Organizational and technological design

General provisions for designing the organization and technology of work in construction

2.2. Construction organization project

2.3. Composition of work projects

2.4. Design procedure and composition of technological maps

2.5. Technological standards, definition and purpose

In-line construction

3.1. Basic concepts and definitions of continuous construction

3.2. Rules for constructing construction flows

Scheduling of construction production

4.1. Definition, types, initial data and construction rules

Master schedule

Schedule plans for construction of facilities

4.2. Technical and economic indicators of calendar plans

Network planning

5.1. Network diagram elements

5.2. Rules for constructing network diagrams

5.3. Network graph calculations

Tabular form for calculating the network diagram

Construction master plans

6.1. Construction plans, purpose, types and contents

6.2. Organization of on-site warehouses. Calculation of materials inventories and warehouse areas for storage

Calculation of storage facilities

6.3. Determination of nomenclature, calculation of areas and selection of temporary buildings on construction sites

Standards for calculating the required areas of various utility and sanitary premises

6.4. Calculation of temporary water supply for a construction site

6.5. Calculation of temporary power supply for a construction site

7. Technology and organization of construction of underground structures

7.1. Basic concepts about construction methods

7.1.1 Construction in open pits or trenches

7.1.2 Technology and organization of construction of lower structures

7.1.3 Technology and organization of construction of structures using the “wall in soil” method.

7.1.4. Growing method

1 – Collar, 2 – tubes, 3 – cement layer

Methods for trenchless laying of utilities

7.2.1 Puncture method technology

Basic methods of laying transitions

7.2.2. Punching method technology

1-Attaching the front wall of the adjacent pit; 2- stop installed on the rear machine of the working pit; 3-hydraulic jack

7.2.3. Technology of horizontal drilling method

1 - Fastening the front wall of the working pit; 2 - stop installed on the rear wall of the working pit

7.2.4. Shield tunnel technology

1 – Cavity filled with concrete mixture; 2 – lining the tunnel from tubing;

8.2. Construction of large-panel and frame-panel buildings

1.....9 - Beacon panels

1 - Rshi-0.4; 2 - traverse; 3 - column; 4 - head of the lower column; 5 - crossbar; 6 - bond plate

8.3. Construction of buildings from volumetric blocks

8.4. Construction of buildings with beamless floors

9. Technology and organization of construction of buildings and structures using the method of raising floors and ceilings

9.1. The essence and areas of rational application of the lifting method

9.2. Construction of buildings and structures using the method of lifting floors

1 - Column; 2 - collar; 3 - plate; 4 - embedded pin

1 - Housing; 2 - finger; 3 - spring; 4 - screw; 5 - emphasis; 6 - slider

9.3. Construction of buildings and structures by lifting floors

Figure 9.6. Technological diagram for installing floor structures and lifting them:

9.4. Mechanization of work on lifting floors and ceilings

Main technological characteristics of equipment for lifting floors and floors

1 - Column; 2 - capture; 3 - cargo rod; 4 - detachable coupling; 5 - support wedge; 6 - spacer; 7 - screw rod; 8 - coupling; 9 - traction; 10 - plate

10. Technology and organization of construction of long-span buildings

10.1. Design features and scope of long-span buildings

A - cutting with planes parallel to the contour; b - radial-circular cut; c - cutting into diamond-shaped flat slabs

10.2. Construction of buildings covered with shells and domes

12x24, 12x30 and 12x36 m:

Technological standard for the construction of a dome covering using a temporary stationary support

1 - Temporary mounting support; 2 - radial rotating device; 3 - crane trestle

Technological standard for erecting a canopy

1 - Mounting racks; 2 - rack braces; 3 - hangers for holding slabs; 4 - template truss; 5 - dome; 6 - braces; 7 - panel carrier; 8 – tap

10.3. Construction of buildings covered with suspended, cable-stayed and membrane structures

1 - Electric winch with a lifting capacity of 5 tons; 2 - a guy made of steel rope with a diameter of 21.5 m; 3, 4 - tower cranes BK-5-248; 5 - cables with a diameter of 52.5 mm

Technological standard for the construction of a cable-stayed roof with a system of orthogonal cables

