of use of the vehicle by the charterer)
8. Conditions of charter
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (procedure for carrying out loading and unloading operations, performing work on washing and disinfecting vehicles) ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (amount of fine for failure to provide a vehicle, refusal to use a vehicle, provided for in the charter agreement)
9. Information on acceptance of a work order for execution
___________________________ (date of acceptance of work order for execution)	___________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, position of the person, who accepted the order for execution)	__________ (signature)

Reverse side

10. Vehicle
_________________________________________________ (quantity, type, brand, load capacity (tons), capacity (in cubic meters)) _________________________________________________				_________________________________________________ (registration numbers) _________________________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, information about means of communication (if available) driver(s), information about the waybill(s))
11. Reservations and comments of the charterer
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (change of date, time and timing of transportation, route and place of delivery of the vehicle)
12. Other conditions
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (number, date and validity period of the special permit, established route of movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle, a vehicle transporting dangerous goods) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (work and rest schedule of the driver along the route, information about commercial and other acts)
13. Amount of fee for using a vehicle
________________________________________ (cost of service in rubles) ________________________________________ (procedure (mechanism) of calculation (calculations) fees) ________________________________________ (fee size (filled in after completion) use) in rubles)		_________________________________________________________ (charterer's expenses and payments made to the charterer for travel on toll roads, _________________________________________________________ for the transportation of dangerous goods, goods transported by heavy and (or) large vehicles, payment of customs duties and fees, _________________________________________________________ performing loading and unloading operations, as well as works on washing and disinfection of vehicles)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ (full name of the payer’s organization, address, bank details of the payer’s organization)
14. Date of preparation, signatures of the parties
_____________ (charterer (authorized person))	____ (date of)		_________ (signature)		______________ (freighter (authorized person))	_____ (date of)	________ (signature)

15. Markers of the charterer, charterer
Brief description of the circumstances that served as the basis for marking	Calculation and amount of the fine	Signature, date
up to 1 ton inclusive	over 1 ton for each full or partial ton, additionally
Vehicle with box body
Vehicle with tipper body
A vehicle with a tipper body for working in quarries
Tank
Vehicle for transporting long cargo
Metal truck
Vehicle for transporting construction materials
Concrete mixer
Heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle, vehicle for transporting construction equipment
Vehicle for transporting animals
Vehicle for transporting cars
Container ship
Vehicle with removable body
Self-loader, including those with a tail lift
Garbage truck
Vehicles intended for the transport of dangerous goods in accordance with ADR (MEMU, EX/II, EX/III, FL, OX, AT)
Others

Container (gross weight, tons)	Time for loading (unloading) cargo into a container (minutes)
0,63 - 1,25
2,5 - 5
10 - 20
25 - 30

Appendix No. 7

to the Rules

List of works for loading cargo into a vehicle and container, as well as unloading cargo from them

Loading

1. Preparation of cargo or container for transportation:

a) packaging and packaging of cargo in accordance with standards, technical specifications for cargo, packaging, packaging and container;

b) marking and grouping of cargo items by consignee;

c) placement of cargo or container at the loading site.

2. Preparing the vehicle for loading:

a) placing the vehicle at the loading site;

b) opening doors, hatches, sides, removing awnings, preparing and installing on the vehicle the devices necessary for loading, unloading and transporting cargo, and putting them in working condition.

a) delivery of cargo or container to the vehicle;

b) placement and stowage of cargo in a vehicle.

4. Securing cargo in a vehicle:

a) bringing fastening, locking and protective devices into working condition, closing doors, hatches, sides of the vehicle, installing awnings;

b) preparing a loaded vehicle for movement.

Unloading

1. Placement of the vehicle at the unloading site.

2. Preparing cargo, container and vehicle for unloading:

a) opening doors, hatches, sides, removing awnings.

b) preparing for operation the mechanized loading and unloading devices and mechanisms installed on the vehicle, as well as removing and rendering fastening, locking and protective devices, devices and mechanisms inoperative.

3. Unloading cargo from the vehicle:

a) removal of cargo or container from a vehicle;

b) dismantling fastening, locking and protective devices, devices and mechanisms.

4. Preparing an unloaded vehicle for movement:

a) cleaning, washing and disinfecting the vehicle;

b) closing doors, hatches, sides of the vehicle, preparing loading and unloading, fastening, locking and protective devices, devices and mechanisms for the movement of the vehicle.

