Admiral Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen was born on the island of Ezel (now Saaremaa, Estonia) on September 9 (20), 1778. Descended from the Baltic German nobles.
His first acquaintance with Kronstadt was associated with his studies in the Naval Cadet Corps in 1789-1897, and later with his service as an officer in the Baltic Fleet. In 1803, he left Kronstadt as part of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, and in 1819 he himself led the expedition on the ships “Vostok” and “Mirny”, which resulted in the discovery of Antarctica.
In 1839, fate would finally connect the admiral with Kronstadt - he would take the post of military governor and chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In house No. 2 on Knyazheskaya Street (now Kommunisticheskaya) - now this house is called the “Marinesko House” - there was the official apartment of the military governor Feddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen.
Made Kronstadt green
At the beginning of Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen’s activity as governor, Kronstadt was a city that was unsettled in everyday life and culturally. The only city gardens were Romanovsky (now the Metalworkers' Garden), Inzhenerny (on the corner of Vosstaniya and Zosimova streets), as well as the Public Garden on the site of the modern Summer Garden, with adjacent residential buildings from the era of Peter I.
It is known that Thaddeus Faddeevich was a great lover of gardening, a successor of the ideas of his predecessor Admiral P. M. Rozhnov on city greening. This passion of his transformed the city: the first trees were planted by the admiral on Aleksandrovsky Boulevard (Zosimova Street), in the Engineering Garden and on the first alley near the grid of Petrovsky Park; Parks were laid out on Bolshaya Ekaterininskaya (now Sovetskaya Street), Northern Boulevard (now Vosstaniya Street), and the Summer Garden was expanded.
Since the military governor himself was in charge of monitoring the condition of the gardens and parks, many trees were preserved in our city for a long time. And it should be noted that many of the subsequent military governors of the city were very jealous of the landscaping of Kronstadt. As a result, in 1875, a branch of the Imperial Horticultural Society was even established in the city. Later, the military governor, Vice Admiral N.I. Kaznakov, was a great lover of gardening, who instilled in the townspeople a love for plants and nature in general.
Not only planted
but also built
Even before his appointment as military governor, Bellingshausen, together with Lieutenant Commander I.N. Skrydlov, founded a library in 1832 with private donations and became its first director, and the books collected by the admiral became the basis of the library’s first collection.
At the same time, serving as military governor and chief commander of the Kronstadt port, Bellingshausen was the chairman of the “City Organization Committee,” which was actually involved in the improvement of Kronstadt and the territory of Kotlin Island. Under his supervision, new forts, docks, and harbors were built and old ones rebuilt; plans were considered for the construction of new residential buildings, the city administration building, the Steamship Plant, the expansion of the Lutheran cemetery and other projects. At the insistence of Bellingshausen, hospitals were set up on ships and food for sailors was improved.
Found
worthy wife
A Lutheran by religion, he was an honorary parishioner of the Church of St. Elizabeth in Kronstadt. It is interesting that his family was multi-religious. Thaddeus Faddeevich's wife, Anna Dmitrievna (née Baykova, born March 6, 1808) was Orthodox. Anna Dmitrievna came from the family of Second Major Dmitry Fedoseevich Baikov, commander of a sapper battalion who served in our city and built Military Department buildings in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. Bellingshausen first met the family of his future wife when he was preparing a trip to the South Pole, and the wedding of 18-year-old Anna Baikova and 48-year-old Thaddeus Bellingshausen took place in Kronstadt after the trip - in 1826.
Of the seven children of Anna Fedoseevna and Thaddey Faddeevich, two sons and a daughter died in infancy; Elizabeth, Ekaterina, Maria and Elena were left to raise them. Anna Dmitrievna not only raised her daughters, but was also actively involved in social and charitable activities: for many years she was a trustee of the Kronstadt parochial school, organized a canteen for the children of fallen naval lower ranks, and organized charity evenings. For her labors, she was awarded the “lesser cross of the Order of St. Catherine,” on the reverse side of which was embossed in Latin: “Through her labors she is compared with her husband.” After the death of her husband, Anna Dmitrievna left for the Pskov province, to her small estate. She died on December 16, 1892 and was buried in the Gorki graveyard of the Novosokolniki district of the Pskov region. Anna Dmitrievna’s grave has been preserved and, thanks to the activities of the local history museum of the city of Novosokolniki, is maintained in proper condition.
Descendants remember
The death of Admiral Bellingshausen in 1852 was mourned by the entire Kronstadt and the Fleet. "Sea Collection" published an obituary.
