Gayvoronsky training manuals for the muscular system. Anatomy of the digestive system. Gaivoronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I. Anatomy of the respiratory system and heart

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1 I.V. Gaivoronsky, G.I. Nichiporuk OSTEOLOGY textbook Recommended by the Interuniversity Editorial and Publishing Council on Medical Literature of St. Petersburg as a textbook for medical training faculties c."i St. Petersburg "ELBI-SPb" 2005

2 I.V. Gaivoroiskiy, G.I. Nichiporuk. OSTEOLOGY. Tutorial. SPb.: ELBI-SP S. ISBN Osteology is the first section from which the study of human anatomy begins. It is the most difficult, as it includes a huge number of specific anatomical formations. The latter must be correctly named in Russian and Latin and shown on an anatomical specimen. This manual provides for the systematization of knowledge gained in lectures and practical classes. For brevity, the main parts of the bones are given under a specific number, and the formations on them are separated by a hyphen and written in the nominative case. Latin terms are given without abbreviations, since in the first semester a very important aspect of training is the acquisition of anatomical terminology. The text is accompanied by informative illustrations, which show all the necessary anatomical formations. When presenting specific issues, special attention is paid to the correct orientation of the bones in relation to the anatomical stance (vertical position of the body, hands turned palms forward). The manual was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the educational program on human anatomy for higher educational medical institutions. It contains basic data on the anatomy of the skeletal system. I am confident that the information presented in this manual will contribute to the successful study of the material in the textbook, will allow you to qualitatively prepare for tests and exams, and will provide a good basis for self-control and computer testing. ISBN I.V. Gaivoronsky, 2005 G.I. Nichiporuk, 2005 ELBI-SPb, 2005 Signed for printing. Format 60x88 1/16. Offset paper. Times typeface. Volume 4 p.l. Circulation 1000 copies. Order 3373 Publishing house "ELBI-SPB" LLC, publishing house from St. Petersburg, Laboratorny pr., 23,

3 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY Osteology is the study of justice. In the body of an adult person there are 206 bones, which, together with their joints, make up the skeleton. Functions of the skeleton 1. Supportive - the presence of attachment points for soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, fascia, internal organs). 2. Locomotor - structural parts of the body its parts in space (bones are levers). 3. A nt 1 1 gravitats 1 yu iiaya - counteracting the force of gravity 4. Protective - preventing damage to vital organs, large vessels and nerves (skull, chest, pelvis). 5. Hematopoietic and immune - formation of blood cells, destruction of microorganisms viantibodies (provided by red bone marrow) 6. Exchange - participation in mineral metabolism (deposited , mainly calcium salts, phosphorus and other microelements). Structure of bones Brass, av, is an organ that is the 1st valuable component of the organ's system of support and movement, and it is and the typical shape of the structure, characteristic architectonics of blood vessels and nerves, built primarily from bone tissue, covered !! outside the periosteum "1 and containing bone marrow inside. O steon (Haversian system) is a structural and functional unit of bone (Fig. 1). It is represented by concentrically located bone plates (Haversian), which are in the form of cylinders of different diameters, nested inside each other , surround the Haversian canal. Between the ostsons there are inserted plates (remaining parts of the old octc4 hobs), running in all directions. Outside the bones there are general plates. The substance, substantia compacla, is a dense plate that covers the bone from the outside, consisting of osteons and bone plates. The diaphysis of tubular bones consists of it (Fig. 2) , and in the form of a thin plate it covers the epiphyses of tubular bones, flat, volumetric and mixed bones.

4 The spongy plant, subxtontia sponglosa, is represented by sparsely spaced bony plates. It is present in the epiphyses of tubular bones and constitutes the main missa of flat and volumetric bones. The periosteum, periosleum, covers the outside of the bone, except in places where articular cartilage is located and muscle tendons or ligaments are attached. She plays important role in development (growth in thickness) and nutrition of bones. Red Kocriibiit brain, medulla ossetiin nihrci, is located in the cells of the spongy substance; it performs a hematopoietic function, 1 Yellow bone marrow, medulla osseum Jhiva, is present only in an adult; it is located within the medullary cavity, which is lined from the inside with endosteum. Untreated adult bone contains about 50% water; 16% fat; 12% organic and 22% inorganic substances; inorganic matter is represented mainly by calcium salts in the form of crystals pshrokh"naiiiig gn, prndayuii"kh kosh strength 1 is. 2. Rispnl npokchmujn>iogo ei n f and behind the femur. 1 - epiphysis proximuiis; 2 m eliiphysis; 3 - substantia spongiosa; 4 - substantia compacta; 5 - cavitus medulluris; 6 - diaphysis. and fragility; The organic matter of bone is represented mainly by the protein ossium, which gives bone flexibility. Classification of bones 1, Pi location: - bones of the skull; - Level 7 dice; - bones of the limbs, 2, According to the stump of the pancreas, three types of skull bones are distinguished; - diploic (parietal, occipital, forehead bones, lower jaw); - pyeumatized (temporal, clavicular, ethmoid, frontal bones and upper jaw); - compa1sgnys (lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, nasal bones, inferior concha, vomer, hyoid bone), 3. According to shape and severity, four types of braids are distinguished: - tubular bones: a) long (humerus, forearm bones , femur, ankle bones, clavicle); b) short (metacarpal bones, metatarsal bones, finger bones); 4

