Vocabulary is a very important part of language science. She studies words and their meanings. It’s no secret: the richer a person’s language stock, the more beautiful and figurative his speech. You can learn most new words by reading. It often happens that a new word appears in a book or magazine; in this case, a dictionary of lexical meanings will help, it is also called an explanatory one. The most common are those issued by V.I. Dahl and S.I. Ozhegov. It is they who are trusted by modern science of language.
The vocabulary wealth of the Russian language
Language, including Russian, is a developing phenomenon. New cultures, inventions of science and technology appear, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this constitutes the richness of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that for every surrounding phenomenon or object there is a corresponding “good” word, or even more than one.
Scientists have proven that for one person to understand another, it is enough to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for beautiful, figurative speech. Russian is one of the most beautiful languages, so it is simply necessary to take advantage of its richness. Moreover, knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this you can simply learn a dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know words that are related in meaning, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, and to use homonymous units.
Lexical meaning of the word
The word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that combinations and subsequently sentences are made that people communicate with each other. How to distinguish one word from another? Using phonetic design. Lexical meaning will also help with this. This is what differentiates the words. They can designate, for example, objects, people or living beings ( table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena ( wind, frost), actions ( run, watch), signs ( beautiful, pink).
Over the course of centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Let's take for example the word garden. Until the 20th century, this word also meant a garden. In modern times, the lexical meaning has changed: garden now it is a fenced area where vegetables are grown.
There are words whose lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and depict: wood, cabinet, flower. For others it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is summarized in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways of interpretation: words with the same meaning. For example, way - road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: path- a specific place in space through which they move.
Why is it necessary to know the lexical meaning?
It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling errors. For example:
- Trying on wedding dresses is a tedious but enjoyable process.
- She was always good at reconciling enemies.
In the first example, the word “try on” is used in the meaning of “to try on”, so the root should be written e. In the second sentence we are talking about the world, so the letter is required And fundamentally.
Not only words, but also morphemes have different lexical meanings. Yes, prefix at- used when talking about the incompleteness of an action, immediate proximity, approach or accession; pre- in cases where the highest degree of something is meant ( very funny - very funny, But: move (attachment), sit down (incompleteness), seaside (close to the sea).
There are also roots that have different lexical meanings. These are like - poppy-/-mock-; -equals-/-exactly-. If the word means immersion in liquid, you should write - poppy- (dip cookies in milk), another thing is the meaning of “pass, absorb liquid”, in this case the writing is required - mock- (wet feet). Root - equals- should be written when talking about equality ( the equation); -exactly- used to mean something smooth, even ( trim bangs).
Single and polysemous words
The wealth of words in the Russian language consists of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. The first have only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, the group of unambiguous words includes proper names, recently emerged or foreign words, also narrowly focused. These are all kinds of terms, names of professions, names of animals.
There are much more polysemous words in the language, that is, those that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations revolve around a certain feature or meaning. An explanatory dictionary will tell you that a word has multiple meanings. The meanings of such lexemes are listed below the numbers. Let’s take the word “earth” as an example. It has several interpretations:
- One of the planets in the solar system.
- Land is the opposition to the concepts of “water” and “sky”.
- Soil is a fertile layer that allows you to grow all kinds of crops.
- Territory that belongs to someone.
- For some countries - a federal unit.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word
Everything can contain a direct or figurative interpretation. If you encounter the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words,” you need to look in a dictionary. There, next to the meaning, it will be indicated whether it is direct or figurative. The first is the main one; the second was formed on the basis of the main one based on the principle of similarity.
For example, consider the word “hat”. First, its main meaning is a headdress with a small brim. Based on the similarity, a figurative interpretation was formed: the upper part of an object, expanded and flat - mushroom or nail cap.
It is figurative meanings that give speech a special imagery; on their basis, such tropes as metaphor are created (hidden comparison: sheaf of hair), metonymy (contiguity of features: silver plate) and synecdoche (a part is used instead of the whole: the peasant was actually a slave).
Sometimes there are cases when only a figurative meaning appears in a language, and to complete a task such as “Determine the lexical meaning of words”, you will need not only an explanatory one, but also an explanatory one. For example, this was the case with the adjective “red”. Its direct meaning “beautiful” was preserved only in ancient toponyms (“Red Square”) or folklore (proverbs).
Homonyms
The meanings of words can be compared or contrasted. The program for grades 5-6 studies such relationships. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Let's look at all these types of words.
Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. Yes, words carnations(flowers) and carnations(pointed rods for fastening materials) are spelled the same and pronounced differently. Another example: braid- type of hairstyle, and braid- agricultural implement. Homonyms can also be grammatical. So, in the phrases “light the oven” and “bake pies”. Word bake is a noun in the first case and a verb in the second. The concepts should not be confused. The first does not imply any similarity between concepts, while the second is built on the principle of similarity of any attribute.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words with identical lexical meaning. For example, the words comrade, shirt-guy" have the meaning of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.
Synonyms also have different stylistic colors. So, shirt-guy used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, but they can be stable combinations. Knowledge of the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, to find out the correct spelling of the particle Not with nouns or adjectives, you must follow the algorithm: “define the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without Not: foe - enemy".
Antonyms
Antonyms are words that are diametrically different in lexical meaning: friend - enemy; go - run; deep - shallow; up down. As we can see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic of any parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives special expressiveness to speech, helps to convey particularly important thoughts to the listener or reader, therefore very often words with opposite meanings are found in popular sayings - proverbs. For example, in this case, “softly - hard” are antonyms.
As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse, so the topic of interpretation of words has been studied for several years. In addition, it is included in the main school exams, where it appears, for example, the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” or “Choose a synonym/antonym/homonym for the word” and so on.
Efremova's Dictionary
Distribute
owls trans.
see distribute.
Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
Distribute
Syn: increase, raise, enhance, expand, supplement, enrich, add
Ozhegov's Dictionary
DISTRIBUTED AND TH, nude, niche; nyonny (yon, ena); Sov., that.
1. Enlarge, make more extensive (book). R. their possessions.
2. Expand the range of action of chegon. R. current regulations for all employees.
3. Make it accessible and known to many. R. teaching. R. newspaper. R. experience of innovators.
4. Fill the surrounding air with the smell of chegon. R. smells of perfume around him. R. fragrance.
| nesov. distribute, yay, yay.
Distributing members of a sentence in grammar: the same as minor members of the sentence.
| noun spreading, I, Wed
Ushakov's Dictionary
Distribute
distribute, I will spread it, you will spread it, Sovereign(To ), someone-what.
1. Make it wider, bigger ( books). Expand your possessions.
2. Expand the scope of something. Spread your influence. Spread power. Extend the law.
3. By promoting something, make it accessible to many, give the opportunity to learn something. Spread education. Spread the teaching.
4. To inform, to make known to many. Spread the rumor. Spread the word. Spread the news.
5. Fill the surrounding air with the smell of something. The bouquet immediately spread the aroma of the field into the room.
6. Make it longer and more spacious. Spread the speech.
7. Sell, distribute in some quantity among the population. Distribute the new brochure in the village.
Share offer ( gram.) - add explanatory words and secondary members of the sentence to the sentence.
Sentences containing "distribute"
The organizers of the project plan to provide comprehensive medical care to 240 children in six hospitals in the Moscow region and a number of other regions within a year, and from 2003 to expand this experience throughout Russia.
To do this, it is necessary to adjust the condition for calculating preferential length of service for combat duty and extend the payment of field money to all duty shift numbers.
Second: since the scope of the law is planned to be extended only to business relations and the protection of property rights, one should not expect a decrease in the rigidity of the regime.
At the same time, Galileo verified that the rolling laws he obtained were not qualitatively dependent on the angle of inclination of the plane, and, therefore, they could be extended to the case of falling.
Lexical meaning of the word
Nominative (direct) meaning with l 6-v a. Lexical meaning directly related to the reflection in consciousness of objects, phenomena, relations of objective reality. Knife (name of the item), beautiful (name of the quality), read (name of the action), ten (name of the number), quickly (name of the attribute of the action). Words that have a nominative meaning form free phrases. Phraseologically related meaning of words a. Lexical meaning that exists or is acquired only as part of a phraseological unit. The adjective fraught with the meaning “capable of causing, giving rise to something” realizes this meaning in the phraseological unit fraught with consequences. In the phraseological phrase us fire and fire, both nouns acquire the meaning “trouble” Syntactically determined meaning of a word. Lexical meaning acquired by a word only in a certain syntactic function. The noun ukaz, in the function of a predicate with negation, does not acquire meaning ^cannot serve as an authority, a basis, an indication for anyone." The tyrant is still trying to prove that no one can tell him and that he will do whatever he wants (Dobrolyubov). Lexical meaning consists of a real meaning, the bearer of which is the root of the word (non-derivative stem), and a derivational meaning expressed by word-forming affixes. The meaning of “small house” in the word little house consists of the real (objective) meaning contained in the root dom-, and the derivational meaning expressed by the real reduction suffix -ik. In words with a non-derivative base, the lexical and real meanings coincide. cm. real meaning, derivational meaning.
