Class: 10
The purpose of the lesson : formation of ideas about the features of the architecture of Ancient Rus' of the pre-Mongol period.
Lesson Objectives :
- introduce students to the changes taking place in Russian culture and art and their reasons;
- Using the example of temples, teach children to use the comparison method to determine the common features and differences in the architecture of a given period;
- to cultivate respect for the cultural heritage of our country;
- teach reasoning and reflection about artifacts.
Equipment: Multimedia projector; presentation on the topic, images of temples: Hagia Sophia in Kyiv, Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral, Church of the Tithes; Dmitrievsky Cathedral and the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary.
Lesson type – lesson on learning a new topic; virtual tour of Ancient Rus'
Drama lesson plan:
- Exposition: scene.
- Outline: defining the topic of the lesson, the first acquaintance with the features of the architecture of Ancient Rus'. Visual range. Creating a problematic situation.
- Problem formulation: reasons for the emergence of a new style in architecture.
- Development: searching for an answer to the question “What is the uniqueness of Old Russian architecture of the 10th-12th centuries?”
- Climax: the historical conditionality of the development of the architecture of Ancient Rus', its general features.
- Denouement: reflection, impressions of lesson participants.
- Aftereffect...
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Good afternoon guys! Good afternoon dear members of the jury! Let's start our lesson.
2. Exposition.
Guys, today in class we will talk about the type of art that is the most durable. What do you think this is?
Teacher: That's right, the most durable creations of human hands are architectural structures. It is from them that one can trace what materials, what technical techniques the ancient builders used, how they decorated their buildings...
Our lesson today will be somewhat unusual; you and I will go on a virtual excursion, and not only in space, but also in time. I will be your tour guide. Now determine at what time and to what lands we have to go.
Grandson: Grandfather, really, have you seen the prince?
Grandfather: The true truth, grandson. I saw you like that. I just couldn’t talk to him.
V.: Grandfather, is it true that before there were beautiful pillars in the villages, and people all worshiped them?
D.: And it’s true, grandson. When Vladimir began to reign alone in Kyiv, he placed idols on the hill: a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, and Khors, Dazhbog, and Stribog, and Simargal, and Mokosh. They made sacrifices to them, calling them gods. And they brought their sons and daughters to them.
V.: Where are they now? What happened to them?
D.: In the year 6495, the prince sent his ambassadors to different countries to test their faith. They set off, and when they returned, they said: “And we came to the Greek land, and they brought us to where they serve their god, and they did not know whether we were in heaven or on earth: for there is no such sight on earth; and such beauty, and we don’t know how to talk about it, we only know that God is with the people there, and their service is better than in all other countries. We cannot forget that beauty, for every person, if he tastes the sweet, will not then take the bitter; So we can no longer remain in paganism here.”
3. The beginning.
Teacher: Have you guessed what time and where we are going?
Who remembers in what year Rus' adopted Christianity? (988 under Prince Vladimir)
So, formulate the topic of our lesson. "The architectural appearance of Ancient Rus'." Open your notebooks, write down the date February 9 and the topic of the lesson. Today we will not look at the historical events associated with the adoption of Christianity, but will pay attention to the changes that occurred in the culture and art of Rus' after its baptism.
4. Statement of the problem.
The goal of our excursion is to highlight and formulate the features of ancient Russian architecture, the source of the ongoing changes in the architectural appearance of ancient Rus'. On the board and on your desks there is an architectural dictionary page where you can not only find out the names of some decorative elements of buildings, but also understand their meaning.
Well, let's go on an excursion.
5. Development.
With the adoption of Orthodoxy, a new style of construction came to Rus'. Look at the temples, what do they have in common?
(They all have domes, crosses on the domes, the temples also have a cross in their plan, they are built of stone).
That’s right, we can conclude that the new buildings belong to a single type of temple - a cross-domed one. How do you understand this? Where was this compositional structure of cathedrals borrowed from?
In Rus' in those days, wooden buildings were built, and only the most important events were reflected in stone architecture. They were built by Greek craftsmen who came from Byzantium in entire artels.
The first church, founded in Kyiv in 989, was popularly called Tithes, because Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same. A very rich library was collected under her, and the monks worked on compiling chronicles and lives of saints. The church stood for two centuries and was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors.
A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. (Sophia is the wisdom of God). What do you already know about this cathedral, what can you tell about it yourself? (Built under Yaroslav the Wise)
Teacher: Kiev Cathedral is an example of the Byzantine style in Rus'. This is a five-nave cross-domed church. The walls of the cathedral are lined with red brick and gray granite stone - plinth, alternating with pink cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. The combination of gray and red colors with a pinkish tint gave the building a special elegance. Initially, the temple was crowned with 13 domes. The number of domes (domes) in ancient Russian architecture had a deep symbolic meaning. Guys, what do you think the 13 domes crowning the temple symbolized?
(The twelve domes are reminiscent of the apostles (disciples of Jesus Christ), the dome located in the center symbolizes Christ himself.)
