Cases in German (Kasus) - German online - Start Deutsch. Akkusativ - Accusative case in German - German online - Start Deutsch Name of cases in German

The accusative case is basically the case of the German object directly associated with the verb, a case indicating the direction of a particular action, for example:

Er schreibt einen Artikel— He is writing an article

Ich lese die heutige Zeitung— I'm reading today's newspaper

Er liest das neue Buch— He is reading a new book

The accusative case answers questions whom? What? Where? (wen? was? wohin?)

An example of using the accusative case with the question “where?”: Ich gehe in die Bibliothek- I’m going (where?) to the library.

Let's compare two Russian sentences:

1. The car turned the corner.

2. I noticed this car.

In the first case, the actor is the machine. The word machine is in the nominative case (who? what?), as the figure is called here. In the secondIn this case, the machine turns from an actor into an object (here - observation). This is the so-called accusative case (I blame, I blame who? What?).

Machines A turns into cars at , that is, it changes the ending.

Let's now see what happens in German in a similar situation:

Der Zug geht um halb zwölf. - The train leaves at half past eleven.

Ich nehme den Zug. - Literally: I will take this train. (I'll take this train)

In the nominative case, words answer the questions who? What? (wer? was?), and in the accusative - to the questions of whom? What? (wen? was?).

Here is the complete table of declension of German nouns:

The last line contains the accusative case Akkusativ, which is exactly what we are talking about in this article. As you can see, the masculine article DER has become DEN, this is exactly what we observed in the sentence Ich nehme den Zug. - Literally: I will take this train.

More details about the German accusative case in the video:

Complete table of declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Nominativ:

Let's look at some more examples of using the accusative case in German:

1) Often the accusative case of a thing or a person is combined with dative case :

Ich will dir meine neue Arbeit zeigen - I want to show you my new work

In such cases, the accusative case is the case of the object that is directly affected by the action, and the dative case is the case of the object that is only affected by the action.

Some verbs depend on the double accusative case:

Sie nannten ihn einen Sonderling— They called him a strange man (eccentric).

Some verbs form phraseological units of an intensifying nature with single-root or other nouns close to them in meaning in the accusative case. In such cases, the noun is accompanied by a definition (an adjective, less often a noun), for example:

einen harten Kampf kämpfen - to wage a fierce (stubborn) struggle

bittre Tränen weinen - to cry bitter tears

den Schlaf des Gerechten schlafen - sleep the sleep of the righteous.

2) Much less often the accusative case is used as an adverbial of time or even less often as an adverbial of place

jeden Morgen - every morning,

jeden Tag - every day,

diesen Sommer - this summer,

einen Weg gehen, ziehen, kommen - to go, to march, to come (in one way or another).

3) A special case of using the accusative case is the so-called independent accusative, which is translated into Russian either by a phrase with a preposition, or by a phrase with a gerund or participle.

4) A special phrase, also found in Latin, is a combination of the accusative case with the infinitive of some verbs.

In most cases, this phrase is translated into Russian by a subordinate clause.

Wir hören ihn kommen - We hear that he is coming (here).

Wir sehen die Kinder spielen - We see children playing or: we see children playing.

Er fflhlt die Hand schmerzen - He feels how his hand hurts.

However:

Das macht mich lachen - It makes me laugh (it makes me laugh).

Compare also the following excerpt from Claudius’s novel, where the words are used in parallel

1) subordinate clause introduced by the relative adverb wie. And

2) turnover accusativus cum infinitivo:

There are only four cases in the German language, and all of them correspond to certain cases of the Russian language: nominative (Nominativ), genitive (Genitiv), dative (Dativ) and accusative (Akkusativ). Each case in the German language corresponds to certain endings of various parts of speech, and all, except the nominative, correspond to various prepositions.

Cases in German

The nouns used in Nominativ act in sentences as subjects or nominal parts of the predicate and answer the questions “What? – Was? Who? – Wer?”, many pronouns in Nominativ answer the same question. The accompanying nouns, adjectives, participles, pronouns, indefinite and definite articles, are in the same case. For example:

Inzehn Minuten klopfte jemand an seine Tür. – Ten minutes later, someone knocked on his door (pronoun in Nominativ).

DerkleinespielendeJunge sass auf dem Teppich. – A small playing boy was sitting on the carpet (article, adjective, participle I, noun in Nominativ).

Du hast eine falsche Aufgabe gemacht. – You did the wrong (wrong) task (pronoun in Nominativ).

