The level of personality development is often correlated with the degree of its socialization. The criteria of maturity, accordingly, appear as the criteria of socialization. At the same time, the question of the criteria for personality maturity has not been resolved once and for all in Russian psychology. Among maturity indicators:
- the breadth of social connections, presented at the subjective level: I-other, I-others, I-society as a whole, I-humanity;
- a measure of the development of the individual as a subject;
- the nature of the activity - from appropriation to implementation and conscious reproduction;
- social competence.
C. G. Jung linked the achievement of maturity with the individual's acceptance of responsibility, first of all, for his projections, their awareness and subsequent assimilation. K. Rogers considered responsibility in close connection with awareness, freedom to be oneself, control of one's own life and choice.
- Expanding the sense of self, which gradually arises in infancy, is not fully formed in the first 3-4 years or even in the first 10 years of life, but continues to expand with experience as the range of what a person participates in increases. What is important here is the activity of the Self, which must be purposeful.
- Warmth in relationships with others. A person must be capable of significant intimacy in love (in a strong friendship). And at the same time, avoid idle, obsessive involvement in relationships with other people, even with your own family.
- Emotional security (self-acceptance). A mature person expresses his beliefs and feelings while taking into account the beliefs and feelings of others and without feeling threatened by the expression of emotions - by himself or others.
- Realistic perception, skills and tasks. A mature personality must be focused on the problem, on something objective that is worth doing. The task makes you forget about satisfying drives, pleasures, pride, and protection. This criterion is obviously related to responsibility, which is the existentialist ideal of maturity. At the same time, a mature personality is in close contact with the real world.
- Self-objectification- understanding, humor. A person acting for show does not realize that his deception is transparent and his posture is inadequate. A mature person knows that it is impossible to “fake” a personality; one can only deliberately play a role for the sake of entertainment. The higher the self-understanding, the more clearly a person’s sense of humor is expressed. It is worth remembering that real humor sees behind some serious object or subject (for example, oneself) the contrast between appearance and essence.
- Unified philosophy of life. A mature person necessarily has a clear idea of his purpose in life. A mature person has a relatively clear self-image. This criterion is associated with the “maturity” of conscience. A mature conscience is a feeling of duty to maintain one’s self-image in an acceptable form, to continue one’s chosen line of proprietary aspirations, and to create one’s own style of being. Conscience is a type of self-government.
It is important to note that the process of socialization does not stop in adulthood. Moreover, it never ends, but always has a conscious or unconscious goal. Thus, the concepts of “maturity” and “adulthood” are not synonymous. In fact, even at the individual level, the concepts of “maturity” and “adulthood” do not completely coincide. Within the framework of one paradigm, the problem of maturity can be considered at the level of the relationship between different levels of human organization: individual, personality, subject of activity. According to A. A. Bodalev, in the process of human development there is a certain relationship between the manifestations of the individual, personality and subject of activity. The nature of this relationship can be represented in four main ways.
- Individual human development is significantly ahead of his personal and subjective-activity development. A person is physically already an adult, but his assimilation of the basic values of life, attitude to work, and sense of responsibility are insufficient. More often this occurs in those families where parents “extend childhood” for their children.
- Personal human development is more intensive than his individual and subject-activity development. All qualities (values, relationships) outstrip the pace of physical maturation, and a person as a subject of labor cannot develop habits for everyday work effort or determine his calling.
- Subjective-activity development is in the lead compared to the other two. A person can almost fanatically love to work at the level of his still small physical capabilities and poorly formed positive personal qualities.
- There is a relative correspondence of the pace of individual, personal and subject-activity development. The ratio that is most optimal for human development throughout his life. Normal physical development and good physical well-being are one of the factors not only for more successful assimilation, but also for the manifestation of the basic values of life and culture, which are expressed in the motives of human behavior. And positive motivation, behind which stands the emotional-need core of the personality, is one of the indispensable components of the structure of a person as an active subject of activity.
A. A. Rean, trying to summarize the known approaches to the psychological understanding of the level of maturity of an individual, identifies four, in his opinion, basic or fundamental components that are not “ordinary”:
- responsibility;
- tolerance;
- self-development;
- positive thinking or a positive attitude towards the world, which determines a positive outlook on the world.
The last component is integrative, since it covers all the others, being simultaneously present in them.
Personal development does not end with the acquisition of autonomy and independence. We can say that personality development is a process that never ends, which indicates the infinity and unlimited self-disclosure of personality. He goes a long way, one of the stages of which is the achievement of self-determination, self-government, independence from external motivations, the other is the realization by the individual of the forces and abilities inherent in him, the third is overcoming his limited self and the active development of more general global values.
Self-development is influenced by a large group of factors: individual characteristics, age, relationships with others, professional activities, family relationships, etc. The process of self-development of an adult is uneven, changes in personal relationships at certain periods of life are progressive in nature, raising it to the level of “acme” “, then evolutionary processes begin, leading to “stagnation” or regression of the personality.
The stage of maturity and at the same time a certain peak of this maturity - acme (translated from Greek means “top”, “edge”) - is a multidimensional state of a person, which, although it covers a significant stage of his life in terms of time, is never a static formation and is distinguished by a greater or less variability and changeability. Acme shows how successful a person is as a citizen, as a specialist in a certain type of activity, as a spouse, as a parent, etc.
Acmeology is a science that arose at the intersection of natural, social, humanitarian, and technical disciplines, studying the phenomenology, patterns and mechanisms of human development at the stage of his maturity and especially when he reaches the highest level in this development.
The concept of “acmeology” was proposed in 1928 by N. A. Rybnikov, and a new area of scientific research in human studies began to be created in 1968 by B. G. Ananyev. One of the most important tasks of acmeology is to clarify the characteristics that should be formed in a person in preschool childhood, younger school age, during the years of adolescence and youth, so that he can successfully prove himself in all respects at the stage of maturity.
“Maturity occurs when a person mobilizes his resources to overcome the frustration and fear that arise due to lack of support from others. A situation in which an individual cannot take advantage of the support of others and rely on himself is called a dead end. Maturity lies in the ability to go take risks to get out of a dead end. Some people, unable (or unwilling) to take risks, take on the protective role of "helpless" for a long time."
Frederick Perls
“I do not agree with Perls, who claims that a sign of health and maturity is the ability to do without the support of the environment, with self-support alone. In my opinion, a healthy and mature individual is one who is able to flexibly, adequately and creatively perceive support both from the outside and and from our own resources."
Jean-Marie Robin
Criteria for emotional maturity (William Menninger):
- The ability to constructively interact with the surrounding reality
(face reality, acknowledge problems rather than run away from them, look for ways to solve or cope with the situation);
Ability to adapt to change
(calm attitude to the fact that changes can disrupt the routine, change expectations; the ability to give yourself time to accept new things);
Ability to cope with psychological stress and anxiety and prevent psychosomatic reactions
(the ability to find constructive ways to cope with stress, mastery of relaxation skills, achieving internal harmony);
The ability to experience greater satisfaction from giving than receiving;
The ability to understand people and find a common language with them, cooperate and come to mutual agreement, help each other;
(key signs of a healthy relationship are love and mutual respect)
The ability to creatively direct impulsive hostile energy into a constructive direction;
Ability to love
Mature family
(Polina Gaverdovskaya)
Signs of a psychologically mature personality
The model of a mature personality allows for a different set of characteristics, so here we are talking about those that can form the central framework of such a personality model:
1.Authenticity (originality)
There are 3 main signs of authentic existence:
-full awareness of the present moment of life;
-independent choice of a way of life at the moment;
-acceptance of personal responsibility for this choice.