11. Technology and organization of construction of stone buildings

11.1. Design solutions and technological cycles for the construction of stone buildings

11.2 Work during the construction of stone buildings

12. Technology and organization of construction of buildings and structures made of monolithic reinforced concrete

12.1. Design solutions, advantages and disadvantages, complex mechanization of monolithic construction

12.2. In-line construction of buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete

1 Option

Option 2 (opposite)

Option 3 (common)

Option 4 (if two or more buildings stand at the same time)

1 – Installation of formwork; 2 – installation of fittings; 3 – concreting; 4...k – stripping of various structural elements and repair of formwork.

12.3. Construction of buildings using various formwork systems

1 – Concrete pump; 2 – concrete mixer truck; 3 – main concrete pipeline; 4 – mechanical distributor; 5 - formwork

1 – Concrete pump; 2 – concrete mixer truck; 3 – main concrete pipeline; 4 – compensator; 5 – autonomous distribution boom; 6 - sliding formwork.

Approximate values ​​of adhesion friction of a metal formwork deck with heavy and light concrete, mPa

13. Technology and organization of construction of engineering structures

13.1. Methods for constructing above-ground engineering structures

3 - Brake rope (pulley hoist); 4 - support post; 5 - connection rod between the support post and the structure being lifted; b - anchor; 7 - lifting tackle;

8 - Attaching the mast (chevre) to the structure;

9 - Mounting boom (mast, chevre, portal); 10 - traction mechanism

13.2. Methods for constructing mast and tower structures

1 - Rods connecting the shoes of the portal and the floodlight support;

2 - Mounting spacer; 3 - installation portal;

4 - Lifting tackle; 5 – brake pulley;

6 - Outlet thread of the lifting tackle; 7 – electric winches with a lifting capacity of 5 tons;

13.3. Construction of above-ground tanks and gas holders

Dictionary of basic concepts

Forms of control

Bibliography

Technology and organization of construction of urban buildings and structures

270800 - Construction

308012, Belgorod, st. Kostyukova, 46

12. Technology and organization of construction of buildings and structures from monolithic reinforced concrete

12.1. Design solutions, advantages and disadvantages, complex mechanization of monolithic construction

In modern monolithic construction, three design solutions for buildings are most widespread.

1. Monolithic (residential, 9-16 floors);

a) solid monolithic;

b) monolithic with permanent external formwork of external walls;

c) monolithic with permanent formwork of monolithic floors.

2. Prefabricated monolithic frameless (residential, 9-16 floors):

a) with monolithic walls and ceilings (as well as prefabricated sanitary cabins, stairs);

b) with monolithic walls and ceilings and prefabricated external walls.

3. Prefabricated monolithic frame (up to 20-25 floors):

a) with monolithic joints of the frame;

b) with the device monolithic walls and stiffening diaphragms;

c) with stiffening cores;

d) with concreting of the steel frame;

e) with reinforcement of prefabricated floor slabs.

The use of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete in the construction of buildings and structures has both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages monolithic construction:

Possibility of construction in areas remote from prefabricated housing construction enterprises;

Significantly lower capital investments to create a production base;

The ability to construct high-rise buildings with a wide variety of layouts;

Increasing the resistance of buildings to seismic impacts, as well as during construction on subsidence soils and undermined areas.

Disadvantages of monolithic construction:

Long (compared to prefabricated) construction duration;

High labor intensity on the construction site (with equal total costs);

Increase in cost when performing work in winter conditions.

The entire process of monolithic construction is comprehensively mechanized (preparation of concrete mixture, its transportation, laying and compaction).

Options for complex mechanization of monolithic construction are shown in Fig. 12.1.

Fig. 12.1. Options for complex mechanization of monolithic construction

12.2. In-line construction of buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete

Laying a concrete mixture includes the following processes: supplying the concrete mixture to the concrete structure, distributing (leveling) and compacting it.

