In the Russian language, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke errors. However, you should not be afraid of them, because there are clearly defined rules.
Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:
1. Derived from nouns spelled together. For example:
- Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (love of freedom).
2. Derived from phrases, the types of connections between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:
- railway (railroad), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Krasnoarmeisky (red army), woodworking (wood processing), meat procurement (preparing meat), rail rolling (rolling rails), national (common for the people), etc.
This group also includes adjectives that denote a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like “adverb + adjective”. For example:
- wild, evergreen, highly respected, rarely used, etc.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper names are written with a small letter .
Note 2. Complex adjectives, formed by combining an adverb with a simple adjective, are often confused with phrases like “adverb + adjective (or participle),” which, naturally, are written separately. For example:
- childishly trusting, poorly hidden, wildly annoying, forever young .
Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable in nature.
3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:
- hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (tongue), deaf-mute, etc.
Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:
1. Derived from nouns that were originally written with a hyphen. This group also includes complex adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements), formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first and last names. For example:
- diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, north-eastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
- Lev-Tolstvosky, Alexander-Pushkinsky, Stephen-King, Chuck-Polanovsky, etc.
- Erofey-Pavlovichsky
Note 1. The exception is the adjective “Zamoskvoretsky”, which is written together.
Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if the prefix appears in them:
- podalmaatsky, zaorehovozuevsky.
2. Derived from two or more equal words:
- interest-free, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.
2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and undertones. For example:
- rollingly loud, iridescently melodious, provocatively ringing;
- pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.
3. They are part of geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:
- North Caucasus, South Korean, East China, West Ukrainian, etc.
Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:
- Literary and artistic (club), mass political (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.
Note 2. Words whose first part is the stem “sam-”, “sama-” are also written with a hyphen. For example:
- Self-third, self-heel, etc.
A significant part of Russian orthography is occupied by the rules of hyphenation, separate and continuous spelling of word forms. Complex adjectives, examples of spelling of which will be given in the article, illustrate the rules of spelling of the Russian language.
- What is this?
In the lexical arsenal of the Russian language there are simple words consisting of one root, one stem ( blue, young, red, autumn y). If a word consists of several stems or parts of stems, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.
Difficult word: ways of education
They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.
| Way | Description | Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples |
| Addition | Morphological in which a complex word is formed by merging stems with the help of a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones). | wool weaver, carnivorous, circulatory, long-range |
| Fusion | Lexical-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels is merged into a complex one. | two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy) |
| Abbreviation | Conventional phonetic method: a complex is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters. | department store, salary, KamAZ, NATO, Unified State Exam |
Compound adjectives: continuous spelling
The spelling of compound adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by their compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below.
In this case, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together, or be part of a phrase where the adjective is not part of the complex word.
| № | Rule | Compound adjectives: examples |
| Together | ||
| 1 | When forming a complex from a complex which is written together. | oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamship |
| 2 | When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from phrases “noun + adjective” that name geographical objects. | alpine skiing - alpine skiing, natural science - natural sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopolyansky - Yagodnaya Polyana |
| 3 | If denotes a scientific term or is a special word. | Lepidoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk canning, baking, geological exploration |
| 4 | If the first part of a compound word is as follows: high-, higher-, deep-, thick-, steep-, large-, light-, small-, small-, many-, low-, lower-, sharp-, flat-, strong-, weak-, thick- , thin-, hard-, heavy-, narrow-, wide-. If such elements have explanatory words, then the spelling is separate. | little-studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), well-known (widely known abroad) |
| 5 | general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late. | common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, early ripening, late Scythian |
Compound adjectives: hyphenated
The set is written semi-continuously. Rules for hyphenation and compound adjective words (examples) are given in the table below.
| № | Rule | Hyphenated compound adjectives: examples |
| Hyphenated | ||
| 1 | When forming a compound adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen. | northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, since there is a prefix) |
| 2 | If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a first name and a surname. The exception is Eastern surnames. | Pushkin-Gogol, Lev-Tolstovsky, Jules Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh City) |
| 3 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal words (a conjunction can be placed between them And or But). | convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional |
| 4 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal but heterogeneous words. | official business, electronic computing, comparative historical |
| 5 | If the first part of a compound word is military, popular, mass, educational, scientific. | military-legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical |
| 6 | If the adjective reflects the shade of the color. | grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black |
| 7 | Compound adjectives-toponyms. | West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural |
The phrase "adverb + adjective"
Complex words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.