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what the “lexical meaning of a word” is in other dictionaries:
Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon,... ... Wikipedia
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD. The meaning inherent in a word as a lexeme; the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of an object, process, phenomenon. L. z. With. is of a generalized and generalizing nature, compared with... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
Lexical meaning of the word- The lexical meaning of a word is the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc. L. z. With. a product of human mental activity, it is associated with the reduction of information... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
lexical meaning of the word
lexical meaning of the word- Reflection in a word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship) ...
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
lexical meaning of the word motivated- Secondary meaning, derivative in semantic and word-formation terms. Motivated words have an internal form... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
lexical meaning of the word unmotivated- Primary meaning, which is genetically non-derivative for modern language... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
lexical meaning of the word indirectly nominative- A type of meaning that reflects the non-autonomy of naming by the nature of its correlation with reality. It correlates with the designated indirectly, when jointly realized with its supporting meaning: Water is the possibility of preserving life on Earth... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
Books
- Catovasia in adverbs. Lexical meaning of words. Lotto with verification, Tatyana Barchan. The classic is right, as always. To feel something, it’s better to let it pass through yourself, be it a pound of salt or a road of seven miles... We decided that we would get to know each other, feel it and remember...
Or simply what the word means. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant ones that help to distinguish one object from another. Lexical meaning defines common properties for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that distinguish a given object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe defined as follows: “an African cloven-hoofed ruminant with a very long neck and long legs,” that is, it lists the characteristics that distinguish the giraffe from other animals.
Not all words in the Russian language have meaning. A word can have one lexical meaning ( unambiguous words): syntax, tangent, whatman, secret etc. Words that have two, three or more lexical meanings are called polysemantic: sleeve, warm. Polysemantic words occur among all independent parts of speech, except numerals. The specific meaning of a polysemantic word can only be determined in context: star - stars lit up in the sky; screen star; Starfish.
The lexical meaning can be explained:
- descriptively, by characterizing the distinctive features of an object, action, phenomenon;
- through a single root word;
- selection of synonyms.
The lexical meaning of the word is given in explanatory dictionaries.
The term “lexical” or, as they have recently begun to say, “the meaning of a word” cannot be considered completely definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its objective and material content, formalized according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can also represent an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different “pieces of reality”, between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language.
figurative meaning of the word
A derivative of the basic (main) lexical meaning of a word, relating to it metonymically, metaphorically or associatively, through spatial, temporal, logical and other dependencies. The figurative meaning can become the main one and vice versa. Such changes in the semantic structure of a word can be caused by emotional-evaluative, associative and other influencing factors.
Notes
Literature
- Vinogradov V.V., “Basic types of lexical meanings of a word”, Selected works. Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977. - P. 162-189
- Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
- Ogekyan I. N., Volchek N. M., Vysotskaya E. V. et al. “Big reference book: The whole Russian language. All Russian Literature" - Mn.: Publishing House Modern Literator, 2003. - 992 p.
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See what “Lexical meaning” is in other dictionaries:
lexical meaning- Subject-conceptual content of the word. It is not motivated or determined by the sound composition of the word. The connection between the sound appearance of a word and its meaning can be called an association by contiguity, fixed by linguistic tradition. Lexical meaning... ...
Lexical meaning is the correlation of the sound shell of a word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon,... ... Wikipedia
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD. The meaning inherent in a word as a lexeme; the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of an object, process, phenomenon. L. z. With. is of a generalized and generalizing nature, compared with... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
Lexical meaning of the word- The lexical meaning of a word is the content of the word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc. L. z. With. a product of human mental activity, it is associated with the reduction of information... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
The content of the word, i.e., the correlation established by our thinking between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, which are designated by this complex of sounds. The carrier of the lexical meaning is the stem of the word.... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
lexical meaning of the word motivated- Secondary meaning, derivative in semantic and word-formation terms. Motivated words have an internal form... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
lexical meaning of the word unmotivated- Primary meaning, which is genetically non-derivative for modern language... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
lexical meaning of the word- Reflection in a word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object, event, quality, action, relationship) ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
Books
- Lexical meaning. The principle of semiological description of vocabulary, A. A. Ufimtseva. This book represents the first attempt at a semiological description of characterizing (nominal) vocabulary. The author systematically presents the problems of the semiological approach to the study...
