- We are replacing the lower rim of the wooden structure
- Replacement of wood under window openings
- Replacement of the details of the folding crown
- Change two or more crowns
- Replacement of crowns using pillars
- Some nuances of using racks
Living in a wooden house, you should know that he regularly needs repair. As a rule, it is necessary logs (bars) under the lower wreaths and windows. Since they are most exposed to atmospheric precipitation and moisture penetration, because of this, they quickly rot, which often leads to deformation of the walls. About how to repair the walls in a wooden building, and will be discussed in the material of this article.
We are replacing the lower rim of the wooden structure
Repair, in which it is necessary to raise the entire wooden structure, is its most difficult kind. It is a replacement in a wooden house of several beams (logs).
If in your house a crown of a wall or one log has rotted from a tree, then, according to experts, there is no need to raise the house.
In this case, it is sufficient to disassemble the upper part of the cap (20-25 cm) with special care.
But if several logs are rotting in a wooden house, then, in order to repair the walls, it will have to be raised. The wooden structure is raised with the help of jacks with the necessary lifting capacity, wedges or wag-levers.
The jack and the vagi are installed under the walls of the wooden house. Then the wedges are taken and gradually hammered between logs or foundations and logs. Little by little, jacks and vags are installed in turn, while wedges are driven in at a distance of 15 cm from the corner of the building. The structure is supported by wood racks. If a wooden house needs to be lifted by 40-50 cm, then it should be done gradually, for 4-5 receptions.
In certain cases, the jacks are mounted directly on the foundation of the building, in others the upper part is dismantled. In this case, the jack head can be brought under the wall or it will firmly hold the clamps fixed to the walls with the help of bolts. If the walls are significantly rotten and just crumble, it is recommended to put a wooden board of solid wood on the jack head, and in the process of lifting the jack should be further strengthened with supports.
If there is a need to raise the house from a tree to a certain height, experts recommend dismantling door and window bindings and clearing the floor boards around the oven, and also dismantling the crate and the roof near the chimney at least 20-30 cm. This will protect the furnace and the pipe from unforeseen destruction.
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Replacement of wood under window openings
To replace the logs under the window, you can use racks.
In a wooden house, the lower part of the walls below the windows are most exposed to the negative effects of atmospheric precipitation. And in these circumstances, the walls are repaired without raising the structure of the house.
First of all, it is necessary to cut rotten wood. To do this, we define the problem area at the edges of which we draw vertical marks, then cut out the marked part. After this, we start processing the open ends of logs: mark and cut a comb with a thickness of approximately 50 mm. Further we take new logs (with the same diameter) and from their ends we cut a groove with the corresponding thickness. We stack logs in an aperture and we connect them with thorns, thus logs are laid by a caulk material.
The lower part of the wall under the opening of the window can be replaced and with the help of racks. In a similar way, we remove the rotten wood and make ridges on the ends of the logs. After the grooves are cut in the stands, we fix the remaining logs. After inserting new logs, they are connected to the posts using grooves and ridges. We remove the old box for the window and make a new one.
It should be noted that a layer of roofing material must be laid between the new board (window sill) and the log. Both lower ends of the box and the place of their support on the window sill should be well impregnated with drying oil, after that, dry and apply a small amount of window coating. This will create additional protection from moisture on the logs under the window opening. The final step is the installation of the window box.
In a wooden house, the lining is also repaired without lifting it. This is done by dismantling the foundation in its upper part. But before proceeding to a direct replacement of the gasket, it is necessary to remove the exact measurements of the damaged gasket and make a new gasket. After that, carefully dismantle the foundation (upper part) and remove the damaged lining.
It should be noted that before laying a new one, it is necessary to lay an antiseptized cotton coat or lay a pair of layers of roofing material under it. Then the gasket is applied to the upper log and its position is fixed with wedges. After the restoration of the foundation repair can be considered complete.
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Replacement of the details of the folding crown
Hanging walls with the help of squeezes and struts: 1 - washer; 2 - a bolt; 3 - compression; 4 - a hinge; 5 - staples.