Appendix No. 8

to the Rules

Form

Accompanying statement

Accompanying statement No.
Copy No.
1. Shipper			2. Consignee
______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________			______________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, address of residence, data on means of communication - for an individual, _______________________________________ full name, location address - for a legal entity) _______________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, communication means of the person responsible for transportation)
3. Name of cargo
__________________________________________________________________________________ (shipping name of cargo (for dangerous goods - in accordance with ADR), its condition and other necessary information about the cargo) __________________________________________________________________________________ (number of cargo pieces, markings) __________________________________________________________________________________ (net (gross) weight of packages in kilograms, dimensions (height, width and length) in meters, volume of packages in cubic meters) __________________________________________________________________________________ (in case of transportation of dangerous goods - information on each dangerous substance, material or product in accordance with paragraph 5.4.1. ADR)
4. Container
Number, load capacity	Date and time of delivery for loading	Return date and time, loading time		Date and time of submission for unloading	Return date and time, unloading time
5. Shipper's instructions
__________________________________________________________________________________ (instructions necessary to fulfill phytosanitary, sanitary, quarantine, customs and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation) __________________________________________________________________________________
6. Delivery (reception) of the container			7. Delivery (reception) of the container
_______________________________________ (address of loading place) _______________________________________ (date and time of delivery of the vehicle for loading) _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ (signature of the shipper, signature of the driver who accepted the container)			______________________________________ (address of unloading place) ______________________________________ (date and time of delivery of the vehicle for unloading) ______________________________________ (actual date and time of arrival (departure)) _______________________________________ (actual condition of the container and its sealing) ______________________________________ (cargo weight, number of cargo pieces) ______________________________________ (signature of the consignee, signature of the driver who handed over the container)
8. Carrier
_______________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, residential address - for an individual) _______________________________________ (name and address of location - for a legal entity) ______________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic of the person responsible for transportation, data on means of communication)			_______________________________________ (last name, first name, patronymic, data on communication means (if any) of the driver (drivers)) _______________________________________ (information about the waybill(s)) _______________________________________

9. Vehicle
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ (type, brand, load capacity in tons)		____________________________ ____________________________ (registration number)
10. Date of preparation, signatures of the parties
________________________ ________________________ (shipper, date, signature)	_______________________ _______________________ (carrier, date, signature)		________________________ ________________________ (consignee, date, signature)

Appendix No. 9

to the Rules

List of goods, after transportation of which vehicles and containers must be washed and, if necessary, disinfected

Alabaster (gypsum) in pieces and ground

Barite (heavy spar)

Mineral wool

Vegetable marc

Drywall (gypsum marl)

Alumina

Mineral mud for baths

Feed yeast (hydrolysis sulfate)

Potato and beet pulp

Asbestos cardboard

Coagulants

Compound feed

Apatite concentrate

Nepheline concentrate

Dry paints and dyes

Cereals (if consumer packaging is damaged)

Vitamin flour from woody greens

Dolomite flour

Feed flour

Food flour

Pine-vitamin flour

Non-ferrous metal sawdust

Pegmatite

Asphalt powder

Lime powder

Magnesite metallurgical powder

Fireclay powder

Cigarettes (cigarettes) (if the consumer packaging is damaged)

Food and technical table salt

Powdered detergents

Technical and construction glass (if broken)

Shavings of non-ferrous metals and their alloys

Sulfates, other than hazardous ones

Raw materials of tobacco and shag

Tobacco (leaves and roots, snuff, processed)

Talc ground and in pieces (talc stone)

Glass container (if broken)

Peat and peat products

Organic and complex fertilizers

Chemical and mineral fertilizers

Dried minced meat (in bags)

Ferroalloys

Fireclay lumpy

Feed meal

Dangerous goods (in cases established by ADR)

Perishable goods

Animals and birds

Appendix No. 10

to the Rules

List of specialized vehicles

1. Vehicles with a box body:

refrigerated vans;

vans with body heating.

2. Vehicles - tanks:

tanks for transporting loose, powdery, dusty construction materials, including cement tankers;

tanks for transportation of bulk food products: flour, grain, mixed feed, bran;

tanks for transporting food liquids.

3. Vehicles for transporting construction materials:

vehicles - panel carriers;

vehicles - farm trucks;

vehicles - concrete mixers;

vehicles with a tipper body.

4. Vehicles for transporting animals.

5. Vehicles for transporting cars.

6. Vehicles - container ships.

7. Vehicles with a removable body.

8. Vehicles - garbage trucks.

9. Vehicles intended for the transport of dangerous goods in accordance with ADR (MEMU, EX/II, EX/III, FL, OX, AT)



The rules for transporting goods by road were approved by the Russian government in 2011. They regulate all the nuances of the delivery of various goods across the country.

Rules for the transportation of goods by road – innovations

Since 2011, several very important innovations have appeared in transport legislation that regulate the organization of road freight transportation. These include the following innovations:

• Inclusion of the concept of charter in the rules. A complete description is given of how to draw up a vehicle charter contract that protects the interests of both parties to the agreement.
• Establishment of key maximum permissible technical characteristics of vehicles involved in cargo transportation. According to traffic rules, the rules for transporting goods by road (cars, trucks) determine the maximum possible weight of the vehicles used, their loads (axial) and dimensions.
• Cargo forwarding. If the recipient of the goods for one reason or another does not want to accept it, the carrier company can inform the person who sent the goods about this and receive a new delivery address from him. It must be reported to the transport company within two hours. If this condition is not met, the goods are transported back to the point from which they were sent.
• Features of the contract of carriage. It is allowed to conclude it both in writing, indicating the obligations of the parties, and by accepting the order for execution by a transport company. The only important thing is that the delivery note is filled out correctly, which must be issued in accordance with the described rules.
  