Genitiv usually indicates that something or someone belongs to someone or something and is not particularly often used in German colloquial speech. Genitiv answers the questions of Who? What? Whose? (Wessen?). Genitiv nouns without a preposition most often act as modifiers in sentences. Prepositions that always require the use of German words in the genitive case include: instead of, instead of - (an)statt, during, about, on occasion – anlässlich, during, in the process, during – während, because of, as a consequence, for the sake of, thanks to – wegen(can come after a noun), along, in the longitudinal direction – längs, despite, in spite of – trotz, close to, not far from – unweit and others.

Das Haus meines Kollegen (G.) liegt am Stadtrande. – My colleague’s house is located on the outskirts of the city.

Anstatt einer neuen Sporttasche (G.) habe ich einen schönen Koffer gekauft. – Instead of a new sports bag, I bought a beautiful suitcase.

Anlässlich seines letzten Aufenthaltes (G.) in Italien hat er Venedig besucht. – During his last stay in Italy, he visited Venice.

Während des Schulunterrichtes (G.) darf man nicht schwatzen. – You can’t chat during a school lesson.

Wegen einer schweren Lungenentzündung (G.) muss sie noch ein paar Wochen im Bett bleiben. “Due to severe pneumonia, she must remain in bed for a couple more weeks.”

Du musst den Stoff längs der Kante (G.) messen. – You must measure the fabric along the edge.

Trotz des schönen Wetters (G.) bleiben wir heute zu Hause. – Despite the good weather, we will stay at home today.

Unweit unseres Hauses gibt es viele kleine Parkanlagen. – Not far from our house there are many small squares.

The dative case in German (Dativ) answers the questions To whom? – Wem? Where? - Wo? When? – Wann?; nouns that appear in this case are indirect objects or circumstances in sentences. Prepositions that strictly require the use of Dativ after themselves include: after, on, by, in – nach, at, y - bei, from - aus, oh, from, with - von, against - gegenüber(usually comes after a noun), except - ausser, towards, against, despite – entgegen(can come after a noun), to - zu, with the help of, with - mit, starting from (in relation to time) - seit.

Nach der Veranstaltung (D.) treffen wir uns vor dem zentralen Eingang.

In Grassau werde ich bei meinen Verwandten (G.) übernachten. – In Grassau I will spend the night with my relatives.

Warum trinkst du Wein aus der Flasche (G.)? Hast du keine Glaser? – Why are you drinking wine from a bottle? Don't you have any glasses?

Wir wohnen in einem Haus, das von einem berühmten Architekten (D.) erbaut wurde. – We live in a house that was built by a famous architect.

Dieser Schwimmhalle gegenüber(D.) befindet sich eine riesengrosse Parkanlage. – Opposite this pool there is a huge park.

Ausser meinem Brunder (D.) sind schon alle gekommen. - Everyone except my brother has already arrived.

Der gelbe Opel fuhr entgegen der Fahrtrichtung (G.). – The yellow Opel was driving against the traffic. Heute musst du das Buch bis zum Kapitel 3 lesen. – Today you must read the book up to chapter 3.

Mit seinem neuen Rasenmäher hat er seinen Garten ganz schnell in Ordnung gebracht. “With the help of his new lawn mower, he quickly tidied up his garden.”

Seit der Gründung (D.) von St.Petersburg sind über 300 Jahre vergangen. – More than 300 years have passed since the founding of St. Petersburg.

The accusative case in German (Akkusativ) answers the questions What? – Was? Whom? – Wen? Where? – Wohin?; nouns used in this case act as either direct objects (without a preposition) or indirect objects or circumstances (with prepositions) in a sentence. There are a number of prepositions after which nouns must be used in Akkusativ: without – ohne(after this preposition the noun always stands without an article), against, around, in the area – gegen, for, for - fur, around, about, on, through, behind - um, by means of, through, through - durch, along - entlang(can come after a noun), before – bis(usually used together with the prepositions zu, auf, in, an).

1. Ohne Bademütze (Akk.) darf man in der Schwimmhalle nicht schwimmen. – You can’t swim in the pool without a swimming cap.

2. Gegen Abend (Akk.) kommt auch meine Freundin Marta. – In the evening (around evening) my friend Marta will also come.

3. Er kämpft gegen sein eigenes Volk (Akk.). “He is fighting against his own people.”

4. Wir bummelten die Strassen der unbekannten Stadt entlang. – We wandered through the streets of an unfamiliar city.

5. Mein Nachbar interessiert sich für die Geschichte (Akk.) der Olympischen Spiele. – My neighbor is interested in the history of the Olympic Games.