Authenticity to some extent generalizes many personality traits. First of all, it is an expression of sincerity. An authentic person wants to be and is himself, both in his immediate reactions and in his overall behavior. The difficulties of most people lie in the fact that they spend a lot of vital energy on playing roles, on creating external facade, instead of using it to solve your real problems. If a person hides behind the mask of some role most of the time, then in return he will receive a similar insincere attitude from others. Authenticity exemplifies flexible behavior.
2.Openness to your own experience (acceptance of your feelings)
Here, openness is understood not in the sense of frankness in front of other people, but as sincerity in the perception of one’s own feelings. Social experience teaches you to deny, to discard your feelings, especially negative ones, but a psychologically mature person acts differently - he lives them. Only in this case can you successfully regulate your behavior, since repressed feelings become a source of erupting uncontrollable emotions. By being aware of emotional reactions, a person can choose one or another way of behavior in each situation, rather than allowing unconscious feelings to disrupt the regulation of behavior. Therefore, a mature person shows tolerance to the entire gamut of his own and others’ emotional reactions.
3.Development of self-knowledge
Limited self-knowledge implies a limitation of freedom, and deep self-knowledge increases the possibility of choice in one’s life. The more a person knows about himself, the better he will understand other people, and vice versa - the more a person understands others, the deeper he understands himself. The inability to hear what is going on inside us limits our effectiveness in life. It is very important to be realistic and conscious about ourselves.
4.Strength of personality and identity
A mature person must know who he is, who he can become, what he wants from life, what is essentially important to him and what is unimportant. He approaches life with questions, answers the questions life poses to him, and constantly tests his values. A mature person is not a reflection of the hopes of other people, he acts guided by his own inner position. This will make him feel strong in interpersonal relationships.
5.Ability to withstand uncertainty
Confidence in one’s intuition and the adequacy of feelings, confidence in the constructiveness of decisions made and the ability to take justifiable risks help a person to endure the stress created by the uncertainty of the occurrence of the entire series life situations.
6.Accepting personal responsibility
Understanding your responsibility allows you to freely and consciously make a choice at any moment of communication - agree with the arguments of your interlocutor or engage in productive confrontation. Personal responsibility helps you deal with criticism more constructively. In such cases, criticism does not trigger defense mechanisms, but serves as useful feedback that improves the effectiveness of activities and even the organization of a person’s life.
7.Depth of relationships with others
A psychologically mature person is not afraid of intimacy, openness and depth of relationships. He is able to quite freely express his feelings, both positive and negative, when communicating with other people. And when evaluating other people (their views, feelings, character traits), he does this without judgment or labeling.
8. Setting realistic communication goals
9. Feeling empathy for others
Empathy is sympathy and understanding of the feelings of a communication partner, as well as the obligatory consideration of them in the communication process
(Andrey Konovalov)
Maturity (according to G. Allport)
Allport believed that human maturation is a continuous, lifelong process of becoming and believed that a psychologically mature person is characterized by 6 main traits.
1. A mature person has wide boundaries of self. Mature individuals can look at themselves “from the outside”
2. A mature person is capable of warm, cordial social relationships. There are two types of warm interpersonal relationships that fall under this category: friendly intimacy and empathy. The friendly-intimate aspect of a warm relationship is reflected in a person's ability to show deep love for family and close friends, untainted by possessiveness or jealousy. Empathy is reflected in a person's ability to be tolerant of differences (in values or attitudes) between himself and others, which allows him to demonstrate deep respect for others and acceptance of their positions, as well as commonality with all people
3. A mature person demonstrates emotional detachment and self-acceptance. Adults have a positive self-image and are thus able to tolerate both disappointing or irritating experiences and own shortcomings, without becoming embittered internally and without becoming bitter. They are also able to cope with stressful situations and their own emotional states (for example, depression, fear, anger or guilt) in a way that does not interfere with the well-being of others. For example, if they are having a bad day, they don’t take it out on the first person they meet. Moreover, when expressing their opinions and feelings, they take into account how it will affect others.
4. A mature person demonstrates realistic perceptions, experiences and aspirations. Sees things as they are, not as they would like them to be. May temporarily push his personal desires and impulses into the background until an important task is completed.
Thus, adults perceive other people, objects and situations as they really are; they have enough experience and skill to deal with reality; They strive to achieve personally meaningful and realistic goals.
5. A mature person demonstrates self-knowledge and a sense of humor. Socrates noted that in order to live a full life, there is one overriding rule: “Know yourself.” Allport called it "self-objectification", knowledge of one's own psychology. By this he meant that mature people have a clear understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses. An important component of self-knowledge is humor, which prevents pompous self-aggrandizement and idle talk. It allows people to see and accept the extremely absurd aspects of their own and others' life situations.
6. A mature person has a coherent philosophy of life. Mature people are able to see the whole picture by clearly, systematically, and consistently highlighting what is significant in their own lives. According to Allport, there is no best goal or philosophy. Allport's point of view on this matter is that an adult personality has a deeply rooted set of certain values in a person, which serve as the unifying basis of his life. A unifying philosophy of life therefore provides a kind of dominant value orientation that gives significance and meaning to almost everything a person does.
16 Elements of Mental and Emotional Health (by Nancy McWilliams)
1.Ability to love
The ability to engage in relationships, to open up to another person. Love him as he is: with all his shortcomings and advantages. Without idealization and devaluation. It is the ability to give rather than take.
2.Ability to work
This applies not only to the profession. It is primarily about the ability to create and create.
It is important for people to realize that what they do has meaning and meaning for Others. This is the ability to bring something new into the world, creativity
3.Ability to play
Here we are talking about both the literal sense of “play” in children and the ability of adults to “play” with words and symbols. This is an opportunity to use metaphors, allegories, humor, symbolize your experience and enjoy it
4.Safe relationships
Unfortunately, often people who seek psychotherapy are in violent, threatening, dependent relationships - in a word, unhealthy relationships
5.Autonomy
People who turn to psychotherapy often have a lack of it (but huge potential, since they finally came to therapy). People don't do what they really want. They don’t even have time to “choose” (listen to themselves) what they want.
6. Constancy of self and object or the concept of integration
This is the ability to remain in touch with all aspects of one's self: both good and bad, both pleasant and not causing intense joy. It is also the ability to feel conflicts without being split. This is the contact between the child I was, the person I am now, and the person I will be in 10 years. This is the ability to take into account and integrate everything that is given by nature and what I have managed to develop in myself. One of the violations of this point may be an “attack” on one’s own body, when it is not unconsciously perceived as part of oneself. It becomes something separate that can be forced to starve or cut, etc.
7.Ability to recover from stress (Ego strength)
If a person has enough ego strength, then when he encounters stress, he does not get sick, does not use only one inflexible defense to get out of it, and does not break down. He is capable of the most the best way adapt to a new situation
8.Realistic and reliable self-esteem
9. System of value orientations
It is important that a person understands ethical standards, their meaning, and at the same time be flexible in following them
10.Ability to endure intense emotions
Tolerating emotions means being able to stay with them, feel them, without acting under their influence. It is also the simultaneous ability to remain in contact with both emotions and thoughts - the rational part of oneself.