5 - flat (such as bone, sternum, scapula, rib); volumetric (carpal bones, tarsal bones); - mixed bones (vertebrae), 4. Pirizshpiyu: primary; develop on the basis of connective tissue (bones of the roof of the skull; zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal bones; upper jaw and couhiiik); - secondary; develop on the basis of cartilage (bones of the trunk and limb; ethmoid and hyoid bones, inferior concha); - mixed (occipital, sphenoid and temporal bones; and jaw). Bone development 1. Primary bones are formed on the basis of connective tissue (connective tissue and bone stages); they ossify according to the endosmal type: by oppositional growth from points of ossification from the center to the periphery (facial skull bones, skull roof bones). 2. Secondary bones develop on the basis of cartilage (connective tissue, cartilaginous and bone stages); - enchondral type of ossification; from the center of the bone to the psri(1)sriya (bones of the base of the skull, epiphyses of tubular bones, trunk bones); psychochoroidal type of ossification; formation of a bone cuff around the cartilaginous anlage (diaphyses of 1 ribular bones). Mstaepiphyseal cartilage is a layer of cartilage between the pyphysis and diaphysis, which is a zone of bone growth in length. VERTEBRES Classification of vertebrae 1) free vertebrae; - cervical vertebrae, vertebrae cervicales, - 7; - thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae titoracicae, 12; - lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae himbales, - 5; 2) fused vertebrae; - sacrum, os sacrum, - 5; - coccyx, os coccygls, ~ 3-5. General features of the free vertebral column Vertebra, vertebra, and joints of three main parts (Fig. 3); 1, Body of the body, corpus vertebrae. 2, Arch of the vertebrae, arctis vertebrae: legs of the vertebral arch, peciicidi arcus vertebrae, connect the body and arch of the vertebrae; 5

6 - vertebral foramen,/oga/“en vertehrale, limited by the body and arch of the vertebra; the openings of all vertebrae form the spinal canal, canalis vertebral is. 3. Processes of the vertebrae, /j/"ocejiiw vertebrae: a) spinous process, processus spinosus, - unpaired; located posteriorly, along the midline; b) transverse process, paired; located in the frontal plane; c) the upper and lower articular processes, proccwiw articularis superior et pmcessus articularis inferior, - paired; The upper vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis superior, is located between the body and the upper articular process. The lower vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis inferior, is located between the body and the lower articular process; it is larger in size than the upper notch. The intervertebral foramen,/oga/pen intervertebrale, is formed at the connection of adjacent vertebrae (vertebral notches); spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through it. Vertebral foramen: - the vertebral body faces forward; - the spinous process is directed backward; - the superior vertebral notch is directed upward (slight); - the inferior vertebral notch is located below (deep). 1- sophys vertebrae; 2 - pcdiculus arcus vertebrae; 3 - proccssus articularis superior; 4 - processus articularis inferior; 5 - processus spinosus; 6 - arcus vertebrae; 7 - processus transversus; 8 - foramen vertebrale; 9 - incisura vertebralis inferior; 10 - incisura vertebralis superior.

7 Cervical vertebrae The main distinguishing feature of the cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) is the presence of an opening in the transverse process, processus transversus; vertebral vessels pass through it. 1) atlas and axial, atlas et axis, (1 and 2 vertebrae) - atypical vertebrae; 2) 3-7 cervical vertebrae are typical vertebrae. Typical vertebrae: - the vertebral bodies are small in size and have a saddle shape; - the vertebral foramen is large, triangular in shape; - groove of the spinal nerve, sulcus nervi spinalis, runs along the upper surface of the transverse processes (Fig. 4); - anterior and posterior tubercles, tuberculum anterius et posterius, - located anteriorly and posteriorly at the end of the transverse process; - spinous processes are short, directed slightly downward; forked at the end; - articular processes are short, located obliquely between the frontal and horizontal planes; the upper articular processes face backward and upward, the lower ones face forward and downward. The anterior tubercle, tuberculum anterius, of the VI vertebra is more developed - the carotid tubercle, tuberculum caroticum, (the common carotid artery is pressed against it during bleeding). VII cervical vertebra - a protruding vertebra, vertebra prominens: its spinous process is longer, thickened at the end; its tip can be easily felt under the skin. Atypical vertebrae: Atlas, atlas The 1st cervical vertebra lacks a body, spinous and articular processes. It consists of anterior and posterior arches, as well as lateral masses: 1) anterior arch, arcus anterior: - anterior tubercle, tuberculum anterius, located on the outer (anterior) surface (Fig. 5); - the fossa of the tooth, fo vea dentis, is located on its inner (back) surface; Rice. 4. Seventh cervical vertebra. 1- tuberculurn poslcrius; 2 - sulcus nervi spinalis; 3 - tubular anterius; 4 - proccssus transversus; 5 - corpus vertebrae; 6 - foram en proccssus transversus; 7 - proccssus articularis superior; 8 - proccssus articularis inferior; 9 - processus spinosus; 10 - foramen vcrtcbrale.

8 2) lateral masses, massae lalemles: - superior articular fossa,/overt articularis superior, oval, deep; serves for connection with the condyles of the occipital bone; - lower articular fossa, fovea articularis inferior, rounded, insignificant in depth; serves to connect with the axial vertebra; - transverse process, processus iransversus, has /orame/iprocessus transversus", does not contain a groove of the spinal nerve and tubercles; 3) posterior arch, arcus posterior: posterior tubercle, tuberculum posterius-, - groove of the vertebral artery, sulcus arteriue vertebralis, passes behind the lateral masses on the upper surface of the posterior arch. The axial vertebra, axis odontoid process (tooth), dem, is located on the upper surface of the vertebral body (Fig. b); this is the body of the first cervical vertebra that has moved during development and has grown in: a) the apex of the tooth, apex deiitis ; b) the anterior articular surface iy6a, facies articularis anterior ilentis, connects with the fossa of the atlas tooth; c) the posterior articular surface of the lip, facies articularis posterior dentis, ~ comes into contact with the transverse ligament of the atlas; Fig. 5. Ltlapt. 1 processus irnnsvcrsus; 2 - massa Itttoralis; 3 - nrcus anterior; 4 - lubcrculum unterius; 5 - fovea articularis superior: 6 - foram en processus transversus; 7 - sulcus arteriue vertebralis; 8 - arcus posterior; 9 tuberculum posterius; 10 - foramen vertcbrale; 11 - fovea dentis. 8 PhC. 6. OCCDOit noidoitok. 1 - processus Iransversus; 2 - dens; 3 apex donlis; 4 - facies articularis posterior dentis; 5 - fiicies articularis superior; 6 - foramen proccssus transversus; 7 - processus articularis inferior; 8 - processus spinosus; 9 - foramen vertebrale; 10-arcus vertebrae.

