DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY, one of the main. components of population policy; has as its object reproduction in us. and is aimed at achieving the type of reproduction that is desirable in the long term. Being part of the social economy. politicians… … Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
A system of measures carried out by the state in relation to the population of a country or region, aimed at achieving deliberately set demographic goals of increasing or decreasing natural population growth. There are: direct government... Financial Dictionary
See DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
1) state or regional policies that stimulate or inhibit the growth of the country’s population; 2) social, economic, legal and other measures aimed at changing the process of population reproduction. These include, for example... Political science. Dictionary.
Social, economic, legal and other measures aimed at changing the process of population reproduction. These include, for example, measures to encourage childbearing (childbirth benefits, etc.) or to restrain it... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
A system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires. Brief geographical… … Geographical encyclopedia
Population policy- purposeful activities of government bodies and other social institutions in the field of regulation of population reproduction processes... Source: DECREE of the Moscow Government dated June 28, 2005 N 482 PP ON THE CONCEPT OF DEMOGRAPHIC... ... Official terminology
Social, economic, legal and other measures aimed at changing the process of population reproduction. These include, for example, measures to encourage childbearing (benefits for the birth of a child, etc.) or to restrain it. * * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Population policy- purposeful activities of government bodies and other social institutions in the field of regulation of population reproduction processes. Basic purpose of D.p. creating favorable conditions for increasing the birth rate and strengthening the family,... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
Population policy- a system of social activities aimed at creating conscious demographic behavior desirable for society. D.p. involves a system of measures to regulate (stimulate, encourage or limit) the birth rate, and... ... Librarian's terminological dictionary on socio-economic topics
Books
- Demographic policy in the USSR, A.Ya. Kvasha. Considering current trends in population development in the USSR, the author pays special attention to the problems of developing an effective demographic policy in the country, population reproduction,...
- Demographic policy. Performance assessment. Textbook for bachelor's and master's degrees, Arkhangelsky V.N.. The relevance of the textbook's topic is determined by the broad discussion around the demographic dynamics of Russia. Analyzing the role of demographic policy in the shifts that have occurred is extremely important for assessing...
Policy affecting the processes of fertility, marriage, divorce, age structure of the population and its mortality is the demographic policy of the state. In a broad sense, demographic policy is sometimes identified with population policy, and in a narrow, more accepted sense, it is considered as one of its components. It is closely related to social and economic policy, but, nevertheless, has its own characteristics. The object of such a policy can be countries, their individual regions, as well as individual groups (cohorts) of the population.
Demographic policy is usually based on a set of various measures: economic, administrative, legal, educational and propaganda. Economic measures aimed primarily at stimulating the birth rate include:
· paid holidays and various benefits for the birth of children,
· benefits for children depending on their number, age and family composition - on a progressive scale,
· various loans, credits,
· tax and housing benefits, etc.
Administrative and legal measures include:
· legislation regulating the age of marriage,
· divorce rate,
· attitudes towards abortion and the use of contraceptives,
· property status of the mother and children in the event of family breakdown,
· working hours for working women, etc.
Educational and propaganda measures are aimed at shaping public opinion, norms and standards of demographic behavior, determining attitudes towards religious and other traditions and customs of population reproduction and family planning policy (intrafamily regulation of childbirth), sex education and education of young people, etc. Maksakovsky V.P. . Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.121
The history of demographic policy dates back to ancient times. It was reflected in many legal and legislative acts of antiquity, especially in cases of overpopulation of countries or, on the contrary, large human losses (although religious and ethical doctrines almost always had greater significance than such acts). In the Middle Ages, in conditions of increased mortality due to wars and epidemics, some demographic measures, mostly spontaneous, were aimed at maintaining a high birth rate. In modern times, the first country where the demographic policy that stimulated the birth rate received quite clear design was France. Then some other European countries began to pursue such a policy. Subsequently, it was partly replaced by policies aimed at curbing the rate of population growth. The same change of priorities - depending on the phase of the demographic transition - has been characteristic of modern times. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.123
But with all this, one cannot but agree with the famous demographer A. Ya. Kvasha, according to whom, in general, the history of demographic policy indicates that it was a rather weak instrument and could not significantly influence the reproduction of the population.
As the experience of implementing demographic policy in countries around the world in the 20th century shows, the actual population size is rarely found among the target indicators. The exceptions were China, which sought to not exceed the size of its population by more than 1200 million people by 2000 (actually in mid-1999 - 1254 million people) and Romania, which set the goal of increasing its population to 30 million people (actually in mid-1999 city - 22.5 million). Kharchenko L.P. Demography: textbook/L. P. Kharchenko. -- 3rd ed., erased. - M.: Omega-L, 2009.- p.305
Economically less developed countries with rapidly growing populations most often choose a reduction in population growth rates or a reduction in the total fertility rate (total fertility rate) as a target.
Countries with high mortality rates consider achieving certain levels of average life expectancy or reducing infant mortality as demographic policy goals.
In more economically developed countries, the goals of demographic policy are to regulate migration policy and introduce immigration quotas that limit the entry and naturalization of foreigners.
Demographic policy received its greatest development and distribution in the second half of the 20th century, which is explained, on the one hand, by the onset of a demographic explosion, and on the other, by a demographic crisis. Many politicians and scientists saw in it perhaps the main means of containing population growth in the first case and accelerating it in the second case.