11.Reflection
The ability to look at yourself as if from the outside. People with reflection are able to see what exactly their problem is, and accordingly, deal with it in such a way as to solve it, helping themselves as effectively as possible
12.Mentalization
Possessing this ability, people are able to understand that Others are completely separate individuals, with their own characteristics, personal and psychological structure. Such people also see the difference between feeling offended by someone's words and the fact that the other person did not really mean to offend them
13. Wide variety of protective mechanisms and flexibility in their use
14. Balance between what I do for myself and for my environment.
This is about the opportunity to be yourself and take care of your own interests, while also taking into account the interests of the partner with whom you are in a relationship
15.Feeling of vitality
The ability to be and feel alive
16.Accepting what we cannot change
This is about the ability to be sincerely and honestly sad, to experience grief over what cannot be changed.
Accepting our limitations and mourning what we wish we had but don't have.
Thus, each person may have these 16 elements of mental health present to varying degrees.
(Yu. Kolotyrkina)
B. Livehud suggests that 3 main properties formed in a mature person This:
- the mind has matured into wisdom
- the ability to communicate has developed into softness and condescension
- self-awareness - into trust.
A few important components of mental health and well-being:
1. Accepting yourself as a person worthy of respect.
2. A person’s ability to maintain positive, warm, trusting relationships with others.
3. Autonomy is the independence and ability of a person to regulate his behavior from within, and not wait for praise or evaluation of himself from others. It is the ability by which a person can disengage from collective beliefs, prejudices and fears.
4. Ecological mastery - a person’s ability to actively choose and create his own environment that meets his psychological living conditions.
5. Confidence in the presence of purpose and meaning in life, as well as activities aimed at achieving meaning.
6. The need to realize oneself and one’s own abilities. An important aspect of treating yourself as an individual capable of self-improvement is also openness to new experiences.
By and large, mental health depends on the state of our body, psyche and social environment.
For children, additional conditions are required:
Presence of parents;
Attentiveness to the emotional needs of the child;
More autonomy and independence.
Merger– this is mixing with the manifestations of the selves of other people.
Fusion Characteristics:
1. Losing yourself in close relationships: anticipating desires, monitoring your partner’s behavior to please him, worrying about what they think of you.
2. The negative impact of another’s mood on your mood and attitude towards yourself.
3. Assessing one’s own value based on external criteria: praise, education, money, social life. status.
4. Unconscious children's reactions based on other people's opinions or childhood traumas: outbursts of fear, resentment, pain, anger, but more intense than the situation requires.
5. Blaming others: We accept people and the world as external to us, those who are “doing things to us” instead of recognizing our own participation in dramatic situations and personal problems.
6. Self-justification in the face of criticism.
7. The need to always be right or constantly consider yourself wrong.
8. Dependence on others for external convenience and emotional comfort.
9. Inability to share or thoughts that a person should somehow return what was given to you.
10. Presenting oneself as a righteous person or a sufferer, the point of view is that life is full of pain.
11. Obsessive behavior.
12. Changing our personality or behavior to please our partner.
13. The need to constantly save someone, worry about someone, be overly involved in their problems
14. Maintaining painful, abusive, meaningless relationships out of fear or unwillingness to be alone.
Discrimination- means the ability to maintain one’s identity by entering into close relationships with other people or by conflicting on the basis of beliefs. By discriminating, you are able to feel peace within yourself and not be captured by the emotions of other people, not influenced by their opinions and moods.
Characteristics Differences:
1. Sincerity - the ability to determine one’s own desires and say “yes”, “no”, “maybe”, express one’s feelings even in the face of unpleasant consequences.
2. The ability to remain within ourselves, regardless of the effects of other people's worries and concerns. Instead of absorbing negative feelings or feeling responsible for other people's problems, we can smooth them over, give helpful advice and remain present witnesses of what is happening.
3. Maintaining our own value and our values is our self-worth ( http://vk.com/wall-30867759_4090) remains unchanged in the face of victories and defeats.
4. Improvement, transformation of one’s qualities through reflection, contact and experimentation.
5. Search and understanding of our values, often accompanied by a refusal to be guided by what we learned at school and in the family. Learning to trust your own inner wisdom.
6. Absence of deliberate prejudice towards various beliefs, theories and developments of events. Differences in opinions are natural and not scary.
7. Awareness of temptations on the Path: your own and others. This includes attempts at control and manipulation. In the same way, we monitor our motivation and do not deceive ourselves. We don’t hide behind fake innocence, charm, and simplicity.
8. Focus on your inner world: reflect and analyze your actions: how I contributed to the resolution of this situation, how I coped with this boring sex life, why I remain such a narrow-minded and angry person. We know how to admit our mistakes, apologize if necessary, and end relationships if they cause us any harm.
9. The ability to ask for or give support to others without feeling weak or inferior. Accept your right to make mistakes.
10. The ability to give not out of duty and without feeling that we are giving away part of ourselves: we experience pleasure from the generosity of our soul, free from self-interest and calculation.
11. Clear vision of others - do not judge by categories, do not demand their changes. Accepting others as they are.
12. The ability to calm yourself in stressful situations and cope with difficulties. Realize the meaning of difficulties, look at the situation from the outside, maintain composure.
Charlotte Castle
Clinical psychologist Albert Ellis, founder of rational emotive therapy, believed that The main characteristics of well-functioning or self-actualizing people are:
● Personal interest. First of all, they value their own interests, although they are ready to some extent to sacrifice them for the sake of those who are not indifferent to them.
● Social interest. Interested in meeting the needs of others and in social survival.
● Self-government. They take primary responsibility for their lives.
● Tolerance. They give themselves and others the right to make mistakes. Even if they do not like the behavior of some people, they refrain from blaming them as individuals.
● Flexibility. They think flexibly and are ready for change. They do not develop strict (rigid) rules for themselves and for other people.
● Acceptance of uncertainty. They recognize that the world is unstable and there are many accidents in it. Tend to maintain order, but do not demand it.
● Commitment. Have obligations to something outside of themselves. They achieve maximum realization of their capabilities, experiencing a constant interest in life.
● Creativity and originality. They show a penchant for innovation and have a creative approach to solving both everyday and professional problems. Often have at least one main creative interest.
●Rational and objective.
● Self-acceptance. They prefer to accept themselves unconditionally. They do not evaluate their inner world from an external point of view, and do not pay excessive attention to what others think about them.
● Acceptance of the animal nature in man. Accept the animal nature of themselves and other people.
● Risk. Willing to take calculated risks to get what you want.
● Perspective hedonism. In search of happiness and avoidance of pain, but maintain a balance between perspective and immediate gain. Not obsessed with the desire for immediate gratification.
● Lack of utopianism. They believe that perfection may be unattainable. Refuse to unrealistically strive for complete happiness or the complete absence of negative emotions.
● High frustration tolerance. They change those unpleasant conditions that they can change, accept those conditions that they cannot change, and see the difference between them.
● Responsibility for disturbing your mental balance. Accepts most of the responsibility for their disorders rather than becoming defensive by blaming other people or social conditions.