Before concreting begins, the following must be determined:

Method of supplying, distributing and compacting concrete mixture;

Composition of the concrete mixture and indicators of its mobility;

Thickness and direction of laid layers;

The required intensity of the concrete mixture with checking the availability of its supply by concrete plants and vehicles;

The need for mechanisms and workers to supply, distribute and compact the concrete mixture, as well as to carry out the necessary auxiliary work during the concreting process.

Before laying the concrete mixture, the following should be checked and accepted:

All structural elements and work that are completed during the laying of the concrete mixture (preparation of waterproofing bases, reinforcement, embedded parts, etc.);

Correct installation and proper fastening of the formwork and its supporting structures;

Readiness for operation of all means of mechanization of laying concrete mixture.

Immediately before laying the concrete mixture, the formwork must be cleaned of debris and dirt, and the reinforcement must be cleared of loose rust. Gaps in wooden formwork must be sealed. The surface of the wrapped wooden, plywood and metal formwork should be coated with a lubricant, which should not impair the strength properties reinforced concrete structures and leave marks on their surface that impair their appearance. It is recommended to wet the surface of concrete and reinforced concrete and reinforced cement formwork-cladding to avoid loss of moisture in the concrete mixture being laid and deterioration of the hardening conditions and strength gain in the layers adjacent to the cladding.

The concrete mixture is laid on a base prepared in accordance with the following recommendations:

When preparing the soil base, all silty, vegetable, peaty and other soils of organic origin are removed from it. Natural and artificial foundations (fill soil, drainages, filters, etc.) from non-rocky soils must retain the physical and mechanical properties provided for by the project;

Soil excavations below the design level should be filled with sand and thoroughly compacted;

Foundations exposed to the threat of flooding by ground and surface water are recommended to be protected with water-reducing or intercepting devices made according to a special design;

Before laying concrete, the base should be cleared of debris, dirt, bitumen, oil, snow and ice, washed and removed from any water remaining on the surface;

When preparing concrete bases and working joints, horizontal and inclined surfaces should be cleared of cement film, vertical surfaces should be cleaned if there are appropriate requirements in the project.

When laying the concrete mixture, it is necessary to continuously monitor the condition of the formwork and scaffolding. If deformation or displacement of individual elements of the formwork, scaffolding and fastenings occurs, they should be eliminated immediately and, if necessary, work in this area should be stopped.

During rain, the concreted area must be protected from water entering the concrete mixture; Any accidentally washed away concrete should be removed.

Concreting the structure must be accompanied by appropriate journal entries concrete works:

Start and end date of concreting (by structures, blocks, sections, etc.);

Specified grades of concrete, working compositions of the concrete mixture and indicators of its mobility (hardness);

Volumes of concrete work performed for individual parts of the structure;

Date of production of control concrete samples, their quantity, marking (indicating the location of the structures from which the concrete mixture was taken), timing and results of testing the samples;

Outside air temperature during concreting;

The temperature of the concrete mixture during laying (in winter conditions), as well as when concreting massive structures. The form of the log and the procedure for filling it out may be specified in relation to local conditions.

When supplying concrete mixture, you should strive to ensure that it is supplied to any area of ​​the structure being concreted and the labor costs when leveling the mixture are minimal.

The place where the concrete mixture is supplied to the structure for specific conditions is determined by the work execution plan (WPP).

The choice of the optimal option is determined by the following indicators: the amount of concrete laid per shift or day, labor costs and supply costs.

For any type of supply of concrete mixture to a structure, the height of free drop should not exceed 2 m, and when supplied to the ceiling - 1 m.

To supply the concrete mixture, buckets and buckets in combination with various cranes, belt conveyors and concrete pavers, concrete pumps and pneumatic blowers, vibrating chutes, vibrating chutes, etc. are used.

For a clear organization of work on the construction of monolithic structures, the complex technological process is divided into simple flows. The division of the complex process depends on the type of structures, their reinforcement, the complexity of the labor intensity of installing the formwork, the volume of concrete to be laid and its labor intensity, the composition and professional training of the team of workers.

To organize continuous production of work, structures made of monolithic reinforced concrete are divided into sections and tiers. The number of captures on an object must be equal to or a multiple of the number of threads.