• Delivery times of goods. One of the key terms of the agreement for the delivery of goods is the approximate terms of order completion. Many people forget to separately stipulate this point; this is especially common when the contract for services is concluded orally.

Carriage of goods - traffic rules

To prevent traffic police officers from having “inconvenient” questions for drivers involved in cargo transportation, they should take care to ensure that the dimensions of their vehicles comply with the new requirements. On the territory of Russia, vehicles transporting goods must have parameters that do not exceed the established permissible values:

• width: no more than 2.25 meters (2.6 for cars with an isothermal body);
• length: up to 12 meters (both for trailers and single vehicles);
• height: no more than 4 meters.

But the mass of the vehicle must meet the following requirements:

• no more than 18 tons for two-axle vehicles, no more than 25 for three-axle vehicles, no more than 32 for four-axle vehicles;
• no more than 28 tons for road trains with three axles, no more than 36 for four-axles, no more than 40 for five-axles.

For violation of the rules for transporting goods, fines are issued not only to drivers, but also to transport companies and officials who allowed transportation to take place.

Special rules for transporting oversized cargo by road

Rules for the transportation of large-sized cargo (oversized, heavy) apply in cases where transported goods with non-standard dimensions:

Basic Concepts

The rules apply when transporting various piece cargo, metal cargo of all types, mobile equipment, reinforced concrete products and structures, containers, packaged piece cargo, cargo in transport packages, large and heavy cargo, timber cargo.

For goods considered in the rules and simultaneously included in the list, the requirements for the maritime transport of dangerous goods must also be met. The rules establish general requirements for loading and unloading of ships, ensuring safety during the transportation of general cargo. Including packaged hazardous substances, large and heavy cargo. Which, due to their inherent properties and characteristics, can, when transported by sea, create a threat to the life and health of people, lead to damage to ships and transported goods.

Requirements applicable to container shippers:

• Cargo requiring containers and packaging must be presented for transportation in serviceable containers and packaging;
• Containers and packaging for which state standards have been established or for which technical conditions have been established must comply with them.

Information features of cargo transfer

The shipper must promptly provide the carrier with all documents relating to the cargo required by the regulations. The shipper is liable to the carrier for losses caused as a result of untimely transfer or unreliability of such documents.

The sender is obliged to properly mark the cargo and provide the carrier with the necessary information about it. For this purpose, the shipper provides written information about the cargo in advance of loading. (Fig.1)

Rice. 1 Marking when packing cargo
1 - Danger sign;
2 - Manipulation signs;
3 — UN serial number;
4 - Classification code;
5 — Transport name.

In order to ensure the reliability and completeness of information about cargo that poses the greatest danger during sea transportation, the shipper entrusts the development of information about the cargo to a recognized organization.

Information about the cargo can be used for a period of validity established by the developer, depending on the nature and dynamics of changes in the transport characteristics and properties of the cargo.

Cargo, cargo packages and cargo transport units, including containers, must be loaded, stowed and secured on the ship during the entire voyage in accordance with the cargo securing manual.

Loading and unloading operations on board the ship are carried out in accordance with the instructions for securing cargo according to working technological documentation, developed and approved in the prescribed manner. (Fig.2)

Loading and unloading work on a ship

The sender of goods that pose the greatest danger during sea transportation organizes control over compliance with cargo information requirements. Also, issuing to the captain of the vessel a document on the safe stowage and securing of cargo. In the case of carriage of cargo on deck and carrying out work on its securing, obtaining a document confirming the exercise of due care to ensure the safe carriage of cargo is the responsibility of the carrier.

To obtain permission for a vessel to leave with cargo that poses a danger during sea transportation, the captain of the vessel provides the port captain with information about the cargo. Also, a document on its safe installation and fastening, issued by a recognized organization.

Requirements for cargo, containers, packaging and labeling

When presented for transportation by sea, it must be prepared taking into account the requirements of cargo standards, and also meet the requirements of sea transportation conditions and standards in terms of:

• Serviceability of containers and packaging;
• Availability and serviceability of seals, locks, control tapes;
• No leakage of liquid cargo in containers;
• Compliance of containers with regulatory documents;
• The presence of clearly visible markings on the container, including warning notices;
• Lack of washing of loads that are afraid of it;
• No odors or other signs indicating damage to the cargo.

Packaged dangerous goods

When preparing general cargo for transportation, it is necessary to consider:

1. Possibility of its displacement under the influence of pitching;
2. Danger associated with the possibility of fire, explosion and adverse effects on humans and the environment (toxicity, radiation);
3. Possibility of loss of quality or deterioration from exposure to moisture, dust, contamination, heat, corrosion, fumes and various types of bacteria;
4. Release of moisture, dust, heat and various odors;
5. The need to ensure certain temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions for transportation.