A. Alexandrov from "integrative psychotherapy"
Self-actualization according to A. Maslow
SELF-ACTUALIZATION (from the Latin actualis - actual, real) is a person’s craving for the fullest disclosure of his spiritual potential, for identifying personal capabilities. This concept is the focus of attention of one of the prominent psychologists of the 20th century. K. Rogers.
Man, like other living organisms, has an innate tendency to live, grow, and develop. All biological needs are subject to this tendency. As a result of self-actualization, a person becomes more complex, independent, and socially responsible. Along with the formation of the “I,” the child develops a need for a positive attitude towards himself from others and a need for a positive self-attitude. In order for a child to realize himself, he must be surrounded with love and attention.
Unlike behaviorism and Freudianism, which believe that human behavior is determined primarily by biological factors, self-actualization advocates emphasize social and environmental factors.
“The need for unity of a person with the environment, connection with the world of other living beings (the field “organism - environment”) is an urgent need, the satisfaction of which depends on the mental health of a person. A person can try to find unity with the world by submitting to an individual, a group, organization. But in this case, a person becomes dependent on other people and, instead of developing his individuality, he becomes dependent on those whom he obeys or dominates." E. Shostrom
According to the famous humanistic psychologist A. Maslow, the need for self-actualization is the most important factor in the formation of a psychologically mature person.
Maslow said that human beings have instinct-like higher needs that are part of their biological nature, among them the need for self-actualization. On a non-verbal level, this means that every individual has a need to be seen in his essence, as he is."
Refusal of self-actualization ("Jonah complex")
“If you deliberately set out to become less of a person than your abilities allow you to be, I warn you that you will be deeply unhappy for the rest of your life.” A.Maslow
Maslow calls the Jonah complex a person’s reluctance to realize their natural abilities. Just as the biblical Jonah tried to avoid the responsibility of being a prophet, many people also avoid responsibility for fear of using their full potential. They prefer to set small, insignificant goals for themselves and do not strive for serious ones. life successes. This “fear of grandeur” is perhaps the most dangerous barrier to self-actualization. A rich, full-blooded life seems unbearably difficult to many.
The roots of the Jonah complex can be seen in the fact that people are afraid to change their uninteresting, limited, but well-established existence, they are afraid to break away from everything familiar, to lose control over what they already have. A parallel with Fromm’s ideas, which he expressed in his famous book “Escape from Freedom,” involuntarily suggests itself.
Personal Sovereignty
"An important criterion of psychological maturity is personal sovereignty"
Concept of Sovereignty
Maturity as a period of summing up certain results is often accompanied by a crisis with a revision of basic existential questions: about the meaning of one’s own existence, a change in identity, a revision of the boundaries of psychological space
The most important criterion of psychological maturity is personal sovereignty (PS)
LS refers to a person’s internal emotional agreement with the circumstances of his life. Sovereignty is manifested in a person’s experience of the authenticity of his own being, appropriateness, and confidence that he acts in accordance with his own desires and beliefs.
The dependent position of a person is characterized by the fact that a person acts following the logic of circumstances and the will of other people. The dominant experiences in this case will be a feeling of subordination, alienation, fragmentation of one’s own life: a person feels either in “foreign territory” or out of his time.
The sovereignty of the individual is manifested in relation to the personalized part of the environment - the psychological space (SP) of the individual and its boundaries
A person's personal control boundaries are physical and psychological markers that separate one person's area of personal control and privacy from another.
Functions of psychological boundaries:
1. Subjectivity is born at the border with the world, they show where I ends and someone else begins
2. define personal identity - i.e. ways of self-expression and self-affirmation. In case of dysfunction - blurred identity
3. By setting a boundary, a person creates an opportunity and tool for equal interaction. Mature contacts are carried out precisely on the border, where separation from each other is maintained, and the emerging union does not violate the integrity of the individual. If the function is impaired, contact is replaced by either passive manipulation or aggressive disrespect for another
4. selection of external influences and protection from destructive influences. Dysfunction leads to victim attitude
5. determine the limits of personal responsibility. Violation of this function leads to: hyper-responsibility and mental overload, neurotic feelings of guilt, infantilization of others, inability to seek help
Weakness of boundaries:
1. vulnerability to social influences, claims to personal property and territory, worldview and body. These people are characterized by deprived (deprived) personal space
2. lack of internal restraining forces before introducing other people into the space. Such people are characterized by their own super-sovereign space, that is, a space with rigidly fixed boundaries.
Maturity is characterized by the presence of a sovereign personal psychological space with strong boundaries, which he moves at his own discretion, taking into account the interests of other people.
(E. Fedorenko)
PARADOX OF LOVE
The main problem of love is first become mature. Then you will find a mature partner; then immature people will not attract you at all.
This is exactly what happens.
If you're twenty-five years old, you don't fall in love with a two-month-old baby. In the same way, if you are a mature person psychologically, spiritually, you will not fall in love with a child. This doesn't happen. This can't be, you see it's pointless.
A mature person has enough integrity to be alone. And when a mature person gives love, he gives it without any secret threads attached to it - he simply gives. When a mature person gives love, he feels grateful that you accepted it, not the other way around.
He doesn't expect you to be grateful for this - no, not at all, he doesn't even need your gratitude. He thanks you for accepting his love.
And when two mature people love each other, one of the greatest paradoxes of life occurs, one of the most beautiful phenomena: they are together, but at the same time immensely lonely. They are together to such an extent that they are almost one, but their unity does not destroy individuality - in fact, it increases it, they become more individual. Two mature people in love help each other become freer.
There is no politics, no diplomacy, no trying to dominate another. How can you try to dominate the person you love? Just think about it - submission is a kind of hatred, anger, hostility. How can you even think about subjugating the person you love? You would like to see this person completely free, independent; you'd like to give it more personality.
That is why I call this the great paradox: they are together so much that they have almost merged into one, but still in this unity they remain individuals. Their personalities do not mix - they are amplified. The other is enriching in terms of freedom.
Excerpt from OSHO's book - "Maturity"
One of the founding fathers of systemic and family therapy, Murray Bowen on differentiation criteria, "Pseudo-Self" and "Hard Self"
The independent functioning of intelligence is not the only criterion for correct differentiation. There is a “Pseudo-Self” and a “Solid Self”.
The “hard self” is a person’s own, it “is composed of clearly defined ideas, beliefs and life principles that enter the self from life experience through a process of intellectual reasoning and as a result of careful selection.” Thanks to this, the true Self has unity and coherence: “Every belief of the solid Self, every life principle is combined with all the others.”
The basis for calling the “true self” “solid” is that the “solid self” is able to withstand not only the reactions of its own emotional-instinctive system, but also the pressure of others. “In any specific situation, it says: “This is me, I believe in this, I stand on this, I will do this, but I won’t do that.” ... By making a choice, a person becomes responsible for himself and for the consequences of his actions. … The Solid Self will act in accordance with its principles even in the most severe and troubling situation.
In contrast, the “pseudo-self is made up of a wide range of principles, beliefs, worldly wisdom and knowledge that are considered “correct” and internalized because the group demands it. Since these principles are acquired under pressure, they are random and do not fit together, although the individual may not be aware of their inconsistency.