9 - transverse process, processus transversus, has a foramen processus transversus; does not contain spinal nerve grooves or tubercles; - superior articular surface, /a with /ej articularis superior, - analogue of the superior articular process; serves for articulation with the lower articular surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas. Thoracic vertebrae The main distinguishing feature of the thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) is the presence of costal fossae and semi-fossae on the vertebral body, as well as costal fossae on the transverse processes: a) a complete costal fossa, fovea coslalis, located on the body of the I, XIXII vertebrae; serves to attach the head of the named rib; b) the upper costal fossa (semi-fossa), /ov ea coslalis superior, is located on body P-X vertebrae (Fig. 7,8); c) the lower costal fossa (half fossa), fo vea coslalis inferior, located on the body of the I-IX vertebrae; d) the upper and lower costal fossae of adjacent vertebrae form a single articular platform for the head of the rib; e) costal fossa of the transverse process, fovea coslalis processus Iransversus, located on the transverse process of the 1st vertebrae; - thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical ones; Th, ThiMx CO 1 G Thv Fig. 7. Thoracic vertebra. 1 - proccssus articularis superior; 2 - incisura vcrtcbralis superior; 3 - fovea costaiis superior; 4 - corpus vertebrae; 5 - fovea costaiis inferior; 6 - incisura verlebralis inferior; 7 - processus articularis inferior; 8 - processus spinosus; 9 - processus transversus; 10 - fovea coslalis processus transversus. Th XI-XIl Fig. 8. Layout of the costal fossae. 1 - fovea coslalis; 2 - fovea coslalis inferior; 3 - fovea costaiis superior; 4 - fovea coslalis processus transversus; 5 - processus spinosus; 6 - processus transversus. 9

10 - the height of the thoracic vertebral bodies from the 1st to the CP gradually increases; their transverse size increases; - the articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae stand frontally: the articular surface of the upper ones faces backward, the lower ones face forward; - transverse processes facing laterally and backwards; - the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are longer than those of the cervical vertebrae; inclined downwards and cranially superimposed on each other. Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, have a massive body (see Fig. 3); on the preparation are determined by the method of exclusion by the absence of foramen processus transversus elfoveae coslales: - the body of the lumbar vertebra has a bean-shaped shape; the height and width of the body gradually increase from the 1st to the V-ro vertebrae; - the articular surfaces of the articular processes are located in the saptal plane: in the upper processes they are directed medially, in the lower ones - laterally; - the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae are located in the frontal plane; - spinous processes are short, flat, directed backwards; located almost at the same level with the vertebral body; - the vertebral foramen is triangular in shape. Sacrum The sacrum, os sacrum, consists of five fused sacral vertebrae, vertebrae sacrales: 1) the base of the sacrum, basis ossis sacri, - the upper, wide section: - the superior articular process, processus articularis superior, - paired; connects to the lower articular process of the V-ro lumbar vertebra; - promontory, promontorium, - an anterior protrusion formed at the junction of the sacrum with the body of the V-ro lumbar vertebra; 2) apex of the sacrum, apex ossis sacri: - sacral horn, cornu ^acra/e, - paired; is a rudiment of the lower articular process (Fig. 9); 3) anterior (pelvic) surface, /ac/e5 anterior (pelvina): - transverse lines, Ppeae Iransversae, are formed as a result of the fusion of the bodies of the sacral vertebrae; - pelvic sacral joints, foramina sacralia pelvina; 4) posterior n0bepxh0ctb,yif/c/ei dorsalis-. 10

11 - median sacral crest, crista sacral is mediana, - unpaired; formed by fusion of the spinous processes; - intermediate sacral ridge, crista sacralis intermedia, - paired; formed as a result of the fusion of articular processes; - dorsal sacral foramina, ulgas/;w sacralia dorsalia; - lateral sacral ridge, crista sacralis lateralis, ~ paired; arose during fusion of the transverse processes; 5) lateral part, pars lateralis: - auricular surface, ua/e5 auricularis, connects to the conominal surface of the pelvic bone; - sacral tuberosity, tuberositas sacralis, located posterior to the auricular surface; connected by ligaments to the tuberosity of the pelvic bone. The sacral canal, canalis sacralis, runs along the entire sacrum; in the area of the apex it ends in the sacral fissure, hiatus sacralis. Ornamentation of the sacrum: - the base of the sacrum is turned upward; - the apex of the sacrum is directed downward; - the pelvic surface is oriented forward (concave); - the dorsal surface is facing backward (convex, contains sacral ridges). A ^ " B Fig. 9. Sacrum and cop h and k. A - front view; B - rear view. 1- OS coccygis; 2 - apex ossis sacri; 3 - lincae iransversae; 4 - foramina sacralia pelvina; 5 - pars lateralis; 6 - basis ossis sacri; 7 - processus articularis superior; 8 - facies auricularis; 9 - foramina sacralia dorsalia; 10 - cornu sacrale; 11 - comu coccygis; 12 - hiatus sacralis; 13 - crista sacralis intermedia; 14 - crista sacralis lateralis; 15 - crista sacralis mediana; 16 - tuberositas sacralis. 11

