Astronomy solution book for grade 11 for lesson No. 16 ( workbook) - Small bodies of the Solar System
1. Complete the sentences.
Dwarf planets are a separate class of celestial objects.
Dwarf planets are considered objects that orbit a star that are not satellites.
2. Dwarf planets are (underline as appropriate): Pluto, Ceres, Charon, Vesta, Sedna.
3. Fill out the table: characterize the distinctive features of small bodies of the Solar System.
| Characteristics | Asteroids | Comets | Meteorites |
| Vida in the sky | Star-like object | Diffuse object | "Falling star" |
| Orbits |
|
Short period comets P< 200 лет, долгого периода - P >200 years; orbital shape - elongated ellipses | Varied |
| Medium sizes | From tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers | Core - from 1 km to tens of km; tail ~ 100 million km; head ~ 100 thousand km | From micrometers to meters |
| Compound | Rocky | Ice with rock particles, organic molecules | Iron, stone, iron-stone |
| Origin | Planetesimal collision | Remnants of primordial matter on the outskirts of the Solar System | Collision fragments, remnants of comet evolution |
| Consequences of a collision with Earth | Explosion, crater | Air explosion | Funnel on Earth, sometimes a meteorite |
4. Complete the sentences.
Option 1.
The remnant of a meteorite body that did not burn up in the earth's atmosphere and fell to the surface of the Earth is called a meteorite.
The size of a comet's tail can exceed millions of kilometers.
The comet's nucleus is composed of cosmic dust, ice and frozen volatile compounds.
Meteor bodies burst into the Earth's atmosphere at speeds of 7 km/s (burn up in the atmosphere) and 20-30 km/s (do not burn up).
Radiant is small area the sky from which the visible paths of individual meteors in a meteor shower diverge.
Large asteroids have proper names, for example: Pallas, Juno, Vesta, Astraea, Hebe, Iris, Flora, Metis, Hygeia, Parthenope, etc.
Option 2.
A very bright meteor, visible on Earth as a fireball flying across the sky, is a fireball.
The heads of comets reach the size of the Sun.
The tail of a comet consists of discharged gas and tiny particles.
Meteor bodies flying into the Earth's atmosphere glow, evaporate and completely burn up at altitudes of 60-80 km; larger meteorite bodies can collide with the surface.
Solid fragments of the comet are gradually distributed throughout the comet's orbit in the form of a cloud elongated along the orbit.
The orbits of most asteroids in the solar system lie between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars in the asteroid belt.
5. Is there a fundamental difference in the physical nature of small asteroids and large meteorites? Give reasons for your answer.
An asteroid only becomes a meteorite when it enters the Earth's atmosphere.
6. The figure shows a diagram of the meeting of the Earth with a meteor shower. Analyze the picture and answer the questions.
What is the origin of a meteor shower (swarm of meteor particles)?
A meteor shower is formed by the disintegration of cometary nuclei.
What determines the period of revolution of a meteor shower around the Sun?
From the period of revolution of the ancestor comet, from the disturbance of the planets, the speed of the ejection.
In what case will the largest number of meteors be observed on Earth (meteor or star shower)?
When the Earth crosses the main mass of particles of a meteorite swarm.
How are meteor showers named? Name some of them.
According to the constellation where the radiant is located.
7. Draw the structure of a comet. Indicate the following elements: core, head, tail.
8.* What energy will be released when a meteorite with a mass of m = 50 kg hits and has a speed at the Earth’s surface of v = 2 km/s?
9. What is the semimajor axis of the orbit of Halley’s comet if its orbital period is T = 76 years?
10. Calculate the approximate width of the Perseid meteor shower in kilometers, knowing that it occurs from July 16 to August 22.
Test on the topic
Option 1
a) alternating parallel dark and light stripes of clouds;
b) many craters and mountains;
1. Mercury and Venus;
2. Jupiter and Saturn;
3. Uranus and Neptune.
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3. 1. Describe the temperature conditions on the terrestrial planets.