The eleventh century is also called the century of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, churches of St. Sophia were built in other cities. Who knows which ones? (Novgorod and Polotsk) Although they were built on the model of the “big sister,” local construction features transformed them beyond recognition.
Unfortunately, Polotsk Sophia was completely destroyed in the 13th century. And in front of you is the Church of St. Sophia of Novgorod.
What impression does this cathedral have on your thoughts and feelings?
What associations does his artistic image evoke in you?
What new do you see in the appearance of the temple? How has the role of temples changed? (place of protection)
Compare the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod and the temple of the same name in Kyiv.
What distinctive features of the Novgorod temple can you name?
( In its compositional structure it is close to the Kyiv one. We again see a five-nave cross-domed structure, but there are also 5 domes grouped in the center. Deep, long window openings in combination with smooth walls and blades make the temple taller, more monolithic.)
Why do you think the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv became a model for many Russian churches?
Teacher: The appearance of three St. Sophia cathedrals of the same type emphasized the political and cultural unity of Rus' and the spiritual connection with Byzantium.
Teacher: Now let's get back to history again. What happened to Kievan Rus in the 12th century? ( Feudal fragmentation)
Kievan Rus will split into 14 principalities. What is characteristic of this period? (wars)
Do you think the constant hostility between the principalities will affect the development of architecture of that time? How? (local schools of stone architecture are developing)
Teacher: The Vladimir-Suzdal school became the most striking and significant. An example of the synthesis of architecture and sculpture in Ancient Rus' is Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir. Consider it.
What impression does this cathedral have on you?
This temple is small in size; it was built as a home church for the princely family. The outside of its walls are decorated with unique white stone carvings. The reliefs of the Dmitrov Cathedral, which spoke so much to his contemporaries, centuries later turned into an incomprehensible mystery, unsolved to this day. The cathedral can be compared to a book made up of more than 1000 carved stones, in which only individual words are read. What is shown on the facades? The facades depict angels, people, animals, birds, trees, grass. Lions, wolves, and griffins are especially often depicted. There are images of Hercules, Vsevolod the Big Nest with his sons and many more people. Researchers note that the idea of the Heavenly City is discernible in the decor of the cathedral. The temple is dedicated to Dmitry Solunsky, the spiritual patron of Vsevolod the Big Nest.
(Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary on the Nerl.)
Teacher: And what impression does this temple make? This is the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary on the Nerl.
A pre-prepared student reads a poem against the background of music.
By what measure are you cut?
What is your appearance that attracts you from afar?
How do you shine forever, church
Protection on the Nerl River?
Low, small.
You are so well chosen.
What do you forever bury in everyone?
Feeling of height -
So in the area your sketch is accurate,
So you are needed here for everything,
As if you were not created by an architect,
And born from the earth itself.
Among the greenery there is a white stone,
Meadow, trees, river, bushes.
Reddish sunset flame
He ran - and you blushed,
And you look approachable and stern,
And you turn a little blue in the distance...
Apparently, the ancestors believed in God,
As in the simple truth of the earth.
N. Korzhavin
Before us is the most perfect architectural structure of pre-Mongol Rus'. The Church of the Intercession was built on a water meadow, on a man-made hill rising on the banks of the Nerl River. In the spring, the Nerl spills widely and floods all the surrounding areas, but never during the 8 centuries of the temple’s existence has water penetrated inside the church. During the time of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the hill had a white stone lining and stairs to the river. At dawn, when the first rays of the sun play on the clouds, the temple blooms with pure and pristine beauty. The Church of the Intercession was built in memory of the deceased young son of the Grand Duke.
Teacher: Do you have a feeling that he is slender, light, ascending? Let's take a closer look. If it points upward, then there are vertical lines - where are they? ( Arcature belt, pilasters, blades, elongated windows). The illusion of its slight upward striving is created by its somewhat elongated proportions and the uniform rhythm of the semicircular arches, which have become the architectural leitmotif. Arches complete the walls, divided by vertical projections - blades - into three parts, and form three zakomaras. Arches are repeated in the outlines of window openings and portals. Arches, connecting thin columns, “draw” on the facade rcture belt.
(The temple is of cross-domed type, four-pillar, three-apse, single-domed. The walls of the church are strictly vertical, but thanks to the exceptionally well-found proportions, they look inclined inward, which achieves the illusion of a greater height of the structure.)
Teacher: Let's compare the two churches Pokrovsky and Dmitrievsky. ( Show both temples at the same time.)
So what do they have in common?
- White stone.
- Shoulder blades.
- Arcature belt.
- Cross-domed.
- 1-dome, 4-pillar.
- Decor on external walls.
What are the differences?
- One personifies masculine beauty, and the second – femininity.
- More beautiful.
Teacher: Guys, why do you think the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is recognized as a masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture?
Teacher: At such an amazing rise in architecture, the art of Ancient Rus' was interrupted by the Tatar-Mongol invasion.