Rules for breaking down captures:

1. Within a floor (tier), the grips should be approximately equal in labor intensity.

2. The smallest size of the gripper must be sufficient for the unit to operate throughout the shift and correspond to the concreting block on which the concrete mixture is laid without interruption.

3. It is advisable to determine the boundaries of the grips in the places planned for the construction of working or expansion joints.

By the time of transition to the next tier, the strength of the concrete at the grip of the next tier was 1.5 MPa. With such strength, according to SNiP, workers are allowed to move on a concrete surface.

In Fig. Figure 12.2 shows a diagram of the breakdown of a multi-story building into sections.

Fig. 12.2. Scheme of building division into occupations

Possible options for sequential execution of work.

The complex process of erecting monolithic reinforced concrete structures consists of technologically related and sequentially performed simple processes:

Installation of formwork and scaffolding;

Installation of fittings;

Installation of embedded parts;

Laying and compacting concrete mixture;

Caring for concrete in summer and intensifying its hardening in winter;

Stripping;

Often there is installation of prefabricated structures.

The time required for concrete to gain stripping strength is included in the general technological cycle.

The composition of simple processes, their labor intensity and the order of execution depend on the type and specifics of the monolithic structures being erected, the mechanisms and types of formwork used, technological and local features of the work.

Each simple process is performed by specialized units that are united into a comprehensive team. The structure is divided in height into tiers, and in plan - into sections, which is necessary for organizing the continuous production of work.

Breakdown into tiers is a high-altitude section determined by the admissibility of breaks in concreting and the possibility of forming expansion and working joints. Thus, a one-story building is usually divided into two tiers: the first - the foundations, the second - all other frame structures. In a multi-storey building, a tier is considered to be the entire floor with floors. A tier height of more than 4 m is undesirable, since with a high height and intensive concreting, the lateral pressure on the formwork from the concrete mixture being laid increases.

Breakdown into sections is a horizontal section, which involves:

Equal complexity of each simple process, permissible deviation no more than 25%;

The minimum size of the work area (work area) is the work of a unit during one shift;

The size of the grip, linked to the size of the block being concreted without interruption or to the construction of working joints;

The number of captures on the object, equal to or a multiple of the number of threads.

The transition of a group of workers from one occupation to another during a shift is undesirable. The size of the grips usually corresponds to the length of the building section or must include an integer structural elements- foundations, columns, other structures, or determined by the boundaries of areas intended for the construction of working and expansion joints.

To clearly organize the implementation of a complex process of concrete work using an in-line method, it is necessary:

Determine the complexity of each process;

Divide the object into tiers and sections, similar in labor capacity for each process, sufficient for the work of the unit during the shift;

Set the rhythm of the flow and overall optimal time works;

Determine and select the optimal equipment for feeding workplace formwork, reinforcement and concrete mixture;

Determine the required number of workers, based on the labor intensity of individual processes, the accepted flow rhythm, and complete the staffing of units and teams;

Draw up a calendar (shift) schedule for a complex process.

Options for combining streams are possible. So, often formwork is installed in one flow and reinforcement is immediately installed in it. Separation is also possible when concreting walls and ceilings and related processes are separated into independent flows.

In the complex process of erecting monolithic structures, the leading process is concreting. This process consists of related operations for transportation, supply to the workplace, acceptance and compaction of the concrete mixture. Concreting affects the timing of formwork and reinforcement works, which are closely technologically dependent on it. Therefore, to ensure a rhythmic flow with different labor intensity of heterogeneous processes, the same duration of work (duration of concreting) is taken with a different numerical composition of links for each of them.

It is advisable to develop several possible options for the work technology and adopt the option with optimal technical and economic indicators. When designing work, it should, if possible, provide for the completion of concreting and installation processes in the first shift.

The basic principle of work design: as many processes as there are work areas (work areas, concreting blocks). In table 21.1 shows a schedule for the construction of a floor of a multi-storey single-section residential building with monolithic walls and prefabricated floors. When designing the work, it is envisaged to combine all construction processes into four complex processes, divide the floor into 4 working sections with approximately equal volumes of work (within 25% of labor intensity), reduce the need for formwork by 4 times - to the volume of concreting in one working section .

