Acar S.A.
has been in business for over 25 years and is a leading manufacturer of electrical extension cords, power cords, surge protectors, wiring harnesses and high quality electrical equipment. All products are certified (ISO 9001:2008) and comply with modern requirements and standards (eg Directive 2011/65/EU). We are confident that we offer the consumer a product of the highest quality and with the best safety indicators, so we give KERG products a unique 15-year extended warranty on the market, and for Acar line products we offer a 2-year warranty.
Advantages of working with Acar S.A.:
Professional consultations,
- production of products according to individual orders,
- prompt consideration of the application,
- timely shipment of goods,
- more favorable cost.
Acar S.A. This is a reliable, flexible manufacturer that focuses on long-term cooperation and builds relationships with business partners on mutually beneficial terms.
The contact person:
Paulina Degree
Export Specialist - Eastern Europe
ACAR S.A.
st. Pilska 13, 78-400 Szczecinek, POLAND
Tel+48 94 374 05 76
e-mail: [email protected]
31.07.2015
PETTINO – children's clothing
Pettino is a Polish manufacturer of high-quality children's clothing.
The company is currently implementing a project to increase the efficiency of sales of its products on the foreign market,
The manufacturer is interested in cooperation with companies engaged in the wholesale and retail sale of children's clothing.
More details about the company: www.pettino.com
Martin Biland
Director of Sales
Pettino
st. Slovackego 1A
88-190 Barczyn, Poland
tel. +48 796 785 202
20.01.2014
MAUVER CONSULTING
The MAUVER CONSULTING company provides services for LLC registration for Russian citizens in the territory of the Republic of Poland. Possibility of opening a company in any city in Poland, renting an office (also virtual), cooperation as a representative of the Client. We also provide mediation in the purchase of ready-made LLCs and the promotion of Russian companies and goods to the Polish market. We invite you to cooperate.
Contact person: Mavriky Petrovich Vitkowiak
Phone: +48 61 41 51 657, + 48 539 452 080 (mobile)
WWW: mauver.pl.ru
Skype: mauricjo
20.01.2014
WYTWÓRNIA MEBLI Furniture manufacturer
The furniture company was founded in 1939. It produces furniture from solid wood and natural veneer. The production of stylish furniture with modern design on the Polish market and on international markets includes furniture for hotels and restaurants, such as kitchen, dining room, bedroom. The company also specializes in kitchen furniture. Products can be made according to individual requirements or customer designs.
The company also produces traditional oak furniture using wax and oil cleaning technology. The company sells at manufacturer prices and offers an endless variety of colors.
The company belongs to the Carpenters Swarzędz Association: http://www.mebleswarzedz.com
The furniture manufacturer is interested in cooperation with business partners in Russia, in particular, importers and distributors of high-quality furniture.
Contact: Zbigniew Kucharski
general Manager
st. Słowackiego 1/Słowackiego 1
62-020 Swarzędz
Poland/Polska
tel. / fax +48 61 817 30 77
mob. +48 600 486 333
More information on the website www.wytworniamebli.pl
13.01.2014
Company U.B.M. Kotasińska – manufacturer of medical equipment
The company's products: chairs for blood collection, stands for IVs, couches, screens, armchairs, chairs and stools for doctors' offices, medical carts and tables, changing tables, hospital beds: 2-3-segment and electric.
The company will establish cooperation with exporters and/or distributors of medical equipment to sell its products.
For more information about the company, see the website:
Sylwia Sas Jasicka: Export department
Kresowa 5, 46-100 Namysłów, Polska/Poland
UNIDEM Ltd SK
UNIDEM Ltd SK is a Polish company that produces disposable medical equipment.
Below is a list of products that we produce: disposable sterile syringes; disposable swabs for skin disinfection; sterile disposable gynecological speculum; disposable sterile gynecological brushes; gel for ultrasound examinations; disposable sterile urine collection bags; catheterization gel; ENT - disposable sterile kits; disposable non-sterile wooden ENT spatulas; elastic mask; dental bibs; gloves are latex, nitrile, vinyl and especially durable.
All our products are of high quality. We operate 10 factories in 6 countries.
