467. In a wide variety of languages, the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is, by its origin, a demonstrative pronoun. In languages with a three-member system of demonstrative pronouns, this is usually a third degree demonstrative pronoun.
In all Indo-European languages, the personal pronoun 3-golitsa is a demonstrative pronoun in origin. The same is the case, for example, in Turkish, where the 3rd person personal pronoun o (on) and the third degree demonstrative pronoun o (oa) are the same word -
468. In Slavic languages, the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is also formed from the demonstrative: the form im., pad. og the demonstrative he, she, it (indicative of the third degree), and the indirect cases og of the definite demonstrative pronoun a, i, e. There is no reason to think that the form im. pad. was also formed initially from a, z, e and then supplanted by those. or for other reasons the pronoun he. Most likely the reason. the use of different demonstrative pronouns for the nominative and indirect cases of the 3rd person pronoun must be sought in the semantic-syntactic features of the nominative and indirect cases, on the one hand, and the pronouns themselves, on the other; These features have not yet been revealed with sufficient clarity.
469. From the above, we can draw the conclusion that initially there were only two personal pronouns - 1st and 2nd person; this and. There are verbal pronouns. 3rd person pronoun, demonstrative pronoun in origin, only literal
it is included in the system of personal pronouns. This circumstance must be connected with the fact that in many languages the 3rd person of verbs initially appears as unformed, without its own special personal ending.
470. Due to the fact that the personal pronoun; it was used in Old Russian and in the meaning of the demonstrative; we find it quite often in Old Russian texts and the demonstrative pronouns сь and Тъ not only as a definition; and in a separate subject position, “and in modern language these pronouns are best translated by the 3rd person personal pronoun. In modern language, such isolated use of demonstrative pronouns that and that as a subject is extremely rare and * occurs only in special cases, usually in opposition; “He laughed, and he cried *, etc. The indicated use of s and t is also characteristic of the Old Slavonic language; cf., for example, from the Ostromir Gospel; „kist tellvvk psdt.ot E“ga; -nmd eu«y Nodn; t will come to the story: “there was a man sent from God; his name is John; he (and not the other one) came to testify.../etc.
1 Examples from the Old Russian language:
If anyone does not listen to his mother, he falls into trouble... and he (=s, meaning Svyatoslav) is also angry with his mother..." (Laurel, under 955).
“He said: don’t let me lay my hands on my eldest brother; Even if my fathers die, then be in my father’s place" (Laurel, under 1015).
“Both bore Boris and his servant, falling on him, and gored with him. Bѣ boss (=s) loved. Boris * 1, i.e. “he (the servant) was loved by Boris” (Laurel, under 1015).
“As if one would devastate the earth, another would infest the earth, and yet another would reap... so be it: the father of this Volodimer looked at the earth and
soften. .. be filled with bookish words______" (Laurel, under 1037).
In the Laurentian list, genus. the case k sya was the form of this, but in the R. and A. lists it is placed, which reveals the understanding of sya as it.
“Whoever hurts you like Fedosia, obedient, meek, humble: let him be your abbot” - let him be your abbot (Laurel, under 1051).
On the question of the genesis of personal pronouns themselves
471. General linguistics establishes that personal pronouns are demonstrative pronouns in origin. The first person is usually the pronoun of the closest 'degree, the first degree of "closeness"; thus, "I", "we" is (genetically) the space closest to "me", "us", "here", including I; We; “you”, “you” is basically a pronoun of the second degree, “that”, “there”, where you are, you. Indeed, in some languages 20B
the connection between the demonstrative and personal pronouns is completely clear, and the spatial-local basis of personal pronouns appears with extreme clarity. Tah, for example, in the Japanese language the personal pronoun apaia-, you“ back in the 10th century. occurs in the meaning “that side”; kochira, often used in the meaning of “I”, has the proper meaning of “this side”, “here”. The same is true in Turkish; Wed Turkish:
Personal pronouns differ here from demonstratives only in alternation at the root, that is, internal inflection.