2. Describe the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets and give an explanation
3.What are the temperature conditions at shallow depths below the surface?
Moons and why?
4. Choose the correct answer:
The tail of a comet is like its shell...
1. is a permanent part of the comet.
2. formed in close proximity to the Sun.
3. accessible to observations at any point in the comet’s orbit
5. Using the data (see table below), determine the average density of Callisto, the acceleration of gravity on the surface of Titan, and the critical speed for Triton. The corresponding physical characteristics of the Moon should be considered known (Mass of the Moon 7.35*1022 kg, radius 1738 km, average density 3350 kg*m-3, gravitational acceleration near the surface 1.622 m*s-2, critical speed 2.38 km*s- 2).
Test on the topic
“The nature of the bodies of the solar system”
Option 2
1. Pick general features for pairs of planets:
a) have the largest number of satellites in the Solar System;
b) have a large mass and low average density;
c) covered with thick hydrogen and methane clouds.
1. Mercury and Venus;
2. Jupiter and Saturn;
3. Uranus and Neptune.
2. In the picture, find the following elements:
a) Sun, b) ellipse; c) aphelion; d) perihelion; f) the point at which the force of attraction is greatest; g) the point where the planets move slowest.
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3. 1. Describe the temperature conditions on the giant planets.
2. Describe the atmospheres of the giant planets of the group and give an explanation
its physical characteristics.
3.What are the temperature conditions on the surface of Venus and why?
4. Choose the correct answer:
Comet nucleus...
1. looks like a small planet.
2. is a collection of solids and dust particles held together
mutual attraction.
3. consists of a collection of individual solids and dust particles, molded into a single
block of frozen gases.
4. Using the data (see table below), determine the average density of Titan, the acceleration of gravity on the surface of Callisto, and the critical speed for Ganymede. The corresponding physical characteristics of the Moon should be considered known (Mass of the Moon 7.35*1022 kg, radius 1738 km, average density 3350 kg*m-3, gravitational acceleration near the surface 1.622 m*s-2, critical speed 2.38 km*s- 2).
1 option
1. A terrestrial planet is:
1) Venus; 2) Saturn; 3) Jupiter; 4) Pluto.
1) Neptune; 2) Saturn; 3) Jupiter; 4) Mars.
1) Mercury; 2) Venus; 3) Earth; 4) Mars.
4. The temperature on the surface of Venus is:
1) - 20°C; 2) + 500; 3) +400°С; 4) - 140 °C.
5. The planet was named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty:
1) Saturn; 2) Venus; 3) Uranium; 4) Mars.
6. The planet was named after the Roman king of all gods:
1) Saturn; 2) Jupiter; 3) Uranium; 4) Neptune.
7. In 1781, V. Herschel discovered the planet:
1) Jupiter; 2) Saturn; 3) Uranium; 4) Pluto.
8. The planet has a record number of satellites:
1) Jupiter; 2) Uranium; 3) Neptune; 4) Saturn.
1. The mass of Jupiter exceeds the mass of all other planets in the solar system combined.
3. All giant planets have rings.
4. The Earth rotates around its axis in 365 days.
5. All giant planets have a solid surface.
6. Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system.
7. The temperature on the surface of Saturn is approaching -170 "C.
8. The location of Uranus in the sky was first calculated on paper, and then the planet was discovered using a telescope.
B) Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
B) Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin
D) Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov
First woman astronaut
12. Define terms
a) star
b) asteroid
c) comet
Test on the topic: Solar system"
2 option
1. The planet closest to the Sun in the Solar System is:
1) Pluto; 2) Mercury; 3) Earth; 4) Jupiter.
2. The Great Red Spot is located:
1) on Saturn 2) on Neptune; 3) on Jupiter; 4) on Uranus.
3. Which planet in the solar system has an atmosphere consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide:
1) Mercury 2) Venus; 3) Earth; 4) Mars.