We export goods to Europe and Africa, and continue to register in South America and Asia. More information: www.unidem.co.uk
We are looking for partners in Russia and the countries of the former Soviet Union.
Unidem Ltd SK, ul. Towarowa 23a, 43-100 Tychy, Poland
Tel. +48 32 661 01 13, Fax: +48 32 661 01 10, Mail.
We are pleased to welcome you to the website of the Russia-Poland Business Cooperation Center.
The activities of our Center are directly focused on providing support to Russian businesses interested in entering the Polish market. Without leaving Russia, you can quickly receive all the information you need and a whole range of additional services thanks to the work of our representative office in Poland. Contact the Russia-Poland Business Cooperation Center and we will provide you with professional support and assistance in developing your business in Poland.
When planning to start a business in Poland, an entrepreneur must first obtain professional advice on these issues, for example, from a specialized consulting company. It was with the aim of providing such assistance to Russian companies that the Russia-Poland Business Cooperation Center was created. The offices of our organization are located in Warsaw, Gliwice (Poland), Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. The main task of the Russia-Poland CDS is information and legal support for Russian companies interested in developing their business in Poland. The center provides services on the entire range of issues related to the work of Russian companies on the Polish market:
- registration of a company and opening of a representative office;
- obtaining certificates and permits;
- drafting and legal examination of contracts with counterparties;
- current marketing research of the situation in the markets of specific goods or services;
- search for business partners in Poland.
Many Russian companies have already become convinced that you can make money in Poland by making investments and developing your own business. We will help you be among them. We invite you to cooperate.
16.05.0803: 26
About Russian-Polish interregional cooperation
(Reference Information)
15-05-2008
The development of interregional cooperation between Russia and Poland is carried out on the basis of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Poland on friendly and good neighborly cooperation (1992), three intergovernmental agreements - on cooperation between the Kaliningrad region of Russia and the north-eastern voivodeships of Poland (1992), on regional cooperation St. Petersburg and regions of the Republic of Poland (1992), on cross-border cooperation (1992), as well as agreements signed between Russian regions and Polish voivodeships. To date, 9 out of 16 voivodeships have such agreements. 21 Russian regions have contractual relations with Polish partners. About 50 Russian municipalities maintain connections with local governments of the Republic of Poland.
The above agreements provide for close interaction primarily in the economic sphere, active attraction of investments, assistance in establishing contacts between chambers of commerce and industry, professional associations, business entities, organizations and enterprises operating in the field of small and medium-sized businesses. An important place is given to cooperation in the fields of culture, education, science, sports and tourism. In order to implement the agreements, joint working groups consisting of representatives of executive authorities have been created.
The coordination mechanism for Russian-Polish interregional cooperation is the working group on regional economic cooperation, created within the framework of the Russian-Polish Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation.
The Kaliningrad direction occupies a priority place in interregional cooperation. This is the only Russian region bordering Poland, and is a leader among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in many aspects of economic relations with Poland. The legal basis for cooperation, in addition to the above basic legal acts, also consists of cooperation agreements with the Warmian-Masurian (2001), Pomeranian (2002) and West Pomeranian (2004) voivodeships.
There is a Russian-Polish Cooperation Council for the Kaliningrad Region and Regions of Poland (RPC), which develops and sends proposals on areas of cooperation and bilateral projects to the relevant authorities. Within its framework, 13 specialized commissions were created. In October 1994, its first meeting was held in Svetlogorsk. The next, 8th meeting of the RPS took place in April 2007 in Warsaw.
Poland is the second largest foreign trade partner of the Kaliningrad region after Germany and ranks third among importers to this region. In recent years, the trade turnover of the Kaliningrad region with Poland is about 700 million dollars, including exports - about 100 million dollars (mainly fuel and energy products and wood), and imports - about 600 million dollars (mainly chemical industry products , mechanical engineering, cellulose, food).