6. Die Menschen sollen sich um ihre Haustiere (Akk.) kümmern. – People should take care of their pets.

7. Durch diesen kleinen Loch (Akk.) im Zaun hat er die Welt beobachtet. – Through this small hole in the fence he watched the world.

8. Mit diesem Bus fahren die Kinder bis zur Endstation. – The children will take this bus to the final stop.

9. Mit dieser Maschine fliege ich bis Berlin (Akk.). – I’m flying to Berlin on this plane.

Comparing the grammar in Russian and German, it is difficult to say where it is simpler or more complex - each has its own characteristics. As for cases, there are many more of them in Russian than in German. This greatly simplifies the process of mastering the case system for beginners - you will have to memorize a little.

How many cases in German? Titles And definitions

There are four cases in German:

• nominative – Nominative;
• accusative – Akkusativ;
• dative – Dativ;
• genitive – Genitiv.

Each noun, regardless of what case it is in, is “supplied” with one or another article. This auxiliary part of speech always goes along with nouns and is their integral part. When learning words in German, do not miss this moment - do not forget about articles. They indicate the gender, case and number of a noun.

Questions about cases and their features

Let's look at each case in more detail - some of them have their own characteristics:

• Nominative in German is given in every dictionary, its articles are: der, die, das, die. Nominativ answers the questions: wer – who? And was – what?
• Accusative has articles den, die, das, die. His questions are wen – who? was – what? And wohin - where?
• Dative used together with articles dem, der, dem, den. The questions Dativ answers are: wem – to whom? woher - where from? wann – when? wo – where? There is a peculiarity in the plural - nouns receive the ending n: die Kinder - den Kindern, die Schueler - den Schuelern. In cases where nouns already have the ending -n, they remain unchanged: die Frauen – den Frauen. If you look at the dative questions, you can mistakenly assume that there are no inanimate objects in this case, because there is no corresponding question. This is not so - inanimate objects in dative German occur very often, they are simply not asked at all.
• The last case in German is genitive- answers the question wessen – whose? Its articles are des, der, des, der. In the case of neuter and masculine nouns, these words receive the endings -(e)s: der Vater – des Vaters, das Kind – des Kindes. Sometimes there are exceptions. Germans use the genitive case very rarely, because, in their opinion, it is not convenient for use. Most often it is replaced with more convenient forms. It is sometimes called the possessive case.

Example tables endings

It is most convenient to learn cases and their articles in German when they are summarized in one table. The endings used in questions are similar to those with adjectives.

The indefinite article in nominative and other cases

The indefinite article in German is modified as follows:

All derivatives of this article come from one word - eins, which is translated as “one”. Therefore, this article is not used in the plural.

Negative article by case

The negative article in German is kein. It is translated as "not". Variants of its changes by case are collected in the table:

Demonstrative article by case

The demonstrative article in German is the function word dies. It is translated as “this one”. Changing the demonstrative article by case:

If we look at the data in all the tables presented, we will see that the endings of all articles in the corresponding cases coincide. Only the stem of each article changes.

Grammar is one of the most capacious sections in the German language, and you need to master it in parts. There is no need to try to learn everything at once; after each topic, you need to complete tasks and familiarize yourself with examples of their implementation in detail. It’s good if your teacher gives you a test to test your knowledge.

If you are learning a language on your own, you can find tests with answers and test yourself. It is recommended not just to memorize the rules, but to learn to use them. When expanding your vocabulary, choose a selection of words with translation and transcription - this will help you learn them without errors.

In German, like Russian, all nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles change by case.

Both the Russian language, which belongs to the Slavic language group, and the German, which is part of the Romano-Germanic language group, have the same ancestor - the Indo-European language. Due to historical kinship, common grammatical categories are distinguished in both Russian and German speech. Cases in German have a certain similarity with case forms in Russian, but are not identical to them.

One of the main differences is the number of case forms. If in Russian there are six of them, then in German you can count only four (there are no prepositional and instrumental cases as such).

Cases in German answer similar questions to those in Russian. Having learned the questions of cases in German, you will easily master the declension of all parts of speech.

Let's look at each of the grammatical forms in more detail.

Nominative

Corresponds to the Russian nominative case and answers the questions: wer? was? (who what?)