12 Coccyx The coccyx, OS coccygis, consists of 3-5 fused rudimentary vertebrae (Fig. 9): - coccygeal horns, cornua coccygea, are rudiments of the upper articular processes; they are connected by ligaments to the sacral horns. Ribs Ribs, coi/ae, depending on their attachment, are classified into: 1. True ribs, costae vcrae, - seven pairs of upper ribs (I-VII); cartilaginous parts connect to the sternum (Fig. 10). 2. False ribs, costae sptm ae, -v\\\-X ribs; are attached to the cartilage of the overlying rib, forming the costal arch, arcus costalis. 3. Oscillating ribs, costae Jluctuantes, - ribs XI and XII; end in the muscles of the abdominal wall. The rib consists of cartilaginous and bone parts; in the latter the posterior end and body are also distinguished (Fig. 11). CipocHHC ribs: 1. Cartilaginous part (costal cartilage), cartilago costalis, - anterior, shorter part; 2. Bone part, os costale, - posterior, longer part: 1) posterior end, extremitasposterior, includes the head, neck and tubercle: - rib head, caput costae, connects to the vertebral bodies: - crest of the rib head, crista capitis costae, - divides the articular surface of the head into two parts (at the II - X ribs); the I, XI, XII ribs do not have a crest, because the heads of these ribs articulate with complete fossae on the bodies of the vertebrae of the same name; - neck of the rib, sonite costae, - narrow part of the rib; - the tubercle of the rib, tuberculum costae, is located between the neck and the body; - the articular surface of the tubercle of the rib, facies articularis tuberculi costae, serves to connect with the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra; - protrusion of the tubercle of the rib, eminentia tuberculi costae, - ligaments are attached to it; there are no tubercles on the XI and XII ribs; 2) rib body, corpus costae: - rib angle, angulus costae, corresponds to the bend of the rib; at the first rib coincides with the tuberculum costae; - rib groove, sulcus costae, runs along the lower edge of the rib; it contains blood vessels and nerves; - the bodies of the P-HI ribs have internal and external surfaces; top and bottom edges. 12

13 Orii gations of the rib: - the cartilaginous part of the rib is facing forward; - the head of the rib is directed backward; - a rib groove runs along the lower edge. Features of the 1st rib: - the body of the 1st rib has upper and lower surfaces; medial and lateral edges; - tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle, luberculum musculi scaleiu anlehoris, located on the upper surface of the first rib; the muscle of the same name is attached to it; - groove of the subclavian vein, sulcus venae stibclaviae, located in front of the luberculum musculi scaleni anterioris; - groove of the subclavian artery, sulcus arteriae subclaviae, located behind the luberculum musculi scaleni anterioris. Sternum The sternum, sternum, is a flat bone consisting of three parts - the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process (Fig. 10) Fig. 10. Chest. 1 - manubrium sterni; 2 - corpus sterni; 3 - processus xiphoideus; 4 - cartilago costalis; 5 - cor)5us costae; 6 - collum costae; 7 - caput costae; 8 - incisura jugularis; 9 - incisura clavicularis; 10 - costae verac; 11 - costae spuriac; 12 - costae fluctuantes. Rice rib (L): II rib (B). 1 - facies articularis capitis costae; 2 - caput costae; 3 - collum costae; 4 - facies articularis tuberculi costae; 5 -angulus costae; 6 - cori^us costae; 7 - sulcus venae subclaviae; 8 - tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris; 9 - sulcus arteriae subclavia. 13

14 1. Manubrium of the sternum, manubrium sterni: - jugular notch, incisura Jugularis, located above, in the middle; - clavicular notch, incisura clavicularis, - steam room; located on the side and top; serves to connect to the collarbone; - rib notch, incisura costal is, - steam room; located on the side; serves to connect to the cartilage of the 1st rib; at the lower edge of the handle there is half a notch for the cartilage of the 5th rib, incisura costalis II; - the angle of the sternum, angulus sterni, is an anterior protrusion formed at the connection of the manubrium and the body. 2. Body of the sternum, corpus sterni: - outer surface,/ac/ej externa, ~ convex; - inner surface,/ac/ej interna, - concave; - costal notches, incisurae costales, - for the cartilages of the Il-VlI-ro ribs. 3. The xiphoid process, processus xiphoideus, can be forked at the end or has an opening. Orieshicia 1" rudium: - the manubrium of the sternum is directed upward; - the xiphoid process is directed downward; - the outer surface is directed forward (convex); - the inner surface is directed backward (concave). 14 SKULL The skeleton of the head - the skull, cranium, includes the following sections: 1) brain skull, cranium cerebrale (neurocranium): - base of the skull, basis cranii; - roof (vault), calvaria; 2) facial skull, cranium viscerale (splanchnocranium). Bones M031Х1Н0Г0 cersia; - occipital bone, os occipitalc, sphenoid bone, os sphenoidale; - frontal bone, os frontale; - cribriform bone, os ethmoidale\ - parietal bone, os parietale; - temporal bone, os temporale. Bones of the facial skull; - upper jaw, maxilla", - palatine bone, ospalatinum; "zygomatic bone, os zygomaticum\ - nasal bone, os nasale; - lacrimal bone, os lacrimale;

15 - inferior nasal concha, concha nasalis inferior; - vomer, vomer, - lower jaw, mandibula", - hyoid bone, os hyoideum. Occipital bone The occipital bone, os occipitale, forms the posterior part of the brain skull; in the center there is a large occipital opening, / ogate magnum, which communicates the cranial cavity with spinal canal (Fig. 12). It consists of the main and lateral parts, as well as the occipital scales. 1. The main part, pa/-5 basilaris: - clivus, clivtis, located on the inner surface; - pharyngeal tubercle, tuberculum pharyngeum, located on the outer surface; is the place of attachment of the pharynx vault. 2. The lateral part, pars lateralis, is a paired room: - the occipital condyle, condylus occipitalis, connects with the superior articular fossae of the atlas; - the condylar condyle, fossa condylaris, is located behind the condyle; 16 Fig. 12. Occipital bone. A - external view; B - internal view. 1 - condylus occipitalis; 2 - foramen magnum; 3 - fossa condylaris; 4 - crista occipitalis externa; 5 - linea nuchae inferior; 6 - linea nuchae superior; 7 - protuberantia occipitalis extcma; 8 - linea nuchae suprema; 9 - probe in canalis hypogiossaiis; 10 - tuberculum pharyngeum; 11 -clivus; 12 -processus jugularis; 13-p ars lateralis; 14-crista occipitalis inlema; 15-protuberanliaoccipitalis interna; 16-sulcussinussagiltalissuperioris; 17-margo lamboideus; 18 - sulcus sinus transversi; 19 - margo mastoidcus; 20 - sulcus sinus sigmoidci; 21 - tuberculum jugulare. 15