At the end of 2007, 40 enterprises with Polish capital participation were registered in the Kaliningrad region (total of $53.2 million). Well-known Polish companies Budimex and Konstrukcion (construction), Maspex (production of cocoa drinks), Karkade (providing leasing services), Dospel (industrial ventilation equipment), GM Tronik actively participate in the cooperation Baltika (electronics), Holod-System (industrial and commercial refrigerated equipment), ZAMER (introduction of modern coal combustion technologies in boiler houses of small and medium power), Darus (production of seasonings), Konex (production of ice cream ).
In 1997, the Andrex company (Elbląg) implemented a large investment project - the construction of a terminal for transshipment of mineral fertilizers in the fishing port. In 2004-2006 Among the large economic projects of Polish entrepreneurs, one can also note the cooperation of the shipyard from Gdansk “Maritim Ltd” and the Svetlovsky ship repair plant for the assembly of sections of sea vessels of various types for customers from third countries.
Cooperation is being carried out in the construction of large projects. With the help of Polish builders (mainly the Budimex company), automobile checkpoints “Curonian Spit”, “Mamonovo”, “Gusev” and “Bagrationovsk” were built.
Polish construction and restoration companies took an active part in preparations for the celebration of the 750th anniversary of Kaliningrad and the 60th anniversary of the formation of the Kaliningrad region, including the reconstruction of Victory Square, renovation of the regional drama theater, restoration of the Royal Gate and other objects.
In April 2007, a presentation of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation took place in the Republic of Poland, within the framework of which, in addition to meetings of representatives of business circles,eighth meeting of the Russian-Polish Council for Cooperation of the Kaliningrad Region and Regions of Poland. It outlined guidelines for cooperation in the near future. Particular attention is planned to be paid to improving the situation at border crossings, developing transport infrastructure in the context of the construction of new checkpoints, as well as expanding cross-border cooperation. Environmental issues were also touched upon, which are expected to be resolved, in particular, with the involvement of European Union funds.
Cooperation between the Kaliningrad region and Poland is actively developing within the framework of the Euroregions “Baltika”, “Neman”, “Sheshupe”, “Lyna-Lava”, as well as the long-term international neighborhood program: Poland, Lithuania and the Kaliningrad region (Russian Federation) INTERREG 3-A.
On May 26, 2004, an agreement on interregional cooperation was signed between the government of the Moscow region and the Masovian voivodeship of the Republic of Poland in a number of areas of the economy, social sphere and culture. By order of the governor of the Moscow region, a working group was formed on economic, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation between the Moscow region and the Republic of Poland.
The Moscow region is demonstrating high rates of development of economic relations with Polish partners - 30 enterprises with Polish investments (over $29 million) operate in the region. Several dozen Polish companies carry out business activities in Moscow. The Polish Entrepreneurship Club unites 38 Polish companies. Their investments in the city’s economy at the end of 2006 exceeded $60 million. Partnerships are also developing between individual municipalities of Poland and the Moscow region: Wągrowiec and Krasnogorsk, Olsztyn and Podolsk, Olkusz and Bronnitsy, Plock and Mytishchi, etc.
The region of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region currently cooperates with the Pomeranian, West Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian voivodeships. Since 1996, the Russian-Polish Council on cooperation between the St. Petersburg region and the regions of Poland has been operating. Currently, its activities are focused on economic cooperation, education and culture, transport and transit policy, local government cooperation, security and the fight against crime and terrorism in the Baltic Sea region.
Polish investments in the economy of the St. Petersburg region exceed $25 million. About 40 Polish companies operate in the city. Several of them, who earned recognition for their restoration work, participated in the restoration of historical architectural ensembles in Tsarskoye Selo and Peterhof.
In the Leningrad region, the companies "NOVOL" (production of automotive putty), "Lukullusa" from Nowy Dvor Mazowiecki (production of meat products), and a plant for the production of construction fastenings of the Wroclaw company "Koelner" are successfully operating. The Russian-Polish company MEDPOL in Kronstadt produces Christmas tree decorations and hygiene products.
Bilateral relations between the Republic of Tatarstan and the Lodz Voivodeship are developing. 24 Tatarstan companies have business contacts and mutually beneficial agreements with Polish partners, 3 joint ventures have been established. In September 2006, a protocol of mutual understanding was signed in Tatarstan, providing for the implementation of two investment projects of the Lodz Voivodeship in the republic: the construction of a ceramics production enterprise (project cost 50 million euros) and a poultry farm (20 million euros). Currently, the Republic of Tatarstan actively cooperates with Poland in the agro-industrial complex and housing and communal construction.