His grave was located in the Lutheran (German) cemetery in Kronstadt, but, unfortunately, was lost. Already in our time, a cenotaph was installed at the site of the supposed burial.
On September 11, 1870, a monument was unveiled in Catherine (Soviet) Park with the inscription “To our polar explorer Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen. 1870." At the opening of the monument, a solemn ceremony took place with the consecration and marching of Kronstadt sailors and units of the Kronstadt artillery. Subsequently, the opening ceremony of the monument to Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen formed the basis for the grand openings of two other monuments: to Pyotr Kuzmich Pakhtusov in Kronstadt and to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern in St. Petersburg.
13 geographical points are named after Bellingshausen on the world map, including a mountain in Antarctica, a cape on Sakhalin, islands, the sea and a basin in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Antarctica. For a long time, the USSR Navy included the expeditionary oceanographic vessel "Thaddeus Bellingshausen", which in 1983 repeated, together with the ship "Admiral Vladimirsky", well known to the Kronstadters, the route of the Bellingshausen and Lazarev expedition of 1819-1821. The name of Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen is now especially honored at the “Young Sailor” Children's Maritime Center. Every September, in the Soviet Park near the Bellingshausen monument, a celebration of initiation into cabin boys takes place.
This is how our city tries to preserve the connection between times.
Svetlana Kislyakova,
Museum of the History of Kronstadt
Bellingshausen Thaddeus Faddeevich (1778-1852) was from the island of Ezel (Estonia). He came from a family of Baltic nobles. Known as a navigator who circumnavigated the world twice. The main merit of the traveler, who was constantly at sea from early youth until his death, was the discovery of Antarctica together with M.P. Lazarev.
Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovski. Ice mountains in Antarctica 1870
Dreams of sailing arose in Thaddeus from childhood; Bellingshausen himself said about himself that he could not live without the sea, like a fish without water. After completing his studies at the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps, he became a midshipman. The first major voyage in which the young officer took part took place in 1796. Then Thaddeus first felt the spirit of long sea crossings and visited distant England.
Bellingshausen was 25 years old when he was accepted into the crew for the first round-the-world voyage of Russian ships. He served on the ship "Nadezhda". The expedition was commanded by Adam Johann von Krusenstern (more commonly known as Ivan Krusenstern). Since Bellingshausen was passionate about science, he was entrusted with the compilation of maps on this journey. Later, all the maps drawn up as a result of the expedition were included in the “Atlas for traveling around the world” compiled by Kruzenshtern. After the successful completion of the journey in Kruzenshtern’s team, Bellingshausen conducts cartographic research in the Black and Baltic Seas and compiles astronomical maps. Geography was his passion; he recorded and sketched everything new with great enthusiasm.
In the 20s of the 19th century, Russia was preparing a new circumnavigation. Kruzenshtern recommends appointing the “enterprising and skillful officer” Bellingshausen as leader. And at the beginning of 1819 he led the expedition. Its goal was designated as “the search for the sixth continent.” The outstanding navigator Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev took part in the voyage together with Bellingshausen. And in June 1819, the sloops “Mirny” and “Vostok” departed from Kronstadt and set off in search of the mysterious continent. Bellingshausen took command of the Vostok. At that time he was 40 years old, and had almost thirteen years of maritime experience behind him.
Bellingshausen is heading towards Rio de Janeiro. Further his path lies to the south. The expedition explores the Sandwich Islands and the island of New Georgia, previously discovered by James Cook. By January, ships arrive on the shores of an unknown southern continent covered with ice.
The date of discovery of Antarctica is considered to be January 16, 1820. It was on this day that the expedition approached the continent in the area of the present-day Princess Martha Coast. Bellingshausen called the land he saw the Ice Continent. The sailors saw the shore for the second time on January 21. Landing was not allowed by huge glacial walls that constantly collapsed into the water - January is the height of the Antarctic summer. Over the summer, sailors explored the coastal shelf of Antarctica. They managed to cross the Antarctic Circle several times. The mainland was circled. In early February, during bad weather, Bellingshausen came close to the Princess Astrid Coast. Constant snowstorms and snow drifts did not allow us to see the coast properly. By March, with a gradual decrease in the temperature of the air and coastal waters, the accumulation of ice off the coast of Antarctica increased, and sailing became at first difficult and then simply impossible. Bellingshausen's ships headed for Australia.
However, the research was not completed; it continued in the Pacific Ocean. Bellingshausen studied the Tuamotu archipelago, where 29 islands were discovered. All of them were named in honor of outstanding statesmen and military figures of Russia.