6. Climax.
Teacher: And our excursion is coming to an end. What did you see as the uniqueness of ancient Russian architecture of the 10th-12th centuries? Write your conclusion in your notebook. Now you are working individually. Compare with the conclusion of your desk neighbor. Now let's check what we got?
What caused the changes in the architectural appearance of Ancient Rus'?
7. Denouement(Reflection)
Teacher:
- What are your impressions of our trip?
- What discovery did each of you make?
- What particularly impressed you?
One of the cathedrals we examined is included in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage along with the Egyptian pyramids and the Roman Colosseum, and the Indian Taj Mahal. Which one do you think and why?
You and I are the custodians of that huge layer of world culture that was created by our ancestors, and we have the opportunity to study and admire these masterpieces. This is what is close to us, what is kept in our hearts, what unites us not only with the whole country, but with our past, present and future.
Teacher: I would like to end our meeting with the words of the poetess V. Borovitskaya.
...Everything in the world goes away - what remains is art.
The chain of centuries will not be interrupted by the voices of poets.
Look at the frescoes of cathedrals and portraits.
On the decrepit earth it will be bitter and sad.
But it won’t be empty as long as art is alive.
So, let's begin our exciting journey. The history of Rus' during this period is replete with many historical events. Let's remember them. What influence did Byzantine culture have on the culture of Ancient Rus'?
Students: She made a huge contribution to the spiritual (cultural) and moral development of Ancient Rus', influenced all spheres of life of the ancient Russian state (music, architecture, literature, painting, etc.), and determined the main paths of their development. Teacher: Under the influence of what historical event did this happen? Students: influenced by baptism in Rus'. Teacher: In what year did the baptism of Rus' take place? Under which prince? Students: under Prince Vladimir, in 988 Teacher: What are the reasons for the Christianization of Rus'?Students (together with the teacher give a complete answer):Firstly, the Kiev prince became equal among all Christian monarchs in Europe. This fundamentally changed the very status of the Old Russian state. In-
secondly, the Byzantine religion extended the idea of the Prince of Kyiv as God’s anointed. Thirdly, the ruling class received ideology to strengthen its power. Fourthly, the Eastern Slavs received justification for the unity of the Old Russian state. Fifthly, the adoption of Christianity gave impetus to the development of culture (writing and education). Teacher: Well done boys! It was these historical events of that time that influenced the development of Russian architecture. But today our main task is to consider the features of ancient Russian architecture. With the adoption of Orthodoxy, a new style of construction came to Rus'. Look at the temples, what do they have in common?(Slides 4-10) Students: They all have domes, crosses on the domes, the temples also apparently have a cross in plan, they are built of stone. Teacher: That’s right, we can conclude that the new buildings belong to a single type of temple - a cross-domed one. How do you understand this? Where was this compositional structure of cathedrals borrowed from? Students: This compositional construction of cathedrals was borrowed from Byzantium; a cross-domed temple is a temple with a cross at its base, and this temple is crowned with a dome. Teacher: Well done boys! But let’s give a more scientific definition of this concept, write it down in a notebook and make a drawing.(Slide 11-Definition of the Cross-domed Church and plan)We can judge the architecture of Ancient Rus' to a greater extent only by the surviving stone buildings. Why do you think? Students: Due to the fact that numerous fires destroyed many monuments of wooden architecture. Teacher: True, but despite this, wooden architecture deserves special consideration. In Rus' in those days, wooden buildings were built, and only the most important events were reflected in stone architecture. They were built by Greek craftsmen who came from Byzantium in entire artels.
The first church, founded in Kyiv in 989, was popularly called Tithes,(Slide 12) because Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same. A very rich library was collected under her, and the monks worked on compiling chronicles and lives of saints. The church stood for two centuries and was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. (Sophia is the wisdom of God).(Slide 13-14) What do you already know about this cathedral, what can you tell about it yourself? Students: It was built under Yaroslav the Wise. Teacher: Kiev Cathedral is an example of the Byzantine style in Rus'. This is a five-nave cross-domed church. The walls of the cathedral are lined with red brick and gray granite stone - plinth, alternating with pink cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. The combination of gray and red colors with a pinkish tint gave the building a special elegance. Initially, the temple was crowned with 13 domes. The number of domes (domes) in ancient Russian architecture had a deep symbolic meaning. Guys, what do you think the 13 domes crowning the temple symbolized? Students: Twelve domes are reminiscent of the apostles (disciples of Jesus Christ), the dome located in the center symbolizes Christ himself. Teacher: That's right, guys, the Eleventh century is also called the century of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, churches of St. Sophia were built in other cities. Who knows which ones? Students: Novgorod and Polotsk. Teacher: Well done, true in Novgorod and Polotsk. Although they were built on the model of the “big sister,” local construction features transformed them beyond recognition. Unfortunately, Polotsk Sophia was completely destroyed in the 13th century. And in front of you is the Church of St. Sophia of Novgorod.(Slides 15-16). What impression does this cathedral have on your thoughts and feelings? Students: It is extremely beautiful and monolithic! The entire architectural structure gives a feeling of protection and tranquility. Teacher: What associations does his artistic image evoke in you? Students: Association with a fortress, an indestructible support! Teacher: What new do you see in the appearance of the temple? How has the role of temples changed? Students: New: 5 domes grouped in the center, Deep, long window openings. Apparently the temple played a role as a place of protection. Teacher: Compare the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod and the temple of the same name in Kyiv.(Slide 17) What distinctive features of the Novgorod temple can you name?