Answers to exam questions Tio in GSH (Building Construction Technology)
(4785.5 kb.)
Available files (68):

10. Technology of work in the preparatory period..doc	33kb.	16.01.2010 16:10
11. Technology for replacing contaminated soil during the construction of buildings and structures in technogenically contaminated areas.doc	165kb.	16.01.2010 16:11
12. Installation of multi-storey industrial buildings.doc	32kb.	15.01.2010 22:35
13. Geodetic breakdown of the construction site..doc	39kb.	15.01.2010 22:36
14.Construction of large-panel buildings.doc	201kb.	16.01.2010 16:11
15. Technology for cleaning contaminated soil..doc	38kb.	15.01.2010 22:39
16.Drainage of surface water from the construction site..doc	34kb.	16.01.2010 02:39
17. Construction of buildings from volumetric blocks..doc	87kb.	15.01.2010 22:42
18. Technology of soil conservation and protection of the territory from pollution when creating landfills for waste disposal..doc	47kb.	15.01.2010 22:43
1.Goals and objectives of the discipline.doc	29kb.	15.01.2010 20:33
20. The essence of methods for lifting floors and floors during the construction of buildings..doc	29kb.	16.01.2010 02:40
21.Territory reclamation technologies.doc	47kb.	15.01.2010 22:54
22(Possibly). Prefabricated monolithic wall in the ground with sheet reinforcement.doc	38kb.	16.01.2010 16:18
22. Technology for the construction of underground structures using the monolithic _wall in the ground_ method.doc	63kb.	16.01.2010 16:18
23. Construction of buildings using the method of lifting floors..doc	219kb.	15.01.2010 23:01
24. Issues of urban ecology resolved during the reconstruction of urban development..doc	38kb.	16.01.2010 16:19
26. Construction by lifting floors..doc	85kb.	16.01.2010 16:19
27. Construction in extreme conditions..doc	35kb.	15.01.2010 23:22
28.(Possibly)Construction of underground structures in open pits.doc	40kb.	16.01.2010 16:20
29. Installation of high-rise buildings. Stability of buildings..doc	425kb.	15.01.2010 23:26
2.Methods of constructing one-story industrial buildings.doc	256kb.	16.01.2010 16:08
30. Concreting technology in winter without artificial heating..doc	30kb.	15.01.2010 23:50
31.Technology for constructing retaining walls.doc	40kb.	16.01.2010 00:04
	52kb.	16.01.2010 16:20
33. Concreting structures with heat treatment..doc	219kb.	16.01.2010 00:15
34.Technology for installation of spans and bridges.doc	223kb.	16.01.2010 16:21
35. Construction of buildings in cramped conditions..doc	127kb.	16.01.2010 00:26
36. Concreting in hot and dry climates..doc	35kb.	16.01.2010 00:29
38.Maintaining the operational properties of existing buildings.doc	385kb.	16.01.2010 16:22
39. Selection of erection cranes for the construction of buildings.doc	32kb.	16.01.2010 16:22
3.Wood frame buildings.doc	36kb.	16.01.2010 16:09
40.Tank construction technology.doc	62kb.	16.01.2010 16:23
41.Building reconstruction technology..doc	96kb.	16.01.2010 00:48
42.Composition, process sequence and mechanization of concrete work during the construction of buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete..doc	33kb.	16.01.2010 16:23
44. Dismantling and liquidation of buildings..doc	35kb.	16.01.2010 00:52
45. Construction of buildings in collapsible formwork..doc	94kb.	16.01.2010 00:55
47.Superstructure of attic floors.doc	46kb.	16.01.2010 16:24
48. Construction of buildings in horizontally movable formwork..doc	62kb.	16.01.2010 00:57
4. Flow methods for erecting buildings.doc	33kb.	16.01.2010 16:07
50. Built-in systems for reconstruction of buildings.doc	51kb.	16.01.2010 16:24
51.Construction of buildings in vertically movable formwork.doc	29kb.	16.01.2010 16:24
53.Features of replacing prefabricated structures.doc	36kb.	16.01.2010 01:45
54.CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND IN SPECIAL FORMWORKS.doc	198kb.	16.01.2010 01:50
55.Installation of steel power transmission line supports and the rotation method.Types of installation.doc	43kb.	16.01.2010 02:02
56.Strengthening structures.doc	29kb.	16.01.2010 16:25
57.Features of erecting brick buildings in winter conditions.doc	31kb.	16.01.2010 16:25
58.Installation of matches and towers using the extension method2.doc	32kb.	16.01.2010 02:06
59.Construction of buildings with cable-stayed coverings.doc	296kb.	16.01.2010 16:26
5. Block-conveyor method of installation of metal structures.doc	199kb.	16.01.2010 16:09
61.Installation of masts and towers using the growing method.doc	36kb.	16.01.2010 02:02
62.Technology for the construction of buildings with brick walls.doc	266kb.	16.01.2010 16:26
64.Technology for the construction of one-story industrial buildings with reinforced concrete frames.doc	43kb.	16.01.2010 16:26
65. CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS USING WOODEN STRUCTURES.doc	350kb.	16.01.2010 16:26
67.Technology for the construction of one-story buildings with a metal frame.doc	199kb.	16.01.2010 16:27
68.Long-span buildings with wooden supporting structures.doc	38kb.	16.01.2010 16:27
6. Timber buildings.doc	31kb.	15.01.2010 21:54
70.Frame wooden buildings and timber buildings.doc	254kb.	16.01.2010 16:27
71.Measures during the period of thawing of masonry.doc	29kb.	16.01.2010 16:27
72.Features of replacing prefabricated structures.doc	35kb.	16.01.2010 16:27
73.Main types of formwork.doc	41kb.	16.01.2010 16:28
74. Laying concrete mixture.doc	31kb.	16.01.2010 16:28
75.Protection of the building under construction.doc	107kb.	16.01.2010 16:28
76.Sliding formwork and block formwork.doc	834kb.	16.01.2010 16:28
77.Principles of assembly line assembly.doc	240kb.	16.01.2010 16:28
78.Construction hoists.doc	33kb.	16.01.2010 16:32
7. Temporary parameters of the construction flow.doc	29kb.	16.01.2010 16:09
8.Installation of long-span buildings and structures.doc	40kb.	16.01.2010 16:10
9. CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES ON MAN-MADE-.doc	33kb.	16.01.2010 16:10