Based on compatibility, general cargo is divided into three categories:

1. Possessing aggressive properties;
2. Exposed to aggressive factors;
3. Neutral.

Vessel carrying general cargo

The packaging of cargo items weighing one ton or more must have devices (butts, eyes, hooks, etc.) to perform loading and unloading operations and securing cargo on the ship. The strength of these devices must correspond to the weight of the cargo package and the loads encountered during sea transportation. Lifting devices must not protrude beyond the outer surfaces of the container. If deficiencies are discovered that pose a risk of loss, damage or damage to the cargo or damage to the ship, the shipper must bring the container into compliance with the requirements of current regulatory documents.

Preparation of cargo spaces and ship equipment for cargo acceptance

Vessels offered by the carrier for loading must be in seaworthy condition, and the cargo spaces are prepared to receive cargo.

Preparation of the ship for receiving cargo should include:

1. Bringing cargo spaces into a condition appropriate for the given cargo and checking systems passing through the cargo spaces;
2. Checking the proper operation of cargo devices;
3. Checking the reliability of the closure of openings, access to which will be impossible after loading the vessel, and openings that, in accordance with their purpose, must be closed;
4. Checking the serviceability of devices used to monitor the water level in bilges, as well as drainage systems;
5. Checking the serviceability of fire protection systems and equipment;
6. Checking the tightness of hatch covers and the hydraulic system of the hatch cover drive.

Cargo premises must be cleared of remnants of previously transported goods, and the nature of the cleaning of the premises depends on the type of cargo to be transported:

• Before transporting construction materials, metal products, mobile equipment, unpackaged cargo and other cargo not exposed to dust, odors, etc., dry cleaning of holds is carried out;
• Before transporting food and plant cargo, cotton, fabrics and other industrial goods in small packaging or bags, cargo spaces must be washed, dried and ventilated;
• If there are odors, cargo spaces must be deodorized;
• After transporting salted fish, wet-salted skins, liquid fats, salt, livestock and other similar cargo, the holds must be washed, and after transporting wet-salted skins and disinfected;
• After transporting dusty, polluting cargo, for example, bulk coal, the holds must be washed with water from hoses.

Cleaning the vessel after cargo transportation

To protect against impacts from cargo, ship systems (pipes) in the ship's cargo spaces must be protected with metal or wooden casings. Bilge bilges must be opened and cleaned. If there is an odor in the bilges, after washing they should be dried and sprayed with lime milk, potassium permanganate, 1% ammonia solution or other deodorizing agents. The necks of all tanks must be checked for leaks. The drainage system inlets and measuring tubes must be inspected and cleaned. Ship's booms and cranes must be raised and secured in such a way as not to interfere with the operation of shore cranes.

When using ship lifting equipment, they must be checked in advance and made ready in accordance with the requirements of the technical operation rules and ship technical documentation.

Vessel, with built-in lifting crane

Before stowing deck cargo, the following must be done:

1. Provide and install a sufficient number of strong eyes and butts for fastening the lashings;
2. Protect pipelines running along the deck from possible damage by cargo;
3. Check the reliability of the hatch covers;
4. Clean the scuppers and storm ports from dirt and check their serviceability;
5. Select the necessary fastening devices and place them at loading points;
6. Prepare the necessary materials with a high coefficient of friction and place them at loading points;
7. Mark areas on the deck that must be left free of cargo to provide access to fire stations, hatches, doors, etc.

The readiness of cargo spaces for the transportation of a specific type of cargo is checked by the ship's administration, which is recorded in the ship's log.

There are almost four thousand existing federal laws in Russia, and more than eleven thousand decrees of various ministries and departments. Among this mass of normative acts, there are completely unique examples that perfectly illustrate the legislative bodies’ ability to keep up with the processes taking place in the country. For example, there are 17 current regulations adopted in 1918–1945. So carriers, whose operating rules were promised in the Motor Transport Charter, which came into force back in 2008, and as a result were delayed by almost four years, should not be offended by legislators.

Conceptual apparatus

“Rules for the transportation of goods by road”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 No. 272 ​​(hereinafter referred to as the Rules), “shrinked” in comparison with the usual OPPGAT several times. But as a guide to action, they are quite suitable.

The rules supplemented the Charter of Road Transport (CAR) with six new concepts: “accompanying statement”, “consignment of cargo”, “cargo package”, “heavy cargo”, “large cargo” and “divisible cargo”. True, for most carriers almost all of these concepts will remain unclaimed. But the word “simple,” the definition of which they so hoped to see in the Charter, went unnoticed.

“Downtime” in the concept of legislators is a “delay” in loading or unloading, which, according to the UAT and the Rules, is calculated from the moment the driver presents the waybill or waybill. But in practice, it often happens that the driver waits for days to be allowed into the warehouse territory, and no one takes a single document from him.

Once again the concept of “organization of cargo transportation” surfaced, but, unfortunately, it did not add any clarity. Article 799 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation refers the parties to the contract of carriage to the statutes and rules, but how the “organization” of transportation differs from simple “transportation” is not answered by either the UAT or the Rules.