Students (together with teacher):In its compositional structure it is close to the Kyiv one. We again see a five-nave cross-domed structure, but there are also 5 domes grouped in the center. Deep, long window openings in combination with smooth walls and blades make the temple taller and more monolithic. Teacher: Why do you think the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv became a model for many Russian churches?Students: Teacher:Thank you guys for your answers, you are saying everything correctly! Please note that the appearance of three essentially similar St. Sophia Cathedrals emphasized the political and cultural unity of Rus', the spiritual connection with Byzantium. Now let's return to history again. What happened to Kievan Rus in the 12th century? Students: Feudal fragmentation. Teacher: That’s right, you and I know that Kievan Rus will break up into 14 principalities. What is characteristic of this period? Students: wars. Teacher: Do you think the constant hostility between the principalities will affect the development of architecture of that time? How? Students: Yes, it will affect, as we know, local schools of stone architecture were developing at that time. Teacher: Well done guys, it’s worth noting that the Vladimir-Suzdal school became the most vibrant and significant. An example of the synthesis of architecture and sculpture in Ancient Rus' is the Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir. Consider it.(Slides 18-19) What impression does this cathedral have on you? Students: This is a beautiful work of art, the first thing that catches your eye is the richly decorated façade. The walls are covered with luxurious decor on all four sides. It shines with the amazing beauty of its calm and courageous slender proportions and the solemnity of its carved decoration. You look at this temple and enjoy all the beauty of its appearance. Teacher: Great, guys! This temple is small in size; it was built as a home church for the princely family. The outside of its walls are decorated with unique white stone carvings. The reliefs of the Dmitrov Cathedral, which spoke so much to his contemporaries, centuries later turned into an incomprehensible mystery, unsolved to this day. The cathedral can be compared to a book made up of more than 1000 carved stones, in which only individual words are read. Look what is shown on the facades?(Slide 20) Students: The facades depict angels, people, animals, birds, trees, grass. Teacher: That's right, but besides this, lions, wolves, and griffins are especially often depicted. There are images of Hercules, Vsevolod the Big Nest with his sons and many more people. Researchers note that the idea of the Heavenly City is discernible in the decor of the cathedral. The temple is dedicated to Dmitry Solunsky, the spiritual patron of Vsevolod the Big Nest.
What does the epigraph have to do with the topic of the lesson?
Oh, I want to live crazy!
Perpetuate everything that exists,
The impersonal - to humanize,
The unfulfilled - to realize.
- According to Old Testament tradition, the Lord, appearing to Moses, taught him how to build a temple.
- At the base of the temple there is a cross or a ship (the church, like a ship, saves in the sea of life).
- The outside of the temple is crowned with domes (1 -33).
- The dome is crowned with a cross.
Exterior color of the temple
- often reflects his dedication - to the Lord, the Mother of God, some saint or holiday. For example:
- Bely - a temple consecrated in honor of the Transfiguration or Ascension of the Lord
- Blue - in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- Red - dedicated to the martyr(s)
- Green - to the Reverend
- Yellow - to the saint
According to church symbolism, the dome indicates to Christians the need to strive from the earthly to the heavenly. Orthodox churches are built with an odd number of domes. The number of heads of the temple reveals in numerical symbolism the hierarchy of the structure of the heavenly church. The different number of domes, or chapters, of a temple building is determined by who they are dedicated to.
- Single-headed The temple dome symbolizes the unity of God, the perfection of creation. Single-domed churches were built most often in the pre-Mongol era and were a symbol of the One God and the perfection of creation (Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Church of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Double-headed The temple's two domes symbolize the two natures of the God-man Jesus Christ, the two areas of creation (angelic and human). Three-headed the temple's three domes symbolize the Holy Trinity, they may not always be Trinity (for example, St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Velikiy Quadriceps temple. the four domes symbolize the Four Gospels, the four cardinal directions.
- Five-headed The temple has five domes, one of which rises above the rest, symbolizing Christ as the Head of the Church and the four evangelists. Five-domed churches became widespread in Rus', and their construction was carried out both in ancient times and in our days. One of the domes, as a rule, rises above the others, which symbolizes Jesus Christ and the four evangelists. Sometimes an initially five-domed cathedral after restructuring could turn into a six-domed one (St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod), however, just as it appeared from a previously three-domed cathedral. The reasons for such reconstructions were, as a rule, dilapidation and fire. Five-domed churches have also been built recently, such as, for example, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, recently revived in Moscow.