Cooperation agreements were also signed between the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Mazowieckie voivodeship (2001), the Pskov region and the Lubuskie voivodeship (2002), the Smolensk region and the Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeship (2002) and the Mazowieckie voivodeship (2003), and the Samara region and Wielkopolska Voivodeship (2002). The Yaroslavl region and the Lower Silesian voivodeship, the Leningrad region and the Lower Silesian voivodeship interact. Direct connections have been established between two municipalities of the Leningrad region - Ivangorod and Tikhvin and two communes of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The Pskov, Ryazan, Novgorod, Kirov, Astrakhan and Vladimir regions, the Chuvash Republic, and the Khanty-Mansiysk District have also recently shown interest in cooperation with the Polish voivodeships.
Cities also cooperate with each other - Moscow with Warsaw and Krakow, St. Petersburg with Warsaw, Krakow and Gdansk, Arkhangelsk with Slupsk, Pskov with Bialystok, Irkutsk with Czestochowa, Ivanovo with Lodz, Kotlas with Tarnow, etc. The partner cities of Kaliningrad are Bialystok, Gdansk, Gdynia, Zabrze, Lodz, Olsztyn, Torun, Raciborz, Elblag.
At the beginning of 2005, Krakow signed a cooperation agreement with Moscow. The Moscow government took the initiative to sign it. A cooperation program is being implemented between the Moscow government and the Krakow mayor's office. May 14-16 this year The Days of Moscow were held in Krakow, within the framework of which there will be a gala concert of art masters, a number of exhibitions, a concert of a youth musical group, a film screening, a conference on scientific and technical cooperation, and thematic round tables.
Since April 1997, on the basis of a protocol on cooperation between the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg and the City Council of Krakow, relations between St. Petersburg and Krakow have been developing. Deputies exchange experience in the field of legislation, development and adoption of the budget, local government, healthcare, law and order, and protection of monuments.
Thanks to the activity of the regions of the Russian Federation, their share in Russian-Polish foreign trade turnover has increased significantly. At the same time, the task of expanding the circle of participants in interregional cooperation remains urgent.
General information
RUSSIAN – POLISH RELATIONS
The history of relations between the two countries goes back more than a millennium: the first war between Kievan Rus and Poland took place in 981. The period of Polish expansion to the East (late 16th - early 17th centuries) gave way to a counter-onslaught, as a result of which most of Poland was destroyed. 1815 to 1916 came under the rule of the Russian Empire. Nevertheless, close economic and cultural ties have developed between the two peoples.
Diplomatic relations between the RSFSR and Poland were established in 1921. In addition to embassies in Moscow and Warsaw, there are Russian consulates general in Gdansk, Krakow and Poznan, and Polish ones in St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad and Irkutsk. The legal foundation of bilateral relations is formed by documents signed between the former USSR and Poland (their inventory has not yet been completed), the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Poland on friendly and good-neighborly cooperation of May 22, 1992, as well as other intergovernmental treaties and agreements.
The last bilateral summit meetings took place on May 8, 2010 in Moscow during the celebrations on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the Victory, on December 6-7, 2010 as part of the official visit of the President of the Russian Federation to Poland, and on April 11, 2011 during memorial events in Smolensk.
The heads of government met on February 8, 2008 in Moscow, on January 29, 2009 on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum in Davos, on September 1, 2009 in Gdansk during commemorative events on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II, 7 and 10 April 2010 in the Smolensk region at events at the Katyn Memorial and at the site of the plane crash of Polish President L. Kaczynski.
The last visit of the Russian Foreign Minister to Poland took place on December 20, 2013 as part of a meeting of the Committee on Strategic Russian-Polish Cooperation. Since then, the ministers of the two countries met on February 1, 2014 in Munich and June 10, 2014 in St. Petersburg (in a “trialogue” format with the participation of the German Foreign Minister), as well as on December 4, 2014 in Basel (“at margins” of the meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe).
