Every educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.
But it should be noted that this formulation is not completely correct. Magellan thought through and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first trip around the world. It was del Cano who eventually became captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to her home harbour) and gained fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during his dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first circumnavigator.
The first trip around the world: background
In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish sailors and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven route to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this route was not close and unsafe. Due to limited knowledge about the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors as an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew whether there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown South Land, but the Europeans wanted there to be one. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that opening the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.
Career of Ferdinand Magellan
By the age of 39, the impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magalhães) had visited Asia and Africa several times, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about his travels to the shores of America.
With his idea of getting to the Moluccas by the western route and returning the usual way (that is, making the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese King Manuel. He was not at all interested in Magellan’s proposal, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change his citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), acquired a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and “gave the go-ahead” to organize the expedition.
Along the coast. Riot
Magellan's first voyage around the world, which was never completed for most of the team members, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different European countries. Despite the storms, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to “descend” along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which should have been located, according to his information, in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather completely deteriorated, the ships anchored in the Bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first trip around the world, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from there to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.
Strait of All Saints
One captain was killed, another was executed, the third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned the ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 did the ships leave the bay and continue searching for the strait. During a storm, the ship Santiago sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered a strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. Magellan's ships sailed along it for 38 days.
The admiral called the coast remaining on the left hand Tierra del Fuego, since Indian fires burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the Strait was renamed Magellan.
Pacific Ocean
Only three ships left the strait for the so-called “South Sea”: “San Antonio” disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the turbulent Atlantic. The ocean was named Pacific.
The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half the crew. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was already close to the Philippines.
Philippines. Death of Magellan
The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they regained their strength and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.
Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke fluently with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, ultimately became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in an internecine war between two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team was so thin that it was decided to destroy one of the ships, the Concepcion.
Moluccas. Return to Spain
Who led the first voyage around the world after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum at San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.
He ensured that the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. This was not easy to do: the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards off the coast of Africa, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 expedition members returned to San Lucar. The cargo they delivered covered all the costs of the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese only faced accusations of violating royal instructions.
Results of Magellan's journey
Magellan explored the eastern coast of South America and discovered a strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received strong evidence that the Earth was indeed round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean was much larger than expected, and that sailing on it to the Moluccas was unprofitable. Europeans also realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.
All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this man was del Cano, but still the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.
The first round-the-world voyage of Russian navigators
In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploring the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, and providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. The navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Yesso Island, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and also delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public resonance and contributed to increasing the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.
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After Balboa discovered the South Sea, the Spaniards became very suspicious of the appearance of Portuguese ships in Caribbean waters. Spanish authorities on the island. Hispaniola (Haiti) at the end of 1512 received an order from King Ferdinand to “monitor the non-existent strait” and seize any ship. The first casualty of this order was the Portuguese captain Isteván Frois in 1512, hunting for slaves off the northern coast of South America. His caravel required repairs, and he decided to approach the shores of Hispaniola. Here he was immediately captured and thrown into prison with his entire team. Another caravel accompanying Froish, under the command of Joao Lizboa, already familiar to us, managed to disappear and safely reach Madeira; then, apparently without fear, he entered the Spanish port of Cadiz, where he sold his cargo of brazil wood. In the port or in Madeira, as they now say, he was interviewed by a “correspondent” of a small newspaper published in Augsburg. Lizboa told the “journalist” that somewhere in South America there was a long strait through which one could pass to the “East Indies.” A note about this discovery, published no later than 1514, reported, without mentioning the names of the ships, about a voyage “to the Plate River.” Historians of discoveries today believe that I. Froisch and J. Lizboa reached approximately 35° south. sh., entered the La Plata Bay, but were not fully explored - its length is 320 km - and therefore mistaken for a strait. We can, therefore, say that they discovered the coast of South America from 26° 15" S to 35° S for more than 1.5 thousand km.
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It is difficult to say whether the Spaniards knew about the voyage of Froish and Lizboa, but it is certain that King Ferdinand, who received news of the discovery of the South Sea in 1514, decided to send a flotilla of three ships to search for the strait. He appointed Juan Diaz Solis as its commander, who became the main pilot of Castile in 1512 (after Amerigo Vespucci). Solis sailed no earlier than October 8, 1515, but it is not known where he touched the South American continent, and, moving along the Brazilian coast deviating to the southwest, at 35 ° S. w. reached the new "Fresh Sea". He then rounded a minor protrusion (Montevideo) and traveled west for about 200 km, probably convinced that he had found a passage to the Eastern Ocean. But he discovered the mouths of two large rivers - the Parana and the Uruguay. Solis landed on shore in mid-February 1516 and was killed there by Indians. Two ships of his flotilla returned to Spain in September of the same year. Later, Magellan named the common mouth of the two rivers Rio de Solis (from the mid-16th century - La Plata).
Magellan's project and the composition of his expedition
INa poor Portuguese nobleman took part in the conquest of India and Malacca from 1505 to 1511 Ferdinand Magellan- that’s what they call him; His real name is Magalhães. He was born around 1480 in Portugal, in 1509 and 1511. on Portuguese ships reached Malacca, and according to S. Morison, even the “Spice Islands” (Ambon Island). In 1512 - 1515 he fought in North Africa, where he was wounded. Returning to his homeland, he asked the king for a promotion, but was refused. Insulted, Magellan left for Spain and entered into company with a Portuguese astronomer. Rui Faleiro, who claimed that he had found a way to accurately determine geographical longitudes. In March 1518, both appeared in Seville at the Council of the Indies An institution in charge of the affairs of the newly discovered territories. and declared that the Moluccas, the most important source of Portuguese wealth, should belong to Spain, since they are located in the western, Spanish hemisphere (according to the treaty of 1494), but it is necessary to penetrate these “Spice Islands” by the western route, so as not to arouse the suspicions of the Portuguese, through The Southern Sea, opened and annexed by Balboa to the Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly argued that between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea there should be a strait south of Brazil. Magellan and Faleiro first demanded the same rights and benefits that were promised to Columbus.