They decided not to bother with the concepts of “order” and “application”, accepting these terms as equivalent, as in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, although UAT warns that an “order” is any transportation, and an “application” only if there is an agreement on the organization of transportation. The concept of “lateness” has been established: now a vehicle is considered late if it arrives for loading with a delay of more than 2 hours from the time specified in the order or application. However, the parties to the contract may change this period at their discretion (clause 25 of the Rules).

Step by step

Chapter two of the Rules “Conclusion of an agreement for the carriage of goods, an agreement for chartering a vehicle for the carriage of goods” indeed contains very specific instructions. But to what extent these guidelines correspond to business realities remains to be seen. Clause 6 of the Rules provides that the carriage of goods is carried out on the basis of a contract for the carriage of goods, which can be concluded through the carrier’s acceptance of an order for execution, and if there is an agreement on the organization of the carriage of goods, an application from the shipper, except for the cases specified in clause 13 of the Rules. This, at first glance, simple point still hides the option specified in paragraph 1 of Art. 8 UAT that the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods is confirmed by a waybill, which, unless otherwise provided by the contract, is drawn up by the shipper. That is, to confirm the fact of concluding a contract of carriage, the carrier only needs to accept the cargo and sign the waybill.

But clause 7 of the Rules is already more interesting. According to it, the order (application) is submitted by the shipper to the carrier, who is obliged to review the order (application) and, within 3 days from the date of its acceptance, inform the shipper about the acceptance or refusal to accept the order (application) with a written justification of the reasons for the refusal and return the order (application). Sufficiently detailed instructions (not always possible in real work, when a vehicle needs urgent loading) contain a very interesting restriction that allows an application to be submitted to the carrier directly by the shipper, that is, the cargo owner or his authorized forwarder.

The question remains open: what should the carrier do to find out exactly who sent him the application and what could he face if the application was sent by an inappropriate person? If we consider the situation legally, then the carrier’s actual acceptance of such an application from the dispatcher and the shipper’s justified refusal to load the vehicle may become the subject of a long trial for failure to present the cargo.

It is not difficult to find the culprit if, for example, the shipper refused to deliver the vehicle in a timely manner and reported his refusal to the intermediary (which also remains a mystery for the shipper until the vehicle arrives), but for some reason this order did not reach the carrier. But it is difficult to recover damages from the intermediary, since they, as a rule, do not bother themselves with concluding proper agency agreements, limiting themselves to a conditional “application” in which their liability, of course, is not spelled out. We can only hope that the risk of traveling an extra couple of hundred kilometers several times a month will overcome the desire of carriers to hope for the eternal “maybe.” In this case, the initiative of legislators will achieve its goal - to rid the market of intermediaries.

Part two of clause 7 of the Rules conflicts with both the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the UAT. There is an opinion that in the text of paragraph 2 of Art. 785 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation “... is confirmed by the preparation and issuance of a bill of lading to the sender of the goods”, a typo was made. This opinion is confirmed by the corresponding article of the UAT: “the consignment note, unless otherwise provided by the contract for the carriage of goods, is drawn up by the shipper.” The rules define the preparation of a transport bill of lading as a kind of collective creativity: “When considering an order (application), the carrier, in agreement with the shipper, determines the conditions for transporting the goods and fills out paragraphs 8–11, 13, 15 and 16 (as regards the carrier) of the transport bill of lading.”

Taking into account the requirements of clause 8 of the Rules, the carrier will be forced to describe numerous flights of its transport, trying to combine past profits with possible future losses in a document called a “price list” containing information about the cost of the carrier’s services and the procedure for calculating the carriage charge. This document must be provided at the request of the shipper, which is understandable from any point of view, including the fact that it is the carrier, and not the shipper, and especially the intermediaries who vary the price for the client depending on own interest.

Unfortunately, in practice, no price list will withstand competition with those market participants who do not try to follow the letter of the law, and on those routes that traditionally have a large cargo flow and high rates in one direction and an almost complete absence of cargo in the opposite direction. Also, the constant increase in fuel prices will greatly outpace the adequate reflection of the actual costs of carriers, and the need to pay higher wages and higher rental payments in large cities will hit the pockets of carriers in both capitals and cities with a population of over a million.

Rights and obligations

Paragraphs 24–26 of the Rules spell out in detail those provisions that are considered “proper execution of the contract”: the timing of the delivery of the vehicle and the procedure for presenting the cargo. As mentioned above, the concept of “lateness” was introduced: delivery of the vehicle to the loading point with a delay of more than 2 hours from the time established in the order (application) agreed by the carrier or work order, unless otherwise established by agreement of the parties (clause 25 Rules).

Compared to the UAT, the right of the shipper and charterer to refuse to fulfill the contract of carriage or charter has been expanded: in accordance with Article 10 of the UAT, the driver is required to present an identification document at the loading point, but without sanctions. According to the Rules, failure to present such a document will serve as grounds for returning the car to the garage (clause 29 of the Rules). This point is quite justified, since before the introduction of the Rules there was a gap in the UAT.