10. Concept of vocabulary, word.
LEXICO is the vocabulary of a language.
LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.
WORD is the basic structural-semantic unit of language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. The characteristic features of a word are integrity, distinctiveness and integral reproducibility in speech.
The main ways to replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:
Words are formed on the basis of word-forming material (roots, suffixes and endings),
New words come into the Russian language from other languages due to the political, economic and cultural ties of Russian people with other peoples and countries.
11. LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- the correlation of the sound design of a linguistic unit with a particular phenomenon of reality, fixed in the consciousness of the speaker.
Single and polysemous words.
Words can be unambiguous or ambiguous. Unambiguous words are words that have only one lexical meaning, regardless of the context in which they are used. There are few such words in the Russian language, these are
- scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),
- proper names (Nikolai Petrov),
- recently emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),
- words with a narrow subject meaning (binoculars, can, backpack).
Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they can have multiple meanings. In each individual context, one meaning is actualized. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning and meanings derived from it. The main meaning is always given in the first place in the explanatory dictionary, followed by derivatives.
Many words that are now perceived as polysemantic originally had only one meaning, but since they were often used in speech, they began to have additional meanings, in addition to the main one. Many words that are unambiguous in modern Russian can become ambiguous over time.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word.
Direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it may change over time. For example, the word “table” in Ancient Rus' had the meaning of “reign, capital,” but now it has the meaning of “piece of furniture.”
A figurative meaning is a meaning of a word that arose as a result of the transfer of a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some similarity.
For example, the word “sediment” has a direct meaning: “solid particles present in a liquid and deposited on the bottom or walls of a vessel after settling,” and a figurative meaning is “a heavy feeling remaining after something.”
12. HOMONYMS- these are words that have different meanings, but are identical in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a “spherical flying smoky mass” (a club of smoke) and a club is a “cultural and educational institution” (a railway workers’ club). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.
13. SYNONYMS- these are words close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.
Synonyms may differ slightly in sign or style, sometimes both. Synonyms that completely match in meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language; these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).
Synonyms are used to make speech more varied and avoid repetition, as well as to give a more accurate description of what is being said.
14. ANTONYMS- these are words with opposite meanings.
Antonyms are words that have correlative meanings; You cannot put in an antonymic pair words that characterize an object or phenomenon from different sides (early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).
If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning has its own antonym (for example, for the word “old” in the phrase “old man” the antonym is the word “young”, and in the phrase “old carpet” - “new”).
Like synonyms, antonyms are used for greater expressiveness of speech.
15. Word categories by origin.
All words in Russian are divided into:
- primordially Russian, which include Indo-European words (oak, wolf, mother, son), common Slavic pe-sika (birch, cow, friend), East Slavic vocabulary (boot, dog, village), Russian vocabulary proper (mason, leaflet);
- borrowed words, which include borrowings from Slavic languages (finger, mouth - Old Slavonicisms, borscht - Ukrainian borrowing, monogram - Polish borrowing) and non-Slavic languages (Scandinavian - anchor, hook, Oleg; Turkic - hut, chest; Latin - audience, administration ; Greek - cherry, lantern, history; German - sandwich, tie; French - battalion, buffet, etc.)
16. Outdated words and neologisms.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that were previously used very often are now almost unheard of, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more frequently. Such processes in language are associated with changes in the life of the society it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; If society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept denotes.
Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar.
Neologisms are new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names. The composition of neologisms is constantly changing, some of them take root in the language, some do not. For example, in the middle of the 20th century, the word “satellite” was a neologism.
From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:
- stylistically neutral or commonly used (can be used in all styles of speech without limitation);
- stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “out of style” violates the correctness and purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word “interference” belongs to the colloquial style, and the word “expel” belongs to the book style.
8. In the Russian language, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:
Common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),
- vocabulary of a limited scope of use.
17. Vocabulary of limited scope of use:
- dialectisms are words belonging to a specific dialect. Dialects are Russian folk dialects that contain a significant number of original words known only in a certain area. Dialectisms can be
- lexical (known only in the territory of distribution of this dialect): sash, tsibulya,
- morphological (characterized by a special inflection): in me,
- phonetic (characterized by a special pronunciation): [tsai] - tea, [khverma] - farm, etc.
- Professionalisms are words that are used in various fields of production, technology, etc. and which have not become generally used; terms - words that name special concepts of any sphere of production or science; professionalisms and terms are used by people of the same profession, in the same field of science (for example, abscissa (mathematics), affricates (linguistics)),