“Pseudo-I” is created under the pressure of emotions and under the pressure of emotions can be modified. Any emotional unit, be it a family or an entire community, exerts pressure on the members of its group in order to submit to the ideals and principles of the group. ... The pseudo-self is the pretended self, ... it is an actor, it can be represented by many different selves. ... For most people, it is not difficult to identify overt pretense, but since each of us is a bit of an actor, it can be quite difficult to identify subtle pretense. ... a good actor can be so realistic that without detailed knowledge of the functioning of emotional systems, it is impossible for himself and the people around him to distinguish between the solid self and the pseudo-self... The pseudo-self is created in the image and likeness of a system of relationships, and it is the subject of exchange in system of relations."
Murray Bowen.
Many thanks
PERSONAL MATURITY: APPROACHES TO DEFINITION
A.G. Portnova (Kemerovo)
Abstract: Approaches to defining the concept of “personal maturity” are analyzed. A review of studies devoted to various aspects of personal maturity is provided. The parameters that characterize a mature personality are highlighted. A definition of personal maturity within the framework of a systems approach is proposed. The ways and prospects for studying this phenomenon in age and differential aspects are outlined.
Keywords: maturity, personality, personal maturity, development, ontogenesis, personal growth.
The processes and patterns of maturation as a stage of ontogenesis have not been deprived of the attention of researchers. In psychology, pedagogy, physiology and psychophysiology, at the intersection of these sciences, many works are devoted to both separate and interrelated forecasting of individuality development. However, despite the widespread declaration of a humanistic individual approach, attempts to build a system for determining personal changes that can comprehensively describe the trajectory of individual and personal development of an adult are rare and are usually characterized by internal inconsistency.
“Now the time is coming when scientific research into patterns mental development person, the psychological properties of his personality becomes a necessary condition further improvement of all forms, methods and means of working with people...".
The most important of the consequences of this discovery by B.G. Ananiev considered the creation of a scientific basis for the design of personality and its strategies, its formation.
The successful formation of a harmoniously and comprehensively developed personality is possible only if the laws of its development are taken into account.
Researchers dealing with the problems of psychology of personality development traditionally try to answer the questions of why it develops and how it develops, i.e. establish the causes of mental development and its mechanisms. However, if development itself is an irreversible, natural and directed process, then it is appropriate to ask the questions: “Where is this process directed? Why is development being carried out? .
In our opinion, modern approach analysis of development requires turning to such concepts that will allow us to get an answer to the question about the purpose of development, an idea of the variability of goals.
The humanistic direction is considered the “psychology of standards”; ideal images of a mature, healthy personality are created here. Unlike adaptation theories of personality, many of which focus on adaptation disorders, it focuses on the study of mature and creative people, on understanding the constructive, creative manifestations of human nature.
An explanation of development from the point of view of this strategy is possible with a clear understanding of the final determination at each age stage, i.e. with a good idea of the state of the developed system at a given stage, approaching which gives importance to the processes of achieving it.
However, by focusing only on describing the characteristics of the most developed, mature individuals, the researcher will lose the ability to predict development, personality formation, if he does not take into account the actual personality makeup, evaluate current states, including maladaptive ones, capable of becoming a source of personal growth, movement towards maturity.
A more traditional strategy for studying personality development is to describe the initial psychological status of the individual, the source or material basis of all further development (the laws of self-regulation and adaptation of the initial functional structures of the body).
The initial and most developed stage of mental development, at which maturity is achieved, forms the basis for the analysis of intermediate stages, forms.
An attempt to integrate the above strategies was made in the works of E. Erikson and E. Fromm. Considering the formation of a person as a process that includes certain stages with their characteristic crises, E. Erikson shows that by the very logic of development the personality is periodically brought to a choice between maturity, health and regression; personal growth, self-determination and neurosis.
A person, accepting the challenge during each psychosocial crisis, gets a chance for personal growth and expansion of his capabilities. Having successfully resolved one crisis, it moves forward in its development to the next. Human nature requires personal growth and response to the challenges inherent in each stage of development. E. Erikson proposed to evaluate a person from the point of view of the formation of the characteristics of a mature personality and to look for the origins of the organization of a mature personality in the previous stages of life.
Thus, personality maturity can be considered in the context of the psychological effects of development as its goal. Erickson identifies the following qualities:
qualities of a mature personality, such as individuality, independence, originality, courage to be different from others; through education, social norms and values are transmitted, which are determined by specific economic and cultural conditions. Human development is presented as a process of formation of new qualities, which presupposes the presence of actual properties and potential properties that influence other personality properties. These potential personality qualities determine its susceptibility to the influence of the social environment, and through a number of mechanisms determine the degree of inclusion in the system public relations.
Currently, scientific substantiation of the optimal development of various functions, identification of current and potential human capabilities, scientific forecasting of development from the point of view of an integral approach are relevant.
The integral approach in psychology is expressed in the fact that the individual phases of the development of a person’s mental characteristics are combined into a single life cycle, taking into account data obtained in various psychological sciences, where the object of study is the individual phases of a person’s life, as well as other sciences about man, social and biological. cycles, where age aspects, problems of genesis and development are considered.
Maturity is an integral quality of a person, therefore it is studied by many sciences: philosophy, sociology, jurisprudence, ethics, pedagogy, psychology, etc.
The current state of the problem actualizes interdisciplinary and intersectoral approaches to the analysis of personality maturity. Their implementation will allow, in our opinion, a comprehensive and targeted search for markers, criteria, and signs of personality maturity for the purpose of their subsequent practical assessment.
The sciences of the social and biological cycle contain information about the characteristics specific to them of a healthy, mature, fully functioning person (physiology, biology, sociology, law, pedagogy, philosophy, ethics).
The branches of psychology present certain aspects of psychological knowledge about the signs of personality maturity ( differential psychology, social psychology, personality psychology and developmental psychology).
Acmeology, ontopsychology, cultural anthropology, social pedagogy, new synthetic disciplines formed at the “junction” of the sciences of the social and biological cycles and branches of psychology are characterized primarily by their constructiveness and practical orientation. By integrating and generalizing knowledge about the progressive development of man, about the process of achieving maturity, they
became involved in conceptual links in the system of human sciences and human studies. It is here, in our opinion, that the most capacious, systemic criteria of personality maturity can be found.
The concept of “maturity” is often used in the social sciences and humanities. “The social maturity of an individual is a concept that captures one of the main achievements of the processes of learning and upbringing carried out by the family, school, social environment, and society as a whole. Social maturity is considered as a stable state of personality, characterized by integrity, predictability, and social orientation of behavior in all spheres of life. A mature personality is a person who actively controls his environment, has a stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, and is able to correctly perceive people and himself.”
“Social maturity, a generalized characteristic of personality development, implies... the transformation of the individual into a full-fledged subject of social activity and the achievement of a certain minimum of development.”
IN AND. Mathis gives the following definition of a socially mature personality: “...this is a stable system of socially significant traits, including professional, ideological, and moral maturity, characterizing the social type of personality of a particular society or community.”
Insufficient maturity of mental development at the stage of formation of self-awareness and reflection cannot serve, according to G.S. Sukhobskaya, a reliable basis for the development of socially mature behavior of an individual.
The maturity of a person’s mental development as the basis of his social maturity is assessed through social manifestation. The maturity of mental development only creates the opportunity for self-realization of a person as a member of society and individuality. This opportunity is realized when assessing human behavior through the prism of social values. The concept of social maturity should be associated with the internal orientation of the individual only towards values that have a positive orientation in relation to the development of mankind, its culture and civilization, towards humanistic values.