If necessary, make a wooden structure repair a folding crown by replacing its first logs, the work is performed in the following order:
- Remove the foundation layer so that the damaged log can be easily dismantled.
- We prepare a new log with exactly the same dimensions. The lower part of it should be planed and placed on a lining, which consists of a pair of layers of roofing material.
- We mount a new log by pressing it with wedges, at the same time, a layer of pakli must be placed on the upper part of the log.
- Restoring the foundation.
In the case where it is necessary to replace the entire crown, repair should begin on one side of the building, where the second logs are mounted. Works on repairing the walls of a wooden building are carried out in the following order:
- We cut the corner joints in the first and second rows so that the second logs can easily stand on the foundation of the structure.
- In place of the damaged second log, we mount a new one, but we should not forget that from its upper side there must be a caulk material, and from the bottom - a gasket. Gently lift the log and attach it to the upper log, then insert the wedges between the mounted log and the foundation.
- In exactly the same way, we change the second log from the other side of the building and only then proceed to a similar replacement of the first logs.
This sequence of work is mandatory in order to repair the folding crowns in a wooden house without lifting it.
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Change two or more crowns
Hanging walls: a - with sliding clasps; 6 - sliding between the clamps; 1 - the rack; 2 - holes; 3 - the pin; 4 - a washer; 5 - a bolt; 6 - staples.
In order to repair the walls in a wooden building with the replacement of several rows, it must be hung (lifted). This action should be done and when there is a need to additionally install several rims.
The strengthening of the walls must be carried out from two opposite sides with the help of thick log-squeezes, which are located at a distance of 40-50 cm from the corners of the building. To increase their stability, they are fixed with nails, after in the clamps, upper and lower logs with a diameter of 150-200 mm, holes are drilled, into which bolts with the appropriate diameter are inserted and the nuts are tightened securely.
After that, cuts are cut in the squeezes, which are designed to insert in them at a slight angle the struts (on the outer and inner sides of each squeeze). The ends of the struts are buried in the ground. The depth to which they should be buried will depend on the nature of the soil, but it should be noted that it should be no less than 50 cm. The struts and clasps are joined together by metal brackets (1-2 pcs.). After a thorough check of the strength of the constructed structure, it is possible to start dismantling the walls and replacing damaged log wreaths.
If necessary, increase the foundation and install additional rows of logs, using jacks and levers you need to smoothly raise the building. You need to do this one by one. Raising the structure by 15-20 cm, we obtain an opening into which the chairs are inserted (a wooden structure consisting of a support on which logs are horizontal in the horizontal position). After raising the house slopes are built.
Mounting the crowns is carried out in the usual way: the logs are laid with caulk material, lining, then the log is raised to the upper log and fixed with wedges. Then, after the restoration of the foundation, the wedges are removed, strips are removed, the squeezes are disassembled, and only then the house is lowered into place.
When lowering the house, you must follow certain rules: the house should be lowered very slowly, without sudden movements and jerks, otherwise corners can be damaged. In addition, it is necessary to carefully monitor how the building will be located on the foundation, in order not to allow the slightest lateral deviation.
A log house built according to the rules can be operated for 100 years or more. Naturally, a log house may need major repairs. If the building, in general, is in a satisfactory condition, then partially rotted logs are not an occasion for the organization of new construction. As a rule, the owners initiate such major repairs, when they plan to change the old windows for metal-plastic double-glazed windows. Before ordering new windows, they analyze the need for such activities and their feasibility, begin to examine the walls to find out their strength and ability to withstand the planned replacement. It is at this point that they find out that the cause of heat loss is not only the old windows and doors, but also logs rotting in places. Do not despair and fear the upcoming colossal costs of buying or building, damaged logs can be replaced with new ones, replace windows, replace or insulate entrance doors, insulate the foundation, walls and ceiling and continue to live in your house for another 100 years. Before we deal with the replacement of logs and their strengthening, let's define in terms applied to the construction of wooden logs:
- log walls - vertical constructions from logs, located on the perimeter of the house;
- crown - one set of logs around the perimeter, interconnected;
- a folded crown - connected among themselves along the perimeter of the 4 lower rows of the log;
- cutting - mating logs in the corners of the house;
- groove - groove in the bottom of the log along its entire length of a triangular or semicircular shape;
- lining - a thick board, lying on the foundation, on which the frame is laid.