Expert

Nikolay Sharistanov, head of the transport department at RosLogistics

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 272 dated April 15, 2011 “On approval of the rules for transporting goods by road” did not in any way affect the activities of our company. Before its adoption, legislative acts adopted in the USSR were in force, to which additions were subsequently published. And this resolution simply annulled the Soviet-era document, removing irrelevant clauses, and as a result, the result was a Russian document. The only innovation was the approval of a new form of consignment note for domestic Russian cargo transportation, but for unknown reasons this consignment note did not cancel the previous consignment note. Therefore, there are currently two documents in force that duplicate each other.

The Rules pay a lot of attention to sealing the cargo compartment (clauses 56–62). The condition that sealing may be optional under the terms of the contract of carriage has been left in place, so you should carefully read the text of the contract.

Clause 63 of the Rules establishes the delivery time for goods. By default, it is in intercity or international traffic at the rate of one day for every 300 km of transportation distance. Why exactly 300 kilometers is unclear, because even at an average speed of 60 km/h with an eight-hour working day, taking into account rest time, the driver can travel at least 350 kilometers. The carrier still has room for maneuver: if the shipper does not pay attention to the delivery time, then transportation from Moscow to St. Petersburg threatens to drag on for almost three days. The procedure for returning cargo in the event that the consignee refuses to accept it (forwarding) is prescribed, and the time frame for waiting for a response from the shipper is very clearly established (clause 67). When applying this clause, it is worth keeping in mind that only the driver is given the right to make a phone call, but the carrier is obliged to notify the shipper in such a way as to prove the legality of his actions in the event of a trial. It is best if the notice is sent by telegraph, and ideally if it is sent not only to the address where the shipper's office is located, but also to what is commonly called the "legal" address.

Even if the postal workers do not find the counterparty at the “legal” address, an appropriate note will be made about this, which will serve as an argument for the carrier, since any organization is obliged to be located at the “legal address”, or the location of the organization determined by the charter. The location of the actual office in another place without notifying the tax authorities will not add respect to the organization in the eyes of the judge, so in no case should you spare money for two telegrams. It would also be useful for the carrier to remember that the consignee’s refusal to accept the cargo with an offer to take the cargo for sale is not allowed. Such a right is given to the consignee only in relation to perishable cargo (clause 6 of article 15 of the UAT of the Russian Federation).

Expert

Nikolay Epikhov, Deputy Director of Asstra Forwarding Operations Management for Training, Information and Consulting

Clause 2 of the “Rules for the transportation of goods by road” determines: the transportation of goods by road in international traffic on the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of road transport, regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and these Rules. Accordingly, for such transportation the following applies:

• 1956 CMR Convention

• FIATA rules and regulations.

• Rules for transport and forwarding activities (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 8, 2006 N 554)

• Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Chapter 41 “Transport expedition”.

There is an unpleasant surprise: clause 75 of the Rules provides for the possibility of vehicles with cargo having a total weight of 40 tons traveling through the territory of Russia, and when transported in 40-foot containers - 44 tons. Undoubtedly, this is a more progressive norm compared to the previous one - 38 tons. At first glance, an increase in the total weight of a loaded vehicle gives the right to think about the possibility of increasing the weight of one shipment transported on a standard road train. Similar proposals have already been received from a number of customers. Analysis of the new rules allows us to conclude that the total axle load on a three-axle bogie with an axle distance from 1 m to 1 m 35 cm (the most common size of semi-trailers used) has been reduced from 22.5 to 21 tons. Accordingly, it is not possible to increase the weight of one shipment.

As for domestic transportation, the Charter and Rules represent another type of agreement, which has never previously been found in Russian regulations of motor transport law, and is also not mentioned in the CMR Convention. We are talking about a charter agreement. In Art. 2 of the Charter, by defining the concepts “charterer” and “charterer”, a charter agreement is introduced into Russian motor transport law: Clause 21. Charterer - an individual or legal entity who, under a charter agreement, undertakes to pay the cost of using all or part of the capacity of one or more vehicles provided for one or more flights for the transportation of passengers, luggage, cargo; P.22 charterer - a legal entity, individual entrepreneur, who have assumed under the charter agreement the obligation to provide the charterer with all or part of the capacity of one or more vehicles for one or more flights for the transportation of passengers, luggage, and cargo. According to this agreement, the charterer undertakes to provide the charterer with all or part of the capacity of one or more vehicles for one or more voyages for the transportation of goods, and the charterer undertakes to pay the cost of using the vehicle (vehicles) provided by the charterer.