A new interpretation of the concept of “maturity” is given in acmeology. It captures the understanding of this stage of human development when he reaches the heights of development of abilities, talent, and creativity (B.G. Ananyev, A.A. Derkach, N.V. Kuzmina, V.N. Maksimova, etc.).
In socio-psychological and general psychological studies, the concept of “maturity” is interpreted differently; a large number of studies, both scientific and practical, are devoted to the consideration
understanding of this concept, which is due to the modern social situation of human development. Modern society makes special demands on the individual, among which personal maturity occupies an important place. Society needs citizens who are the subjects of their lives, which is possible only with the formation of personal maturity. The characteristics of a person as a subject reveal the way a person organizes his life.
Man as a subject, according to A.V. Brushlinsky initiates and develops his specific activity at the highest level of systematicity. This level is characterized by extreme integrity, the integrity of all contradictory and diverse components and sublevels. This level of subjectivity can be considered as the highest degree of development of personality maturity, which in turn is one of the components of human maturity.
B.G. Ananyev laid the foundation for the development of the idea of integrating knowledge about a person and the understanding that personality traits develop throughout a person’s life in society, creating his biography.
In domestic psychology there are serious developments on this issue (B.G. Ananyev, I.V. Dubrovina, K. Muzdybaev, V.I. Slobodchikov,
A.A. Rean, D.I. Feldshtein and others). However, the problem of the formation of personal maturity and the factors of its formation have not yet been fully explored; the differences in the formation of personal maturity in men and women in different spheres of life have not been sufficiently revealed. Many questions remain in determining the formal structure of personal maturity and its systemic characteristics.
B.G. wrote about the difficulty of determining objective criteria of human maturity. Ananyev, noting that in psychological literature the concept of “maturity” was replaced by the concept of “adulthood”. Even at the individual level, the concepts of “maturity” and “adulthood” are not completely synonymous; they diverge even more when it comes to adulthood and subjective-activity (professional) maturity. These concepts are not identical and describe different psychological reality when we mean the personal level of consideration of a person.
The use of the concept of personal maturity in modern psychological publications involves the identification of two main aspects - maturity as a stage of life and maturity as a level of development.
In the work of V.M. Rusalov distinguishes definitive and acmeological types of maturity. The first type depends on the biological properties of a person, the second characterizes the achievement by mental formations of their highest, acmeological significance.
knowledge that provides a person with personal growth and the highest levels of his development.
Various aspects of personal maturity have been considered in connection with the study of self-actualization (A. Maslow, K. Goldstein, H. Heylighen, M. Daniel,
IN AND. Slobodchikov, E.I. Isaev, N.P. Patturina, E.E. Vakhromov); personal growth (A. Angel, K. Rogers, S.L. Bratchenko); personal mastery (M. Horener, P. Senge); self-realization (K.A. Abul-khanova-Slavskaya, E.V. Galazhinsky, I.B. Dermanova,
V.E. Klochko, L.A. Korostyleva, O.M. Krasnoryadtseva, B.D. Parygin, F. Perls, E. Fromm); self-transcendence (V. Frankl, A.A. Rean); self-affirmation (R.A. Zobov, V.N. Kelasev); personal self-realization (L.A. Antsyferova, B.S. Bratus, S. Buhler, E.P. Varlamova, E.A. Lukina); self-awareness (V.V. Stolin, S.R. Pantileev, N.I. Sarzhveladze); potential development (B.G. Ananyev, A.A. Bodalev, B.F. Lomov, V.N. Myasishchev, etc.); achievements of acme (A.A. Derkach, M.I. Dyachenko, N.V. Kuzmina, etc.); psychology of a person’s life path (K.A. Abul-khanova-Slavskaya, E.I. Golovakha, E.Yu. Korzhova); subject activity (V.N. Panferov); life relationships and life-meaning orientations (D.A. Leontyev); life orientations (A.A. Grachev); style and meaning of life (L.N. Kogan); life world (V. Shuts).
It is known that personal maturity is one of the structural components of human maturity. B.G. Ananyev emphasized that the stages of maturity of a person as an individual, as a person, as a subject of activity, cognition, and communication do not coincide in time.
Creating your own environment favorable for “development and self-realization,” according to E.F. Rybalko, is a characteristic sign of a mature personality.
M.Yu. Semenov defines a mature personality as a type that is formed as a result of personal growth and has a formed stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, a developed moral consciousness, an established hierarchical motivational-need sphere, where higher spiritual needs dominate. A personally mature person is characterized by the need to go beyond the existing limits of his life and solve problems of improvement and development of both his society and all of humanity, and actively controls his social environment.
Researchers identify the following characteristics of a mature personality: a developed sense of responsibility; the need to care for other people; the ability to actively participate in the life of society and to effectively use knowledge and abilities, to constructive solution various problems; emotional maturity.
Research by R.M. Shamionov, conducted under the guidance of L.A. Golovey, showed that personality
mature maturity is a complex structural formation that includes the characteristics of responsibility in various areas of activity, emotional maturity, self-control of behavior, independence, adequacy of self-reflection, a high level of realization of life events, and adequacy of goal setting.
Personal maturity is part of the general structure of personality and turns out to be interconnected with a number of personal characteristics, such as sociability, adherence to social requirements, gentleness, gullibility, radicalism, self-confidence, and naturalness.
Personal maturity is subject to the general laws of ontogenetic development and is characterized by heterochrony. The formation of the parameters of personal maturity goes through a number of stages; sensitive, critical periods and periods of stabilization alternate in its development. The formation of personal maturity is determined by both internal (subjective, objective) and external factors.
At the methodological level, a systematic approach has been developed in psychology, and it is implemented in relation to the individual. However, at the level of specific studies, as an analysis of literary data shows, individual facts are presented regarding age, gender, and differential psychological manifestations of personality maturity. These facts are scattered and not considered in a unified system of knowledge related to various branches of psychology. Integrity is required in the study of components, signs, markers, criteria of maturity - cognitive, emotional, regulatory (volitional, motivational), and dynamic, effective (competence) in their relationships. These problems are waiting to be solved.
Despite the availability of works and the variety of possible approaches to the study of maturity, the issues of analyzing maturity as a systemic quality of personality remain unsolved.
In addition, the content of personal maturity, its structural and functional characteristics should be determined by the development task of each age period.
Until now, psychology has considered the problem of personal maturity in the aspect of studying its structural components, but a differential approach to the study of a person involves an analysis of the components of the problem in the context of his individuality, including at different stages of age development.
This approach will help solve a number of pressing problems related to issues of the ontogenesis of maturity, gender-role variations in the manifestation of maturity in behavior.
The idea of the systemic nature of personal maturity assumes that it is an integral characteristic, a mechanism for organizing a person’s life activity, which largely determines the success of his life, life path, professional activity, self-realization; this should be reflected in the degree of varying expression of its main features, markers, criteria for different stages of ontogenesis, in gender role specificity, various prerequisites for individual aspects.
Three types of theoretical analysis - functional, structural and dynamic - lead to a holistic (systemic) analysis of the phenomenon of personality development in the process of achieving maturity.