In September 1820, exploration of Antarctica was resumed. The Coast of Alexander I was discovered, and Peter I Island received its name. After this, the expedition arrived at the South Shetland Islands. At this time, a group of islands was discovered, which received the names of the battles of the Patriotic War of 1812 and outstanding Russian navigators.
July 1821 was ending. Bellingshausen's expedition headed for Kronstadt. The heroic sailors had 50 thousand miles and 751 days of travel behind them. In-depth climatic and hydrographic studies were carried out, unique collections valuable for zoology, ethnography and botany were collected. Bellingshausen carefully recorded all kinds of information in his diary - information about the customs of local peoples and everything that he and his team had a chance to see, and provided the Admiralty with a collection of his notes on the trip with the attachments of a variety of drawings and maps; the manuscript was published in 1831.
Bellingshausen became a real idol for many travelers and researchers. His comrades spoke of him as a brave and decisive man. In an extreme situation, the experienced sailor showed amazing composure. He knew his job very well and was distinguished by his humanity - he never used corporal punishment and treated his subordinates with care. The success of the expedition and the well-being of his subordinates were his priorities. At the same time, he was prone to risk. Thus, Lazarev noted that Bellingshausen endangered the ship by maneuvering between ice fields with large passages. Bellingshausen claimed that at such a time he was in a hurry because he was only thinking about not getting stuck with his team in the ice with the onset of spring.
After the discovery of North and South America and Australia, Antarctica was the final Great Geographical Discovery. Before this, no one had seriously imagined that there was an entire continent waiting to be discovered. After the voyage of the Russian discoverers Bellingshausen and Lazarev, there were no undiscovered large continents left in the world.
For his greatest services to his homeland, Bellingshausen first received the rank of rear admiral, then, in 1826, he became the head of the Mediterranean flotilla. In 1839, he was appointed to the post of military governor of Kronstadt and chief commander of the Kronstadt fleet, and by the end of his life he became an admiral and participated in the war with Turkey, leading a naval siege.
Bellingshausen is known for his considerable contribution to the construction of new harbors, ports, docks, as well as for caring for the personnel of the fleet. First of all, he cared about the sailors. On his initiative, meat rations were significantly increased in the navy. After the death of the admiral, a document was found in which it was proposed to plant trees with early flowering in harbors so that those going to sea could see spring. To improve the cultural level of sailors, he created a library in the port. Bellingshausen attached great importance to training, improved artillery shooting skills, and transferred maneuvering skills to the sailors responsible for navigation.
The great navigator died in 1852. Bellingshausen was buried in Kronstadt, where 18 years later a monument was erected to him. The name of the great discoverer was given to islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the sea, a cape on Sakhalin Island, and an ice shelf in Antarctica. In 1968, the first Soviet scientific station on the West Coast of Antarctica was opened at Cape Fildes. She also received the name Bellingshausen.
Prepared based on materials:
http://www.peoples.ru
http://www.chrono.ru
http://www.kronstadt.ru
Shikman A.P. Figures of the Russian Federation. M, 1997
Outstanding Russian naval officer, scientist, navigator and humanist F.F. Bellingshausen was born on September 20, 1778 on the island of Ezel (now Saarema) near the city of Kuressare (Arensburg).
Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1797, he received the rank of midshipman and was sent to the ships of the Revel squadron of the Baltic Fleet. In 1803-1806 he took part in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Nadezhda" under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern. In 1806, Bellingshausen received the rank of captain-lieutenant. After returning from the expedition, he commanded various ships in the Baltic and Black Seas. In 1819-1821, he led a round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Vostok" (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and "Mirny" (under the command of Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851)). The purpose of the expedition was defined by the Maritime Ministry as scientific - the discovery of the Antarctic Pole in the possible vicinity with the aim of “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe.”
4 (July 16), 1819 Russian Antarctic expedition under the command of captain of the second rank F.F. Belingshausen left Kronstadt. The flagship was the sloop "Vostok" with a displacement of 900 tons, a length along the waterline of 40 m, a width of about 10 m, a sail area of more than 2000 square meters with a crew of 117 people. The second sloop, called Mirny, was commanded by Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev. The sloops reached speeds of up to 8-10 knots. By November 1919, the expedition reached the South Georgia Islands. Moving to the southeast, on December 30, 1819, the ships reached the “Sandwich Land”, discovered by J. Cook. The expedition explored this land, which turned out to be an archipelago and was named the South Sandwich Islands. Russian navigators were the first to establish a connection between this group of islands and other islands and rocks of the southwestern Atlantic and for the first time pointed out the presence of an underwater ridge of volcanic origin (now the South Antilles Ridge), which has a length of 2.5 thousand km in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean between 53 ° and 60° S
On January 26, 1820, the ships crossed the Antarctic Circle; on January 28, the expedition discovered Antarctica, approaching it at 69°21" S and 2°14" W. (area of the modern Bellingshausen ice shelf). On February 18, 1820, the expedition almost came close to the mainland (the northwestern protrusion of the coast of Princess Ranhilda). For the third time, on February 26, 1820, Russian ships reached only 60°49" S and 49°26" E, approximately 100 km north of Prince Olaf Land.