16 - condylar canal, canalis condylaris, opens at the bottom of the fossa of the same name; fickle; - the canal of the hypoglossal nerve, canalis hypoglossalis, penetrates the condyle in the middle; - jugular notch, incisura jugularis, located on the outside of the lateral part; - jugular process, processus jugularis, lies behind the jugular notch; - the groove of the sigmoid sinus, sulcus sinus sigmoidei, runs medial to the jugular process; - jugular tubercle, tuberculum jugulare, is located near the foramen magnum, above the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. 3. Nuchal scales, squama occipitalis: 1) external n0bcpxh0ctb,yac/ei externa." - external occipital protrusion, protuberantia occipitalis externa", - external occipital crest, crista occipitalis externa, descends along the midline down from protuberantia occipitalis externa: superior nuchal line, Npea pisiae superior, - lower nuchal line, Npea nuchae inferior, - highest nuchal line, Npea nuchae suprema, located above Npea nuchae superior, unstable; - lambdoid margin, margo lambdoideus, located above and laterally; adjacent to the parietal bone; - mastoid edge, margo mastoideus, located below and laterally; connects to the mastoid process of the temporal bone; 2) internal (cerebral) surface, /i with /ev interna (cerebraus): - cruciform eminence, eminentia crticiformis: a) internal occipital protuberance, protuberantia occipitalis interna, located in the center of eminentia cruciformis; b) internal occipital crest, crista occipitalis interna, - located below, continuing to the foramen magnum; c) the groove of the superior sagittal sinus, sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris, goes upward from the protuberantia occipitalis interna; d) the groove of the transverse sinus, sulcus sinus transversi, is located on the sides of the protuberantia occipitalis interna. 1 b Orientation of the occipital koci h: - the basilar part is facing forward (the slope is directed upward); - scales are oriented backwards and upwards; - occipital condyles facing downwards.

17 Parietal bone Parietal bone, osparietale, - steam room; takes part in the formation of the roof of the skull. It has outer and inner surfaces; it has four edges and four corners (Fig. 13). 1. Surface of the parietal braids1 and 1) outer surface,/d s/ej externa: - parietal tubercle, tuber parietale\ lower temporal line, Ipea temporalis inferior, runs parallel to the lower (scaly) edge; - superior temporal line, Ipa temporalis superior, located above the previous one; 2) internal (cerebral) surface,/ac/ej interna (^cerebralis): - groove of the superior sagittal sinus, sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris, located in the area of the upper edge; - the groove of the sigmoid sinus, sulcus sinus sigmoidei, is located in the area of the mastoid angle; - arterial grooves, sulci arteriosi", - groove of the middle meningeal artery, sulcus arteriae meningeae mediae, runs from the angulus sphenoidalis upward and posteriorly; digital depressions, impressiones digitatae\ - medullary protrusions, at the 5th cerehralia. 10 Fig. 13. Parietal bone . A - outer surface (left bone); B - inner surface (right bone). 1- margo squamosus; 2 - angulus sphenoidalis; 3 - linea temporalis inferior; 4 - mnrgo frontalis; 5 - angulus frontalis; 6 - margo sagittalis ; 7 - foramen parietale; 8 - tuber parietale; 9 - angulus occipitalis; 10 - margo occipitalis; 11 - linea temporalis superior: 12 - angulus mastoideus; 13 - sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris; 14 - sulcus sinus sigmoidei; 15 - sulcus arteriae meningeae mediae, 17

18 - dimples vp&wyn^mm, foveolaegranulates, located in the area of the sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris-, - parietal foramen, foram en parietale, located near the sagittal edge; fickle. 2. Edges of the parietal braid: - sagittal (superior) edge, margo sagittalis (superior), located above; connects to the same edge of the opposite bone; - frontal (anterior) edge, margo frontalis (anterior), connects to the scales of the frontal bone; - occipital (posterior) edge, margo occipitalis (posterior), connects to the scales of the occipital bone; - scaly (lower) edge, margo squamosus (inferior), connects to the temporal bone. 3. At the parietal kocih: - frontal angle, angulus frontalis, - anterior-superior; - occipital angle, angulus occipitalis, - posterosuperior; - wedge-shaped angle, angulus sphenoidalis, - anterior-inferior; - mastoid angle, angulus mastoideus, - postero-inferior. Orientation of the parietal cosga: - the outer surface (convex) is directed to the lateral side; - the inner surface is directed to the medial side (vogaut; arterial grooves pass through it); - the wedge-shaped angle is directed forward and downward (the most acute; on it The inner surface begins with a groove of the middle meningeal artery, which goes from bottom to top and back.) Frontal bone The frontal bone, osfrontale, is located in the front of the skull. It consists of the frontal scales, orbital and nasal parts: 1. Frontal scales, squama frontalis: 1) internal (cerebral) surface, yaciej interna (cerebralis), - concave (Fig. 14): - groove of the superior sagittal sinus, sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris, located in the midline; - frontal crest, crista frontalis, located downward from the sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris -, - blind foramen, ugate/1 caecum, located at the lower end of the crista frontalis", - arterial grooves, sutci arteriosi; - finger impressions, impressiones digitatae", 1 8