How to find out the need to replace logs
Load design on the bottom of the house is always greater than the rest of the house, so the lower logs are destroyed faster than others. In addition, the bottom logs are most exposed to moisture, their decay is also because the waterproofing material separating logs from the foundation is destroyed over time. Often, the cause of rotting logs is shrinkage of filling fillings and freezing of the lower crown. In order to determine the integrity of logs, it is necessary to carefully examine them. Most often, logs rot in the corners of the lower part of the house. Suspicious places need to be taped with a hammer or the back side of the ax: the whole log will make a dull sound, the damaged one will give itself away with a hollow sound. Thus, it is possible to identify all the decayed logs and purchase new material for their replacement. In the event that all the logs turned out to be intact, but you still have doubts about the fortress of the building, you can strengthen the walls by the method of tying the ties in the corners of the house. To do this, take processed boards of the required length about 25 cm thick and nail them to logs. You can also strengthen the foundation by increasing it with supporting pillars.
Material selection
Logs for replacement should be exactly the same diameter as the old ones. Standard logs with a diameter of 200, 240 or 280 mm are considered. The diameter of the old log can be easily measured in the corner of the house. The new material should be made from coniferous trees, the moisture content of the log should not exceed 20%. The log acquires such an indicator after annual aging after tree cutting. The log should be freed from the bark, ostrugano, impregnated with a fire-fighting mixture and treated with an antiseptic. In the middle of the log, along its entire length, a groove must be made, half-oval grooves are better than ones. In the grooves the caulk is laid, and this design of the log ensures the greatest fit of the logs to each other.
Preparation for repair
To avoid surprises, it is necessary to provide for a number of measures:
- piers of the house need to be fastened, for this purpose boards that need to be nailed to the outer part of the pier are suitable;
- logs that do not need to be changed are also fastened in corners, the expediency of fastening these or those sections is determined visually;
- do not interfere with the fastening of logs on all sides of the house.
In the event that the replacement of logs is supposed to be done with the disassembly of the foundation, the foundation must be freed from the soil to the full depth of its bedding.
Depending on the complexity of the work when replacing logs, it may be necessary to lift (support) the house.
Replacement of 1 log of the bottom row of the folding crown is considered to be the simplest and typical case, the work is done without performing a general upgrade of the house.
First, you need to disassemble the foundation in the place where the log is supposed to be replaced. To perform the work you need:
- a few strong levers (thick-walled metal pipes, and better scraps);
- jacks 2-3 pcs of load-carrying capacity up to 5 tons;
- wooden logs of different heights for supports;
- strong wooden wedges;
- chainsaw;
- hacksaw.
Having disassembled the foundation and sawed off the damaged part of the log, it is necessary to remove it. In place of the decayed fragment, you need to mount a new log. To avoid decay, it is necessary to place a waterproofing material on the lining in 3 layers. On top of the new log stacked caulking material (tow, lnovatin, jute fiber, etc.). Further, the new log is carefully installed in place of the old, with the help of wedges tightly pressed to the top, then the immediate restoration of the foundation begins. For this, it is necessary to pour the solution into the prepared formwork in advance and allow it to dry completely, and then remove the formwork. Removing the wedges, it is necessary to preserve the position of the log, laying under it fragments of bricks, stones.
Replacement of the two lower layers of the crown on the entire perimeter of the house can be carried out with or without lifting the house.
Work without lifting can be done as follows: dismantling the foundation from the side where the log will change; cut down on both sides of the corner joints of the two logs of the lower and upper. The upper log is removed, and a new log is assembled in its place. Along the entire length of the logs, the caulking layer is laid and the log, together with the lining, is lifted to the desired height and set in place with the help of wedges slammed between the foundation and the lining. Thus, change the log on the opposite wall. Further, the first logs are replaced by the method described above.