On January 22, 2016, bilateral political consultations were held in Moscow between the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia V.G. Titov and the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland M. Zhulkovsky.
In August 2012, the first ever visit of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill to Poland took place, during which a joint message of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Polish Episcopal Conference of the Roman Catholic Church to the peoples of Russia and Poland was signed.
A number of mechanisms for bilateral interaction were created between the two countries: the Committee on the Strategy of Russian-Polish Cooperation (headed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs), the Forum of Regions (under the auspices of the chairmen of the upper houses of parliament), the Group on complex issues arising from the history of Russian-Polish relations (co-chairs - Rector of MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia A.V. Torkunov and Director of the Institute of Central and Eastern Europe of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland M. Filipovich), Public Forum (co-chairman from the Russian side - Executive Director of the A.M. Gorchakov Foundation for the Support of Public Diplomacy L.V. Drachevsky, on the Polish side the co-chairman until 2016 was the famous Polish film director K. Zanussi), Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Centers for Dialogue and Harmony (headed, respectively, by A.E. Golubova and E. Wyczyszkiewicz). The work of most of these formats has been frozen in recent years at the initiative of the Polish side.
According to Russian statistics, bilateral trade turnover in 2017 amounted to $16.5 billion, which is 25.9% more than in 2016. In 2017, Poland’s share in Russia’s foreign trade remained at the 2016 level and amounted to 2.8%. At the same time, Russian exports (USD 11.6 billion) increased by 26.7%, Polish exports (USD 4.9 billion) - by 24%.
Until recently, a positive aspect in bilateral relations was the implementation of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Poland on the procedure for local border traffic (LBT), which was signed in Moscow on December 14, 2011. Its regime applied to residents of the Kaliningrad region and neighboring voivodeships of Poland - Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian. On June 30, 2016, the Polish side, without prior consultations, announced the temporary termination (from July 4, 2016) of the provisions of the LSP Agreement. These restrictions were initially motivated by security considerations in connection with the Warsaw NATO summit (July 8-9, 2016) and World Youth Days in Krakow (July 26-31, 2016), but after the end of these events, ease of movement in this region was not was restored.
The main instrument of interstate interaction in the trade and economic field is the Russian-Polish Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation (IPC), created in accordance with the intergovernmental agreement on economic cooperation dated November 2, 2004. The co-chairman on the Russian side is the Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation E.I. Dietrich, from Polish – Minister of Infrastructure of the Republic of Poland A. Adamczyk.
Within the framework of the IGC, six working groups have been formed: on trade and investment, on cooperation in the fuel and energy complex, on cooperation in the field of tourism, on military-technical cooperation, on cooperation in the agricultural sector, on customs affairs. The last (sixth) meeting of the IPC took place on September 19-21, 2013 in Gdansk.
In addition, in the field of trade and economic relations there are such bilateral formats as the Russian-Polish Standing Committee on Transport, the Russian-Polish Mixed Commission on Fisheries, the Russian-Polish Commission on Interregional Cooperation, cooperation councils of the Kaliningrad region and St. Petersburg with the voivodeships of Poland, the Russian-Polish Business Council (the founder on the Russian side is the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, and on the Polish side - the Eastern Club), the Polish-Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In July 2009, the Business Council for Cooperation with Poland was established in Moscow.
Russian-Polish contacts in the cultural, humanitarian and scientific spheres have been developing steadily until recently. In 2007-2008 “cross” Seasons of Russian and Polish culture were successfully held in both countries. Since 2007, film festivals of Russian films “Sputnik over Poland” and Polish films “Vistula” have been held in Russia. Since 2014, on the initiative of the Women's Union of Russia and the League of Polish Women, an International Festival dedicated to the work of Anna German has been held. In 2008, the Days of Polish Science were held in Russia, and in 2011 – the Days of Russian Science in Poland.
Although, under the pretext of the Ukrainian crisis, Warsaw in July 2014 unilaterally refused to participate in the “cross” Years of Russia in Poland and Poland in Russia planned for 2015, it was possible to implement some of the planned projects.