19 - cerebral BbicTynbi,7"ga cerebralia\ - dimples grl\ulyapsh,/o\eo1ae gramilares, located in the area of the sukus sinus sagittaiis superions\ 2) outer surface, yi/ciei externa, - convex: - supraorbital edge, margo supraorbitalis, separates the scales from the orbital part; - supraorbital notch (supraorbital foramen), incisura supraorbitalis (foramen supraorbitale) is located at the medial end of margo supraorbitalis; - the zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus, is a continuation of the margo supraorbitalis in the lateral direction; - temporal line, Ipea temporalis, runs up and back from the processus zygomaticus; - brow ridge, arcus superciliaris, located above the medial part of margo supraorbitalis; - frontal tubercle, tuberfrontale-, - nose bridge, glabella, located between the superciliary ridges. 2. Orbital part, p arsogy1ash, -part I: 1) cerebral surface, uyas/e5 cerebral is\ - digital impressions, impressiones digitatae; - brain protrusions, 7mga cerebralia\ \ B 15 " 9 Fig. 14. Frontal bone. A - outer surface; B - inner surface. 1- sulcus sinus sagittaiis superioris; 2 - crista frontalis; 3 - linea temporalis; 4 - fossa glandulac lacrimalis; 5 - sinus frontalis; 6 - incisura ethmoidalis; 7 - fovea irochlcaris; 8 - foramen supraorbitale; 9 - pars orbitalis; 10 - processus zygomaticus; 11 - foveolae cthmoidales; 12 - squam a frontalis; 13 - tuber frontale; glabella : 15-spina nasalis; 16-pars nasalis; arcus supcrciliaris; 18 - margo supraorbitalis. 19

20 2) orbital (lower) surface, /i with /ei orbitalis (inferior)-. - the fossa of the lacrimal gland, fossa glandulae lacrimalis, is located laterally, in the area of the zygomatic process; - trochlear fossa, fovea trochlearls, is located on the medial side; - trochlear spine, spina trochlearls, - bones! the spine within the fovea irochlearis is the site of fixation of the tendon of the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball; - ethmoidal dimples, /oveo/ae ethmoidales, are located at the medial edge of the orbital part; cover the cells of the ethmoid bone labyrinth; - anterior and posterior ethmoidal openings (notches), foramina ethmoidalla aiuerlus et posterius (Incisurae ethmoidales anterior et posterior), are located at the medial edge of the orbital part, on the medial wall of the orbit. 3. Nasal part,/jarj nasalis: - ethmoidal notch, incisura ethmoidalis, located behind the pars nasalis, between the orbital parts; - nasal spine, spina nasalis, - a protrusion downward, located in the middle of the nasal part; - the frontal sinus, sinus frontalis, is divided into two asymmetrical parts by the septum sinuum frontalium; may be multi-chamber; sometimes absent; - openings of the frontal sinus, aperturae sinuum frontalium, are located near the spina nasalis. Orientation of the frontal bone: - the outer surface is directed forward (frontal tubercles, brow ridges); - the internal surface is facing backward (sulcus of the superior sagittal sinus); - the nasal spine is directed downwards. Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone, os ethmoidale, fills the notch of the same name in the frontal bone. It consists of perforated and perpendicular plates, as well as a ethmoid labyrinth (Fig. 15). The perforated (cribriform) plate, lamina cribrosa, separates the nasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossa. On it are located: - the cock's comb, crista galli", - the wings of the cock's comb, alae cristae galli, are located in front; - the blind foramen, foramen caecum, is limited by alae cristae galli, (sometimes it lies entirely in the frontal bone); 20

21 - openings of the cribriform plate, cribrae laminae cnbrosae\ through them the olfactory nerves penetrate from the nasal cavity, pp. olfactorii. 2. Ethmoidal labyrinth, labynnthus ethmoidalis, - paired; - orbital plate, lamina orbitalis, - solid; located on the lateral side; part of the medial wall of the orbit; - cells of the ethmoid bone, cellulae ethmoidales, (anterior, middle and posterior, cellulae etmoiclales anteriores, mediai etposteriores) - these are the cavities of the ethmoid labyrinth; - ethmoidal vesicle, bulla ethmoidalis, is the largest cell of the ethmoid bone; localized in the posterior part of the labyrinth; - superior nasal concha, concha nasalis superior, - small; located on the medial surface of the labyrinth in its posterior part; - middle nasal concha, concha nasalis media, larger than the previous one; located underneath it; - the highest nasal concha, concha nasalis suprema, is located above the concha nasalis superior, unstable; - the upper nasal passage, meatus nasi medius, is located between the upper and middle nasal concha; - middle nasal passage, meatus nasi medius, located under the middle nasal concha; - uncinate process, processus uncinatus, - a growth at the posterior end of the middle turbinate; fickle; - ethmoidal funnel, infundibulum etlmoidale, opens between the processus uncinatus et bulla ethmoidalis, connects the frontal sinus and the middle nasal passage. 3. The perpendicular plate, lamina perpendicularis, is part of the bony septum of the nose; connects to the nasal bones, vomer and sphenoid bone (crista sphenoidalis), as well as to the cartilaginous septum of the nose. Orientation of the lattice kosga; - the cock's comb is directed upward and forward; - the perforated plate is directed upward; - the perpendicular plate faces down. Rice. 15. Ethmoid bone. 1 - crista galli; 2 - ala crista galli; 3 - lam ina cribrosa; 4 - cellulae ethm oidales; 5 - labyriilhus ethm oidalis; 6 - lam ina peсhendicularis; 7 - concha nasalis media; 8 - concha nasalis superior; 9 - concha nasalis suprema; 10 - lamina orbitalis. 21