472. However, it is not always so easy to reveal the connection between personal and demonstrative pronouns. This is explained by the fact that in the era of the formation of personal pronouns there was not one, but several demonstrative pronouns of the first degree, and the personal pronoun
The 1st person could have arisen on the basis of such a demonstrative pronoun of the first degree, which subsequently, with the simplification of the old complex system of demonstrative pronouns, lost its specific meaning and was preserved only in a general local meaning. It is possible that the root element of the 1st person personal pronoun m is preserved in the demonstrative mo in tamo, epmo, but this “io has only a general local meaning. Root element of a personal pronoun
The 2nd person finds an analogy in the demonstrative pronoun of the second degree tb, ta, then. But that's all. The connections of the root elements in (you, you) and and (us, us and others) cannot yet be clarified. Their connections with the demonstrative root elements in (ovъ) and m (онъ) are possible, but the meanings are completely unclear.
156. Look at the pictures. Read the pronouns
- What are pronouns? Choose the correct answer.
- Pronouns name objects.
- Pronouns point to objects, but do not name them.
- Name the pronouns that indicate: a) the one who is speaking; 6) the one to whom the speech is addressed; c) on who (or what) they are talking about.
157. Read expressively.
- Determine the type of sentences by the purpose of the statement and by intonation. Find the appeal in the sentences.
- Copy the poem or write it from memory. Test yourself. Underline the pronouns.
Sun, sun,
Where are you from?
- I am from dawn
Gold!
- Rain, rain,
Where are you from?
- I'm from the clouds
Thunderstorm!
(O. Vysotskaya)
Personal pronouns
158. Review the table “Personal Pronouns”. Name each pronoun and determine its person and number.
- Which person and number pronouns are used in the poem ex. 157?
- Come up with and write down a sentence with any plural personal pronoun.
- Read it. Which pronoun is missing in the sentence?
There was an oak tree near the school. ___ spread its branches wide.
159. Read it.
1. You know, the sun is tired, it is hiding behind the mountains. (V. Zhukovsky) 2. We are such friends - where he goes, I go too. 3. You, comrade, are above everyone else! 4. Take your friends with you on a long journey. (S. Mikhalkov) 5. Mom is sleeping, she’s tired. (E. Blaginina) 6. What are you sad about, autumn? (G. Novitskaya) 7. I was a radiant sun. I became a fluffy cloud. (S. Pshenichnykh)
- Who (or what) do the pronouns refer to in each sentence?
- Find the riddle about the dandelion. Why did the flower get this name?
- Write down any three sentences. Underline the pronouns in them. Verbally identify the person and number of pronouns.
O Duvanch And To
160. Read the dialogue expressively. Write it off.
- Break down the second sentence piece by piece. What part of the sentence is the pronoun?
Tell me, cranes,
Like on the other side of the earth
They spent the winter.
- We are in a distant country
On the native side
They were homesick.
(P. Voronko)
161. Read it.
Lilac, poplar, carrot, first name, last name, mouse, plant, potato, bird, Sunday.
- Determine person, number and gender of singular pronouns.
- Match the singular pronouns with each noun. Write them down according to the example.
Sample. Name (it), ... .
162. Read it.
- What is the main idea of this poem?
- Write it off. Indicate the emphasis in words. Emphasize personal pronouns. Verbally determine their number and person.
- Determine the type of sentences based on the purpose of the statement. Compose and write down an incentive sentence on the topic contained in the poem.
Trees, grass, flower and bird
They don't always know how to defend themselves.
If they are destroyed,
We will be alone on the planet!
(V. Berestov)
163. Read it. Make sentences from the words and write the text by inserting the missing letters.
1. Not long, grew, tree, from, home. 2. It was, old, it, very. 3. V..snoy, stork, early, adj..tel. 4. I examined it for a long time, it was old. 5. In the morning, on, already, the tree..ve, stork, cold..sweated, two. 6. They arranged a nest.