Since 2008, after a twenty-year break, on the initiative of the Polish side, the annual Russian Song Festival has been held in Zielona Gora, and since 2010, reciprocal festivals of Polish song have been held in Russia (since 2014, both events have ceased to exist).
In order to support and promote the Russian language in Poland (it ranks third in this country in terms of the number of students after English and German), on the initiative of the Russian World Foundation, “Russian Centers” were opened in Krakow, Lublin, Slupsk and Wroclaw.
Long-term cooperation has been carried out between the Russian and Polish academies of sciences. It is developing especially actively in the field of fundamental space research. A number of Russian-Polish projects are being implemented through the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From 1965 to the present, a bilateral Commission of Historians has been operating at the academies of sciences of the two countries.
On January 27, 2013, a new Russian exhibition was opened at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (Auschwitz), telling about the tragedy of the Soviet concentration camp prisoners and its liberation by the Red Army in January 1945. The opening ceremony was attended by the Chairman of the State Duma of the Federal Collections of the Russian Federation S.E. Naryshkin.
In December 2013, the Russian Federation made a one-time voluntary contribution to the international Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation. Income from the placement of funds collected by the Foundation is used for the purpose of restoration and maintenance in proper condition of objects and exhibitions of the State Museum in Auschwitz.
In January 2013, the Russian side received an invitation to join the international project to renovate the Museum - Place of Memory "Sobibor", located on the territory of the former Nazi death camp. The invitation was confirmed in 2014 and 2016. In July 2017, information was received from the Polish side that the International Steering Committee of the project decided to continue cooperation with the same composition, i.e. without Russia. At the same time, it is not excluded that the issue of our country’s possible participation in the mentioned initiative will be considered in the future.
REPUBLIC OF POLAND
A state in Central Europe that has a border with Russia (Kaliningrad region) with a length of over 200 km, Germany, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In the north it is washed by the Baltic Sea.
Territory– 312.7 thousand sq. km., population– 38.4 million people, more than 97% are Poles. Main religion– Catholicism (95% of the population), official language– Polish, currency unit– Polish zloty.
Administrative division– three-stage: 16 voivodeships, 379 powiats, 2479 gminas (gmina is the main unit of territorial self-government). Capital– Warsaw (1.76 million inhabitants). Other large cities are Krakow (767 thousand), Lodz (693 thousand), Wroclaw (638 thousand), Poznan (539 thousand), Gdansk (464 thousand).
State attributes. The flag is white and red, the coat of arms is an image of a white eagle on a red background, the anthem is Dąbrowski’s mazurka “Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła” (“Poland has not yet perished”).
National holidays: May 3 – anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of 1791 (the current Constitution came into force in October 1997), November 11 – Independence Day (restoration of Polish statehood in 1918).
Story. The Polish state arose at the end of the 10th century. In 966, its ruler, Prince Mieszko I, converted to Christianity. In 1025 Poland became a kingdom centered in Gniezno, led by the national Piast dynasty. In the middle of the 12th century. it broke up into destinies, but at the beginning of the 14th century. was again united by King Casimir the Great, who also conquered Galician Rus' and part of Volyn and Podolia. Since 1320, Krakow became the capital of the state.
In 1386, the Polish throne passed to the Lithuanian Jagiellon dynasty, and the beginning of a personal union of the two states was laid. In 1410, in the Battle of Grunwald, united Polish-Lithuanian forces with the participation of Smolensk regiments defeated the troops of the Teutonic Order and put a limit to its expansion, which deprived Poland in the 13th-14th centuries. access to the Baltic Sea.
In 1569, with the signing of the Union of Lublin between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the 1st Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (calque from the Latin “res publica”) was formed, which extended at the peak of power “from sea to sea” and existed until 1795. Its capital since 1596 . actually became Warsaw.
In 1610, the son of the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, was called by the Russian boyars to the Moscow throne. In 1612, the Poles were expelled from Moscow by the people's militia led by Minin and Pozharsky. As a result of the Russian-Polish wars (1577-82, 1609-18, 1632-34, 1654-67), which were fought with varying success, the Smolensk region and Left Bank Ukraine were transferred to the Moscow state.