After a long bargaining with the royal advisers, who negotiated for themselves a substantial share of the expected income, and after concessions from the Portuguese, an agreement was concluded with them: Charles I undertook to equip five ships and supply the expedition with supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleiro abandoned the enterprise, and Magellan, undoubtedly the soul of the whole affair, became the sole leader of the expedition. He raised the admiral's flag on the Trinidad (100 tons). The Spaniards were appointed captains of the remaining ships: “San Antonio” (120 tons) - Juan Cartagena, who also received the powers of the royal controller of the expedition; "Concepcion" (90 t) - Gaspar Quezada; "Victoria" (85 t) - Luis Mendoza and “Santiago” (75 t) - Juan Serrano. The staff of the entire flotilla numbered 293 people, there were another 26 freelance crew members on board, among them a young Italian Antonio Pigafetta, future historian of the expedition. Since he was neither a sailor nor a geographer, a very important primary source is the entries in the ship's logs that Francisco Albo, the assistant navigator, kept on the Trinidad. An international team set off on the first voyage around the world: in addition to the Portuguese and Spaniards, it included representatives of more than 10 nationalities.
On September 1519, the flotilla left the port of San Lucar at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. When crossing the ocean, Magellan developed a good signaling system; the different types of ships of his flotilla were never separated. Disagreements between him and the Spanish captains began very soon: beyond the Canary Islands, Cartagena demanded that the commander consult with him regarding any change of course. Magellan calmly and proudly replied: “Your duty is to follow my flag during the day and my lantern at night.” A few days later, Cartagena raised the issue again. Then Magellan, who, despite his small stature, was distinguished by great physical strength, grabbed him by the collar and ordered him to be kept in custody on the Victoria, and appointed his relative, a “supernumerary” sailor, as captain of the San Antonio Alvar Mishkit.
On September 26, the flotilla approached the Canary Islands, and on November 29 reached the coast of Brazil near 8° S. sh., December 13 - Guanabara Bay, and December 26 - La Plata. The expedition's navigators were the best at that time: while determining latitudes, they made adjustments to the map of the already known part of the continent. Thus, Cape Cabo Frio, by their definition, is not located at 25° south. sh., and at 23° S. w. - their error was less than 2 km from its true position. Not trusting the reports of Solis's satellites, Magellan explored both low-lying banks of La Plata for about a month; Continuing the discovery of the flat territory of Pampa, begun by Lizboa and Solis, he sent the Santiago up the Paraná, and, of course, did not find a passage to the South Sea. Further on stretched an unknown, sparsely populated land. And Magellan, fearing to miss the entrance to the elusive strait, on February 2, 1520, ordered to weigh anchor and move as close to the coast as possible only during the day, and stop in the evening. While anchored on February 13 in the large bay of Bahia Blanca he discovered, the flotilla withstood a terrifying thunderstorm, during which the lights of St. Elmo appeared on the masts of the ships. Electrical discharges in the atmosphere, shaped like luminous brushes. On February 24, Magellan discovered another large bay - San Magias, rounded the Valdez Peninsula he had identified and took refuge for the night in a small harbor, which he named Puerto San Matias (Golfo Nuevo Bay on our maps, at 43° S latitude) . To the south, near the mouth of the river. Chubut, on February 27, the flotilla came across a huge concentration of penguins and southern elephant seals. To replenish food supplies, Magellan sent a boat to the shore, but an unexpected squall threw the ships into the open sea. The sailors who remained on the shore, in order not to die from the cold, covered themselves with the bodies of killed animals. Having collected the “procurers,” Magellan moved south, pursued by storms, explored another bay, San Jorge, and spent six stormy days in a narrow bay (the estuary of the Rio Deseado River, near 48° S). On March 31, when the approach of winter became noticeable, he decided to spend the winter in San Julian Bay (at 49° S). Four ships entered the bay, and the Trinidad stood at anchor at the entrance to it. The Spanish officers wanted to force Magellan to “follow the royal instructions”: turn to the Cape of Good Hope and take the eastern route to the Moluccas. That same night a riot began. Cartagena was released, the rebels captured the Victoria, Concepción and San Antonio, arrested Mishkita, and Quezada mortally wounded an assistant loyal to Magellan. They pointed their guns at the Trinidad and demanded that Magellan come to them for negotiations. Opposite the admiral's two ships were three rebel ones, preparing for battle. But the rebels did not trust their sailors, and on one ship they even disarmed them.
Under dire circumstances, Magellan showed calm determination. He sent his faithful alguacil (police officer) Gonzalo Gomez Espinosa with several sailors on the Victoria - invite her captain for negotiations on the admiral's ship. He refused, then Alguacil thrust a dagger into his throat, and one sailor finished him off. Magellan's brother-in-law, the Portuguese Duarte Barbosa, immediately took possession of the Victoria and was appointed her captain. Now the rebels had only two ships, and to prevent them from deserting, the prudent admiral, as mentioned above, took up a convenient position in advance at the exit of the bay. The San Antonio tried to break into the ocean, but the sailors, after a salvo from the Trinidad, tied up the officers and surrendered. The same thing happened at Concepción. Magellan dealt harshly with the rebel captains: he ordered Quesada's head to be cut off, Mendoza's corpse to be quartered, Cartagena to be landed on the deserted shore along with the conspirator-priest, but he spared the rest of the rebels.
At the beginning of May, the admiral sent Serrano to the south on the Santiago for reconnaissance, but on May 3 the ship crashed on the rocks near the river. Santa Cruz (at 50° S) and its crew barely managed to escape (one sailor died).
Magellan transferred Serrano as captain to the Concepción. Very tall Indians approached the wintering site. They were called Patagonians (in Spanish “patagon” means big-footed), their country has since been called Patagonia. Pigafetta exaggeratedly described the Patagonians as real giants. The name of this tribe is Tehuelchi. Capes made of guanaco skins with high hoods and moccasins made them taller than they really were: the height of the Indians, according to measurements at the end of 1891, ranged from 183 to 193 cm. On August 24, the flotilla left San Julian Bay and reached the mouth of Santa Cruz, where it remained until mid-October, waiting for the onset of spring. On October 18, the flotilla moved south along the Patagonian coast, which forms in this area (between 50 and 52° S) the wide bay of Bahia Grande. Before going to sea, Magellan told the captains that he would look for a passage to the South Sea and turn east if he did not find a strait to 75 south. sh., i.e. he himself doubted the existence of the “Patagonian Strait”, but wanted to continue the enterprise until the last opportunity. A bay or strait leading to the west was found on October 21, 1520, beyond 52° S. latitude, after Magellan discovered the previously unknown Atlantic coast of South America for about 3.5 thousand km (between 34 and 52° S).
Having rounded Cape Dev (Cabo Virgenes), the admiral sent two ships forward to find out whether there was access to the open sea in the west. At night a storm arose that lasted two days. The sent ships were in danger of death, but at the most difficult moment they noticed a narrow strait, rushed forward and found themselves in a relatively wide bay; They continued along it and saw another strait, behind which a new, wider bay opened.