- Seven-headed The temple's seven domes symbolize the seven Sacraments of the church, the seven Ecumenical Councils, and the seven virtues. Nine-headed The temple's nine domes are associated with the image of the heavenly Church, consisting of nine orders of angels and nine orders of righteous people. Thirteen-headed temple thirteen domes symbolize Jesus Christ and the twelve apostles. Twenty-five chapters may be a sign of an apocalyptic vision of the throne of the Holy Trinity and the twenty-four elders (Rev. 11, 15-18) or denote praise to the Blessed Virgin Mary, depending on the dedication of the temple. Thirty-three chapters - the number of earthly years of the Savior.
Sophia Temple in Kyiv.
- The shape of the dome has a special meaning:
- helmet-shaped - a symbol of the church’s struggle against the forces of evil, the fight against the enemy,
- bulbous - symbol of a candle flame.
St Basil's Church.
- “...God gave John III two masters of the river Posnik and Barm...” and a temple was erected in honor of the capture of Kazan. It symbolizes beauty and glory.
- Intricate shape and bright colors of the domes on St. Basil's Cathedral speaks of the beauty of Heavenly Jerusalem.
Dome color.
Gold - a symbol of heavenly glory,
Blue with stars - dedicated to the Mother of God,
Green - the color of the Holy Spirit.
- Temples dedicated to saints are often crowned green or silver domes.
- In monasteries there are black domes - this is the color of monasticism.
- In 1328, the reign finally passed to Moscow, Rus' was united, and this formed a new all-Russian architectural style. A colossal reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin and the creation of a new city ensemble began.
- Moscow he orders the best architects from Tver, Pskov, and Rostov and turns to foreign masters.
Church of the Intercession in Fili.
- The traditional five-headed system means the most Christ and four evangelists. The central head rises above all the others.
Church in Nikitniki.
- An organic connection with nature is characteristic of ancient Russian architecture.
- A new unusual style appears in the works of Russian architects.
Gate Church of John the Baptist.
- As a result of creative communication, a new all-Russian architectural school was formed .
Materials
- https://ru.wikipedia.org/
- http://artwwworld.org.ua/Istorija_iskusstv/Iskusstvo_srednevekovoj_Rusi
- historicus.ru
Class: 10
Presentation for the lesson
Back forward
Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson scope: 90 minutes
Target: to form ideas about the features of the architecture of Ancient Rus' of the 12th–14th centuries.
Tasks:
- continue acquaintance with ancient Russian architecture using the example of the architecture of the Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, and Moscow principalities;
- introduce the ancient Russian cross-domed types of churches, the most outstanding monuments;
- use the comparison method to determine common features and differences in the architecture of a given period;
- introduce the work of ancient Russian icon painters;
- to cultivate respect for the cultural heritage of our country.
Lesson equipment: Textbook of MHC 10th grade by G.I. Danilova. Computer, screen, projector or interactive whiteboard. Presentation for the lesson, guidelines for using the presentation - see. Application .
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Updating knowledge.
3. Motivation to study a new topic. Statement of the lesson problem.
In the second half of the 12th century. Changes are taking place in the life of the Old Russian state, which will further determine the fate of Russian culture for many centuries to come. A period of feudal fragmentation begins in Rus'.
What does this mean? Kievan Rus will split into 14 principalities.
What is characteristic of this period? (wars)
Read the epigraph: “A sense of proportion, an understanding of silhouette, a decorative instinct, ingenuity of forms - in a word, all architectural virtues are found throughout Russian history so constantly and everywhere,
which suggest the absolutely exceptional architectural talent of the Russian people.” I.E.Grabar, art critic
What do you think we will talk about in class today?
Right. We will talk about ancient Russian architecture, which even today amazes with its craftsmanship and artistic taste. Let's get acquainted with the history of the creation of architectural masterpieces, comparing it with the history of the ancient Russian state. Find out the architectural features of the temples of each principality and find out whether there are fundamental differences between them (if any, what) or whether they are all built according to a common principle.
4. Formation of new knowledge
Today we will look at the architecture of the three most developed principalities of that time: Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow.
During the lecture, students fill out the table in their notebook:
5 slide Architectural construction acquired a special scope in Rus' with the adoption of Christianity in 988. By the 11th century, due to the growth of cities, stone construction began to be carried out. In all cities, the construction of temples and cathedrals began, first in the likeness of Byzantine ones, and then on their basis their own architectural traditions were developed.
6-7 slide Over the centuries, the unique appearance of ancient Russian architecture was formed. The cross-domed type of church became widespread at this time in Rus'. The basis of the cross-domed church is a square, divided by four supports - into three naves and ending in the east with an apse; on the plan it forms a cross.
8-11 slide Types of temples are considered: tented, tiered, rotunda churches, ship temples.