22 Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone, os sphenoidale, lies in the center of the base of the skull. It consists of a body, paired small and large wings, as well as a paired pterygoid process (Fig. 16,17). 1. The body of the wedge-shaped cosga, corpus ossis sphenoidalis, is located in the middle; on the body are located: - sella turcica, sella turcica: a) pituitary fossa, / ossa hypophysialis, - this is a depression in the center of the sella turcica, which is a container for the pituitary gland; Rice. 16. Sphenoid bone. A - top view; B - rear view. 1 - a1a minor; 2 - sulcus prechiasmatis; 3 - tuberculum sellae; 4 - fossa hypophysialis; 5 - canalis opticus; 6 - fissura orbitalis superior; 7 - foramen rotundum; 8 - facies cerebralis; 9 - foramen spinosum; 10 - foramen ovale; 11 - sulcus caroticus; 12 - dorsum sellae; 13 - tuberculum clinoideum posterius; 14 - lingula sphenoidalis; 15 - tuberculum citnotdeum anterius; 16-alam ajor; 1 7 -fossa scs^hoidea; 18-lam ina lateralis; 19-lam ina medialis; 20 - rostrum sphenoidale; 21 - sophys ossis sphenoidalis; 22 - proccssus plerygoidcus; 23 - hamulus pterygoideus; 24 - fossa pterygoidea; 25 - canalis pterygoideus. 22

23 b) the back of the sella turcica, dorsum sellae, limits the pituitary fossa posteriorly; has a paired outgrowth facing upward and forward - a posterior inclined process, tuberculum dinoideum posterius\ c) the tubercle of the sella, tuberculum sellae, limits the pituitary fossa in front; - the pre-chiasm groove, sulcus prechiasmatis, is located in front of the tuberculum sellae, where the optic chiasm lies; - the carotid groove, sulcus caroticus, is located on the lateral side of the sella turcica - the internal carotid artery passes through it; - wedge-shaped uvula, lingula sphenoidalis, limits the sidcus caroticus laterally and posteriorly; - the sphenoid crest, crista sphenoidalis, is located on the anterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone; - the sphenoid conchae, conchae sphenoidales, are located on the sides of the crista sphenoidalis", - the aperture of the sphenoid sinus, apertura sinus sphenoidalis, - opens on the anterior body surfaces; - the sphenoid sinus, sinus sphenoidalis, is divided into two asymmetrical halves by the septum sinuum sphenoidalium; may be multi-chamber; - wedge-shaped carina, rostrum sphenoidale, is a continuation of crista sphenoidalis on the lower surface. 2. Lesser wing, ala minor, - paired: - optic canal, sapas optiats, located at the base of the lesser wing; - superior orbital vannb, fissura orbitalis superior, located between the small and large wings; - anterior inclined process, tuberculum dinoideum anterius, paired; facing backward, located lateral to the sidcus caroticus. 3. Large wing, ala major. On top of the greater wing 1) the brain surface,/ac/ej cerebralis, is concave; facing the cranial cavity: - finger impressions, impressiones digitatae; - cerebral projections, yi/ga cerebraliw, - round foramen,/ogatea rotundum; - oval foramen, ova/une ovale; - spinous foramen, foramen spinosum, 2) orbital surface, ac/e5 orbitalis, facing the orbit; 23

24 3) temporal surface, /a with /ej temporalis: - infratemporal crest, crista infratemporalis, located in its lower part; 4) the maxillary surface, /ac/e^maxillaris, is directed towards the tubercle of the upper jaw. The edges of the large wing - the scaly (posterior) edge, margo squamosus (posterior), connects to the scales of the temporal bone; - zygomatic (anterior) edge, margo zygomaticus (anterior), separates the temporal surface from the orbital surface; connects to the zygomatic bone; - frontal edge, margo frontalis, located above and in front; connects to the bone of the same name; - parietal edge, margo parietalis, connects to the bone of the same name. 4. Wing; 1st process, pgastclpterygoidexis, - paired; the body extends vertically downward at the base of the large wings: - the pterygoid canal, canalispterygoideus, penetrates it at the base; - medial plate, lamina medialis", -lateral plate, lamina lateralis-, - scaphoid t cl, fossa scaphoidea, - slight expansion in the upper part of the medial plate; Fig. 17. Sphenoid bone. Front view. 1 - margo parietalis; 2 - ala major; 3 - ala minor; 4 - canalis opticus; 5 - concha sphenoidalis; 6 - sinus sphenoidalis; 7 - fissura orbitalis superior; 8 - facies orbitalis; 9 - margo frontalis; 10 - margo squamosus; 11 - margo zygomaticus; 12 - facies maxillaris; 13 - incisura pterygoidca; 14 - lamina medialis; 15 - canalis pterygoideus; 16 - crista sphenoidalis; 17 - hamulus pterygoideus; 18 - lamina lateralis; 19 - foramen rotundum; 20 - crista infratemporalis; 21 - facies temporalis. 24