Young Charles I, King of Spain (later Emperor Charles V), grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
Artist: Bernard van OrleyThen the captains of both ships - Mishkita and Serrano - decided to return and report to Magellan that, apparently, they had found a passage leading to the South Sea. “...We saw these two ships approaching us in full sail with flags fluttering in the wind. Coming closer to us... they began to fire their guns and noisily greet us.” However, it was still far from entering the South Sea: Magellan walked south through narrow straits for several days until he saw two channels near the island. Dawson: one to the southeast, the other to the southwest. He sent the San Antonio and Concepcion to the southeast, and a boat to the southwest. The sailors returned “three days later with the news that they had seen the cape and the open sea.” The admiral shed tears of joy and named this cape Desired.
"Trinidad" and "Victoria" entered the southwest channel, stood at anchor there waiting for four days and returned back to join two other ships, but only "Concepcion" was there: in the southeast she reached a dead end - in Inutil Bay - and turned back. San Antonio hit another dead end; on the way back, not finding the flotilla in place, the officers wounded and shackled Mishkita and at the end of March 1521 returned to Spain. The deserters accused Magellan of treason to justify themselves, and they were believed: Mishkita was arrested, Magellan’s family was deprived of government benefits. His wife and two children soon died in poverty. But the admiral did not know under what circumstances the San Antonio disappeared. He believed that the ship was lost, since Mishkita was his trusted friend. Following along the northern shore of the greatly narrowed Patagonian Strait (as Magellan called it), he rounded the southernmost point of the South American continent - Cape Froward (on the Brunswick Peninsula, 53°54" S) and another five days (23– November 28) led three ships to the northwest as if along the bottom of a mountain gorge. High mountains (the southern end of the Patagonian Cordillera) and bare shores seemed to be deserted, but in the south haze was visible during the day, and at night - the lights of fires. And Magellan He called this southern land, the size of which he did not know, “Land of Fire” (Tierra del Fuego). According to another version, he called the southern country the “Land of Smoke” (hearths) - Tierra de los Humos (as shown on the Spanish map of 1529). But Charles I renamed it the “Land of Fires” on the grounds that “there is no smoke without fire." On our maps it is inaccurately called Tierra del Fuego. 38 days later, after Magellan had found the Atlantic entrance to the strait that actually connected the two oceans, he passed Cape Desired (now Pilar) at the Pacific outlet of the Strait of Magellan (about 550 km).
So, Magellan left the strait into the open ocean on November 28, 1520 and led the remaining three ships first north, trying to quickly leave the cold high latitudes and staying about 100 km from the rocky coast. On December 1, it passed near the Taitao Peninsula (at 47° S), and then the ships moved away from the mainland - on December 5, the maximum distance was 300 km. On December 12 - 15, Magellan again came quite close to the coast at 40° and 38°30" S, that is, he saw high mountains at no less than three points - the Patagonian Cordillera and the southern part of the Main Cordillera. From Mocha Island (38 ° 30 "S) the ships turned to the northwest, and on December 21, being at 30 ° S. w. and 80° W. d., - to the west-northwest.
It cannot, of course, be said that during his 15-day voyage north from the Strait, Magellan discovered the coast of South America over 1,500 km, but he at least proved that in the latitude range from 53°15" to 38°30" S . w. the western coast of the continent has an almost meridional direction.
“...We... plunged into the vastness of the Pacific Sea. For three months and twenty days we were completely deprived of fresh food. We ate crackers, but they were no longer crackers, but cracker dust mixed with worms... It smelled strongly of rat urine. We drank yellow water that had been rotting for many days. We also ate cowhide covering the yards... We soaked them in sea water for four to five days, after which we placed them on hot coals for a few minutes and ate them. We often ate sawdust. Rats were sold for half a ducat apiece, but even for that price it was impossible to get them” (Pigafetta). Almost everyone suffered from scurvy; 19 people died, including a Brazilian and a Patagonian "giant". Fortunately, the weather was good all the time: that is why Magellan called the ocean Pacific.
It was probably during their passage across the Pacific Ocean in the southern hemisphere that Magellan's satellites noticed two star systems that were later named the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. “The south pole is not as stellar as the north,” writes Pigafetta, “clusters of a large number of small stars are visible here, reminiscent of clouds of dust. There is little distance between them and they are somewhat dim. Among them are two large, but not very bright stars, moving very slowly.” He meant the two stars of the circumpolar constellation Hydra. The Spaniards also discovered “five unusually brightly sparkling stars arranged in a cross...” - the constellation Cross, or Southern Cross.
Crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellan's flotilla covered at least 17 thousand km, most of them in the waters of Southern Polynesia and Micronesia, where countless small islands are scattered. It is amazing that during this entire time the sailors encountered only “two deserted islands, on which they found only birds and trees.” According to Albo's records, the first (San Pablo), discovered on January 24, 1521, is located at 16° 15", and the second (Tivurones, i.e. "Sharks", February 4) - at 10° 40" S. w. Magellan and Albo determined latitude very accurately for that time, but since the correct calculation of longitude in the 16th century. Needless to say, it is impossible to confidently identify these islands with any islands on our maps. It is most likely that San Pablo is one of the northeastern islands of the Tuamotu archipelago, Tivurones is one of the southern Line Islands (Central Polynesia). During this segment, Magellan made the first measurement of the sea depths, which can be classified as “scientific”. He was unable to reach the bottom with the help of six connected lines of several hundred fathoms and came to the conclusion that he had discovered the deepest part of the ocean.
Historians are puzzled why Magellan crossed the equator and went beyond 10° N. w. - He knew that the Moluccas are located at the equator. But that’s where the South Sea lies, already known to the Spaniards. Perhaps Magellan wanted to make sure whether it was really part of the newly discovered ocean.
On March 6, 1521, two inhabited islands finally appeared in the west (Guam and Rota, the southernmost of the Mariana group). Dozens of boats with balance beams came out to meet the strangers. They sailed using triangular “Latin” sails made from palm leaves. Guam (13°30" N) has inhabitants who are dark-skinned, well-built people, naked, Women wore loincloths, "a narrow strip of paper-thin bark." but wearing small hats made of palm leaves, they climbed onto the ship and grabbed everything that caught their eye, as a result of which this group was called the “Robber Islands” (Ladrones).
When the islanders stole a boat tied behind the stern, an irritated Magellan went ashore with a detachment, burned dozens of huts and boats, killed seven people and returned the boat. “When one of the natives was wounded by arrows from our crossbows, which pierced him through, he swung the end of the arrow in all directions, pulled it out, looked at it with great amazement, and so died...”