So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally inwell-fed- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"
Spelling complex adjectives: examples from literature
Compound adjectives are widely used in works of fiction.
They allow you to accurately describe an object and distinguish it from its environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky lilac distance, cloudy milky fog, matte pale foliage, blue-winged eagles, an impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, a thin, broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-ringing screams and others.
Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.
Ways of education
In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:
- Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
- general historical method (general history);
- comprehensive school (general education);
- seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
- one-way traffic (one side).
Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:
- metalworking machine (metal processing);
- forest protection sign (forest protection);
- house-building company (house construction);
- car rental company (car rental);
- petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).
Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:
- easily wounded person (easily wounded);
- sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
- Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
- North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
- Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).
Integrated spelling of terms
The spelling of compound adjectives may vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:
- potent sleeping pills;
- highly developed country;
- large-scale actions;
- highly specialized production;
- densely populated area.
Separate writing of terms
The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of individual words can be correct. For example:
- densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
- little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).
When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:
- quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
- pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperatures);
- an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
- perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).
It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.
Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.
Hyphen in adjectives and nouns
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.
You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:
- social democratic party (social democracy);
- south-eastern district (southeast);
- Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
- New York Park (New York);
- prime ministerial corps (prime minister).
But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:
- anti-social democratic views;
- Syrdarya city.
Personality
Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:
- Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
- Main-Read novel;
- Robin Hood's exploits;
- Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
- Ivan-Groznovsky time.
Adjectives containing two equal concepts
The writing of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cultural and entertainment center;
- reporting and examination concert;
- cardiovascular disease;
- propaganda event;
- English-German dictionary;
- workers' and peasants' movement;
- Russian-Turkish war;
- artistic and journalistic genre;
- Distillery;
- electronic-automatic method.
Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features
Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous parts of speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:
- Research Institute;
- folk arts and crafts;
- Navy;
- Training and Consulting Center.
Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality
If an adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some connotation, hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies to writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:
- sweet and sour sauce;
- masculine and stern appearance;
- anxious and obsessive thoughts;
- a good-natured, friendly smile;
- pale pink lips;
- bright red dress.
Spelling terms with a hyphen
Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cereals and legumes;
- gastrohepatic collection;
- magnetically soft materials;
- stone-concrete foundation;
- filling and drain valve.
Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from a foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:
- historical and ethnographic;
- critical-journalistic;
- medical and health;
- political and legal;
- chemical-technological.
Hyphenated and continuous spellings of compound adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:
- courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
- courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).
Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:
- naive and childish reasoning;
- solemnly sublime vocabulary;
- arrogant and contemptuous attitude.
III. Adjectives
§ 80. Complex adjectives are written together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway(Railway), national economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.
§ 81. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, North-Eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.
Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.
Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.
Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, the first component of which is myself-, myself- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.
Target:
- introduce the main cases of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives;
- teach to find and explain all types of writing studied; apply rules for different types of spellings; consolidate the ability to determine methods of word formation;
- develop the ability to update acquired knowledge;
- cultivate a sense of responsibility and a conscious attitude towards educational work.
Equipment: handouts, additional material, computer presentation.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Setting a learning task
Teacher: What should we learn in class today?
3. Updating knowledge
– What adjectives are called compound adjectives? (Adjectives with two roots are called complex.)
– What spelling of complex parts of speech are we already familiar with? (Compound nouns.)
– How are compound nouns written? (Continuously and with a hyphen.)
4. Work on the topic
The southwest wind drove blue-green waves. On board fishing the ship stood tall greybeard man in dark green waterproof cloak and looked into the distance. Looming on the horizon three-masted brig. Hanging above him white-pink clouds. One looked like a huge rhinoceros carcass.
Task 5: Find and write down everything compound adjectives from the text.
Alone compound adjectives are written together, while others are written through hyphen .