- Emphasize personal pronouns. Orally identify the number, person and gender of the 3rd person singular pronouns.
- Title the text. Orally compose a continuation of the text.
164. Look at the pictures.
- Make 2-3 sentences based on any picture. Use a 3rd person pronoun in one of the sentences.
- Write down the sentences you made.
165. Read the poem by R. Sefa.
Spring
- What figurative words did the author use to convey the person’s mood? Why did the author name the poem this way?
- Copy or write down the first two sentences from memory. What part of speech do the highlighted words belong to?
In every person
Hiding spring.
If You sad
So he's sleeping she.
Well, what if you started singing
On the boulevard in the cold,
It means spring is in you
She came out.
166. Read it. Find duplicate nouns and replace one with a pronoun. Explain how to do this.
1. On Sunday we came to the zoo. 2. A duck was swimming in the pond. The duck swam to the shore and quacked. 3. A peacock stood by the cage. The peacock fluffed his beautiful tail. 4. We entered the building. The building was large and warm. 5. An old elephant lived here. The elephant was having lunch. First the elephant ate the carrots, then started eating the hay. 6. Tanya liked the shaggy yaks. The yaks were chewing hay.
(G. Snegirev)
- Copy the first sentence and underline its basis.
- Write down other sentences, replacing nouns with pronouns where necessary.
167. Read the student's letter.
Hello, Sasha!
Thanks for the book. She is very interesting. How do you live? How do you study? Do you write poetry? I really liked them.
I am friends with Kolya Smirnov. He's a good friend. We play together and prepare lessons.
Holidays are coming soon. Where will you go on vacation? Come for a visit.
Your friend Seryozha.
- What address does the letter begin with and how does it end? What does each part of the letter say?
168. Write a letter to a relative or friend. Tell us in a letter about your school, how you study and relax. Write down the letter you composed.
Page for the curious
You and polite you
Seniors in age and position, as well as strangers, should be addressed as you. These are the ethical standards that have developed in our society. Usually, the name and patronymic of the person being addressed is added to the pronoun “You”:
You, Anna Mikhailovna,...
Ivan Petrovich, you... .
check yourself
1. Compose a message on one of the topics.
- What have I learned about pronouns?
- What role do pronouns play in our speech?
2. Write down the pronouns you used to determine the gender of nouns. Indicate their person, number, gender.
3. Read it. Write down only the pronouns. Underline the pronouns whose gender is not determined.
Masha, she, you, on, I, but, you, it, we, he, Igor, they.
4. Fill in the missing pronoun in the sentence. Write the answer to the question contained in the sentence.
Who _____ are you friends with?
Personal pronouns in Russian- this is a group of words that in speech indicate objects (persons, phenomena), but do not name them. Personal pronouns answer questions - Who? What?
Examples of personal pronouns in phrases: his called to the board, We read a book, oh you the teacher said.
Personal pronouns. In speech, they indicate its object - the person in question. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces indicate participants in speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it/they) indicate persons who do not participate in the speech.
Obsolete personal pronoun one used to denote feminine (plural) objects of speech.
Personal pronouns in the Russian language change according to persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also according to gender, as well as to cases.
In a sentence they play the role of subject or object.
- I couldn't shake the feeling that they could see us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
- Life is always accompanied by effort, hardship and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
- Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to wise up, it will take too long... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Grammatical features of personal pronouns
For personal pronouns, the grammatical categories of person and number are unchangeable features, and case is a changeable feature. The morphological category of gender is inherent only in 3rd person singular forms.