On March 15, 1521, having traveled about another 2 thousand km to the west, the sailors saw mountains rising from the sea - it was about. Samar is an East Asian group of islands later called the Philippines. Magellan looked in vain for a place to anchor - the rocky coast of the island did not offer a single chance. The ships moved a little south, to the island of Siargao near the southern tip of the island. Samar (at 10 ° 45 "N) and spent the night there. The length of the path traveled by Magellan from South America to the Philippines turned out to be many times greater than the distance that was shown on the maps of that time between the New World and Japan. In fact, Magellan proved that between America and tropical Asia lies a gigantic expanse of water, much wider than the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery of a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea and Magellan's voyage through this sea made a real revolution in geography. It turned out that most of the surface of the globe is not occupied by land, but the ocean, and the existence of a single World Ocean was proven.
Out of caution, Magellan moved from Siargao to the uninhabited island of Homonkhon on March 17, The water area to the west of it has become famous in our time: on October 24–26, 1944, the American naval forces defeated the Japanese fleet here; As a result, the Americans occupied all the Philippine islands except Fr. Luzon. lying south of the big island. Samar to stock up on water and give people a rest. Residents of the neighboring island delivered fruits, coconuts and palm wine to the Spaniards. They reported that “there are many islands in this region.” Magellan named the archipelago San Lazaro. The Spaniards saw gold earrings and bracelets, cotton fabrics embroidered with silk, and edged weapons decorated with gold from the local elder. A week later, the flotilla moved southwest and stopped at about. Limasawa (10°N, 125°E, south of Leyte Island). A boat approached the Trinidad. And when the Malayan Enrique, Magellan's slave, called out to the rowers in his native language, they immediately understood him. A couple of hours later, two large boats full of people arrived with the local ruler, and Enrique freely explained himself to them. It became clear to Magellan that he was in that part of the Old World where the Malay language was widespread, that is, not far from the “Spice Islands” or among them. And Magellan, who visited about. Ambon (128° E) as part of the expedition of A. Abreu, thus completed the first circumnavigation in history.
The ruler of the island gave Magellan pilots who accompanied the ships to the major trading port of Cebu. In Albo's journal and in Pigafetta, new island names appear for Europeans - Leyte, Bohol, Cebu, etc. Western European historians call this the discovery of the Philippines, although they had long been visited by Asian sailors, and Magellan and his companions saw Chinese goods there, such as porcelain dishes In Cebu they met the order of the real “civilized” world. The Raja (ruler) began by demanding that they pay a fee. Magellan refused to pay, but offered him friendship and military assistance if he recognized himself as a vassal of the Spanish king. The ruler of Cebu accepted the offer and a week later he was even baptized along with his family and several hundred subjects. Soon, according to Pigafetta, “all the inhabitants of this island and some from other islands” were baptized. On about. Cebu, he talked with several Arab merchants who gave him information about other islands of the archipelago. As a result, for the first time, names such as Luzon, Mindanao and Sulu entered into geographical use with minor distortions.
As the patron of new Christians, Magellan intervened in the internecine war of the rulers of the island of Mactan, located opposite the city of Cebu. On the night of April 27, 1521, he went there with 60 people in boats, but because of the reefs they could not get close to the shore. Magellan, leaving crossbowmen and musketeers in the boats, waded to the island with 50 people. There, near the village, three detachments were waiting for them and attacked. The boats began firing at them, but arrows and even musket bullets at such a distance could not penetrate the wooden shields of the attackers. Magellan ordered the village to be set on fire. This enraged the Mactanians, and they began to shower the strangers with arrows and stones and throw spears at them. “... Our people, with the exception of six or eight people who remained with the captain, immediately fled... Having recognized the captain, many people attacked him... but still he continued to hold firm. Trying to pull out his sword, he only drew it halfway, as he was wounded in the arm... One [of the attackers] wounded him in the left leg... The captain fell face down, and then they pelted him... with spears and began to strike him with cutlasses, until they destroyed... our light, our joy... He kept turning back to see if we had all managed to get into the boats” (Pigafetta). In addition to Magellan, eight Spaniards and four allied islanders died. There were many wounded among the sailors. The old saying was confirmed: “God gave the Portuguese a very small country to live in, but the whole world to die.” On the deserted shore of. Mactan, where Magellan died, a monument was erected to him in the form of two cubes topped with a ball.
After the death of Magellan, D. Barbosa and X. Serrano were elected captains of the flotilla. The newly baptized ruler of Cebu, having learned that the ships were about to leave, invited his allies to a farewell feast. 24 sailors, including Barbosa and Serrano, accepted the invitation and went ashore, but two - G. Espinosa and the Concepción pilot, Portuguese Joao Lopes Carvalho - returned, suspecting evil. Hearing screams and cries on the shore, they ordered the ships to come closer to the shore and fire their guns at the city. At this time, the Spaniards saw Serrano wounded, wearing only his shirt; he shouted to stop shooting, otherwise he would be killed and that all his comrades were killed, except for the Malay translator Enrique. He begged to be ransomed, but Corvalho forbade the boat to approach the shore. “...And he did this with the goal,” writes Pigafetta, “so that they alone would remain masters of the ships. And despite the fact that Juan Serrano, crying, begged him not to raise the sails so quickly, as they would kill him... we immediately left.” Immediately, Carvalho was declared the head of the expedition, and Espinosa was elected captain of the Victoria. There were 115 people left on the ships, many of them sick. It was difficult to manage three ships with such a crew, so the dilapidated Concepcion was burned in the strait between the islands of Cebu and Bohol.
"Victoria" and "Trinidad", leaving the strait, passed an island "where the people are black, like in Ethiopia" (the first reference to the Philippine Negritos); The Spaniards named this island Negros. In Mindanao, they first heard about the large island located to the northwest. Luzon. Random pilots guided ships through the Sulu Sea to Palawan, the westernmost island of the Philippine group.
Pigafetta, an accurate and thorough chronicler, was not a professional cartographer. But as an impartial artist, he made rough sketches of a number of islands in the Philippine archipelago touched by Magellan's expedition. They bear no resemblance to the originals and can only be identified by their names: Samar, the first island visited, Homonhon, where the first landing was made, Mactan, the place of the death of Magellan, as well as Panaon, Leyte, Cebu and Palawan. From Fr. Palawan Spaniards arrived - the first of the Europeans - to the giant island. Kalimantan and on July 9 anchored off the city of Brunei, after which they, and then other Europeans, began to call the entire island Borneo. The Spaniards made alliances with local rajahs, bought food and local goods, sometimes robbed oncoming ships, but still could not find the way to the “Spice Islands.”