12-15 slide Multi-domed temples
16-19 slide Symbolism of the color of the dome
20-26 slide Architectural dictionary. The elements of the external decoration of the temple are considered: apse, zakomara, drum, dome, portal, arcature belt.
Slide 27 The Art of Great Novgorod. The culture of Veliky Novgorod, which separated from Kyiv, showed distinctive features. His art was imprinted with rigor and simplicity. The best Novgorod masters knew how to create true masterpieces of architecture and fine art.
28 slide From the middle of the 12th century. In Novgorod, princely construction almost ceased and many small parish churches appeared. The Church of the Transfiguration on Nereditsa is considered a striking example of the monuments of Novgorod architecture of the last third of the 12th century.
29 slide The appearance of the church is restrained and strict. One dome, three naves, three altar apses from the east, two sharply lowered apses. The only decoration is an arcature (in the form of an arch) belt under the dome with eight cut narrow windows.
30-31 slides The church became world famous due to frescoes made in an unusual light color: a combination of yellow-red ocher, soft green and blue colors. The white color is applied to the faces of the saints in large, relief strokes. During the Great Patriotic War, as a result of fascist shelling, the church was destroyed and many of the frescoes were not preserved. Only the paintings of the altar and lower sections of the walls have survived.
32-34 slide The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary was built on the site of a pagan sanctuary in Peryn in the 13th century. A new type of church is being created, which became decisive for Novgorod architecture of the 14th-15th centuries. In subsequent buildings, the proportions, shape of the covering, and decor changed, but the type of Novgorod buildings itself remained unchanged for 200 years.
35-38 slide Novgorod school of icon painting. At the end of the 13th century, the Novgorod school of icon painting was formed. Its heyday occurred in the second half of the 14th century - the beginning of the 15th century. Many icons perished in medieval fires and during the Second World War.
A close creative community connected Novgorod masters with Byzantine artists, among whom Theophanes the Greek especially stood out. He settled in Novgorod in 1370. In 1378, he began work on the painting of the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street.
The colors abound in shades of tones. Forms are modeled using light using white and highlights, which more accurately conveys volume.
Theophan's first known Russian work was the painting of the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street in Novgorod, built in 1374. According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the master painted the temple in 1378 by order of the boyar Vasily Danilovich and the townspeople of Ilyin Street. The main content of the painting is the manifestation of divine light into the world and the transformation of creation by divine energies.
Feofan's painting is distinguished by freedom of composition, individual features of the characters depicted, and extraordinary expressiveness. Theophan's frescoes look stern and menacing. Feofan had a great influence on Novgorod painting.
39-40 slide From the middle of the 12th century, the largest center of Rus' became Vladimir - the Suzdal principality. The basis of the architectural creativity of this period was the idea of unifying Rus' under the rule of the Vladimir-Suzdal prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Large-scale construction of new cities is unfolding. In addition to the ancient cities - Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, new ones are being put forward: Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Moscow and especially Vladimir. Outstanding monuments of art are created here. Many of which have survived to this day.
41 slide The construction of the new capital of the principality - the city of Vladimir - is underway. Bogolyubsky erected fortifications and determined the urban planning structure, in which he gave the main place to the construction of the Assumption Cathedral. Under Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vladimir-Suzdal architecture reached its greatest flourishing. The temples were built of white hewn stone on lime mortar, crowned with one dome rising on a high drum. The architecture of this period was distinguished by simplicity of decoration, strict proportions, and symmetry.
42-43 slides The Assumption Cathedral became the largest building of the new capital, the center of its architectural ensemble. Located on the high bank of the Klyazma, it dominated the city and its environs, and the golden dome of the cathedral could be seen for many miles around.
In height, the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir surpassed the St. Sophia Cathedrals of Kyiv and Veliky Novgorod. It is made of white limestone, and its central head is covered with “red gold”, for which it received the name “Golden-Domed”. At first it was single-headed, and later 5-headed. The height of the temple is 2 times its width.
44 slide The central place in the Assumption Cathedral was occupied by the Byzantine icon of Our Lady of Vladimir. From the original frescoes, only fragments of ornamental painting have been preserved, in which the high professionalism of the artists who performed it can be discerned.
45-46 slide Simultaneously with the temple, the construction of the residence of the Vladimir princes in Bogolyubovo began, not far from which the white stone Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was erected on the Nerl River, 1165. The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is a masterpiece of world architecture, the pinnacle of creativity of Vladimir masters from the heyday of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. She is called the “white swan” of Russian architecture, a beauty, and is compared to a bride.
47 -50 slide With the help of well-chosen forms, proportions and details, the architects managed to overcome the heaviness of the stone, creating the impression of weightlessness, aspiration to the heights. For the first time, architectural structures were used in the design of the facades - reliefs in the form of female and lion masks, as well as three subject compositions, one on each facade. In the center of each façade is a relief figure of the famous biblical king David the psalmist. Enchanted by his music, the lions, birds and griffins became quiet. The temple is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List
51-54 slide Stone carving played the most important role in the artistic design of Vladimir churches. The carvers showed true skill, drawing inspiration from folk traditions of decorative and applied arts. Among the numerous churches of Vladimir, the Demetrius Cathedral of 1194 - 1197 stands out for its elegance and abundance of decorations.