It is not surprising that the United Nations has also paid a lot of attention to these issues. Under its auspices, world population conferences were held: in 1954 (Rome), in 1965 (Belgrade), in 1974 (Bucharest), in 1984 (Mexico City), in 1994 (Cairo). In 1967, the United Nations Fund for the Promotion of Population Activities (UNFPA) was formed. Since the 1960s The UN conducts systematic surveys of governments on population policy issues. They are also discussed at sessions of the UN General Assembly. In 1992, they entered the agenda of the World Conference on Environment and Development. Of the individual documents, the “World Population Plan of Action” adopted in Bucharest in 1974, which contains many specific recommendations for the implementation of demographic policy, is of particular importance. Then, at conferences in Mexico City and especially in Cairo, it was further developed with the inclusion of a number of fundamental changes. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.124
However, in order to make demographic policy truly effective and efficient, all these regulations were not enough. New means of its implementation were also needed, which were invented. The first big breakthrough in this area occurred at the turn of the 50s and 60s. XX century, when it was possible to obtain combined contraceptives for internal use - hormonal tablets, pills and other means, which were gradually improved more and more. All this led to the fact that in the 1960s. a real sexual revolution has taken place in the world. Here it is appropriate to recall the words of the American writer Upton Sinclair that “birth control is the highest achievement of the human mind, equivalent to the discovery of fire and the invention of printing.” Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.124
Like any other revolution, the sexual revolution gave rise to acute contradictions in views and, accordingly, polemics and a struggle of opinions. First of all, perhaps, they touched upon attitudes towards abortion. In the Christian world, the Catholic Church categorically opposed the artificial termination of pregnancy. Back in 1987, the Vatican issued a special “Instruction” on this matter, and at the Cairo Conference in 1994 it again spoke just as sharply. Most Muslim countries are also against abortion and family planning in general. In Protestant and Orthodox countries, the attitude towards them is much more tolerant. In total, approximately 60 million abortions occur annually in the world. The record-breaking countries, where there are more than 50 abortions for every 1,000 women aged 15 to 44, include Vietnam, Romania, Cuba, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Estonia, and Bulgaria. At the other extreme (less than 10 abortions) are Zambia, India, South Africa, Bangladesh, Spain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.125
Information about the spread of demographic policy in the modern world is not always comparable. Thus, according to some data, in developed countries about 70% of women of reproductive age resort to various forms of birth control, and in developing countries - 50%. According to other data, more or less active demographic policies are carried out in approximately half of all countries in the world. According to the third, only from 1970 to 1993, the number of married couples in developing countries using various forms of family planning increased 10 times (from 40 million to 400 million), and the number of these countries themselves increased to 130. According to the fourth, the number of participants By 2000, family planning in East and Southeast Asia had already exceeded 300 million, in South Asia - 100 million, in Latin America - 75 million families. Despite some inconsistency of such information, in general they indicate that the spread of demographic policy is becoming increasingly widespread. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.125
Depending on the demographic situation, demographic policy usually pursues one of two main goals.
In developing countries still at the stage of population explosion, the main goal of demographic policy is to reduce fertility rates and natural population growth. The birth rate is decreasing as a result of the popularization and distribution of contraceptives, health education, counseling on family planning, promotion of the advantages of small families, as well as encouraging small families through various economic and administrative measures. Some countries, as one of these measures, not only allow, but also strongly encourage voluntary sterilization of men and women. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.126
The most striking example of the implementation of demographic policy is the developing countries of Asia. There it covers the vast majority of residents. First of all, this applies to countries with the world's largest population - China, India, as well as Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Quite active demographic policies are also being pursued in Latin American countries and some North African countries. However, in other parts of the developing world, especially in Muslim countries, it has not yet gained much traction. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.126
This can be judged, in particular, by the use of contraception. According to UN statistics, the average rate of contraceptive use for all developing countries is slightly more than 1/2 (we are talking about the number of families using contraceptives), and for the least developed countries - 1/5. China is ahead in this indicator (almost 85%). In Thailand, Vietnam and Sri Lanka it reaches 65-75%, in Malaysia and India - 50-60, in most Latin American countries - 50-75%. At the other extreme are the countries of West and Central Africa and some countries of South-West Asia, where the share of such families usually does not exceed 10%; in Afghanistan it is only 2%, and in Yemen it is 7%. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.126
As one of the effective measures of demographic policy, many developing countries are implementing legislative increases in the age of marriage. For example, in China it was raised to 22 years for men and 20 years for women, in India - to 21 and 18 years, respectively. In reality, there is an even greater “aging” of marriage, which is explained by the fact that a significant part of young people strive to first obtain an education and then undergo vocational training, often combining it with work. As a result, while 15-20 years ago the average age of brides in developing countries was 16-18 years old, by the beginning of the 21st century. even in Africa it began to exceed 20 years, and in Asia and especially Latin America it “aged” even more. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.126
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that among the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America there are also dozens of very small populations, and often just dwarf states, the demographic policy in which (if it is carried out) is not primarily aimed at reducing , but to increase natural population growth.
In most economically developed countries that have entered a period of demographic crisis, they are implementing demographic policies with the goal of increasing fertility rates and natural increase. This primarily applies to European countries.