This agreement has the characteristics of a rental agreement for a vehicle with a crew, according to which the lessor provides the lessee with a vehicle for a fee for temporary possession and use and provides its own services for its management and technical operation (Article 632 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The fact that the vehicle is provided with a crew follows from the content of Part 6 of Article 18 of the Charter, which states that the time for delivery of the vehicle under the charter agreement is calculated from the moment the driver presents the waybill and identification document to the charterer. The difference between a lease agreement for a vehicle with a crew under Art. 632 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the charter agreement according to the Charter and rules is that the agreement named in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is a lease agreement for a time, and according to the Charter - for one or more voyages. The fact that a charter agreement is not a contract for the carriage of goods follows from the content of the rules defining the responsibility of the charterer.

The charterer is not responsible for the safety of the cargo transported in the vehicle and compliance with the cargo delivery deadlines, but is only responsible for failure to provide the vehicle (Part 2 of Article 34). At the same time, in our opinion, the Law on TED, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and the Rules of TED do not prevent the conclusion of a transport expedition agreement with clients and transportation agreements with carriers. So, the interaction between the forwarder and the carrier can be built according to the following schemes:

• or use of a charter agreement;

• or on behalf and on behalf of the client, concluding a contract of carriage with the carrier. The rules, unfortunately, do not contain such a concept as “customer” or “client”. Everything is tailored to the “shipper” (that is, the basic conditions of the Incoterms purchase and sale agreement are absolutely not taken into account) or to the “charterer”.

Facts and acts

One of the most conflicting moments in transportation is the so-called “downtime” or “load failure.” The rules practically did not clarify this point. The carrier delivers the appropriate vehicle at the agreed time, but the sender does not start loading on time, or even refuses to load altogether, citing the unavailability of the cargo or lack of documents. At the same time, it is not at all a fact that the carrier will be allowed into the sender’s territory at all and will have the opportunity to receive marks of arrival for loading, that is, to certify the time from which the downtime period will be calculated.

Both the UAT and the Rules provide for the responsibility of the shipper for violation of loading deadlines. But the UAT refers the carrier to the Transportation Rules, and the Rules determine only the timing of the actual loading, and the timing during which the cargo is considered unpresented is solely at the discretion of the parties. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the period after which the cargo is considered not presented in the contract or application. According to business customs, the parties to the contract have “mirror” responsibilities and “mirror” obligations, that is, it is quite acceptable to set the deadline for presenting the cargo for loading within 2 hours if a similar period is set for the carrier as a delay limit, or a longer one if It is also acceptable for the carrier to be late within this period. The provisions of the contract must contain instructions on the deadlines for presenting the cargo, counting from the moment of delivery of the vehicle, as well as the periods during which downtime is calculated (Clause 4 of Article 35 of the UAT of the Russian Federation), as well as the periods the expiration of which is considered non-presentation of the cargo for transportation. According to paragraph 6 of Art. 35 of the UAT, a fine for demurrage of vehicles is collected regardless of the fine for failure to present goods for transportation under the contract.

Paragraph 79 of the Rules teaches carriers the beginnings of pre-trial settlement and the procedure for preparing the evidence base. We are talking about acts that are drawn up in the event of:

• non-removal due to the fault of the carrier of the cargo provided for in the contract for the carriage of goods;

• failure to provide a vehicle and container for loading;

• loss or shortage of cargo, damage (damage) to cargo;

• failure to present cargo for transportation as provided for in the cargo transportation contract;

• refusal to use a vehicle provided on the basis of a charter agreement;

• delays in cargo delivery;

• delays (downtime) of vehicles and containers provided for loading and unloading.

The act is drawn up by the interested party on the day the circumstances to be drawn up are discovered, and if it is impossible to draw up the act within the specified period, it is drawn up within the next 24 hours. If the other party evades drawing up the act, the corresponding party has the right to draw up the act without its participation, having previously notified the counterparty in writing about the drawing up of the act, unless another form of notification is provided for in the contract for the carriage of goods or the charter agreement. The note in the waybill and work order regarding the preparation of the act is carried out by officials authorized to draw up the acts. Notification of the drawing up of the act, made to all interested parties, must be sent to them by express mail or telegram: fax messages, and especially electronic notifications, can be rejected by the court if the agreement does not specify the electronic addresses to which such notifications are sent, and the procedure acceptance of such notifications by the parties.

Interesting is paragraph 86 of the Rules. Firstly, “... in the waybill, work order, waybill and accompanying statement, a note must be made on the preparation of the act, containing a brief description of the circumstances that served as the basis for its affixing, and the amount of the fine.” In this case, we are talking about articles 34 and 35 of the UAT of the Russian Federation, which determine the amount of penalties imposed by both carriers and shippers or consignees on the guilty party. Secondly, “... in relation to specialized vehicles listed in accordance with Appendix No. 10, the amount of the fine for delay (downtime) of a vehicle is established in accordance with Part 5 of Article 35 of the Federal Law” (we are talking about UAT). That is, fines for downtime of refrigerators, car transporters and other rolling stock classified as specialized by the Rules are doubled.