As a result of three divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772, 1793, 1795) between Austria, Prussia and Russia, the Russian Empire included the territories of present-day Belarus, right-bank Ukraine (without Galicia), Lithuania and part of Latvia. After the redistribution of Polish lands at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. Most of the Duchy of Warsaw was transferred to Russia (except for Greater Poland with Poznan and Krakow), on which the Kingdom of Poland was formed, which at first enjoyed broad autonomy. Polish national liberation uprisings of 1794 (led by T. Kosciuszko), 1830-1831, 1846, 1848 and 1863-1864. were depressed.
In August 1918, the leadership of Soviet Russia annulled the partition treaties of the tsarist government, and in November 1918, Poland gained independence and was proclaimed a republic (2nd Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). On March 18, 1921, a peace treaty was signed in Riga between Soviet Russia and Poland, which recorded the results of the unsuccessful Soviet-Polish war of 1919-1920. (the border between the two states passed significantly east of the so-called “Curzon line”, which in general is the eastern section of the compact settlement of the Polish ethnic group).
On September 1, 1939, with an attack on Poland, Nazi Germany unleashed the Second World War. Quickly defeating the Polish army, it occupied most of the country. On September 17, 1939, the Red Army entered the territory of Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and the Vilna region; they were annexed to the USSR.
In July 1944 - May 1945. The territory of Poland was completely liberated by units of the Red Army with the assistance of the Polish Army. More than 600 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers died in the battles for the liberation of Poland. As a result of the Second World War, Poland lost almost 40% of its national wealth and more than 6 million people, i.e. 1/5 of the population. The border in the west was established along the Oder-Neisse line, in the east - along the “Curzon Line” with small deviations in favor of Poland.
After the war, the country proclaimed the construction of a socialist society under the leadership of the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP). The Polish People's Republic was a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact Organization until their activities ceased.
The abolition of the socialist system in Poland at the end of the 1980s was preceded by a long internal political struggle, led since 1980 by the opposition movement Solidarity. In December 1981, martial law was introduced in the country, which lasted until 1983. In 1989, negotiations took place between the main political forces of the country within the framework of the so-called. The “Round Table”, as a result of which the first free elections were held in June 1989. The official name of the Polish state since December 31, 1989 is the Republic of Poland (3rd Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). The internal political processes that have taken place since then have been accompanied by frequent changes of governments, a profound transformation of the party landscape, which is currently dominated by national-populist forces, while liberal-conservative and centrist forces are in opposition, and the left is weak and divided.
State structure. Poland is a parliamentary-presidential republic. The legislative branch of government (parliament) is made up of the Sejm and the Senate, the executive branch is made up of the President of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers, and the judicial branch is made up of courts and tribunals. The head of state and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland is the President, who is elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years in direct general elections. One person can serve no more than two consecutive terms as president. Following the results of the second round of the next presidential elections held on May 24, 2015, A. Duda, nominated by the national-clerical Law and Justice party, became the head of state (took office on August 6, 2015).
Parliament consists of two chambers: the lower - the Sejm (460 deputies) and the upper - the Senate (100 senators). Deputies and senators are elected simultaneously for 4 years in multi-member constituencies based on the proportional and majoritarian systems, respectively. The last parliamentary elections took place on October 25, 2015, won by the Law and Justice (PiS) party. Its representative M. Kuchczynski was elected Marshal of the Sejm (since November 2015), and PiS representative S. Karczewski (since November 2015) was also elected Marshal of the Senate. As of July 7, 2018, seats in the Seimas were distributed among the following factions:
– “Law and Justice” (PiS) – 235 deputies;
– “Civil Platform” (CP) – 136 deputies;
– Movement “Kukiz-15” – 29 deputies;
– “Modern Poland” – 22 deputies;
– Polish Peasant Party – “Union of European Democrats” – 18 deputies;
– “Free and Solidary” – 6 deputies;
– “Liberal and social” - 3 deputies;
– German national minority – 1 deputy;
– 9 deputies did not join any of the factions.
In the upper house, 61 senators represent PiS, 34 represent the SOE, and 5 are independent.