Thin carved lace, completely covering the surfaces of the walls from the arcature-columnar belt to the dome itself, is the main attraction of the cathedral. The walls are decorated with about 600 reliefs.
The figures of Christ, prophets and apostles, martyrs and holy warriors are combined with images of animals, lion masks and flowering trees.
55 slide The Golden Gate is an outstanding monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in the city of Vladimir. UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built in 1164 under the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In addition to defensive purposes, the gate also had a triumphal character. They decorated the main entrance to the richest princely-boyar part of the city.
56 slide During the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the number of works of monumental painting (frescoes) sharply decreased. Icon painting became the leading type of fine art. Features of the image: the large size of the figure sitting on the throne, the turn of the figure, the demonstrativeness of the gesture (Dmitry takes the sword out of its sheath), a victorious, hypnotic gaze. In general, the image evokes associations with the inaccessibility of the city, the defense of the state and the Christian faith
57-58 slide In the 14th century, Russian lands began to unite around Moscow. The architecture of the Moscow principality was largely based on the traditions of Vladimir-Suzdal masters, and foreign architects were also invited here. The construction of the first stone buildings began in wooden Moscow. In Moscow, white-stone churches are being built, the most significant of which were the Assumption and Archangel Cathedrals, and a new oak fortress is being built.
59 slide Grand Duke of Moscow from 1325 and Grand Duke of Vladimir from 1328. He received the nickname Kalita (purse) for his generosity to the poor and enormous wealth, which he used to increase his territory through “purchases” in foreign principalities.
Under Ivan Kalita, the Assumption Cathedral (the original temple did not survive), the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor (demolished in 1933), the Archangel Cathedral (the original temple did not survive), the Church of St. John the Climacus (the original temple did not survive) and the new oak Moscow Church were built in the Moscow Kremlin Kremlin (original building, not preserved).
60 -61 slide Prince of Moscow and Vladimir, built a new stone Kremlin in Moscow. Openly entered into single combat with the Horde rulers
In the second half of the 14th century - the first third of the 15th century, during the period of intensification of the struggle against the Golden Horde, Moscow played a major role. For defensive purposes, well-fortified fortresses began to be built around Moscow in Nizhny Novgorod, Serpukhov and other cities. During the reign of Dmitry, the Moscow Principality became one of the main centers of unification of Russian lands, the Great Reign of Vladimir became the hereditary property of the Moscow princes, significant military victories were won over the Golden Horde, the white-stone Moscow Kremlin was built, which became the most important defensive facility.
Slide 62 The white stone Kremlin is becoming the most important defensive facility. The walls were about 2000 m long. The fortress had only 9 towers, 6 of which had passage gates. Moscow acquired the reputation of a “strong and glorious city.”
Slide 63 Andrei Rublev is the founder of the Moscow art school. He spent his youth in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and was a monk. He lived in the Andronikov Monastery and was buried there. In the 15th century he ranks first among Russian icon painters. Andrei Rublev is the most famous and revered master of the Moscow school of icon painting, book and monumental painting of the 15th century. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988 as a saint.
64-65 slide The first mention of Andrei Rublev in the chronicle appeared only in 1405, indicating that Theophanes the Greek, Prokhor the Elder and monk Andrei Rublev painted the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. Works by Andrey
Rublev, very little has survived: the central icon of the iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, “The Savior in Power,” three icons in Zvenigorod: “The Savior,” “Archangel Michael,” and “Apostle Paul”; fragments of frescoes on the pillars of the Assumption Cathedral in Gorodok.
66 slide The Zvenigorod icon of the “Savior Almighty” has suffered greatly over time and as a result of mechanical damage, some fragments have been lost. However, the main thing has been preserved - the face of Christ and part of his clothing. For Rublev, the Savior is precisely the Savior, the Comforter, the Intercessor. His deeply human appearance is covered with kindness and compassion for people. The inscription on the icon, taken from the Gospel, reads: “Come to Me, all you who labor and are burdened.”
67-68 slide The second time in the chronicle Andrei Rublev is mentioned in 1408, when he made murals with Daniil Cherny in the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. Only 3 years passed, and Andrei already had assistants and students; by that time, Andrei had already fully formed his own individual, real Russian style.
69 slide The central icon “Savior in Power” depicts Jesus Christ with the opened text of the Gospel, seated on a throne. The red rhombus, bluish-green oval and red quadrangle framing Christ symbolize his glory and “powers,” heavenly (in the oval) and earthly (symbols of the four evangelists in the corners of the rhombus). The pure, soft-sounding tones of the icon, its solemn and clear rhythm testify to the artist’s high skill.