In our opinion, maturity is a multidimensional, multi-level personality quality that has structural, dynamic properties. Level, structural characteristics of maturity are specific at each age stage. In general, the function of personal maturity is the transformation (regulation) of the process of ontogenetic development into a purposeful, systemic, personally determined process that acquires individual characteristics both in the means, conditions, and goals of this development.
Maturity is a quality of personality that determines the ways of implementation and self-realization, organizes the life path of the individual, its direction, strategies for passing, regulating the complex system of relationships of the individual with the outside world and himself (to the results of his own activities) and the hierarchization of this system.
Maturity characterizes a personality as holistic, continuously developing, as a complex systemic formation, not reducible to the properties, characteristics of its structural components and its individual aspects; defines personality as a complex systemic formation, which can be described in terms of “harmony”, “proportionality”, “hierarchy”, “subordination of its properties”.
The development of a psychological concept of personal maturity as a systemic personality quality based on an analysis of age-sex and differential aspects will allow solving a number of pressing problems related to issues of ontogenesis and development, gender-role variations in the manifestations of personal maturity.
Literature
1. Ananyev B.G. On the problems of modern human science. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. 272 p.
2. Antsyferova L.I. Towards the psychology of personality as a developing system // Psychology of personality formation and development / Under
ed. L.I. Antsyferova. M., 1981.
3. Bodalev A.A. On the phenomenon of acme and some patterns of its formation and development // World of Psychology. 1995. No. 3.
4. Brushlinsky A.V. Subject: thinking, learning, imagination. M.: Institute of Practical Sciences. Psychology, 1996.
5. Vasilyeva O.S., Filatov F.R. Psychology of human health. M.: Academy, 2001. 352 p.
6. Galazhinsky E.V. Personal self-realization: a view from the position of psychohistory // Siberian psychological journal. 2000. No. 11-12.
7. Galazhinsky E.V. On the question of the methodology for studying personal self-realization in the system of related concepts // Siberian
psychological journal. 2001. No. 13. P. 28-31.
8. Ganzen V.A. System descriptions in psychology. L.: Leningrad State University, 1986.
9. Klochko V.E., Galazhinsky E.V. Personal self-realization: a systemic view. Tomsk: Publishing house Tom. University, 1999.
10. Kon I.S. Social Psychology. M.: Voronezh, 1999. P. 177.
11. Korostyleva L.A., Zaitseva Yu.E. On methodological issues of development and self-development in the works of B.G. Ananyeva // Psychological problems of personal self-realization / Ed. E.F. Rybalko, L.A. Korostyleva. St. Petersburg, 2000. Issue. 4.
12. Krasnoryadtseva O.M. Problems of professional development of personality in the process of advanced training // Siberian psychological journal. 2002. No. 16-17. pp. 42-44.
13. Lomov B.F. Systematicity in psychology. Moscow; Voronezh, 1996.
14. Matis V.I. Sociology of education and personality formation. Barnaul, 1995. P. 38.
15. Problems of general acmeology / Ed. A.A. Reana, E.F. Rybalko, N.A. Grishchenko et al. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2000. 156 p.
16. Human psychology from birth to death / Ed. A.A. Reana. SPb.: Prime-EVROZNAK, 2006. 651 p.
17. Rean A.A. Personal maturity and social practice // Theoretical and applied issues of psychology. St. Petersburg, 1995. Issue. 1.
18. Rusalov V.M. Psychological maturity: single and multiple characteristics? // Psychological journal. 2006. T. 27, No. 5. P. 83-97.
19. Rybalko E.F. Developmental and differential psychology. L.: Publishing house Leningr. Univ., 1990. 256 p.
20. Semenov M.Yu. Features of the attitude towards money of people with different levels personal maturity - Electronic resource: // http:// selfmoney.narod.ru/semen.htm
21. Slobodchikov V.I., Tsukerman G.A. Integral periodization of general mental development // Questions of psychology. 1996. No. 5.
22. Stepanova E.I. Psychology of adults: experimental acmeology. St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2000. 288 p.
23. Sukhobskaya G.S. The concept of “maturity of social and psychological development of a person” in the context of androgogy // New knowledge. 2002. No. 4. P. 17-20.
24. Shamionov R.M. Personal maturity and professional self-determination in adolescence and youth: Abstract of thesis. dis. ...cand. psychol. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1997. 19 p.
25. Shvenk E.V. On indicators of social maturity of the personality of a modern entrepreneur // Ananyev Readings-2006 / Ed. L.A. Tsvetkova, A.A. Krylova. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2006. pp. 235-237.
26. Erickson E. Childhood and society. M., 1996. 592 p.
27. Jan ter Laak. Psychodiagnostics: problems of content and methods. Moscow; Voronezh, 1996.
PERSONAL MATURITY: THE APPROACHES TO DEFINITION A.G. Portnova (Kemerovo)
Summary. The article is about different approaches to definition of the concept “personal maturity”. It includes review of various aspects of personal maturity. The author presents different characteristics of mature personality. The personal maturity is defined in the context of system approach paradigm. The article describes ways and perspectives of scientific research of named phenomenon in age and differential aspects.
Key words: maturity, personality, personal maturity, development, ontogenesis, personal improvement.
You can look at your life through the eyes of an outside observer, take a neutral position in order to evaluate actions, thoughts, emotions. This approach allows you to better understand your strengths and weaknesses and decide in which direction to move next.
2. Self-control
You think first and then act, you can calculate the feasibility and consequences of actions. An infantile person lives by emotions and momentary desires. Mature - does not lash out at loved ones, knows how to remain silent if a stupid conflict is brewing.
3. Gratitude
You have learned from what happened to you and what you avoided. You appreciate the people who make you happy and don't take them for granted.
4. Open-mindedness
You, not in words, but in deeds, have stopped judging a book by its cover, and people by formal characteristics and stereotypes. Teenage maximalism no longer prevents you from realizing that the world is not black and white, those around you can be different from you and remain good, and sometimes there are several correct opinions.
5. Building boundaries
You understand what is acceptable to you in a relationship - love, friendship, work - and how far you are willing to go and what to sacrifice to maintain it. And if someone violates, you will act, discuss, and not pretend that nothing happened and everyone lives like that.
6. Stable moral standards
You consider your actions not through the prism of “what people will think” or “what if someone sees.” A mature person has decided on moral boundaries. What prevents him from doing wrong is not the inevitability of punishment or possible condemnation, but a clear awareness that this is unacceptable. Therefore, he does not do things that are questionable for himself, even if no one sees or knows.
7. Responsibility
You are responsible for your words and actions, do not promise the impossible, and do not shift decisions to someone else. A mature person realizes that the quality of his life is entirely his own. External circumstances may make their own adjustments. But if you continue to complain that everything is bad, but do nothing to change the situation, then you are more likely an infantile person rather than a victim of circumstances.
8. Self-acceptance
You have learned as you are, with all the advantages and disadvantages. This does not mean at all that you need to stop improving and correcting shortcomings. But it’s worth learning to be satisfied with yourself now, at any stage of the path to the ideal, because this road has no end and it’s a shame to spend your whole life hating and reproaching yourself.
9. Patience
You stopped relying only on instant results and learned to wait for the fruits of your labor. For some things to happen, it is not enough to want them - you need to work hard. And even this does not guarantee that you will achieve your goal.