4. The “twin” planets are:
1) Uranus and Pluto 2) Neptune and Pluto; 3) Saturn and Uranus; 4) Uranus and Neptune.
5. The planet was named after the ancient Roman god of the sea:
1) Neptune 2) Uranus; 3) Saturn; 4) Jupiter.
6. The giant planet is:
1) Venus 2) Mars; 3) Jupiter 4) Earth.
7 . The planet was named after the Greek deity, lord of the underworld:
1) Saturn 2) Pluto; 3) Uranium; 4) Neptune.
8. The Earth's satellite is:
1) Triton 2) Io; 3) Luna 4) Miranda.
9. Read the statements and decide which ones are true.
1. Neptune is the smallest planet in the solar system.
2. Pluto is the most distant planet in the solar system from the Sun.
3. The Great Red Spot is located on Jupiter.
5. Only Saturn has rings.
6. The temperature on the surface of Mercury is + 130 °C.
7. Pluto is the only planet whose “surroundings” have not yet been visited by terrestrial spacecraft.
8. Uranus and Neptune are often called “brother” planets.
10. "PERSONALITY". Match and find the pairs:
A) Konstantin Eduardovich TsiolkovskyB) Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
B) Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin
D) Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov
D) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova
Designer of rocket and space technology
The first astronaut in human history
First woman astronaut
The first astronaut to walk into outer space
The scientist who proved that space exploration can be done using a rocket
What events are associated with these dates?
Define the terms
Star
Constellation
Meteorite
13. Think and answer the question. What is the role of our country in space exploration?
Test on the topic: Solar system. (astronomy)
Option 1 Option 2
1. Discovered the laws of planetary motion:
A) Ptolemy.
B) Copernicus.
B) Kepler.
D) Bruno. 1. The reference frame associated with the Sun, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, is called:
A) geocentric;
B) heliocentric;
B) centric; D) copernic.
2. All planets have satellites, except...
A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars
D) Jupiter E) Saturn G) Uranus H) Neptune 2. Highest point celestial sphere called...
A) north point. B) zenith.
B) nadir. D) point of the east.
3. The diameter of the Sun is greater than the diameter of the Earth A) 109 times B) 218 times C) 312 times 3. The age of the Sun: A) 2 billion years
B) 5 billion years C) 500 million years
4. The annual parallax is used for:
A) determining the distance to the nearest stars;
B) determining the distance to the planets;
C) the distances the Earth travels per year;
D) evidence of the finiteness of the speed of light; 4. The line of intersection of the plane of the celestial horizon and the meridian is called ...
A) noon line.
B) true horizon.
B) right ascension.
5. While watching the starry sky at night for an hour, you noticed that the stars were moving across the sky. This happens because: A) The Earth moves around the Sun B) The Sun moves along the ecliptic
B) The earth rotates around its axis
D) stars move around the Earth 5. Find the location of the giant planets in order of distance from the Sun:
A) Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune
B) Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus
B) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
D) there is no correct answer
6. The cube of the semimajor axis of the orbit of a body, divided by the square of its period of revolution and the sum of the masses of the bodies, is a constant value. What is Kepler's law? A) Kepler's first law; B) Kepler's second law;
B) Kepler's third law; D) Kepler's fourth law. 6. What is the value of the astronomical unit?
A) 160 million km. B) 149.6 million km.
B) 135 million km. D) 143.6 million km.
7. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is called:
A) light year B) parsec C) astronomical unit D) annual parallax 7. In what orbits do the planets move?
A) circular B) hyperbolic
C) elliptical D) parabolic
8. Name the main reasons for the change of seasons:
A) change in the distance to the Sun due to the movement of the Earth in an elliptical orbit;
B) the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the earth's orbit;
B) rotation of the Earth around its axis;
D) temperature changes 8. The phenomenon of ebb and flow is explained by:
A) slow axial rotation of the Moon
B) the gravity of the Moon and the large size of the Earth
B) large temperature differences on the Moon
D) the movement of the Moon around the Earth
D) lunar eclipse
9. The ratio of the cubes of the semimajor axes of the planets is 64. What is the ratio of their periods of revolution around the Sun?