France became an example of solving demographic problems. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Depopulation began in the country. Thanks to information and propaganda measures, society, government agencies, scientists and entrepreneurs understood the need to increase the birth rate and increase the country's population. In 1896, the National Council was created to support population growth, in 1920 - the Supreme Council on Fertility Problems, in 1921 - the Federation of Unions of Large Families, in 1939 - the Higher Committee on Population Problems, in 1945 (according to initiative of President de Gaulle) - Higher Advisory Committee on Population and Family Problems. Kharchenko L.P. Demography: textbook/L.P. Kharchenko. -- 3rd ed., erased. -- M.: Omega-L, 2009.- p.308
France skillfully combined outreach measures with economic and regulatory measures. For example, in 1920, a law was passed prohibiting abortion, allowing the sale and distribution of contraceptives, public information about birth control methods, etc. In 1939, the Family Code was adopted, providing for the introduction of cash benefits. The amount of monthly benefits for large families was determined as a share of the basic wage (the monthly wage of an unskilled metal worker in Paris). The amount of benefits varied by territorial zone. The gap between the maximum and minimum levels was set in 1945-1946. 49%, in 1968 - up to 4%. Types of benefits:
* family benefits in the amount of 22% of the basic salary for the second child under 10 years of age; 31% - aged 10 to 15 years; 38% - 15 years or more; 33% - for the third and each subsequent child under 10 years of age; 42% - from 10 to 15 years; 49% - 15 years or more. No allowance was paid for the firstborn, but if there were three children in the family, then it amounted to 9% of the basic salary for those under 10 years of age, 16% for those aged 15 years or more;
* allowance for a family with one breadwinner: 20% of the basic salary for the first child under five years of age, 40% for the second,
50% - for the third and each subsequent child. Payments were carried out on a par with family benefits (age limit - 16 years plus six preferential months);
* prenatal benefit from the moment of official certification of pregnancy until childbirth in the amount of 22% of the basic salary;
* one-time benefit for the birth of a child in the amount of double the basic salary, provided: a) if this is the first-born and the mother is not older than 25 years or has been married for less than two years; b) if this is not the first child, but at least three years have passed since the previous birth. Kharchenko L.P. Demography: textbook/L.P. Kharchenko. -- 3rd ed., erased. -- M.: Omega-L, 2009.- p.308
In 1975, a law was passed allowing abortions during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy.
Following France, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries took various measures to implement demographic policies.
Depopulation is underway in Russia; now, more than ever, information and propaganda measures, especially through modern media, should be used to understand the need to solve demographic problems; population growth should become a national idea of the country.
It would not be wrong to say that a particularly active demographic policy until the end of the 1980s. carried out by the socialist countries of Eastern Europe.
In Western European countries, the system of demographic policy measures is generally similar, although, of course, they differ in the amounts of various types of payments and other benefits. Demographers believe that France and Sweden are most actively pursuing policies to encourage fertility and natural increase.
Currently, the average age of marriage in Europe is 26.4 years for men and 23.4 years for women. In Italy, Switzerland, Sweden for men it exceeds 27, and in Germany even 28 years. For women in the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain it exceeds 27, and in Denmark and Sweden - 29 years. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. Book I: General characteristics of the world. 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - p.127
In the United States, government demographic policy in its usual interpretation is virtually absent. Citizens are given complete freedom of choice in this area. Family assistance is usually provided indirectly, in the form of various tax benefits. In the USA, the birthplace of the sexual revolution of the 1960s, various types of contraceptives became especially widespread. However, the “rehabilitation” of sex led to such heated discussions that literally split society into warring factions. First of all, this relates to the dispute about the ban or legalization of abortion, which in the United States was either prohibited or allowed depending on the balance of power between “liberals” and “conservatives.”
Demographic policy is the purposeful activity of society in the field of streamlining demographic processes.
It is considered as part of the general social policy of the state, which, in turn, is a system of measures aimed at improving the level and quality of life of the population. The role of demographic policy is very important in planning the socio-economic development of the country, justifying strategic policy directions and developing the social sphere. The direction in which the country will develop largely depends on the shortage or excess of labor resources, the growth or decline of the birth rate, significant life expectancy or high mortality rates. Demographic policy measures are devoted to the regulation of demographic processes. The country's development prospects and the directions of domestic and foreign policy depend on its effectiveness.
When developing demographic policies, it is important to take into account the differences between social, family and demographic policies:
- social politics is associated with the equalization of opportunities, primarily in terms of ensuring minimum guarantees of living standards;
- demographic policy represents the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring expanded or at least simple reproduction of the population;
- subject to influence of family policy stands exactly family (and not individuals) in order to increase the importance of the family lifestyle and ensure the vital functioning of the family institution;
- social help - provision for the poor families, low-income citizens living alone, as well as other categories of citizens social benefits, subsidies, social services and vital goods.
Social policy measures in their impact on the population and results may be close to the goals and objectives of demographic
politicians. However, social policy measures alone are not enough to solve most demographic problems.
At the same time, demographic policy is an integral part of social policy, along with the regulation of employment, working conditions, living standards, and social security of the population. Quite often the concepts of “demographic policy” and “population policy” are identified and used in parallel. The term “population policy” is most widely used in international documents, especially in UN reports.
Social and demographic policy measures to one degree or another affect the interests of the family. Therefore, most of them are included in the measures family policy. Yet demographic policy should be distinguished from family policy. The latter consists of the activities of state and public services for the social protection of families (regardless of the number of children in the family), creating conditions for the family to fulfill its functions.