32. Technology of continuous construction of buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete.doc

32. Technology of continuous construction of a building made of monolithic reinforced concrete.

The complex process of erecting monolithic reinforced concrete structures consists of technologically related and sequentially performed simple processes:

Installation of formwork and scaffolding;

Installation of fittings;

Installation of embedded parts;

Laying and compacting concrete mixture;

Caring for concrete in summer and intensifying its hardening in winter;

Stripping;

Often there is installation of prefabricated structures.

The time required for concrete to gain stripping strength is included in the general technological cycle.

The composition of simple processes, their labor intensity and the order of execution depend on the type and specificity of the construction project. monolithic structures, the mechanisms and types of formwork used, technological and local features of the work.

Each simple process is performed by specialized units that are united into a comprehensive team. The structure is divided in height into tiers, in plan into sections, which is necessary for organizing the continuous production of work.

Breakdown into tiers is a high-altitude section determined by the admissibility of breaks in concreting and the possibility of forming expansion and working joints. Thus, a one-story building is usually divided into two tiers: the first - the foundations, the second - all other frame structures. In a multi-storey building, a tier is considered to be the entire floor with floors. Exceeding the height of the tier by more than 4 m is not advisable, since with a high height and intensive concreting, the lateral pressure on the formwork from the concrete mixture being laid increases.

Breakdown into sections is a horizontal section, which involves:

Equal complexity of each simple process, permissible deviation no more than 25%;

The minimum size of the work area (work area) is the work of a unit during one shift;

The size of the grip should be linked to the size of the block being concreted without interruption or to the construction of working joints;

The number of captures on an object must be equal to or a multiple of the number of threads.

The transition of a group of workers from one occupation to another during a shift is undesirable. The size of the grips usually corresponds to the length of the building section or must include a whole number of structural elements - foundations, columns, other structures, or is determined by the boundaries of the areas intended for the construction of working and expansion joints.