If the carrier is not allowed into the sender’s territory, this does not deprive him of the right to draw up a report. In this case, additional evidence will be required that he was at the designated loading location on time: you can record the mileage on the waybill or make a printout of the navigation system. However, unscrupulous shippers are quite successful in making drivers wait outside their territory, given that it is not always possible to prove their on-time arrival and waiting time. The situation can be corrected by using a tachograph, including during transportation within the territory of the Russian Federation: however, this will require drivers to comply with the work and rest regime and the correct maintenance of tachograms and their recording. Similar terms of the contract must be reflected when unloading the vehicle. The carrier’s actions during unloading are absolutely similar.

The question arises: what to do if the customer of the transportation misled the carrier and turned out to be not a person provided for by law, that is, the shipper, but an intermediary? It often happens that the shipper receives distorted information or does not receive it at all, that is, one cannot talk about his dishonesty: in any proceedings, he will be able to prove that when planning the loading or unloading of vehicles, he relied on the information provided to him by the contractor he he himself can take for the carrier. When referring to the Rules or UAT, the situation may not turn out in favor of the carrier, because there is no agreement between them that can define conditions not specified in the regulatory documents.

It will be difficult to refer to the UAT and the Rules even in proceedings with the transportation customer himself, if his status actually differs from that prescribed by law, since both the UAT and the Rules do not affect the participation of third parties in transportation. Therefore, the simplest recommendation for the carrier in this case may be: avoid references to the UAT and the Rules in cases where the wording can be attributed solely to the responsibilities of the shipper or recipient. That is, the obligation of the transportation customer should be formulated not as an obligation to perform some action that directly concerns the shipper or consignee, but to ensure the execution of such an action. In this case, penalties will be imposed on him as a person who has not fulfilled his obligations under the contract.

Paper is different from paper

The last paragraphs of the Rules are devoted to claims. The rules establish a list of attached documents confirming the circumstances set out in the claim, without indicating whether they are copies or originals, which makes it possible to successfully maneuver by providing a certified copy as such documents, especially since the waybill becomes a reporting document for the carrier.

The UAT, in terms of filing claims, indicates that if the claim is refused or partially satisfied, the documents must be returned, and if the claim is fully satisfied, they must be left with the person to whom the claim was presented (Article 40 of the UAT). Such a statement gives either party the opportunity to refer to incomplete provision of documents for consideration of the claim. At the same time, providing documents without a specific reference to a normative act may provoke dishonesty of any of the counterparties. For example, the party to whom the claim is presented may refer to the bearer’s bad faith, saying that this document is named in the claim, but is not actually attached, while the bearer may deliberately indicate in the claim, but not attach a certain document. Countering such fraud is the personal transfer of documents against signature or the use of a postal inventory of attachments.

The app is a plus

The appendices to the Rules address issues related to the current problem of almost all carriers - the maximum load and axle load of vehicles.

But Appendix No. 6 “Time limits for loading and unloading,” despite its apparent specificity, can cause confusion. Before calculating how long it will take to load, you have to think about what type of vehicle a regular “Eurotruck” should be classified as. There are many options, but there is no exact answer.

The loading and unloading times specified for car transporters are very confusing: 6 minutes up to one ton inclusive, and then 3 minutes for each partial ton. It is not yet clear how the driver will drive and secure some Land Cruiser, and then level the ramps in record time. However, this could be a secret plot to combat traffic jams.

If you turn to Appendix No. 10 “List of Specialized Vehicles,” you can find a connection between a refrigerated van and a vehicle with a van body from Appendix No. 6 and, through simple calculations, make sure that the loading standard for a refrigerator is just over an hour. By analogy, it can be assumed that similar standards can be applied to tilt semi-trailers. The question is whether these standards will be implemented in practice and whether following them will not lead to constant conflicts between cargo owners and carriers. Therefore, it is worth taking advantage of the right granted by clause 38 of the Rules and determining the terms of loading in the contract of carriage. The time frame for loading and unloading cargo does not include the time required to carry out work to prepare the cargo for transportation (clause 39 of the Rules).

Storm in a teacup?

At the Avtotransinfo forum, carriers, forwarders and intermediaries devoted more than a hundred pages to discussing the Rules, because the appearance of the rules actually “breaks” the scheme “customer - forwarder - intermediaries (dispatchers) - carrier” that has been developed over the years.

All remaining parties should benefit from the departure of the extra link, the intermediary: the cargo owner, the forwarder and, of course, the carrier, whose relations with intermediaries do not work out, despite the fact that most carriers have greatly improved their legal literacy in recent years. But practice shows: intermediaries are trying to turn the provisions of the new Rules in their favor, excluding from the process the most important entity that provides them with a stable and very good income - the carrier. An illustrative example. A large dispatcher dismisses the application and says: “When you receive the TTN, do not put your stamp - we are the carriers for the client.” This is a real remark voiced on the Avtotransinfo forum. Such an “exception” of the carrier actually puts him in the position of a person who legally did not perform any transportation. Here we can talk not about civil relations between the parties, but about a deliberate violation of the law. But carriers continue to make such “exceptions,” although the risk of being left without business is much greater than the risk of being left without a “valuable” client.