Pigafetta made productive use of the Victoria's month-long stay - he spent almost the entire month of July as a guest of the Sultan of Brunei and collected the first reliable information about Fr. Kalimantan: “This island is so large that it would take three months to circumnavigate it in a prau” (Malayan ship).
On September 7, the Spaniards set sail along the northwestern coast of Kalimantan During this detour, Pigafetta saw a rocky peak and dubbed it “Mount St. Peter” - this is Kinabalu (4101 m), the highest point of the Malay Archipelago. and, having reached its northern tip, they stood for almost a month and a half near a small island, stocking up on food and firewood. They managed to capture a junk with a Malay sailor who knew the way to the Moluccas. Carvalho was soon removed “for failure to comply with royal decrees” and Espinosa was elected admiral. The former assistant navigator on the Concepción, a Basque, became the captain of the Victoria. Juan Sevastian Elcano, otherwise - del Cano. On October 26, in the Sulawesi Sea, the ships weathered the first storm after leaving the Strait of Magellan. On November 8, a Malay sailor led the ships to the spice market on the island. Tidore, off the western coast of Halmahera, the largest of the Moluccas islands. Here the Spaniards bought spices cheaply - cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves. The Trinidad needed repairs, and it was decided that upon completion, Espinosa would sail east to the Gulf of Panama, and Elcano would take the Victoria to her homeland by the western route around the Cape of Good Hope.
December "Victoria" with a crew of 60 people, including 13 Malays captured on the islands of Indonesia, moved from Tidore to the south. At the end of January 1522, a Malay pilot led the ship to about. Timor. On February 13, the Spaniards lost sight of him and headed for the Cape of Good Hope, spending three times more time wandering among the Malay Islands than crossing the Pacific Ocean.
Elcano deliberately stayed away from the usual path of Portuguese ships, meeting with which threatened the Spaniards with prison and, perhaps, execution. In the southern part of the Indian Ocean, sailors saw only one island (at 37 ° 50 "S, Amsterdam). This happened on March 18. On May 20, Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
Having passed first in this part of the Indian Ocean, Elcano proved that the “Southern” continent does not reach 40° S. w. During the passage through the unknown sea expanses of the Indian Ocean, the ship's crew was reduced to 35 people, including four Malays. On the Cape Verde Islands, belonging to Portugal, where a stop was made to replenish supplies of fresh water and food, it turned out that the sailors “lost” one day, going around the land from the west; For this “loss”, all surviving members of the Victoria crew were subjected to humiliating punishment - public repentance: from a church point of view, such “negligence” led to incorrect observance of fasts. This fact is a vivid illustration of the ignorance of the clergy, who refused to even suggest the possibility of a natural explanation for the interesting fact of the “loss” of the day, which first appeared during the circumnavigation of Magellan and his companions. here, near Santiago, 12 more Spaniards and one Malay fell behind, arrested on suspicion of having reached the Moluccas by the eastern route. On September 6, 1522, the Victoria, having lost another sailor on the way, reached the mouth of the Guadalquivir, completing the first circumnavigation in history in 1081 days.
Of Magellan's five ships, only one circumnavigated the globe, and of his crew of 265 people, only 18 returned home (there were three Malays on board). 13 sailors arrested on Santngu arrived home later, released by the Portuguese at the request of Charles I. But Victoria brought so many spices that their sale more than covered the costs of the expedition, and Spain received the “right of first discovery” to the Mariana and Philippine Islands and laid claim to the Moluccas.
Magellan, with his circumnavigation of the world, proved that the greatest expanse of water stretches between America and Asia, and established the existence of a single World Ocean. Magellan put an end to the debate about the shape of our planet forever by providing practical evidence of its spherical shape. Thanks to him, scientists finally had the opportunity to establish the true size of the Earth not speculatively, but on the basis of irrefutable data.
The repair of the Trinidad took more than three months, and she sailed from Tidore under the command of Espinosa (navigator Leone Pancaldo) with a crew of 53 people and an almost 50-ton cargo of spices only on April 6, 1522. Having rounded the northern end of the island. Halmahera, Espinosa immediately headed east, towards Panama. However, contrary winds soon forced him to turn north. In early May, he discovered the Sonsorol Islands (at 5° N, in the extreme west of the Caroline chain), and between 12 and 20° N. w. - 14 other islands from the Mariana group. From one of them, most likely from Fr. Agrikhan (at 19° N), a native was taken on board. Fighting easterly winds, stormy weather and cold, Espinosa reached 43° N on June 11. w. Now we can only guess how far to the east the ship moved - probably the Spaniards were between 150 and 160° east. d. A 12-day storm, bad food and weakness forced the sailors to turn back. By this time, more than half of the team had died from hunger and scurvy. On the return trip on August 22, Espinosa discovered several more northern Mariana Islands, including Maug at 20° N. sh., and returned to the Moluccas around October 20, 1522. The sailor who deserted from Maug Gonzalo Vigo later went by boat to Fr. Guam with the help of the indigenous people. Having become acquainted in this way with almost all the significant islands between Maug and Guam, he completed the discovery of the Mariana chain, which stretches more than 800 km.
Meanwhile, in mid-May 1522, a Portuguese military flotilla approached the Moluccas Antonio Brito. Carrying out the task of taking possession of the archipelago and preventing the violation of the Portuguese monopoly, he built a fort on the island. Ternate. Having received news at the end of October that a European ship was near the Moluccas, Brito sent three ships with orders to capture it, and they brought the Trinidad to Ternate, which had 22 people. Britu seized the cargo and took away the nautical instruments, charts and, no doubt, the ship's log. This explains the Portuguese’s awareness of the path of Magellan’s expedition, his death and subsequent events, and Brito received additional information by interrogating “with passion” the sailors he captured. After a four-year imprisonment, only four of the Trinidad crew survived and in 1526 returned to Spain, including Gonzalo Espinosa, also completing a circumnavigation.
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The man under whose leadership the first trip around the world took place was Ferdinand Magellan. From the very beginning, when before sailing part of the command staff (primarily sailors) refused to serve the Portuguese, it became obvious that this circumnavigation will be extremely difficult.
The beginning of a trip around the world. Magellan's Path
On August 10, 1519, 5 ships left the port of Seville and set off on a voyage, the goals of which were based only on Magellan’s intuition. In those days, no one believed that the Earth was round, and naturally, this caused great concern among the sailors, because as they moved further and further from the port, their fear of never returning home grew stronger.