A) 8 B) 4 C) 16 D) 2 9. The ratio of the cubes of the semi-axes of the orbits of two planets is 16. Therefore, the period of revolution of one planet is greater than the period of revolution of the other:
A) 8 times B) 2 times C) 4 times D) 16 times
10. When is the Earth closest to the Sun due to its annual orbital motion?
A) in summer B) at perihelion C) in winter D) at aphelion 10. The bodies that make up the Solar System are listed below. Select an exception.
A) Sun B) major planets and their satellites C) asteroids D) comets E) meteors D) meteorites
11. Terrestrial planets include:
A) Venus; B) Jupiter; C) Saturn; D) Neptune. 11. Small bodies of the Solar System include:
A) stars B) comets C) asteroids D) planets
12. The third refined law of I. Kepler is used mainly to determine in stars:
A) distance B) period C) mass D) radius 12. How long does light from the Sun take to reach the Earth?
A) comes instantly B) Approximately 8 minutes.
C) 1 light year D) about a day
13. The period of time between two new moons is called: A) synodic month
B) sidereal month
B) full lunar month
D) calendar month 13. Each planet moves in such a way that the radius - the vector of the planet describes equal areas in equal periods of time. What is Kepler's law? A) Kepler's first law; B) Kepler's second law;
B) Kepler's third law; D) Kepler's fourth law.
14. It is known that the orbit of any planet is an ellipse, at one of the foci of which the Sun is located. The point of the orbit closest to the Sun is called:
A) apogee B) perigee C) apohelium D) perihelion 14. Relative to the Sun, the planets are located like this:
A) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter. B) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus.
C) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
No. I II
1 V A
2 AB B
3 A B
4 A A
5V
6 V B
7 B B8 B B
9 A B
10 B D
11 A BV
12 V B
13 A B
Full name of the student______________________________________________
Quiz on the topic “Solar System”
Underline the correct answer.
1. A celestial body revolving around the sun: a) satellite; c) planet; b) meteorite; d) star.
2. The brightest planet in the solar system: a) Earth; c) Venus; b) Mars; d) Moon.
3. “Tailed” celestial bodies: a) asteroids; c) planets; b) comets; d) stars.
4. The central place in the solar system is occupied by: a) Earth; c) Jupiter; b) Moon; d) The sun.
5. The smallest planet in the solar system: a) Mercury; c) Pluto; b) Mars; d) Uranium.
7. Space object revolving around a planet: a) star; c) an asteroid; b) satellite; d) comet.
8. The planets of the solar system are studied by: a) geographers; c) astronomers; b) historians; d) chemists.
9. The largest planet in the solar system: a) Jupiter; c) Uranium; b) Saturn; d) Neptune.
10. The closest star to planet Earth: a) Polaris; c) Antares; b) Moon; d) The sun.
Answers
1. A celestial body revolving around the sun: a) satellite; V) planet ; b) meteorite; d) star.
2. The brightest planet in the solar system: a) Earth; V) Venus; b) Mars; d) Moon.
3. “Tailed” celestial bodies: a) asteroids; c) planets; b) comets; d) stars.
4. The central place in the solar system is occupied by: a) Earth; c) Jupiter; b) Moon; G) Sun.
5. The smallest planet in the solar system: a) Mercury ; c) Pluto; b) Mars; d) Uranium.
7. Space object revolving around a planet: a) star; c) an asteroid; b) satellite ; d) comet.
8. The planets of the solar system are studied by: a) geographers; V) astronomers ; b) historians; d) chemists.
9. The largest planet in the solar system: a) Jupiter; c) Uranium; b) Saturn; d) Neptune.
10. The closest star to planet Earth: a) Polaris; c) Sirius; b) Moon; d) The sun.
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