Erster Fall is used when talking about a person, object or phenomenon. The noun in this case acts as a predicate. The nominative case is a denominative form and indicates an object that is at rest when no action is performed on it.

For example:

Der Tisch ist rund.

Die Hefte liegen neben dem Wörterbuch.

The nouns in the examples above serve as the subject. Accordingly, der Tisch and die Hefte are in the nominative case.

Genitiv

Zweiter Fall is similar to the genitive case in Russian. Answers the question: wessen? (whose? whose? whom? what?)

The genitive case denotes belonging to something. Nouns in this grammatical form act as a definition:

Die Familie meiner Schwester ist nich groß.

Or additions:

Die Angst vor der Zukunft ließ ihm keine Ruhe.

Dativ

Dritter Fall is close to the dative case in Russian. Answers the question: wem? (to whom; to what?)

Due to the fact that cases in German are not completely identical to grammatical forms in Russian, the dative case also answers additional questions: wo? (where?) wann? (When?)

The dative case indicates the object, person or phenomenon to which the action is directed and acts as a complement in the sentence.

Ich verspreche es dem Vater, daß ich schweigen werde.

Sie half der Mutter in der Küche die Gläser auszuwaschen.

Akkusativ

Vierter Fall is identical to the accusative case in Russian. Answers the questions: wen? was? (who? what?)

The accusative case denotes an object, person or phenomenon that is the direct object of the action. Acts as a complement in a sentence.

Mein Freund hat einen Hund.

Übersetzen Sie bitte den Text ohne Wörterbuch!

Changing nouns by case

The main criterion indicating the number and case of a noun is the article or pronoun that replaces it. German nouns often do not have an ending that determines whether they belong to a particular case.

In the German language, there are three basic types of declension, according to which nouns change according to cases. The type of declension determines the presence or absence of an ending in some case forms.

Strong (masculine) declension - die starke Deklination;

Weak (schwache) declination;

Feminine (weibliche) declension.

A separate type of declination is mixed declination.

In the plural, all nouns are declined according to the same pattern.

The change in articles does not depend on the type of declension to which the noun belongs. It is connected only with the category of gender, that is, when memorizing, you should pay attention to what gender the noun belongs to. The type of declension determines only the presence or absence of an ending in a particular case form.

Indefinite articles are declined in the same way as definite articles. In the plural, indefinite articles are not used.

The table of cases of the German language will help you learn this category in the German language, their questions, as well as the declension of articles.

We hope that this article will help you understand and learn cases in German.

: Ich sehe(was? – Akk.) ein Haus(I see (what? - v.p.) a house). In this example, the control of the verb sehen (to see) in Russian and German is the same. But it is not always the case: Ich rufe(wen? - Akk.) meine Freundin an(I’m calling (who? – d.p.) my friend). It is better to learn such verbs immediately with guidance.

- with verbs with a preposition: Ich warte auf meine Freundin(I'm waiting for my friend). The verb warten (to wait) requires control auf+Akkusativ. There are many such verbs, it is better to learn them as they come, and you can look at them, for example, in the PONS list.

- after certain prepositions. In the German language there are prepositions that are always used with a certain case: that is, if we see, for example, the preposition mit (c), then it will definitely be followed by a Dativ. But, for example, there is a group of local prepositions (prepositions of place), which when answering the question wohin? (where?) require Akkusativ, and when answering the question wo? (where?) require Dativ. True, there are few such insidious pretexts. You can see the list of PONS prepositions.

Let's try to present this information in a table:

So, we have examined the cases of using all four cases of the German language. Essentially, it all comes down to three points presented in the middle three columns of the table. We hope this will help you navigate the case system of the German language and, when learning new verbs and prepositions, easily remember their controls. We wish you good luck!

Except for words that have only a plural form (Pluraliatantum), for example: die Ferien(holidays), die Kosten(expenses).

That is, as a prepositional object in the corresponding case (Akkusativobjekt, Dativobjekt, Genitivobjekt).

Many prepositions have multiple meanings depending on the context. Here is a translation of the most common meanings.

Zum = zu+dem. Some prepositions merge with articles.

*Words marked with an asterisk are often postpositions, i.e. stand after a noun (entlang in combination with Akkusativ is always used as a postposition).

The genitive case after verbs without prepositions is rarely used, and only in written speech. More often the genitive case is used as a noun modifier (Genitivattribut): die Bücher der Freunde (books of friends).