The number and person forms of personal pronouns are given in the table.
| Singular | Plural | ||||
| pronoun | meaning | pronoun | meaning | ||
| 1st person | I | indicates the person who performs the action, the speaker | We | indicates a group of people who perform an action, including the speaker | |
| 2nd person | You | indicates the person being spoken to | You | indicates a group of people being addressed, including the interlocutor | |
| 3rd person | Masculine | He | indicate the person (object, phenomenon) in question | They | indicates a group of persons (objects, phenomena) in question |
| Feminine | she | ||||
| Neuter gender | it | ||||
Declension of personal pronouns
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| I. p. | I | You | he, it | she | We | You | They |
| R. p. | me | you | his | her | us | you | their |
| D. p. | to me | you | to him | to her | us | to you | them |
| V. p. | me | you | his | her | us | you | their |
| etc. | me (me) | by you (by you) | them | by her | us | you | them |
| P. p. | about me | about you | about him | about her | about Us | about you | about them |
Note! If the 3rd person pronoun is used with a preposition (but not with a conjunction), the letter “ is added to the form n» (at him, about them, above her).
Syntactic role of personal pronouns
Typically, in a sentence, personal pronouns play the syntactic role of subject or object.
Examples: You speak French well (subject). The boy brought his in the basket (addition).
Variant forms of the 3rd person pronoun
The 3rd person pronoun they, she, he in indirect cases can have forms with initial -i and without -i: her - her.
Forms with i- are used if the pronoun stands:
After any of the simple, or primitive, prepositions (without, in, for, before, for, from, to, on, over, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through),
After adverbial prepositions (near, around, in front, past, opposite, around, after, in the middle, behind and some others), used with the genitive case. Exception: outside it, including it, in the middle of it (but: in the middle of it!).
Initial and - optional:
After the prepositions inside, inside, in return, in the name of, in relation to, in the role of, by virtue of, in the course of, for purposes of, in number, regarding, regarding, within it
Inside him, inside him - inside him, in return for him - in return for him, in his name
In his name, in relation to him - in relation to him, in the role of him - in the role of him, by virtue of him - by virtue of him, in the course of him - in the course of him, for the purposes of him - for the purposes of him, among them - among them, regarding him - regarding him, regarding him - regarding him",
After the forms of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: better than him - better than him, more than her - more than her, further than them - further than them."
If a personal pronoun is preceded by the attributive pronoun "all", for all of them - for all of them, for all of them - for all of them, after all of them - for all of them, above all of them - above all of them",
In cases where the 3rd person pronoun is separated from the preposition as a result
inserting some other word between them, for example: between you and
them - between you and them, between me and him - between me and him.
No n- is added to a pronoun:
After prepositions of adverbial origin that control the dative case: in spite of him, in defiance of her, according to them, after him, towards her, like them, according to them, thanks to him.
Return the place of yourself and the possessive place of yours.
These pronouns have the ability to refer to any word, therefore, when related to several nouns, they can create ambiguity. For example: He invited the visitor to take off his coat. I advised my wife to go to her parents.
The pronouns themselves and swap must refer to the producer of the action, and to eliminate ambiguity, restructuring of sentences is necessary: ... suggested that the visitor take off his coat; ...advised his wife that she should go to her parents.
Do I miss you or miss you?
Both options are possible, but for now the preferred option is I miss you. I miss (sad, longing, etc.) for you - the old norm; for you - new. Previous linguistic publications recommended as normative only to miss you, to miss us. Today these options compete, which is reflected in reference books. Thus, “Russian Grammar” (1980) considers the forms miss you and miss you as variable.
In combination with nouns and 3rd person pronouns, these verbs require the dative case form: miss your son, miss him. In combination with personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural. numbers verbs miss, be sad, etc. require a form of the obsolete form of the prepositional case for whom", missed us, miss you.
More on the topic PRONOUN:
- § 3. Pronouns as a special lexical-semantic type of words
- The act of self-positing in language. Relative pronoun The most difficult thing to consider grammatically is
Bezymenskaya OSHI - III degree.
Novoazovsky district
Donetsk region..
Teacher Glinyanskaya N.S.
2016
Target: Familiarization with personal pronouns 1,2.3 persons singular and plural.