To clearly organize the implementation of a complex process of concrete work using an in-line method, it is necessary:

Determine the complexity of each process;

Divide the object into tiers and sections, similar in labor intensity for each process, sufficient for the work of the unit during the shift;

Establish the rhythm of the flow and the overall optimal period of work;

Determine and select the optimal equipment for supplying formwork, reinforcement and concrete mixture to the workplace;

Determine the required number of workers, based on the labor intensity of individual processes, the accepted flow rhythm, and complete the assembly of units and teams of workers;

Draw up a calendar (shift) schedule for a complex process.

Options for combining flows are possible, so often formwork is installed in one flow and reinforcement is installed in it.

Separation is also possible when concreting walls and ceilings and related processes are separated into independent flows.

IN complex process In the construction of monolithic structures, the leading process is concreting. This process consists of related operations for transportation, supply to the workplace, acceptance and compaction of the concrete mixture. Concreting affects the timing of formwork and reinforcement works, which are closely technologically dependent on it. Therefore, to ensure a rhythmic flow with different labor intensity of different types of work, the same work time (concreting time) is taken with a different numerical composition of links for each of them.

It is advisable to develop several possible options for the work technology and adopt the option with optimal technical and economic indicators. The design of the work should, whenever possible, include the completion of concreting and installation processes on the first shift.

The basic principle of designing work is that there are as many processes as there are jobs (work areas, concreting blocks). In table 21.1 shows a schedule for the construction of a floor of a multi-storey single-section residential building with monolithic walls and prefabricated floors.

When designing the work, it is provided for the integration of all construction processes into four complex ones, the division of the occupation floor into four working sections with approximately equal volumes of work (within 25% of labor intensity), and a reduction in the need for formwork by 4 times - to the volume of concreting in one working section.

When designing the work schedule, it was taken into account that the work would be carried out by a complex team in two shifts, concreting would be done only in the first shift. Installation will be carried out through a “window”, when technology in the neighboring area only controls the process of concrete strength gain. It is stipulated that a day is enough for the concrete to cure before stripping it in summer time, but not less than two days before laying prefabricated structures. It is advisable to postpone the installation itself in time and carry out it before installing the wall formwork in this working area, taking from the beginning of the installation of the wall formwork in this area until the beginning of the installation of the wall formwork in the adjacent one; with one set of formwork 4 and 3 days, with two sets - 2; 1.5 and 1 day. With this rhythm, the duration of work on the grab is provided for 16 and 12 days with one set, and 8 days with two sets; 6 and 4 days.

Table 21.1. Schedule for the construction of monolithic walls and prefabricated floors of a typical floor (1 set of formwork, 12 days)

The use of a set of formwork for two work areas is provided for when designing the corresponding work schedule (Table 21.2). Two sets of formwork made it possible, with a constant number of workers per shift of 10 people, to provide Better conditions for concrete curing (removal after two days), the cycle of work on the grip is reduced from 12 to 8 days, concreting and installation can be carried out only in the first shift.

The schedule for the construction of a typical floor of a building in a monolithic version with a set of formwork for one working area is given in Table. 21.3. All construction processes on the floor are divided into 8 complex ones:

1) installation of wall formwork and installation of reinforcement cages;

2) concreting walls;

3) maintaining and monitoring the strength gain of concrete walls;

4) dismantling wall formwork, repairs, lubrication if necessary;

5) installation of floor formwork, laying of reinforcing mesh and frames;

6) concreting of floors;

7) maintaining and monitoring the strength gain of concrete floors;

8) dismantling of floor formwork, repair, lubrication.

Linking processes in time, ensuring the ability to perform the necessary work in sequence within three work areas allows:

Ensure that the entire set of work on the floor is completed in 12 days at a rate of 3 days per work area; organize the combination and parallel execution of individual processes on neighboring areas, without changing the composition of the complex team, the daily need for workers remains 10 people; within the prescribed period of curing the concrete before removing the formwork panels (one day for walls and two days for floors), without using sources of intensification of concrete hardening, gain stripping strength in summer conditions.