The expedition included the following ships: “Trinidad” (under the command of Magellan, the head of the expedition), “Santo Antonio”, “Concepcion”, “Sant Iago” and the carrack Victoria (later one of the two ships that returned back).
The most interesting thing for you!
The first clash of interests occurred near the Canary Islands, when Magellan, without warning or agreement with other captains, slightly changed course. Juan de Cartagena (captain of the Santo Antonio) harshly criticized Magellan, and after Fernand refused to go back to his previous course, he began to persuade the officers and sailors. Having learned about this, the head of the expedition called the rebel to him, and in the presence of other officers he ordered him to be shackled and thrown into the hold.
One of the passengers on the first trip around the world was Antonio Pifaghetta, a man who described all the adventures in his diary. It is thanks to him that we know such exact facts of the expedition. It should be noted that riots have always been a great danger, for example, the sailing ship Bounty became famous thanks to the mutiny against its captain William Bligh.
However, fate decreed otherwise for Bly; he still managed to become a hero in the service of Horatio Nelson. Magellan's circumnavigation of the world predates the year of Admiral Nelson's birth by about 200 years.
The hardships of circumnavigation for sailors and officers
Meanwhile, some officers and sailors began to express open dissatisfaction with the voyage, they called a riot demanding they return back to Spain. Ferdinand Magellan was determined and put an end to the uprising by force. The captain of the Victoria (one of the instigators) was killed. Seeing Magellan’s determination, no one else contradicted him, but the next night 2 ships voluntarily tried to sail home. The plan failed and both captains, once on the deck of the Trinidad, were put on trial and shot.
Having survived the winter, the ships set off back on the same course, the trip around the world continued - Magellan was sure that a strait existed in South America. And he was not mistaken. On October 21, the squadron reached the cape (now called Cape Virgenes), which turned out to be a strait. The fleet traveled through the strait for 22 days. This time was enough for the captain of the ship "Santo Antonio" to disappear from sight and go back to Spain. Coming out of the strait, the sailing ships entered the Pacific Ocean for the first time. By the way, the name of the ocean was invented by Magellan, since during 4 months of difficult passage along it, the ships never got caught in a storm. However, in fact, the ocean is not so quiet; James Cook, who visited these waters more than once 250 years later, was not happy with it.
Having emerged from the strait, the squadron of discoverers moved into the unknown, where the round-the-world journey lasted for 4 months of continuous wanderings across the ocean, without encountering a single piece of land (not counting 2 islands that turned out to be deserted). 4 months is a very good indicator for those times, but the fastest clipper of Thermopylae could cover this distance in less than a month, and Cutty Sark, by the way, too. At the beginning of March 1521, the pioneers saw inhabited islands on the horizon, which Magellan later named Landrones and Vorovskiye.
Circumnavigation: half way completed
So, for the first time in history, sailors crossed the Pacific Ocean and found themselves on inhabited islands. In this regard, the trip around the world began to bear fruit. There, not only fresh water supplies were replenished, but also food supplies, for which the sailors exchanged all sorts of small things with the natives. But the behavior of the tribe's inhabitants forced them to quickly leave these islands. After 7 days of sailing, Magellan found new islands, which today are known to us as the Philippine Islands.
On the San Lazaro Archipelago (as the Philippine Islands were first called), travelers met natives with whom they began to establish trade relations. Magellan became such good friends with the Rajah of the tribe that he decided to help this new vassal of Spain in solving a problem. As the raja explained, on the neighboring islands another raja of the tribe refused to pay tribute and he did not know what to do.
Ferdinand Magellan ordered preparations for military operations on a neighboring piece of land. It was this battle that would be the last for the head of the expedition; the trip around the world would end without him... On the island of Mactan (the enemy’s island), he lined up his soldiers in 2 columns and began to fire at the natives. However, nothing worked for him: the bullets only pierced the shields of the natives and sometimes affected limbs. Seeing this situation, the local population began to defend themselves even more vigorously and began to throw spears at the captain.
Then Magellan ordered their houses to be burned in order to put pressure on fear, but this maneuver only angered the natives more and they took more closely to their goal. For about an hour, the Spaniards fought off the spears with all their might, until the strongest onslaught on the captain bore fruit: seeing Magellan’s position, the natives pounced on him and instantly threw stones and spears at him. Until his last breath, he watched his people and waited until they all left the island on boats. The Portuguese was killed on April 27, 1521, when he was 41 years old. Magellan, with his trip around the world, proved the great hypothesis and thereby changed the world.
The Spaniards failed to obtain the body. In addition, a surprise awaited the sailors on the island of the friendly Raja. One of the natives lied to his master and reported on an impending attack on the island. The Raja summoned the officers from the ship to his home and brutally massacred the 26 crew members there. Having learned about the massacre, the acting captain of the ships ordered to come closer to the village and shoot it with cannons.
At the beginning of the 16th century, not all people were sure that the earth was round. That is, many believed in it, but there was no direct evidence. There were no doubts left after the first circumnavigation under the leadership of Ferdinand Magellan was crowned with success.
Magellan was Portuguese. By 1519, he had already thoroughly served the Portuguese crown: he traveled and fought a lot.
In those days, travelers often fought.
You come to new lands, and other people live there. These other people were sometimes hospitable and sometimes not. And they had reasons for this; the newcomers tried to seize their lands and enrich themselves at the expense of the natives.
So, Ferdinand Magellan returned to Portugal after many years of travel in India and the Indian Ocean. He is 32 years old, the king granted him a pension, but the pension is small. Magellan fought in Morocco for a couple more years and resigned. He asks the king to increase his pension, but is refused. Who knows, if the king had then given him an increase, Magellan would have lived in his Portugal and raised his children, and we would never have known his first or last name.
Meanwhile, Magellan came up with a plan for an expedition that was destined to glorify him. Magellan asks the Portuguese king to entrust him with naval service and send him on a voyage. The king refused. Magellan went to Spain and persuaded the Spanish king.
On September 20, 1519, a Spanish naval expedition began under the leadership of Ferdinand Magellan. It was not a major goal to circumnavigate the world; the plan was to open a western route to India. In total, the expedition consisted of five ships, on which about three hundred people went to sea. Among them was Magellan's slave named Enrique. He was born in Sumatra and was destined to become the first person to circumnavigate the world.
Around the world led by Magellan
So, the flotilla led by Magellan set off to the west. They had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, go around South America, open the Strait of Magellan and enter the Pacific Ocean. Everything was successful, but it was not easy for Magellan. Three of the five ships were commanded by Spanish nobles.