- consolidate the concept of pronouns, the role of pronouns in speech;
- practice determining the person, number of pronouns; replacing nouns with pronouns in speech;
Develop attention, memory, thinking, speech of students;
-
develop politeness and respect for others;
cultivate love for; sense of collectivism.
Combined lesson type.
During the classes
I.
Organizing time
Creating an emotional mood
- Good morning, guys! May it really be good for us today.
- What's your mood? I suggest you express your mood using the circles that lie on your desk. Raise a circle in red if you are in a great mood, in blue so-so.
- Guys, I see that not everyone is in a great mood at the beginning of the lesson, but let's conduct our lesson so that at the end of the lesson all the children in our class are in a great mood.
- Turn to face your neighbor, smile and tell him:
I wish you well;
If you find it difficult, I will help.
II. Updating knowledge.
1. Checking homework.
2. A minute of penmanship
I'll open my notebook
And I’ll put it in the right way
I, friends, will not hide it from you
I hold my pen like this.
I'll sit straight, I won't bend
I'll get to work.
- Write down the number, great job
Having guessed the riddle, you will find out what letter we will write today.
Guys, it's my fault.
I admit my guilt
I agree to stand up, guys.
Even behind the letter Y. (Letter Y)
Let's write the uppercase and lowercase letter Yaya with a lower join.
Yaya yaya yaya yam yar nya oya vya
Our parents brought us berries and apples from the fair.
3. Vocabulary work ( words with missing letters on the board).
I'll read you a poem.
The words lived quietly in the book,
But the book was suddenly chewed up by mice.
They took a bite out of the words of the beginning
They dragged me out of the book and into a hole.
(vocabulary words on the board)
Insert missing letters:
WITH A pogi, b O teens, k O suit, pl A current, b O kingdom, with e now, from A lute, r A chum salmon, k A strulya, t A reel, with e m e on, in A rut, space O s, k And scrap e tr.
Fill in the missing letters.
4. Repetition of learned material
Listen to an excerpt from the famous song by Robert Rozhdestvensky (Slide 2)
I, You, He, she,
Together - the whole country.
Together - friendly family,
There are one hundred thousand “I”s in the word “we”....
Find pronouns.
What personal pronouns are missing? (You, it, they)
Me and we, you and you,
He, she, it, they-
All the words are great
Important and personal. slide 3
This is without a doubt
All ________________.
Answer: pronouns.
3) Find the pronouns in the words and write them down.( slide 4 and 5 check)
. family, telephone, crow, pumpkin, choice, favorite, horses, agronomist
What are these pronouns called? (personal)
- What does the word personal mean? (Personal means belonging to someone personally).
So what are we going to talk about today? (About pronouns.)
-
What is a pronoun? What do you know about them?(Pronouns are
, which answers the questions Who? What? They do not name the object, but point to it.
-
Why do pronouns exist in speech?(They create speech convenience for us, as they save time and diversify speech. We use pronouns so that there are no repetitions of the same noun in a sentence.)
Clap your hands when you hear a personal pronoun.
Flowers.
If I pick a flower,
If you pick a flower,
If he, and I, and you -
If we pick flowers,
They will be empty
And trees and bushes.
And there will be no beauty
and there will be no kindness,
If it's just me and you -
If we pick flowers. (T. Sobakin) (illustration with flowers). Slide 6
Look how beautiful it is! Is it possible to destroy it? It is necessary to take care of nature.
IV. Learning new material.
So, today we will continue to study pronouns and get acquainted with a certain group of pronouns.
Lesson topic Personal pronouns 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and plural. Slide 7
Brief information about the pronoun: There are few pronouns in the Russian language, 69 in total, but they are found in our speech often and, in terms of frequency of use, occupy the 3rd place of honor after verbs and nouns. Why? I think that by researching this topic, we will find out the answer.
Look at slide 8 and tell me what date are personal pronouns?
What are the singular pronouns? Multiple?
Personal pronouns are 1st, 2nd, 3rd person.
Let's define how a pronoun is determined by persons.