Sometimes, to characterize the state’s impact on the birth rate in order to reduce the birth rate and reduce the rate of population growth, the concept of “birth control” is used, which is close in meaning to demographic policy.
Along with the above concepts, the term “family planning” is often used. On the one side, family planning - intra-family regulation of childbirth, on the other hand, a set of measures aimed at creating conditions for families to give birth to the desired number of children.
Demographic policy can only be successful if its goals are clearly stated. The goal of demographic policy is to form the most desirable (i.e., optimal) type of population reproduction, maintain or change existing trends in the dynamics of the number, composition, distribution and quality of the population, and migration. It is clear that policy goals will differ depending on the specific conditions of the country and region. In this case, the choice of the optimal type of population reproduction will be determined based on the choice of optimality criterion (economic, environmental, military, political, etc.). Depending on the choice of criterion, the focus of society's policy is established on one or another level of population reproduction, primarily the birth rate. In addition, it is possible to use different criteria simultaneously.
In accordance with the goal, demographic policy can be understood in a broad and narrow sense. IN wide In a sense, the concept of demographic policy includes the impact of society on demographic processes in two directions, such as change or preservation:
- level of natural reproduction of the population;
- direction and volume of population migration.
However, most often demographic policy is viewed in a narrow sense. In this case, this concept includes the impact of society only on the natural reproduction of the population, primarily on the birth rate.
The object of demographic policy can be the population of the country or some part of it, as well as individual socio-demographic groups of the population, families of one type or another. The circle of subjects of demographic policy is expanding - government bodies, non-profit organizations, business, church. This is due to the importance of solving demographic problems for various spheres of public life.
The characteristics of demographic policy depend on the direction and course of demographic processes and the goals of demographic development. In particular, the following can be highlighted:
- a) depending on the focus of the measures:
- changing the population reproduction regime,
- maintaining the existing reproduction regime;
- b) complexity of measures:
- aimed at regulating one of the demographic processes,
- systematically covering a set of measures aimed at regulating a number of demographic processes;
- c) taking into account the role of migration processes in demographic development:
- stimulating migration influx,
- aimed at limiting migration,
- does not affect the problems of migration movement;
- d) desired population size:
- aimed at increasing the country's population,
- aimed at reducing the country's population.
Demographic policy is a set of diverse measures that are conventionally divided into three groups - economic, administrative and legal, educational and propaganda. The focus of such measures is diverse: reducing morbidity and mortality,
an increase or decrease in the birth rate, a change in the direction and volume of migration, etc.
Among the factors influencing the formation of demographic policy are:
- political(the nature of the political situation in the country, for example, a conservative or liberal approach to the implementation of demographic policy, etc.);
- demographic(the nature of the course of demographic processes, changes in fertility, mortality, etc.);
- economic(availability of funds in the country’s budget for the implementation of measures; standard of living of the country’s population, which determines the scale and focus of the measures);
- national-ethnic(features of perception of demographic policy measures by various ethnic groups and religious denominations).
The history of the emergence of demographic policy begins with the emergence of ancient states, as evidenced by the works of thinkers of that time (Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, etc.).
One of the first manifestations of purposeful regulation of the number and distribution of the population can be considered the founding of ancient Greek colonies in the 4th-5th centuries. BC. This maintained the necessary balance between the population, available land and food.
In the Middle Ages, individual states took the most stringent measures aimed at creating large families and unlimited birth rates. This was due to the desire to maintain a high population. The power of the country was largely determined by the size of the population. The church played a significant role in regulating the marriage and reproductive population.
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. The state's policy of encouraging high birth rates continued, which was greatly facilitated by the economic preconditions for the development of manufacturing production and the growing demand for labor. The need to increase the population was supported during this period by many Russian statesmen and scientists. And only at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. ideas emerged about the need to curb population growth.
The demographic policy pursued by various states until the middle of the 20th century was rather weak and did not have a noticeable impact on population reproduction.
The deterioration of the demographic situation in many countries, which became especially noticeable by the middle of the 20th century, created the preconditions for the further development of demographic policy.
Currently, most states are pursuing population policies. However, due to significant differences in their socio-economic situation and level of demographic development, the content of state policy, goals, scope and methods of its implementation in each country have their own characteristics. Thus, if in developed countries economic measures of public policy (paid leave and benefits for the birth of a child, tax and housing benefits, loans, credits and other benefits) are taken to encourage the birth rate by increasing the standard of living of the family, then in developing countries the allocated resources are aimed at increasing effectiveness of family planning services in reducing fertility. Moreover, in countries with low fertility, despite the fact that economic measures influence the increase in the number of births, they cannot significantly change the intensity of the birth rate. From a demographic point of view, their effect is short-lived and not effective enough. By providing assistance to families who already have children, economic measures improve their living conditions and are the basis for creating a need for a larger (three or more) number of children.
Administrative and legal measures of demographic policy (legislative acts regulating the processes of fertility, marriage, migration, protection of motherhood and childhood, property rights of mothers and children in case of family breakdown, etc.) are effective only in combination with other measures of demographic policy.
The success of society's efforts to manage demographic processes is largely determined by its attitude to educational and propaganda measures of demographic policy. Cultivating demographic education and literacy among the population, formation of the need for the number of children, corresponding to the goals of demographic policy, the interests of the state and society, are among the most important tasks of society.