They didn't trust the Portuguese. This mistrust was not born out of nowhere; the Spaniards had long been competing with the Portuguese in developing new lands and making profits from it. Magellan had to fight the rebels for his supremacy. He won, but the Spanish captains never became his friends.
People of that time did not have an accurate idea of the size of the Earth. Magellan assumed that the Pacific Ocean was much smaller in size than it actually turned out to be.
The sailors had to travel at least 17 thousand kilometers before they reached land. But they were lucky with the weather, they called this ocean “Quiet”, not a single storm along the way. On March 17, 1521, travelers landed on the island of Homonkhom. The Pacific Ocean is left behind.
Members of Magellan's expedition became the first Europeans to land on the Philippine Islands. They continued their journey among the islands, on one of which Enrique (a slave of Magellan, born in Sumatra) met people who spoke his native language. As they write in history textbooks: “the circle is closed,” man circled the globe for the first time.
On April 27, Ferdinand Magellan died in battles with the local population on the island of Mactan. He was 41 years old. The first trip around the world continued without him. 
The sailors had to go around the Cape of Good Hope and return home along the western coast of Africa.
On September 6, 1522, the Victoria, the only surviving ship of the five that set sail, reached Spain. There were 18 survivors. Another 18 people returned home from Portuguese captivity a few months later. The rest died: many from scurvy, others during mutinies and battles with the natives.
Those who returned home were the first people to lose a day while circumnavigating the world. Their calendar was a whole day behind the calendar of their compatriots. Then Jules Verne described this phenomenon in his novel Around the World in 80 Days. And today this time difference is not a problem due to the introduction of local time, different from universal time.
The expedition led by Magellan was successful not only educationally, but also commercially. The value of the cargo from the ship "Victoria" paid for all the expenses of the voyage, and brought significant profits to those who gave money to carry out the enterprise. Magellan was not destined to meet a prosperous old age in his homeland, but judging by his actions, this was not what he dreamed of.
And the names of the 18 who returned to Spain after the First Voyage around the World can be found on Wikipedia: captain, sailors, pilots, cabin boy, gunner, cabin boy's mate.
This is interesting. History is made by people, people with destiny and biography.
Class design:
- portrait of F. Magellan,
- posters with the inscription of the year of birth and year of death,
- map showing the voyage route,
- drawing of Magellan's ship,
- books about travelers,
- drawing of a map of the hemispheres with the image of a key that opens the world,
- globe,
- Magellan family coat of arms.
Equipment: tape recorder, projector, screen.
Scenario of the evening
Characters: presenter, historian, F. Magellan. Pigafetta, Charles V, Juan Sebostián Elcano.
Teacher: Guys, today we have gathered to learn more about the life of the outstanding man Fernando Magellan, the sea voyage, which is considered one of the most daring feats of navigation of all time. Its discovery was one of the outstanding events of the era of exploration: an era of courage and fear, delight and tragedy. Let's go back to that distant time, around 1480, when F. Magellan was born in the north of Portugal, and take a closer look at this outstanding man who discovered the world and his legendary journey.
On the screen: The Magellan family coat of arms.
Presenter: F. Magellan was born around 1480 (POINTS TO THE PORTFOLIO)
In the village of Sabrosa in northern Portugal, in the family of an impoverished knight. His Portuguese name is Fernau de Magalhães. While still very young, he becomes a page at the king's court. Here he not only receives an education, but is also one of the first to hear about the exploits of such navigators as Christopher Columbus, who had recently returned from America after searching for a western route to the famous “spice islands.” Soon, young Fernand is already dreaming of the day when the wind pulls the sail over his head, and splashes from the waves of an unknown ocean fly into his face. Sadly, in 1495, King Juan 2, Fernand’s patron, was killed, and the throne went to Manuel I, who thirsted for wealth and not research. For many years, Manuel I rejected his request for a sea expedition. When Vasco da Gama returns from India with a lot of spices, Manuel 1 “hears the smell” of countless riches.
ON THE SCREEN IS A MAP OF THE SAILING ROUTE
Finally, in 1505, he allowed Magellan to go to sea with the expedition of F. Almedi, sent to India. After the capture of Cannadora in 1506, he was a Portuguese agent in Safale (East Africa). In 1508 he again served in India, then visited Malaka, was in the Maluku Islands, Sumatra, Java, Banda Island, Ambion, and in 1513 returned to Portugal. (SHOWING ON THE MAP).
Historian: The West can no longer do without spices. The price for them was so high that one could buy a plot of land with them or pay a devotee.
F. Magellan: (sitting at the table, on the table there is a candle, cards, a pen.) After returning from the Moluccas, I turned to the Portuguese King Manuel I with a request for a promotion and equipment for an expedition to the “spice islands” - by the western route.
Historian: However, due to hostility towards Magellan, the king did not appreciate his latest exploits, dedication and courage. He dismisses Magellan from service, giving him an allowance that is barely enough for the life of a poor aristocrat.
Magellan: In this dark time for me, an old acquaintance, the famous navigator Joao from Lisbon, comes to me. We discussed for a long time the possibility of reaching the “Spice Islands” by sailing in a southwesterly direction and passing through the EIPOSO - a strait that was said to cross South America - continuing through the ocean recently discovered by Balboa when he crossed the Isthmus of Panama. Thus, we assumed that the “spice islands” are located on the opposite side of this ocean.
Historian: Magellan gets the idea to accomplish what Columbus once failed to do - to open a western route to the East, which, in Magellan’s opinion, will be shorter than the eastern route. But for this he needs financial support. So, feeling that Manuel 1 still hates him, Magellan decides to take the step that Columbus took many years ago - he seeks the patronage of the Spanish king.
Magellan: Geographical maps were laid out, I told the king about my plans and that the western route would avoid clashes with the Portuguese on their sea routes.
Charles V: I am interested in your idea Magellan and give you five old ships to prepare them for the expedition, and appoint you commander of this flotilla. In addition, I promise a portion of the income from the spices with which you return.
Historian: Magellan immediately gets to work. But due to the insidious attempts of King Manuel to disrupt the expedition, preparations take more than a year, and finally the flotilla sets off on its legendary voyage.
Against the background of the sound of a sea wave, one of Magellan’s ships, Victoria, is projected onto the screen.
Presenter: Together with Magellan’s flagship “Trinidad”, on September 20, 1519, 4 other ships sail towards South America from the mouth of the Guadalquivir (SHOWED ON THE MAP): “San Antonio”, “Concepcion”, “Victoria”, “Santiago” with a crew of 265 people.