Who can tell me about myself? (The one who starts this conversation is the first, so I am the first person pronoun)
I'm talking to a boy. How will I contact him? (You! He is the second participant in the conversation, which means you are the second person pronoun)
And the person who does not participate in the conversation is a third party. This is a pronoun he she it.
Try to distribute the plural pronoun by person. If I go with a friend, how do we say it in the plural? (We )
When talking with two or more people, we use the pronoun you.
When he and she came, then we will say that they came.
Working with a table.
Conclusion: the pronoun can be 1st, 2nd, 3rd person.
I, we 1st person pronoun
you, you - 2 persons
he, she, it, they 3rd person.
Remember and follow the rules of politeness.
1. When addressing elders in age and position, as well as strangers, it is customary to use the pronoun you. (slide 9)
2. The words you and you should not be used as addresses. When addressing acquaintances, call them by their first name or patronymic. Sasha, will you go to the cinema today? Tamara Ivanovna you did not answer my question. It is impolite to say: “Give me the book.” You should say: “Sasha, please give me the book.” (slide 10)
3. Start your speech to strangers like this: (slide 11)
"Please…"
"Please..."
"Tell me please.."
IV. Fizminutka
VI. Consolidation of new material.
1. Read the text. (slide 12)
Owl- predatory bird. Of all types of predators, the owl is considered the best hunter.Whiskers have powerful claws and sensitive ears.- Who is this text about? (About the owl)
Determine what flaw it has. (Each sentence contains the word "owl".)
-How can this shortcoming be corrected? (Replace this word with another.)
-What words did you replace the word “owl” with? (We replaced the word “owl” in the second sentence with the word “she”, and in the third sentence we replaced it with the word “at her”.)
Instead of what part of speech did you use the words: “she”, “at her?” (We used these words instead of a noun.)
2. Working with a book.
Write down the pronouns, indicate the person and number. (on the board and in notebooks). Ex. 113
2. Independent work. Work according to the textbook ex. 114.
Read the text and insert the missing pronouns. Write it down after completing the task.
Peer review.
3. Work in groups.
1. Read and replace the dots with the appropriate pronoun. Determine the person and number of personal pronouns
Do you know......that people have been eating flowers for a long time. In Bulgaria they make jam from rose petals. ...... very fragrant. And in China they boil lilies in milk. ……. give the dish a special aroma. In India they love banana flower compote. ……healthy and tasty.
3. Riddles. (slide 13)
Guess the riddle. Next to the answer, write down the pronoun that replaces the noun in the riddle.
I wear a fluffy fur coat and live in a dense forest.
Nuts in a hollow on an old oak treeIgnawing. Squirrel - me
And they don’t swim in the sea,
And there are no bristles on them,
But they are still called
They are sea…………… Pigs are they
I dug a hole, made a hole,
The sun is shining, but he doesn't even know it. Mole - he
Thick grasses entwined,
The meadows are curled up,
And I myself am all curly,
Even a curl of a horn. Ram - me
4. Game "Fourth wheel". Work in pairs. (slide 14)
I, he, on, you. (pretext)
We, they, you, but. (union)
Us, us, nose, us. (noun)
You, you, you, herd. (noun)
Identify the extra word in each line and explain why it is extra.
What are the remaining words called? (Pronouns)
5. Charade. (Reserve)
1. Which two pronouns interfere with traffic on the roads?
2. The first syllable is a personal pronoun. The second is the sound that the frog makes. Together a vegetable.
3. The first syllable is a personal pronoun, the second and third are the same as bad weather. Together they mean petty slander or slanderer.
Answers: 1 - pits, 2 - pumpkin, 5 - sneak.
Guess "what pronouns can do"
1, Which three pronouns are the purest?
2. Which pronoun can be considered both the most boastful and the most modest?
3. Which pronouns are read the same from left to right and from right to left? (that, it) 2. Which pronoun turns into a conjunction if you read it backwards?
I thank you for your work in class.
10. Assessment.
11.Homework. Exercise 116