In November 1820, the expedition set off for the second time to the “ice continent”. On January 10, 1821, an island was discovered named after Peter I (68°47" S and 90°30" E), and on January 28 the expedition discovered a coast named after Alexander I (Land of Alexander I, located between 69° and 73° S and 68° and 76° E). Russian ships were unable to make their way to the shore due to solid ice. Having bypassed them from the north, Bellingshausen turned east and crossed the extreme southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean (in the twentieth century this part was called the Bellingshausen Sea), where he found “New Shetland,” previously discovered by William Smith. The Russian expedition explored the new land and discovered that it was a chain of islands stretching from the Drake Passage to the east-northeast for almost 600 km. Individual South Shetland Islands were named Berezina, Borodino, Waterloo, Leipzig, Maloyaroslavets, Polotsk, Smolensk, and the northeastern ones were named after Mikhailov, Mordvinov, Rozhnov, Shishkov.
On February 11, 1821, Bellingshausen's expedition turned north.
On July 24, 1821, after 751 days of voyage, the ships returned to Kronstadt. During the journey, the expedition also discovered a number of islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Bellingshausen and Lazarev compiled descriptions of the islands and maps, collected ethnographic, botanical and zoological collections, and carried out systematic observations of the state of the atmosphere and sea water. In 1826, Bellingshausen was promoted to rear admiral. In 1827 he took part in the assault on the Turkish fortress of Varna. On December 6, 1830, Bellingshausen received the rank of vice admiral and was appointed commander of the 2nd naval division of the Baltic Fleet. During his service, he carried out scientific work in the field of artillery, and subsequently wrote the work “On Aiming Artillery Guns at Sea.”
Journey of F.F. Bellingshausen is described in his book “Twice explorations in the Arctic Ocean and voyages around the world during 1819-1821, carried out on the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny”,” which was first published only in 1831, 10 years after the expedition. In 1845 F.F. Bellingshausen was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1848 he was appointed an honorary member of the Marine Scientific Committee.
Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen(born Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen, German: Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen; September 9 (20), 1778, Ezel Island - January 13 (25), 1852, Kronstadt) - famous Russian navigator, discoverer of Antarctica. Descends from the Baltic German nobles.
Biography
Bellingshausen was born on August 18, 1779 on the island of Ezel (now the island of Saaremaa, Estonia). The proximity of the sea, communication with sailors and fishermen instilled in the boy a love for the fleet from early childhood. For ten years he was sent to the Marine Corps. As a midshipman, Bellingshausen sailed to England. After graduating from the corps in 1797, he served with the rank of midshipman on the ships of the Revel squadron in the Baltic Sea.
In 1803-1806, Bellingshausen took part in I.F.’s circumnavigation of the world. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky. This voyage was an excellent school for the young sailor. Upon returning home, Bellingshausen continued to serve in the Baltic Fleet. In 1810, he was transferred ".. to the Black Sea Fleet, where he commanded the frigate Minerva, and then the frigate Flora." During his service in the Black Sea, Bellingshausen did a lot of work to clarify sea maps of the Caucasian coast, conducted a number of astronomical observations, and accurately determined the coordinates of the main points of the coast. Thus, Bellingshausen came to lead the expedition as an experienced scientist, sailor and researcher.
Discovery of Antarctica
Bellingshausen was appointed to the post of head of the expedition only shortly before leaving for the voyage, so the worries about equipping the expedition and manning the crews of the sloops fell on Lazarev. Taking advantage of the right to recruit people at his own discretion, Lazarev staffed the crews of the sloops with experienced sailors who voluntarily wished to go to unknown lands. In the future, this greatly contributed to the success of swimming.
The Vostok crew consisted of 117 people. The Mirny crew consists of 73 people. “All the officers and officials... were Russian,” wrote expedition member Professor I.M. Simonov. “Some bore German names, but, being children of Russian subjects, born and raised in Russia, they cannot be called foreigners.”
The sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", on which the voyage was carried out, were built at domestic shipyards almost simultaneously.