Thus, demographic policy measures should influence the reproductive behavior of the population in two directions:
- assistance in meeting the existing need for the number of children;
- changing the very need of families for the number of children in accordance with the interests of society.
The peculiarity of the implementation of demographic policy measures lies in their indirect impact on demographic processes (through people’s behavior in relation to marriage, family, having children, etc.).
The condition for successful implementation of demographic policy is its longevity(due to the inertia of demographic processes), complexity(simultaneous implementation of all measures), constant improvement and expansion of demographic policy measures, participation in the development of demographic policy of specialists studying various aspects of population.
The effectiveness of demographic policy is determined by comparing its goals with the results obtained, the time to achieve the goals and the material costs incurred by society. The most important element of any demographic policy program is a set of indicators that allow assessing the effectiveness of implemented measures and are based on demographic statistics.
The implementation of demographic policy measures is aimed at achieving a demographic optimum, which allows optimizing the parameters
socio-economic development. Demographic policy provides the labor market with labor resources, the necessary population density, etc., thereby creating the necessary prerequisites for effective economic development and political stability in the country.
- See: Demographic statistics / ed. M. V. Karmanova. Ch. AND.
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MOSCOW UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER S.YU. WITTE
Management department
Department of Management and Marketing
Discipline: Demography
Topic: Social and demographic policy: relationship and difference of goals
Completed by a 1st year student, gr. Uzs 21.1/B-13
Sverchkova Irina Andreevna
Teacher: Osipova Natalya Viktorovna
Moscow 2014
Introduction
The state in many areas of public life pursues its own policies, or, one might say, many different policies, each of which pursues a specific limited goal and, in accordance with this goal, has a name (policy in the field of employment, wages, income, education, housing policy, national , cultural, defense, social, etc.). The name of the policy indicates (proclaims) its goals. Thus, this is not at all an empty formality, not scholasticism. The declaration of the goals of this policy imposes a certain responsibility on the governing bodies for achieving these goals and for the results (including side effects). In this way, the effectiveness of a policy is determined by comparing results precisely with goals.
It is perhaps impossible to name government activities or social processes that would not at all affect the demographic situation. But this does not at all give grounds to classify any state action as demographic policy. Meanwhile, there is already a long tradition, in particular with regard to fertility. After every government decree containing any measures to provide financial support for families with children, these measures are considered even by some authoritative demographers to be measures of demographic policy. They are expected to increase the birth rate. However, the short duration of action and the demographic ineffectiveness of such measures are well known - both from the experience of the former Eastern European countries and from the experience of our fatherland. And this ineffectiveness is natural, since it was not intended as a goal.
In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish between social and demographic policies.
1. Demographic policy
Demographic policy is a complex of economic and administrative propaganda measures with the help of which the state influences the birth rate in the direction it desires.
In a broad sense, demographic policy is population policy. The object can be the population of the country, its individual regions, population cohorts, families of certain types. The historical goal of the state's demographic policy is to achieve a demographic optimum.
History of population policy
Demographic policy has been known since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, when wars and epidemics raged, it acquired the direction of maintaining an increase in the birth rate. In modern times, clear definitions and actions to stimulate the birth rate were formalized in France.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Malthus's theory prevailed in Europe, which led to the policy of birth control.
After the Second World War, due to the demographic crisis, special attention was paid to the development of demographic policy. The problems were discussed at sessions of the UN General Assembly, and in 1969 a special UNFPA fund was created.
In the United States there is no clearly defined demographic policy; the population is given free choice. However, there is the problem of abortion: they are either allowed or prohibited depending on the ratio of liberals and conservatives in the government. In the USSR, a policy was pursued to encourage large families, material and moral incentives. In the 1980s there was a decline in the birth rate, after which incentives were increased. In independent Russia, the policy of encouraging fertility continued, and maternity capital appeared as a measure of material incentives.
Goals of demographic policy
In developing countries where there is a population explosion - a decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth due to contraception, health education, consultations on family planning, voluntary sterilization, economic and administrative measures. There is also the fact of high mortality in developing countries.
In economically developed countries - an increase in the birth rate and natural increase (democracy policies were carried out especially actively in Eastern Europe until the end of the 80s) thanks to loans to newlyweds, benefits for the birth of each child, housing benefits, and long leave for pregnant women. It is estimated that policies of this kind have now intensified in France and Sweden. demographic birth rate social
Demographic policy measures
1. Economic
· paid holidays; various benefits for the birth of a child, often depending on their number
family age and condition are assessed on a progressive scale
· loans, credits, tax and housing benefits - to increase the birth rate
· benefits for large families - to increase the birth rate
2. Administrative and legal
· Legislative acts regulating the age of marriage, divorceability, attitudes towards abortion and contraception, the property status of the mother and children in the event of a marriage breakdown, the labor regime of working women
3. Educational, propaganda
· formation of public opinion, norms and standards of demographic behavior
· determination of attitude towards religious norms, traditions and customs
family planning policy
sex education for youth
Demographic policy, in accordance with the subject of demography, aims to manage demographic processes and regulate them
2. Social policy
Social politics -- policy in area social development And social security; a system of activities carried out by a business entity (usually the state) aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of certain social groups, as well as the scope of studying issues related to such policies, including historical, economic, political, socio-legal and sociological aspects, as well as examination of cause-and-effect relationships in the field of social issues. However, it should be taken into account that there is no established opinion as to what should be understood by the expression “social policy”. Thus, this term is often used in the sense of social administration in relation to those institutionalized (that is, enshrined in legal and organizational terms) social services that are provided by the state. Some authors consider this use of the term to be erroneous.