There is a method of replacing the lower crown without destroying the foundation. But at the same time it is necessary to carry out the general lifting of the house.
If it is necessary to replace the lower row of the folded crown, the wall is lifted by means of jacks installed on different sides of the wall to a height exceeding the log size by 6-7 cm. In the event that there is a danger of pushing a decayed log with a jack, it is necessary to make two niches and to double the second row of the crown. You can break down the foundation a little, if necessary. The jacks are installed in the most solid places of the logs and must raise the wall synchronously.
The second logs during these events also rise, under them it is necessary to put logs of the necessary height and, if necessary, wedges. The jacks at the same time lead to the third row of the crown.
After completing the replacement, it is necessary to protect all logs with special care, if necessary, you can use a gun with mounting foam.
Measures to prevent rotten crowns
Wood is a natural hygroscopic material, which is the nutrient medium of many microorganisms. Therefore, the methods of preventing spoilage during the operation of logs of the folding crown are:
- antiseptics;
- waterproofing - manufacturing of a lining from three strips of a roofing material and its accommodation between the bottom row of an oval wreath and a lining;
- ensuring good ventilation of the basement, this prevents the formation of condensate inside the underground and the appearance of various kinds of harmful factors.
According to the requirements of fire safety it is also recommended to do fire-fighting impregnation of logs.
It is not worth saving, once started serious work on replacing the crown. It is necessary to replace all the suspicious logs, so that for many years not to return to this issue.
If you make the lining of walls outside the house, this will greatly increase the life of the house.
In order to reduce heat loss at home, you can recommend the insulation of the exterior walls of the house, ceiling, floor, the insulation of the underground room and the foundation.
In this case, before proceeding to the lining, it is necessary to repair them and how to strengthen them.
Repair of a brick wall
The main defect of brick walls are cracks. They can arise for various reasons.
Before starting repairs, you need to find out why the wall cracked. Without detecting and eliminating the original cause of damage, it is not advisable to proceed with repairs, since cracks will appear again and again on the already repaired walls.
Causes of cracks
As already mentioned in the first chapter, the cause of cracks on the walls is the drawdown of the foundation of the building and its deformation. It sags under the influence of unfavorable external factors and "drags" behind itself the walls. Under the influence of this displacement, the brickwork does not stand up and crack. A small drawdown is a natural process in the first 1-1,5 years after the construction of the building and does not cause significant damage. Worse, when the drawdown does not stop - this can already lead to serious consequences for the walls of the house.
The second reason for the formation of cracks are errors in the construction of the building, caused by improper design. Because of this, too much load can be applied to the walls on the side of the floor. Not holding the pressure, the walls crack.
Another possible reason - poor-quality masonry walls. If the walls were erected by non-professionals, the technology of laying the brick could be violated. This also includes the use of a poor-quality solution.
The absence of a drain on the roof can also lead to the formation of significant cracks. Rain water, flowing down the wall, falls into the microcracked masonry. When the air temperature drops below zero, the water freezes, expands and destroys the seam of the brickwork. Over time, such a crack can grow to critical dimensions. Determine this origin of the crack can be on the roof from the roof - a path washed with water, which flows constantly in this place.
To pinpoint the causes of damage to the walls, it is recommended to invite specialists for a thorough professional examination of the building. But the preliminary conclusion can be made independently, by the appearance of cracks.
- If the crack is narrow at the base, and its expansion begins upward.
- If, on the contrary, the crack from above is narrow, and the expansion starts from the bottom - it is formed from excessive pressure of the overlapping on the walls.
- The vertical location of the crack, as a rule, indicates an insufficient depth of the foundation. It is above the freezing level of groundwater, which causes it to shift up and down from seasonal swelling of the soil.
- The formation of oblique diagonal cracks indicates an uneven subsidence of the basement. This happens with the formation of voids under the part of the foundation or with different bearing capacity of the soil under different parts of the base of the house.