After concreting the floor section, it takes 5 days before the workers return to this section to install the formwork for the walls of the next tier; This time is enough for the concrete to reach 70% brand strength.

Table 21.2. Schedule for the construction of monolithic walls and prefabricated floors (2 sets of formwork, 8 days)

The schedule for the construction of monolithic structures of a typical floor by one team is given in Table. 21.4. The presence of two sets of formwork allows for the following sequence of work:

1) in the first section, wall formwork and reinforcement are installed;

2) in the process of increasing the strength of the concrete walls in the first section, the team moves to the fourth, dismantles the floor formwork, and in the third section installs the wall formwork and lays the reinforcement;

3) in the process of strengthening the concrete walls in the third section, the team returns to the first section, where it dismantles the wall formwork, installs the formwork and reinforcement of the floors, concretes this floor, etc.

The main advantages of this solution are that one team works at a constant pace for two days, concreting is carried out only in the first shift, for walls and ceilings in each section, the period for gaining strength before loading is 16 days.

The work schedule for the same rhythm of two days, completing the entire complex of work on the floor in eight days with two teams working, is given in Table. 21.5. Distinctive features of work organization:

The first team of workers serves work areas No. 1 and 2, the second team - areas No. 3 and 4;

It is planned to move the released formwork from the first section to the third and vice versa, the second set of formwork serves working sections No. 2 and 4;

A disadvantage of the adopted technology may be the concreting of walls and ceilings simultaneously in adjacent areas due to difficulties in delivering concrete to construction site and delivering it to the place of installation. The time shift of the crews’ work by a day allows concreting to be carried out only in the first shift.

In modern conditions, using universal formwork systems, high-speed construction with concreting of floor structures in 6 and 4 days is increasingly being introduced. The corresponding timing schedules for the work of independent teams on concreting walls and floors are presented in Tables 21.6 and 21.7.

Based on the pace of concrete laying, the required set of machines for this process is selected; formwork and reinforcement processes must be carried out at the same pace using the mechanisms and devices adopted for these processes. The rate at which concrete mixtures are placed is greatly influenced by their mobility. Cast mixtures with a cone draft OK of more than 12 cm (often 14...18 cm), mobile with OK = 2...12 cm, low-moving with OK = 0.5...2 cm and rigid with OK = 0 cm are used There are also particularly hard mixtures with a pancreas hardness index of more than 200 c. When using cast mixtures, a vibration-free concreting method is used.

To ensure continuous concreting with long walls, it is recommended to divide the walls into sections up to 14...16 m long with the installation of vertical dividing sections made of metal mesh at the boundaries.

The structures of multi-storey monolithic residential buildings can be concreted using large-panel, volume-adjustable, sliding and other types of formwork. It is important that the chosen option allows mechanizing the process of installing and removing formwork.

The optimal option for mechanization is determined by three main indicators: duration of work; labor intensity of work; cost of work per 1 m3 of laid concrete.

In accordance with the productivity of the leading flow (process) for concreting, a set of machines is selected for other flows - for installing formwork, installing reinforcement, etc. There is no point in overloading the construction site with equipment; you only need to provide for the high-performance use of the main equipment. Thus, the crane can be used in all main processes - supplying formwork, reinforcement, concrete mixture to the work site, stripping.

Working with specialized flows and links allows for more efficient use of the formwork set and crane equipment, eliminating technological interruptions, and increasing the rhythm and quality of work.

Dismantling of formwork on a grip can be carried out in summer conditions and in winter - after heat treatment - only when the stripping strength has been gained. Dismantling of the formwork is carried out in the reverse order of its installation. Loading of stripped structures is permissible when the concrete gains strength, kg/cm2: for walls - 50 and in floors - 100.

The total duration of work on the construction of reinforced concrete structures to the height of one tier ( monolithic foundations, retaining walls, clean floors or concrete preparation) or for concreting a floor of a building can be determined:

Where T is the total duration of work, days; t - flow rhythm, days; m - number of grips; n is the number of simple processes running; f6 - hardening time of concrete in the formwork, days.

In accordance with this equation, for a predetermined duration of work, one can determine required amount captures.