More often under social policy in an applied, practical sense (context) they understand a set (system) of specific measures and activities aimed at supporting the livelihoods of the population. Depending on who these measures come from, who their main initiator (subject) is, the corresponding types of social policy are distinguished - state (federal), regional, municipal, corporate, etc. In a broad sense and from a scientific point of view, this is not so much a system of measures and activities as a system of relationships and interactions between social groups, social strata of society, in the center of which is their main ultimate goal - man, his well-being, social protection and social development, livelihoods and social security of the population as a whole.
The traditional areas of social policy are the following: education, health care, housing and social insurance (including pensions and individual social services)
State social policy
The state usually carries out its social policy through local and regional authorities. State social policy is financed from the state budget. The objects of state social policy are usually large social groups that correspond either to the ideological guidelines of the state at the moment, or to the value orientations of society in the long term.
The goal of the state's social policy is to improve the health of the nation, to ensure sufficient income and social support in certain unfavorable life situations and, in general, to create a favorable social atmosphere in society for the population.
Social policy is an integral part of the general strategy of the state related to the social sphere: targeted activities to develop and implement decisions directly related to a person and his position in society; to provide it with social guarantees, taking into account the characteristics of various groups of the country's population, the social policy pursued by the government, all branches and authorities, based on broad public support, is intended to accumulate, focus, and reflect the situation in the country and the situation in society, the needs and goals of social development.
Forms of implementation of social policy
The forms of implementation of social policy are different. One of the main such forms is the provision of social services. The object of receiving social services can be both individual social groups (usually having certain social problems), in relation to which social administration is carried out, and the entire population as a whole.
For example, the social protection system for the unemployed is an integral element of government policy. It includes two systems: unemployment insurance, based on employment history and wages, and means-tested social security for living standards. The most common government income support program for the unemployed in developed countries is unemployment insurance.
Strategy and priorities of social policy
A social policy strategy is a general solution to the system of social problems of a country at a given specific historical stage of its development.
When developing and implementing social policy, the question of social priorities necessarily arises, that is, social tasks that are recognized by society at this stage of its development as the most pressing and urgent, requiring a priority solution. The main priorities of social policy include:
· providing a person with normal living conditions and development from birth to old age;
· creating conditions for the functioning of the family as the primary unit of society, paying special attention to mothers;
· ensuring economic security, reliable protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens;
· ensuring effective protection of the population: improving the quality of social protection of the population, protecting health, culture, housing, improving the demographic situation.
The subjects of social policy include legislative and executive authorities at various levels, employers in the state and non-state sectors of the economy, as well as trade unions and other public organizations that influence the development of state social policy.
The following principles of social policy are distinguished:
· social justice,
· social responsibility,
· social partnership,
· social guarantees,
· continuity.
The objectives of social policy include:
· stimulating economic growth and subordinating production to the interests of consumption,
· strengthening work motivation and business entrepreneurship,
· ensuring an adequate standard of living and social protection of the population,
· preservation of cultural and natural heritage, national identity and identity.
To effectively carry out its regulatory functions, the state has such powerful levers of influence as the country's legislation, the national budget, and the system of taxes and duties.
The experience of most countries in the world confirms: despite all the objective dependence of solving social problems on the economic and political situation in the country, social policy is independent and is capable of helping to improve the level of well-being of the population through its own means and exert a stimulating influence on the desire of citizens for social progress. In modern conditions, social policy should be a priority for the power structures of any state.
WITHsocial policy aims to regulate living conditions, organize assistance to those in need, etc.
3. Interrelation and difference between the goals of social and demographic policy
Of course, social policy measures aimed at improving the material living conditions of families and individuals can come closer to the objectives of demographic policy, creating favorable conditions for the implementation of existing demographic, in particular reproductive, needs. But the ability of social policy measures alone to influence changes in needs is small.
According to all studies of reproductive attitudes conducted in our country and abroad, the average desired number of children in a family is higher than the average expected (actually planned) number of children, which indicates incomplete satisfaction of the need for the number of children experienced by many families (one can even say what part of families this is. But, according to different studies, this part is assessed differently. Analyzing the research results would take us away from the main topic. Therefore, I will allow myself not to consider this aspect).
A positive difference between the desired and expected number of children indicates the possibility of some increase in the birth rate, which can be achieved using traditional social policy measures: benefits, benefits, etc. At the same time, the small value of this difference, only 0.15 children, shows the corresponding insignificance of the influence of material obstacles on the fulfillment of the existing need for children. Still, even in the current transitional social conditions, most families have a number of children in accordance (or almost in accordance) with the needs for them. From this we can conclude that traditional demographic (or rather, social) policy has little opportunity to increase the birth rate using the usual methods: benefits and benefits. It would be possible to bring the birth rate only to the average desired number of children, which according to the 1994 micro-census, as is known, is 1.91 children and does not reach the value of 2.12 necessary for at least simple population reproduction (since we are already in the process of depopulation, then for exiting it, the birth rate should significantly exceed the value of 2.12).