10. Independence
You understand that no one should solve your problems. A mature person does not act at random in the hope that someone will help him swim out of the abyss. Spending money on a trinket and leaving your family without food, thinking that your parents or friends will throw in some money, is infantilism. Correcting behavior so that in the event of a problem situation it is possible to solve everything on your own is the act of a mature person.
11. Ability to learn lessons
We learn from mistakes, but not everyone does. A mature person learns from failures, recognizes similar situations and prevents repeated failures.
12. Constructive interaction with reality
You don’t run away from problems, don’t close your eyes to them, don’t think that they will somehow resolve themselves. A mature person recognizes difficulties and looks for ways to cope with them.
13. Honesty
In most cases, you don't feel the need to lie. On the path to maturity, you have surrounded yourself with people with whom this is not required: there is no need to wear masks and embellish reality. If it is still necessary, a mature person is aware of why he is doing this. An attempt to protect a person’s feelings with the help of lies and the desire to manipulate him are not the same thing.
14. Ability to build relationships
A mature person realizes that he is not the center of the Universe, therefore he knows how to build equal partnerships in which he not only takes, but also gives. He is able to be compassionate, supportive, attentive and genuinely interested, and to accept help without feeling vulnerable.
15. Realistic-optimistic view of the world
You realistically assess the situation, but do not lose faith in the best and presence of mind. A mature person understands that good things cannot happen continuously, and failures happen. But the black streaks end, especially if you don’t give up. However, pessimism and defeatist moods can lead to the fact that you will not have the strength to rejoice even on truly bright days.
Can you add to this list? Share in the comments.
The problem of human maturity is multifaceted; it can be considered in the context of such sciences as biology, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy and others. And in each of these sciences the phenomenon of maturity will have different content.
In psychological science, the most important, but at the same time the most complex and less studied of all aspects of maturity, as recognized by a number of authors, is personal maturity. In modern psychological literature, despite a large number of studies, there is no clear definition of personal maturity.
So, at the basis of consideration of the problem of personal maturity of the domestic psychological school lies the understanding of personality as a social phenomenon. Personal maturity is understood, first of all, as social maturity, expressed in how adequately a person understands his place in society, what worldview he has, what is his attitude to social institutions (moral norms, legal norms, laws, social values), to his responsibilities and your work.
L.S. Vygotsky believed that the formation of personality is the mastery of one’s mental processes, and the development of personality and character is associated with various forms of activity, especially speech. L.I. Bozhovich defines the main goal of personality development as more complete self-expression and self-disclosure
Considering a mature personality as a humanistic ideal, an image of a new person, V.A. Ananyev highlights such characteristics as freedom and responsibility, integrity and harmony, actualization and realization of all possibilities. He also notes that the maturity of a person is manifested in her emotional stability. Such a person has the ability to bring his thoughts, feelings and actions into complete balance, “spontaneously”, and naturally makes decisions regarding what feelings to experience and how to express them. V.A. Ananyev writes that personal maturity is characterized mainly by the development of self-control and the assimilation of reactions that are adequate to various situations in a person’s life
P.Ya. Halperin believes that the determination of the degree of maturity of an individual is established by assessing his actions in the system of relations existing in a given society, according to the indicators of how successfully a person masters the activity intended for him. A.N. Leontiev primarily talks about personal potential, which is an integral characteristic of the level of personal maturity. The main phenomenon of personal maturity and the form of manifestation of personal potential is the phenomenon of personality self-determination, that is, the implementation of activities in relative freedom from the given conditions of this activity - both external and internal conditions, which are understood as biological, in particular bodily prerequisites, as well as needs, character and other stable psychological structures
M.Yu. Semenov defines personal maturity as a type that is formed as a result of personal growth and has a formed stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, developed moral consciousness, an established hierarchical motivational need sphere, where higher spiritual needs dominate. A personally mature person is characterized by the need to go beyond the existing limits of his life and solve problems of improvement and development of both his society and all of humanity, and actively controls his social environment
DI. Feldstein believes that personality development is a progressively directed, socially conditioned process of unfolding the human essence, where the formation of maturity acts as an integral line of ontogenesis. Personal development involves
the formation of a hierarchical motivational need sphere, where higher spiritual needs dominate. V.A. Petrovsky connects personality maturity with personalization: placing one’s being in other people. A.A. Mehrabyan connects the development of personality with the development of moral consciousness
According to I.S. Kon, a mature personality is “a person who actively controls his environment, has a stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, and is able to correctly perceive the world and himself”
Foreign psychologists raised the problem of personal maturity within the framework of psychoanalysis, humanistic and cognitive psychology. And most often the concept of personal maturity is not used; its synonyms are the concepts of “psychological maturity” and “psychosocial maturity”. In most works, a mature personality is understood as a certain ideal person. This is a state of psychological health, the full development of one’s natural abilities, productivity and creativity.
Humanistic psychology considers the development of a person as an individual in connection with the concept of “self-actualization.” Self-actualization is a person’s desire to identify and develop his personal capabilities as fully as possible. According to A. Maslow, self-actualization is the desire to become everything that is possible; the need for self-improvement, to realize one’s potential. According to him, a self-actualized person is a person who has achieved an effective and healthy level of functioning. This is also an achievement highest level natural personal growth, namely: personal maturity, maximum expression of the individual’s psychological health, his high psychological culture, sufficient education and sociality.
According to K. Rogers, self-actualization is the designation of the force that makes a person develop at a variety of levels - from mastering motor skills to higher creative heights. The scientist calls a self-actualizing person a “fully functioning personality.” According to K. Rogers, the “full functioning” of a person is determined by the following personal characteristics: deep awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings, openness to the inner and outer world, the desire for a holistic life, self-improvement, willingness to help those who need help, direct unity with nature and others
According to the provisions of the dispositional theory of personality, as an open and self-developing system, presented in the works of G.W. Allport, a mature personality is qualitatively different from an immature one, having functional autonomy from biological needs, striving for comprehension and social significance
Considering the formation of a person as a process that includes certain stages with their characteristic crises, E. Erikson shows that personal development periodically leads to a choice between maturity, health and regression; personal growth, self-determination and neurosis.
Having successfully resolved one crisis, a person advances in his development and gets a chance for personal growth and expansion of his capabilities. E.
Erikson proposed to evaluate a person from the point of view of the formation of the characteristics of a mature personality at previous stages of life. Erikson highlighted such qualities of a mature personality as individuality, independence, originality, and the courage to be different from others.
S. Freud defined personal maturity by two indicators: a person’s desire to work, creating something useful and valuable, and the desire to love another person for his own sake. For E. Fromm, this is a feeling of agreement, unity with the world. K. Jung calls a person’s movement towards maturity a process of “individuation”, when a person approaches himself and realizes his original and complete essence.
According to the cognitive genetic approach, according to L. Kohlberg, a person’s personal maturity is closely related to moral consciousness, which develops during the active, creative interaction of the individual with the social environment through the adoption of various roles in social institutions. The characteristics of a mature person are: commitment to the universal principle of justice; improvement problem solving; going beyond the boundaries of one’s life and developing both one’s society and all humanity
In conclusion, it can be noted that this problem is still very poorly studied; a clear definition and understanding of the phenomenon has not been found. We can only say that personal maturity helps a person solve life’s problems more effectively. It characterizes the personality of an adult as an integral, dynamic, fundamentally incomplete system, developing unevenly and heterochronically.