Problematic question: what determines the choice of continuous or hyphenated spelling of adjectives?
Continuous or hyphenated spelling depends on how it was formed compound adjective :
– How are compound adjectives formed?
- from compound adjectives :
Attention! Adjective fishing formed Not from compound noun fisherman, and from phrases fish catcher.
- from phrases , in which there is one word The main thing , and the second dependent : fishing (catcher fish).
Also formed: waterproof (impenetrable(how?) water), greybeard (beard(which?) gray-haired), three-masted (three(what?) masts – numeral three requires genitive forms from noun masts).
Adjective , which were formed from phrases , in which one word The main thing , and the other dependent , are written together.
- from a combination of two adjectives, grammatically independent of each other, each of which can be used to define the same subject: blue-green waves (blue waves, green waves), dark grey cloak (dark cloak, gray raincoat), white-pink clouds (White clouds, pink clouds).
These adjectives are written through hyphen .
Task 5: How were the highlighted ones formed? adjectives , how are they written and in which cells should they be sent?
Forest*park area, multicolored flags, musical*entertainment broadcast, north*eastern direction.
Answer:
A comment:
formed from compound nouns,
written through hyphen,
are written through hyphen
.
Compiling a table
Write correctly!| They write together adjectives , formed from phrases , in which one word The main thing , and the other dependent : railway(Railway), car repair(repair of wagons), three-meter(three meters). | Through hyphen
are written adjectives
, formed from two equal adjectives
, between which we can put union
And: bitter-salty(bitter and salty) Russian-English(Russian and English), white-pink(white and pink). Attention! Adjectives , indicating shades of colors, are always written through hyphen : yellow-red. |
| Adjectives , formed from compound nouns , are written the same way as compound nouns : water pipes(water pipes), kindergarten courtyard(kindergarten), southwest wind(southwest). | |
5. Summing up
Each of you has a card with a compound adjective. Determine the way to write a complex adjective and stick your card on the corresponding part of the board: on the left - continuous spelling, on the right - hyphenated spelling
Materials for the lesson:
| Complex adjectives formed from subordinating phrases (two grammatically dependent words) are written together: white stone from White stone; car repair from wagon repair; | Compound adjectives formed from coordinating combinations (two equal adjectives between which a conjunction can be placed And), written with a hyphen: velvety-shaggy from velvety and shaggy. | Compound adjectives denoting combinations of colors or shades of color are written with a hyphen. |
| white stone white-winged white-trunked Middle Eastern car repair eight-story dizzy loud-voiced Far Eastern two-tier nine-degree woodworking leggy good-natured railway brown-eyed coffee maker red-breasted red banner red-cheeked bloodthirsty forest protection low-grade law enforcement five-pointed fair-faced freedom-loving North American greybeard seven year old blue-winged snow removal Central Asian black thermophilic three-meter narrow-faced Central African black-haired black-eyed four months six-layer |
velvety-shaggy hopelessly sad birch-spruce birch-aspen carefree-cheerful paper-cardboard boiled-smoked helicopter landing spring-summer takeoff and landing cherry-raspberry airborne clayey-sandy bittersweet bitter-salty palace and park noble-landowner documentary-historical cutesy and capricious magazine and newspaper sweet and sour physical therapy autumn-winter song and dance lush green timidly trusting salty-bitter |
crimson red faded lilac bluish gray smoky blue golden yellow golden brown yellow-green yellow-red emerald green blue-white coral red blood red matte white sky blue soft green olive yellow orange-yellow light beige silver white gray-brown-raspberry taupe blue-green dark purple purple-black bright yellow Compound adjectives denoting cardinal directions are written with a hyphen. northeastern |
Literature:
- 1C: school. Russian language. Morphology and spelling. 5-6 grades. Educational complex edited by O. I. Rudenko-Morgun. JSC “1C”, 2006
- Zemsky A.M., Kryuchkov S.E., Svetlaev M.V. Russian language in 2 parts. Part 2. Syntax. – M.: Education, 1986.
- Russian language: Schoolchildren's Handbook / ed. V. Slavina. – M., 1995.
- Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. – M., 1998.