In order to exit the zone of demographic catastrophe, it is necessary to raise the birth rate significantly above 2.12 per woman without difference in marital status or above 2.6 per effective marriage. And for this it is necessary to influence the reproductive needs of millions of Russian families, to raise the average desired number of children to approximately 2.8-3.0 children, for which it is necessary to popularize a family with 3-4 children, without forgetting to show everything signs of attention and respect for a large family (with 5 or more children).
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, policies designed to influence the reproductive behavior of the population in the direction of increasing the birth rate consist of two directions: 1) regulation of living conditions in order to assist families in meeting their existing needs in the number of children, and 2) regulation of living conditions in this way , to increase the need for the number of children to a level that allows our society to avoid a demographic catastrophe.
The first direction completely merges with the tasks of traditional social policy. They should not at all be limited to systems of benefits and benefits. On the contrary, a social policy is needed that would steadily reduce the proportion of families in need of state charity. In other words, it is necessary to increase the proportion of families in society that are able to live on their own income from hired labor and commercial activities.
The second direction of pronatalist (i.e., aimed at increasing the birth rate) state policy and the activities of public organizations is to strengthen the family as a social institution, increase the advantages and attractiveness of family life, and the usefulness of children for parents. It is not yet possible to name more specific measures to strengthen the institution of the family and increase the family’s need for the number of children, since there are no scientific developments in this area yet.
From this we can conclude that demographic and social policies are closely related.
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Need to raise the average
human lifespan
otherwise the person “does not pay off”
Stanislav Jerzy Lec
Demographic policy is a complex of economic, administrative and propaganda measures through which the state influences the birth rate in the direction it desires. The historical goal of the state's demographic policy is to achieve a demographic optimum.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 9, 2007 No. 1351 approved the Concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025, which is aimed at stabilizing and growing the population, increasing the total fertility rate by 1.5 times and increasing life expectancy to 75 years .
Motherhood in our country is encouraged by the state. At the same time, a woman is given the right to independently decide the issue of motherhood (Federal Law No. 323, 2011), which determines the moral autonomy of a person in matters of family planning and childbearing, which in world practice is called reproductive choice (RC). The right to reproductive health is an integral part of human rights in the world and guarantees comprehensive protection of reproductive health, access to reliable information and services on the birth of children, the prevention of reproductive disorders and safe abortion.
Marriage is an important factor in a woman's decision to have a child. Currently, cohabitation before (or instead of) legal marriage, frequent changes of partners, and the typical postponing of the birth of first-born children, which is typical for cohabitants, often turns into a decision to never have children, are common. But even taking into account cohabitation, a huge part of the adult population of Russia - more than a third of men (37%) and half of women aged 18 years and older are not married.
The proportion of women aged 18 and over living with spouses (or civil partners) in the same household is the lowest of 23 European countries in Russia. This share is 50%, i.e. Half of the adult women in the country do not have not only spouses, but even cohabitants.
The average age of a Russian bride in her first marriage was already close to 24 years in 2006. In 2013, less than a third of women (29.3%) aged 20-24 years registered marriage.
However, in the year before pregnancy, the proportion of unmarried women drops by almost 20 percentage points. (from 87 to 68%). This is followed by an avalanche of marriages in the first seven months of pregnancy, which leads to a reduction in the proportion of unmarried people in this age group by 30-40 percentage points. in all regions. At the time of the birth of their first child, every fourth girl aged 20-24 years is not married (Biryukova S. et al., 2014).
In general, in 2015 the number of marriages was 7.9 per 1,000 population, divorces - 4.2 per 1,000 population. The peak age for marriage among women was 25-34 years old - 44.2% (Federal State Statistics Service, 2016).
The total fertility rate was minimal in 2000 - 1.195, by 2015 it increased to 1.777. Comparison of age-specific fertility rates for 1990-2012. shows changes in the last two decades due to the shift of the pronounced peak of fertility in previous years from the age group of 20-24 years to 25-29 years (106.6‰). For women 20-24 years old, after an almost two-fold decrease in the 80-90s, it remains relatively stable at about 90 births per 1000 women. 24.7% of children (according to 2010 data) were born to 20-24 year old women out of wedlock.
Fertility is the result of a number of direct determinants, namely: fertility, intensity of sexual activity and conscious birth control. The decomposition of fertility into its proximate determinants was proposed by D. Bongaarts and was called the Bongaarts model (Bongaarts J., 1982).
Based on the observed birth rate and assessment of the value of the Bongaarts indices, Denisov B.P. et al. (2014) obtained a hypothetical level of potential fertility and the ratio of the influence of supposed determinants on fertility (Fig. 1.1).
Rice. 1.1. Direct determinants that determine the deviation of fertility from potential fertility according to the Bongaarts scheme (potential fertility = 15.5 children per woman = 100%).
The decomposition of the birth rate according to the Bongaarts model shows that the role of contraception in the structure of methods of intra-family birth control in modern Russia significantly exceeds the role of induced abortions. The effectiveness of family planning in the country is increasing, and the role of abortion in intrafamily birth control is decreasing. At the same time, legal restrictions on abortion are seen as a tool to increase the birth rate. By prophylaxis (preventing) abortions, officials mean refusing abortion in favor of birth if an unwanted pregnancy occurs. One of the target indicators of the State Program for the Development of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2511-p dated December 24, 2012) is the proportion of women who decided to carry a pregnancy to term from the number of women who contacted medical organizations for termination of pregnancy. It should increase to 15% in 2020, but how to measure this indicator is not specified.