Government(Council of Ministers) is formed by the winning party in the parliamentary elections, sworn in by the president and approved by the Seimas. After the elections on October 25, 2015, a new cabinet of ministers was appointed, its head from December 11, 2017 to the present is M. Morawiecki, the Minister of Foreign Affairs is J. Czaputowicz (since January 9, 2018).
From the number trade union organizations The All-Polish Agreement of Trade Unions (formed in 1989, unites more than 100 industry organizations, chairman - J. Guz) and the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity" (has about 1.2 million members, chairman of the All-Polish Commission - P. Duda).
As a priority foreign policy Warsaw is considering strengthening its position in the international arena, especially within the European Union (joined in 2004, chaired in the second half of 2011) and NATO (a member of the alliance since 1999). Poland is part of the “Visegrad Group” (with Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia), the Central European Initiative (uniting 18 CEE and SEE countries), the Council of the Baltic Sea States, participates in the “Weimar Triangle” (with Germany and France), promotes the “Three Three Initiative” seas" (unification of states from the Baltic to the Black Sea and the Adriatic).
Warsaw is an active supporter of strengthening NATO's eastern flank and the deployment of military units, weapons and infrastructure of the Alliance in Poland and the Baltic countries. At the same time, the Poles pay special attention to the “strategic partnership” with Washington, within the framework of which a US missile defense facility is being built on Polish territory, military personnel from an American armored brigade and army aviation units are stationed, and military infrastructure is being modernized. Poland actively advocates promoting the European Union's Eastern Partnership project, aimed at bringing Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia into the EU's orbit of influence.
Armed forces(unofficial name - Polish Army) includes ground forces, naval and air forces, as well as special forces and the Territorial Defense Forces (WTO). Commander-in-Chief - President of Poland A. Duda, Minister of National Defense - M. Blaszczak, Chief of the General Staff - General R. Andrzejczak (since July 2018). The size of the armed forces is expected to increase to 200 thousand people by 2022 (including 130 thousand professional military personnel and a 53 thousand WTO contingent). Polish military personnel take part in peacekeeping operations, priority is given to missions “under the flags” of NATO and the EU.
Economy. The economic situation in Poland is generally stable; in the 1990s–2000s, the country developed at an accelerated pace, avoiding recession even during the global crisis of 2008–09. and the latest recession in a number of EU countries. Poland's GDP in 2017 grew by 4.6% and amounted to 524.7 billion US dollars, per capita – 13.7 thousand US dollars; the average salary is about $1,200. At the end of 2017, unemployment was 6.6%, public debt was 48.5% of GDP. Poland's main trading partners are other EU countries, primarily Germany.
Science and culture. Poland is a country with rich cultural and scientific traditions. The names of scientists N. Copernicus and M. Sklodowska-Curie, composers F. Chopin and G. Wieniawski, writers B. Prus and G. Sienkiewicz, poets A. Mickiewicz and J. Slovacki are world famous. The names of film directors A. Wajda, K. Zanussi, K. Kieślowski are widely known. Currently in Poland there are about 500 research institutes, 131 universities, including 38 universities (including the oldest in the country, Jagiellonian, founded in 1364), with almost 2 million students. There are more than a hundred drama, musical and puppet theaters in the country, numerous museums and art galleries are open, the most famous of which are the National Museum in Warsaw and the Museum of Modern Art in Lodz.
mass media. The main national information structure is the Polish Information Agency (PAP), and a number of private agencies operate. The most widely circulated newspapers are “Gazeta Wyborcza”, “Rzeczpospolita”, “Dziennik Gazeta Pravna”, “Our Dziennik”, “Super Express”, “Fakt”, “Pulse Business”, magazines – “Wprost”, “Przeglend”, “ Przekruj", "Politics" and "Newsweek". In addition to state-owned ones (TVP and Polish Radio), there are private television and radio companies (TVN, Polsat, RMF-FM and others).
In its composition in the first half of the 17th century. included most of modern Poland and Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, part of Latvia, some Western Russian lands, while Courland, Livonia, Danzig and Prussia were vassals. Thus, there was actually access to the Baltic, but to the Black Sea - indirectly.
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