- If all oblique cracks have the same direction, it means that one corner of the house has slipped. If they are directed in different directions - this indicates a multiple uneven subsidence of the foundation.
- The formation of horizontal cracks above the window opening indicates deformation of the non-overlapping overlap or its insufficient strength.
- The formation of arc-shaped horizontal cracks is a consequence of too much overlap weight with which the walls can not cope.
- The formation of a vertical crack at the junction between the main residential part of the house and the extension indicates a constructive negligence - no deformation seam was made between these parts of the structure.
Before you start cracks, you need to check the dynamics of their increase. For this, a paper tape-beacon is glued across the cracks.
About how to work with lighthouses, described in detail in the first chapter. We add that it is possible to glue the beacon only on the prepared wall of the wall, which has been cleaned of plaster and washed. Otherwise, the coupling of the beacon to the edges of the crack will be weak and it will not show reliable data.
So, if in two or three weeks the lighthouse remained unharmed, then the process of deformation of the walls stopped and you can safely proceed with their embedding. Otherwise, it is necessary to establish the exact cause of the ongoing deformation and eliminate it. For example, repair the foundation if the problem is enclosed in it.
Repair of wooden walls
Wooden walls can be of different types - solid log walls, logs, wooden planking. All of them can be subject to various damages. The most common defects of wooden walls are the following:
- skewing or buckling of walls;
- decay of wood;
- damage to the wood by a fungus or beetles;
- freezing and purging of joints;
- destruction of elements of external finishing of a wooden wall;
- violation of waterproofing.
Strengthening of a cobblestone wall
With a long operation of the cobbled house, a serious problem can arise - the wall bends, it loses its sheer stiffness, starts to buckle in some places with a wave. This defect can be eliminated by installing a hard metal corner in the doorway.
To perform this type of repair will require a metal corner section of 60 mm, a drill with a drill for metal, a Bulgarian and screws with reinforced washers. Start work by measuring the height of the doorway. Then, with the help of a grinder, a length of 10 cm longer than the obtained value is cut off from the metal corner. On each side of the segment it is necessary to saw off a 5-centimeter piece of one wall. Obtained a kind of ears, for which the corner will be attached to the upper and lower bar of the opening.
In each ears drill one hole with a diameter of 10 mm. The same holes are made further along the entire length of the corner. They should exactly coincide with the middle of the wall bars. To do this, place the corner in the opening and mark on it the necessary places, on which they are drilled. You can do this directly in the doorway. But if it is inconvenient to drill a corner in a vertical position, it is put on the floor.
Corner with the finished holes return to the opening and drill holes in the bars through them. The depth of the holes in the tree must be at least half the thickness of the bar, otherwise the fastening will not be strong enough. Through these openings a corner is fastened to the wall using screws with heavy washers attached to them.
First screw the screws not completely, not bringing them to the stop. This is convenient to do with a drill. Then each screw is carefully tightened with a key, making sure that each bar is tightly drawn to the corner and has risen to its original place. In this case, the wall should be leveled. Do not tighten too tightly so as not to tear the head off the screw.
After one side of the opening is strengthened, similar actions are repeated with the second side. This method of leveling the walls is very effective and simple. But the drawback is that it is applicable only to the wall in which there is an opening.
Other types of defects in the cobblestone walls include longitudinal cracking of the timber, decay of the entire beam or its individual section. In this case, the repair works are similar to those carried out with log walls.
Repair of wood paneling
If you have a frame house with a wooden cladding, then in time, various defects may appear in the plating - cracks on the boards, splitting, decaying of individual planks.
If only certain parts of the skin are exposed to damage, but in general it is in a satisfactory condition, partial repairs can be made.
To eliminate minor defects, you will need a hammer, chisel, nails, waterproof glue and new boards. Carry out a thorough examination of the skin. When a cracked or broken portion of the board is found, it is gently pinched with a chisel and removed. Then, on the inner side and along the edges of the fracture, they are abundantly coated with waterproof glue. After that, return the piece of the board to its original place, making sure that the edges of the fracture are exactly aligned with the part of the board that is left in the wall.