The effect of infertility on the total fertility rate is small. Thus, the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility among women aged 20-44 years at risk of pregnancy in 2010 in the world was 1.9% and 10.5%, respectively, and in Russia this figure was 1.9% and 3.2 % (Sakevich V.I., 2012). That is, infertility in Russia is not a massive social problem. In a hypothetical case, if high-tech medical care became available to all people with limited fertility but who dream of having a child, and everyone was helped, the country's birth rate would not increase significantly (according to rough estimates, the total fertility rate could increase by only 0.01 ).
The factor of marriage, or more precisely, celibacy, has the greatest reducing effect on the realization of potential fertility. Due to the fact that not all women from 15 to 49 years of age are in a partnership during the reproductive period, the birth rate is less than potential by more than 40%. However, material incentives for the birth of children of the second and subsequent orders are not accompanied by incentives for marriage.
According to Burduli G.M., Frolova O.G. (2008) a woman’s reproductive behavior is determined by: socio-economic (33%), medical-organizational (32%), socio-cognitive (22%), medical-biological (10%) and family factors (5%), that is, the main The share of factors influencing a woman’s RW is the social component.
This opinion is confirmed by an analysis of the results of the sociological study “Attitude of Russian women to the right to decide on the birth of a child” (2012), which identified the motives for refusing pregnancy and childbearing. The main one is “lack of funds” - 71%. The next most important motives are: “social instability” - 48%, “lack of a reliable partner” - 46%, “uncertainty about one’s future” - 45%. A woman's desire to pursue a career and temporarily postpone having a child received an equal number of responses - 21% each. 20% of women would refrain from childbearing due to fear of giving birth to a sick child, 16% because of a threat to the life and health of a woman during pregnancy and childbirth, 19% and 15%, respectively, because of drunkenness and drug addiction, and also because condemnation of single mothers by relatives - 11% and society - 10%, or because of fear for their future when a child appears - 10%.
The majority of respondents consider the main motives for continuing pregnancy to be: “if financial situation allows” - 59% and “support from husband/partner” - 53%, as well as family and close relatives - 38%. For 31% of women, support from the state is significant.
Experts from the Guttmacher Institute have shown that the level of economic security of a country is associated with the number of abortions performed, and poverty is a risk factor for unwanted pregnancy and its termination. Thus, 69% of abortions are performed by women whose incomes are estimated at the poverty level or below, and the abortion rate among them is 54 cases per 1000 women aged 15-44 years.
During the years of market reforms in the 1990s, the real incomes of the Russian population decreased by more than half to the levels of the 60s and 70s, while most indicators of the level and quality of life deteriorated. According to 2011 data from the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 59% of the Russian population belongs to the category of “poor” and “poor” (Gorshkov M., 2011). According to data for the first quarter. In 2015, the number of poor people was 15.9% (22.9 million people) (with an income below the subsistence level of 9,662 rubles per month), the poor - 44% (63.4 million people) (with an income less than the socially acceptable consumer budget, i.e. less than 25 thousand rubles) (Rossat. 06/11/2015). 64% of families with children are poor. Families with three or more minor children have almost a 50 percent chance of being classified as low-income or simply poor (Rossiyskaya Gazeta. No. 6109(133) dated 10.25.2015).
Fully aware of the problems that have developed in the demographic sphere, the Government is taking unprecedented measures to stimulate the birth rate, support families with children and reduce the number of abortions. According to the President, “the main way to overcome the demographic crisis is a radical increase in the number of families with three or more children” (President’s Address to the Federal Assembly, November 30, 2010). At the same time, an analysis of the reproductive plans of the population (Fig. 1.2) demonstrates a focus on having few children, which is determined by the socio-economic state, which influences the life priorities of citizens, the vector of which is aimed at increasing material well-being and does not coincide with the birth of a large number of children ( Population and Society, 2013).
Rice. 1.2. Reproductive plans of the Russian population:
desire of respondents
have the appropriate number of children in the family
(according to the electronic version of the newsletter
“Population and Society”, 2013
Unlike developed countries, where the incidence of NB is on average 20% of the number of pregnancies, in our country there are 2 times more of them - 41% and, thus, NB and its prevention (and not abortion!) continues to be a serious social problem . It is the underestimation (or even ignoring) of the social aspects of this issue that leads to the continued need for termination of pregnancy among hundreds of thousands of women every year.
According to international experts in the field of reproductive health, unwanted pregnancy is a HIGH RISK OF UNSAFE ABORTION AND MATERNAL MORTALITY (WHO, 2012). That is why all over the world serious work is aimed at overcoming the problem of unsafe abortions and unsafe abortions.
The point of view of world medicine regarding existing methods of birth control is the gradual replacement of artificial abortion with other methods of family planning based on sexual education of the population, as well as providing access to safe abortion (SA).
That is, abortion should become an extremely rare occurrence - only in case of contraceptive failures. Modern strategies of reproductive choice (Chapter 8) are the basis for the implementation of intrafamily fertility regulation, overcoming the problem of NP and protecting reproductive health at the state level.
The contradictions between the constantly changing socio-economic situation of the population and life attitudes and orientations, designed both for a relatively stable and prosperous life, and for the implementation of reproductive plans within an individual family and the demographic policy of the state as a whole, are intensifying and urgently require resolution.