On December 13, travelers reach Brazil and enter the beautiful bay of Rio Janeiro (SHOWING ON THE MAP) to repair ships and stock up on provisions. Then, trying to find the STRAIT - a barely noticeable passage into another ocean, they continue sailing, moving south along the land that is today known as Argentina (SHOWING ON THE MAP). Meanwhile, the days get colder and colder, and there are icebergs along the way. Finally, on March 31, 1520. Magellan decides to stop for the winter in the cold harbor of San Julian.
Historian: A lot of time has passed - Columbus could have crossed the Atlantic Ocean 6 times already, and the isthmus has still not been found. The first ardent aspirations are now becoming, like the weather in Havana San Julian, colder and colder and the sailors, including some captains and officers, can’t wait to go home. Dissatisfied Spanish officers decided to force Magellan to turn to the Cape of Good Hope, in order to go through the eastern Portuguese route to the Moluccas. That same night a riot began. Magellan emerged victorious from this shameful massacre. He treated the rebel captains harshly.
Host: As you would expect, foreign ships in the harbor attract the attention of local residents, who are distinguished by their endurance and strong physique. In comparison with such giants, the travelers felt like dwarfs and therefore the place was named Potagonia (translated from Spanish as big-footed) - this name has survived to this day.
Pigafetta: We discovered calf-sized “sea wolves” and black and white geese that swim underwater, eat fish and have beaks like ravens
Slides showing penguins and seals are shown on the screen.
Historian: Soon a new misfortune happened: in May, the Santiago, which was smaller than the others, was sent for reconnaissance and crashed. Fortunately, none of the crew dies.
Pigafetta: Holds the flotilla in the sad, ill-fated San Julian Bay for almost 5 months.
On the screen: a map with the sailing route.
But the moment of joy is overshadowed by a new misfortune. The San Antonio deliberately lags behind the other ships, as if getting lost in the winding labyrinth of the strait, and then returns to Spain. For more than a month, the expedition wanders in the branches of the strait.
Magellan: The unknown, the unknown... Go ahead and discover what you promised!!!
Pigafetta: The high mountains and bare shores of the strait seemed deserted, but the fires of the fire were visible in the south and Magellan called this southern land “The Land of Fires” (SHOWING ON THE MAP).
Historian: A boat sent to the southeastern passage of the strait returned with the news that the sailors had seen the cape and the open sea. Everything came true, and Magellan found his way to another ocean.
THE SOUND OF SEA WAVES
But then a month passed, two, three, and still no land was visible.
Pigafetta: We've run out of food supplies. We ate only crumbs of old cookies, which were already infested with maggots and which stank of rat excrement... and drank yellow stinking water. They ate cowhide, sawdust, and rats, each of which cost half a crown, but even rats were not enough.
Historian: Magellan was sure that the “spice islands” were very close, but he made a mistake when calculating the coordinates and paved the way for the flotilla much north of the Moluccas. As a result, as often happens, he made another discovery - he came across the previously unknown Philippine Islands. This happened on March 15, 1521, when the ships sailed more than two thousand km, thereby acquiring a new province for Emperor Charles 5. The ships approached the city of Cebu.
Magellan: So, the path has been completed. Between America and Asia lies a huge expanse of water, to which I give the name - the Pacific Ocean, because during its passage there was not a single storm. And most importantly, the one who sails on the sea, whether following the sun or towards the sun, will inevitably return to the place from which he sailed. The earth is round!!! For the man went around it!
Historian: Remembering that the king needs new lands and pagans converted to Christianity, Magellan takes on the royal task. He manages to win over the king of the island of CEBU to his side, but when he tried to annex the neighboring islands with the help of Spaniards armed with muskets, he met resistance. On the night of April 27, Magellan, at the head of a detachment of 60 people, set off on boats to the island of Mactan, but coral reefs prevented them from approaching the shore, they had to wade, and at that time the islanders bombarded the attackers with a hail of arrows and darts.
Pigafetta: When they recognized the captain, they attacked him. Then wounded in his left leg, he fell face down and was then pelted with spears. They destroyed the one who was our pride, comfort and reliable leader. He was only 41 years old.
Historian: A few days later, the once friendly natives kill 27 officers who were only observing the battle. Magellan died in waters that were familiar to him. A little to the south lie the “spice islands”, to the west is Malacca, where he fought in 1511 (SHOWING ON THE MAP).
Presenter: After the death of Magellan, a struggle arose on the ships for command positions, which ended with Espinosa becoming the admiral, and Juan Sebastian Elcano, a native of the Basque country in northern Spain, becoming the captain of the Victoria. The former flagship Trinidad needed repairs and went to the American mainland, to the Gulf of Panama, where the Spaniards had already settled. But, after sailing for six months in the Pacific Ocean, he returned to the Moluccas. Those sailors who did not die during the voyage were captured by the Portuguese and died in prison. Only three subsequently managed to return to their homeland.
Elcano: We headed south loaded with spices: cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg. On May 20, we passed the Cape of Good Hope, replenishing fresh water supplies. On September 6, 1522, they entered the mouth of the Guadelquivir with 18 crew members, completing a trip around the world in 1081 days. (SHOWS THE ROUTE ON THE MAP).
Narrator: Upon his return, Elcano was declared a hero. This harsh journey has proven:
- firstly, that the Earth is spherical;
- secondly, that there is more water on our planet than land;
- thirdly, the existence of a single ocean has been proven.
Teacher: So, guys, today we traveled around the world with F. Magellan and learned a lot of interesting things, and now look at the screen and answer the test task and the question.
Test questions:
1. F. Magellan came from:
a) a noble but impoverished knight;
b) nobleman;
c) a rich knight's family.
2. Born approximately:
3.Portuguese King:
a) equips an expedition in search of a western route to the “spice islands”;
b) refuses Magellan.
4. How many ships were there in the flotilla:
5. The flagship ship was called:
a) “Trinidad”;
b) “San Antonio”;
c) “Santiago”;
d) “Concepcion”;
d) “Victoria”;
6. Magellan named the place where he met local residents of strong physique in the south of South America:
a) Patagonia;
b) Selva;
7. How many months does Magellan cross the Pacific Ocean:
Answer the question: What three important discoveries were made during this journey?
Homework:
1) Draw Magellan’s voyage route on a contour map.
2) Write an essay about any traveler.
Recap of the evening: Students submit answers to assignments.
Literature:
- A. Lantseva Children's Encyclopedia - Great Travelers No. 10 2005,
- V. A. Markin I explore the world. Children's Encyclopedia M. 2000, S. Zweig Magellan Man and His Deeds, vol. 2 M. Enlightenment 1983