Slide 70 “Trinity” is the pinnacle of creativity of the Russian artist Andrei Rublev. In the icon, attention is focused on three angels and their silent communication. They are depicted seated around a throne, in the center of which there is a bowl with the head of a sacrificial calf, symbolizing the New Testament lamb, i.e. Christ. The left and middle angels bless the cup. God the Father blesses God the Son to die on the cross in the name of love for people. God the Holy Spirit (the right angel) is present here as a comforter, affirming the high meaning of sacrificial, all-forgiving love.
71 slide Life path Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny graduated in 1430 in the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery near Moscow. The work of these great artists has become a true standard of the “Moscow style” of painting. The paintings of these masters for many decades to come determined the main features of the Moscow school of painting and gave a powerful spiritual and creative impetus for the further development of Russian fine art.
Slide 72 Summing up the conversation. Despite the feudal fragmentation, a single type of Russian church can be traced in the outlines of the temples; only depending on the political significance and economic development of the principalities, the temples differ in scale, number of domes, and the richness of internal and external (carved) decoration.
In the 3rd century they underwent numerous reconstructions and alterations, which can often be discovered only as a result of special study. Over the centuries, the unique appearance of ancient Russian architecture was formed.
5. Initial comprehension and consolidation
73-89 slide Students take an interactive test.
6. Summing up. Reflection. Assessing students' work in class.
What conclusions can we draw about ancient Russian architecture of the 12th – 14th centuries?
The four-pillar base of the temple, the cross-domed type of the temple, the symbolic number of domes, the interior decoration - frescoes and icons - a peculiar Russian style of writing, severity and simplicity, impressiveness.
Despite the feudal fragmentation, a single type of Russian church can be traced in the outlines of the temples; only depending on the political significance and economic development, the temples of the principalities differ in scale, number of domes, and the richness of internal and external (carved) decoration.
7. Homework.
- Story architecture of ancient Rus' began with the creation of the Kyiv state and this stage ended only with the advent of the Russian Empire. The first churches are considered to be Novgorod, Kyiv and Vladimir. The reign of Yaroslav the Wise (12th century) is considered to be the heyday of architectural architecture. In the 13th century, the development of church architecture in Rus' slowed down, this is due to the emergence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. And in the 15th century, already during the reign of Ivan III, the rapid development of architectural architecture began again.
- The cathedral was built from mixed materials - stone and brick. Its design is strictly symmetrical, and there are no galleries. Initially, the walls of this cathedral were not whitewashed. This is due to the fact that Slavic architects primarily focused on Byzantine designs, in which preference was given to mosaic and marble cladding. A little later, mosaics were replaced by frescoes, and marble by limestone.
- The frame of the composition looks like a cross-domed church with five naves. This type of construction is characteristic only of temples built in the 11th century.
- Several iconostases were constructed in the Hagia Sophia Cathedral, or rather, there were three of them. The main icons located in the cathedral: the icon of the Mother of God “The Sign”, Euthymius the Great, Anthony the Great, Saint Savva the Sanctified, the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God. It was possible to preserve the remains of holy books, of which the most surviving are six books: Princess Irina, Prince Vladimir, Princes Mstislav and Fyodor, Archbishops Nikita and John. The cross of the central dome is decorated with a figure in the form of a dove, which is a symbol of the Holy Spirit.
- One of the outstanding architectural monuments of Ancient Rus'. The church is entirely made of stone and is considered the pinnacle of white stone architecture. It was built in 1165, by order of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, in honor of his deceased son, who was killed by the Bulgars. The temple was erected in the Vladimir region, on the interfluve of the Nerl and Klyazma rivers.
- The temple contains a huge number of mosaics with images of the main saints. Such works are made on a golden background, which helps to highlight the richness of these masterpieces. Mosaics include more than 177 shades. But the names of the creative masters who created such beauty remain unknown to this day.
- The location of the monastery is the city of Kyiv (Ukraine). Located on the coast of the Dnieper, on two hills. At first, on the site of the monastery there was an ordinary cave, into which the clergyman Hilarion came, but when he was appointed Metropolitan of Kyiv, the cave was abandoned. Around the same time, monk Anthony arrived in Kyiv, he found Hilarion’s cave and stayed in it. A little later, a church was erected over the cave, and already in 1073 it was lined with stone. In 1089 it was consecrated. The frescoes and mosaics decorating the church were made by Byzantine masters.
- The composition was erected in Vladimir, the basis for the construction of which was the order of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1164. A total of 5 gates were built, of which only the Golden ones have survived to this day. They served as the entrance to the princely part of the city, which was considered the richest. The construction of the gate was carried out by Vladimir craftsmen. The height of the triumphal arch of the Golden Gate reaches fourteen meters. The main purpose of the structure was to protect the city of Vladimir from raids. The design was based on a combat platform from which enemies were fired upon. The remains of the site are still in the gate. It was possible to enter and exit the site using a stone staircase adjacent to it.