After the glue dries, the inserted area is securely fixed with one or more nails (depending on the size of the piece of board).
If any of the planking boards are completely dilapidated, they are replaced entirely. To do this, using a lever, the damaged board is removed from the wall, the fastenings are unscrewed and the board is removed. In its place, insert a new solid board and strengthen the same type of fasteners as used before.
After all the damaged sections of the skin have been repaired, the boards are impregnated with a special antiseptic impregnation, primed and shpatlyuyut. Then proceed to any chosen kind of finishing works.
Repair of a log house
Repair work that may be required in a log house can be divided into three types according to the degree of complexity: the elimination of cracks in logs, the replacement of the damaged part of the log and the complete replacement of individual logs.
Elimination of cracks is necessary, because even through minor cracks moisture will fall into the depths of the log and destroy it to act. The same applies to insects. If you find even small cracks, you should immediately take measures to ensure that the damage does not increase afterwards and does not lead to a more complicated kind of repair work.
If, during repair, it is necessary to lift the house above the foundation, do not do it immediately to the required height. Lifting is best performed in several receptions, lifting each time by 10-15 cm. Thus, for example, lifting the house by 50 cm should be done in 4-5 receptions.
In a situation with cracks, you can go in two ways. The first is to make a cladding that prevents penetration of moisture into the crack.
To do this, first lay a layer of waterproofing - a special film is attached with a construction stapler over the entire surface of the walls. If there is no stapler, you can use a hammer and nails.
Over the waterproofing layer, the siding, siding, boards or panels are attached.
However, more often owners of log houses do not want to close the facade of the log house with a different finish, as it itself looks very attractive. Then you can go the second way. Damaged areas are carefully cleaned and rotted or crumbled wood is removed from them. Then the entire surface of the wall is treated with an antiseptic. After that, the crack is sealed with a special sealant for the tree. These sealants are characterized by high elasticity, elasticity and adhesion, perfectly adhere to the wood, repeating its natural lines. Their color scheme allows you to choose the composition with the most appropriate shade for each type of wood. After sealing with such a tool, the crack will not be noticeable at all. Also, the sealant completely blocks the access of moisture into the fracture.
The second type of repair work is the replacement of the damaged log section. This measure is used when a part of the log roted to such an extent that sweeping is impossible. This happens if this area is constantly getting water - drains from the window drain or from the roof, floods from below. If the damaged area is localized and rotting has not yet spread to the entire log, only this rotten piece can be replaced.
The damaged piece is simply cut out, and in its place put exactly the same size piece of a new solid log. It is connected to neighboring sections of the old log using metal staples. One end of the staple is slammed into the old log, the other into the new one, one at each end of the new piece. Instead of metal braces, you can nail the wooden combs from the ends of the old log and put a new piece on them.
The most difficult type of work is the replacement of logs entirely. As a rule, we are talking about the lower crowns, which are most susceptible to moisture and therefore decay in the first place. If they are not replaced in time, the overlying heavy heavy logs will simply be crushed. Then the whole house will warp, which will require a complete reconstruction of the walls.
To replace the lower crown (or several lower logs) you will need a jack, logs for levers and wedges made of hardwood. In addition, assistants will be needed - one can not cope with such work alone.
Between the foundation and the lower rim wedges are clogged. With the help of a jack and levers, the house is raised above the foundation to the required height. For convenience of work, it is supported by racks - strong boards or pieces of logs. It is best to raise not individual walls, but the whole house. Otherwise, a slope occurs, which can damage some internal elements, such as a stove or fireplace. To lift only one wall, they must first be partially disassembled.
When the house is raised and fixed, rotten logs are taken out and replaced with new ones, which are exactly the same in length and diameter as before. Before replacement, the new crown must be smeared with hot bitumen and pasted with waterproofing material, such as roofing felt. This will prevent the subsequent decay of the log.
You can replace the lower rims and not raising the house. To do this, you need to disassemble the top of the basement or the base. It is also important to take into account that if the floor joists are cut into the lower rims, then they will have to be replaced simultaneously with the logs.