The icy shore of the coveted Southern continent was seen for the first time in the history of mankind by Russian sailors - companions of Bellingshausen and Lazarev on January 16, 1820. But the view of the shores was too unusual. Fog and snow prevented the sailors from determining what lay further behind the lumpy ice. This, apparently, made Bellingshausen then refrain from concluding that there was a continent in front of him. On January 16, 1820, the sloops reached the southernmost point during the first year of navigation - 69°25" south latitude and 2° 10" west longitude.
For four days, the sloops sailed along the ice barrier protruding to the north, and then turned south again.
By the end of January, Vostok and Mirny were out in the open, and on February 2, Bellingshausen again gave the order to change course.
On the evening of the next day, the sloops crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time.
In his preliminary report, sent later from Australia, Bellingshausen reported to his homeland: “Here, behind the ice fields of fine ice and islands, a continent of ice is visible, the edges of which are broken off perpendicularly and which continues as we see, rising to the south like a shore. Flat ice islands, those located near this continent clearly show that they are a fragment of this continent, for they have edges and an upper surface similar to the continent.”
Russian sailors saw the icy shores of the Southern continent on January 16, 21, and February 5-6, 1820, but they decided to once again make sure that they had discovered the continent, although Bellingshausen, Lazarev, and their companions were firmly convinced that that there is land in front of them.
On March 4, 1820, at 90° east longitude, Bellingshausen turned to the shores of Australia. Despite the obvious danger of the ships sailing separately (if one ship were lost, the second could not come to the aid of its crew), Bellingshausen and Lazarev still decided on this in order to explore the largest possible expanse of the ocean. The sloops took courses parallel to those once taken by Cook's ships Resolution and Adventure. "Mirny" went 5-3° south of the "Ed-Venture" path, Lazarev had to solve one geographical riddle: try to find the Company Island, allegedly seen by Spanish sailors.
On March 30, 1820, on the 132nd day after leaving Rio de Janeiro, the Vostok dropped anchor in Port Jackson. Seven days later, the Mirny arrived here safely, the crew of which was convinced that the Company island existed only in the imagination of its “discoverers.”
Bellingshausen Thaddeus Faddeevich (1778-1852), Russian naval leader, navigator, admiral (1843), discoverer of Antarctica.
Born on the island of Ezel (now the island of Saaremaa, Estonia) on September 9, 1778 in a family of Baltic nobles. Since childhood, I dreamed of becoming a sailor, writing about myself: “I was born among the sea; just as a fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea.”
I was born among the sea; just as a fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea.
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
In 1789 he entered the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps. He became a midshipman and in 1796 sailed to the shores of England. He successfully sailed around the Baltic on ships of the Revel squadron, and in 1797 he was promoted to midshipman (the first officer rank). The love for science was noticed by the commander of the Kronstadt port, who recommended Bellingshausen to I.F. Kruzenshtern.
In 1803-1806, Bellingshausen served on the ship Nadezhda, which participated in the expedition of Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, which made the first Russian circumnavigation. On this trip, he compiled and graphically executed almost all the maps included in the Atlas for Captain I.F. Kruzenshtern’s trip around the world.
In 1810-1819 he commanded a corvette and a frigate in the Baltic and Black Seas, where he also conducted cartographic and astronomical research.
When preparing a new round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern recommended Bellingshausen, who had already become captain of the 2nd rank, as its leader: “Our fleet, of course, is rich in enterprising and skillful officers, but of all of them that I know, no one except Golovnin can compare with him." At the beginning of 1819, Bellingshausen was appointed “chief of an expedition to search for the sixth continent,” organized with the approval of Alexander I.
In June 1819, the sloops “Vostok” under the command of Bellingshausen and “Mirny” under the command of the young naval lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt. On November 2, the expedition arrived in Rio de Janeiro. From there Bellingshausen headed south. Having rounded the southwestern coast of the island of New Georgia, discovered by Cook (about 56 degrees south latitude), he examined the southern Sandwich Islands. On January 16, 1820, the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev in the area of the Princess Martha Coast approached an unknown “ice continent”. This day marks the discovery of Antarctica. Three more times this summer, the expedition explored the coastal shelf of the open sixth continent, crossing the Antarctic Circle several times. At the beginning of February 1820, the ships approached the Princess Astrid Coast, but due to snowy weather they were unable to see it well.
In March 1820, when navigation off the coast of the mainland became impossible due to the accumulation of ice, both ships headed to Australia in different ways and met in the port of Jackson (now Sydney). From there they went to the Pacific Ocean, where 29 islands were discovered in the Tuamotu archipelago, which were named after prominent Russian military and government figures.