25 - pterygoid hook, hamuhispte)ygoicleiis, - growth in the inferior part of the medial plate; - pterygoid fossa, fossa pterygoidca, located posteriorly, between the lateral and medial plates; - winged notch, incisura pterygoldea, located below between the plates; it includes the pyramidal process of the palatine bone; - the greater palatine groove, sulcus palatiints major, runs along the anterior edge of the pterygoid process. Orientation of the sphenoid bone: - the pterygoid processes are directed downwards; - the pituitary fossa faces upward; - the aperture of the sphenoid sinus opens on the anterior surface of the body; the back of the sella turcica is turned backward; Temporal bone Temporal bone, os temporale, - steam room; located between the occipital and sphenoid bones; contains the organ of hearing and balance; The most important vessels and nerves pass through it. The temporal bone consists of the petrous, tympanic, mastoid and squamosal parts (Fig. 18,19). 1. The rocky part (tschmits.a), paraspelivsa (pyramis), has the shape of a three-fold pyramid; it has a top and a base; front, back and bottom surfaces; anterior, posterior and upper edges, Chasgi 11iram1i s 1) the apex of the pyramid, apex pyramidis, facing anteriorly and medially; in the area of the apex the following open: - the internal carotid foramen, /drame/i sagotsit internum, - the muscular-tubal canal, canalis musculotubarius", 2) the base of the pyramid, basis pyramidis, covered by the tympanic part. The surfaces of the pyramid and the formations located on them 1) the anterior surface , facies anterior, facing the middle cranial fossa: - stony-squamosal fissure, //l^ngya petrosquamosa, separates the pyramid from the scales; - trigeminal depression, impressio trigemini, located closer to the apex of the pyramid (adjacent to the trigeminal nerve ganglion); - cleft canal the greater petrosal nerve, hiatus canalis n. pelrosi majoris, is located more medially; continues into the groove of the same name (sulcus n. petrosi majoris)." 25

26 - cleft of the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris, located laterally; continues into the groove of the same name (sulcus n. pelrosi minoris); - arc-shaped prominence, eminentia arcuata, located in the middle of the front surface; corresponds to the anterior semicircular canal of the labyrinth; - the roof of the tympanic cavity, legmen lympani, is the area of the tympanum, lying behind the eminentia arcuala; 2) the posterior surface, ua/e5posterior, faces the posterior cranial fossa: - the internal auditory opening, porus acusticus internus, leads into the internal auditory canal, meatus acusticus internus (facial and precochlear nerves pass through); - subarc fossa, fossa subarcuata, located posterior to porus acusticus internus, under eminentia arcuata; - external opening of the aqueduct of the vestibule, apertura externa aqueclucius veslibuli, - a minor gap; lies laterally and below the fossa subarcuata; 3) the lower surface of the pyramid, y a c /e i inferior, faces the outer base of the skull: 12 Fig. 18. Temporal bone (right). A - outside view; B - view from the inside. 1 - squama temporalis; 2 - processus zygomaticus; 3 - fossa mandibularis; 4 - fissura tympanosquamosa; 5 - proccssus styloidcus; 6 - pars tyrapanica; 7 - porus acusticus externus; 8 - pars mastoidea; 9 - incisura mastoidea; 10 - foramen mastoideum; 11 - incisura mastoidea; 12 - porus acusticus intcmus; 13 - eminentia arcuata; 14 - legmen tympani; 15 - sulcus sinus petrosi superioris; 16 - sulcus sinus sigmoidei; 17 - apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli; 18 - fossa subarcuata; 19 - sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris; 20 - apex pyramids; 21 - impressio trigemini. 2 6

27 - jugular spine, fossajugiilaris, located in the back of the facies inferior; - external carotid foramen, foram en carolicum externum, located in front of the fossa Jugularis\ leads into the carotid canal, canalis caroticus, in which the internal carotid artery passes; - stony dimple, /b and “/i pelmsa, is a small depression located in the ridge separating the foramen carolic um exlemum from the fossa jugiilaris; - the lower opening of the tympanic tubule, apetiura inferior canaliculi tympanici, opens at the bottom of the fossula petrosa; - styloid process, processus styloideus-, - stylomastoid opening, thickened with stylomasloideum, located between the processus slyloideus and processus masloideus. The edges of the pyramid and the formations located on them 1) the anterior edge, maigo anterior, is located on the lateral side of the apex of the pyramid; the muscular-tubal canal opens underneath it; 2) the upper edge, margo superior, separates the anterior and posterior surfaces; - the groove of the superior petrosal sinus, sulcus sinus petrosisuperioris, runs along the margo superior, 3) the posterior edge, margo posterior, separates the posterior and inferior surfaces; - the groove of the inferior petrosal sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris, runs along the margo posterior; Rice. 19. Temporal bone (right). View from below. I - fissura pctrosqiiam osa; 2 - fissura pclrotympanica; 3 - canalis muciilotubarius; 4 - foramen caroticum inlernum; 5 - apex pyramids; 6 - foramen caroticum externum; 7 - sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris; 8 - fossula petrosa; 9 - apcrtura externa canaliculi cochleae; foramen canaliculi mastoidei; II - fossa jugularis; 12 - foramen stylom astoideum; 13 - sulcus arteriae occipitalis; 14 - incisura mastoidea; 15 ~ processus mastoidcus; 16 - porus acusticus exiernus; 17 -p ars tympanica; 18-processus styloidcus; 19 - fossa mandibularis; 20 - tuberculum articulare; 21 - processus zygomaticus. 2 7

28 - external opening of the cochlear canaliculus, area externa canaliciili cochleae, - a small depression in the region of the posterior end of the margo posterior. 2. The external part, pars tympaiuca, limits the external auditory canal from the outside; - external auditory opening, porus acusticus externus, leads into the external auditory canal, meatus acusticus externus, which opens into the tympanic cavity, cavitas tympanica-, - tympanomastoid manb, fissura tympanomastoidea, separates the tympanica and pars mastoidea; drum-squamous uienb,/lssura tympanosquamosa, divides rag^ tympanica and pars squamosa; part of the pars petrosa is wedged into it, so it is divided into: a) stony-scaly petrosquamosa; b) petrotympanic mcnb,/lssurapetrotympanica (the drum string, chorda tympani, emerges from it). 3. The mastoid part, mastoidea, is located behind the external auditory canal: - mastoid process, processus mastoideus; - parietal notch, incisura parietalis, located between the scales and the mastoid process; the mastoid angle of the parietal bone enters it; - mastoid notch, incisura mastoidea, limits the mastoid process on the medial side; - groove of the occipital artery, sulcus arteriae occipitalis, located between the incisura mastoidea and the medial edge of the mastoid part; - mastoid foramen,/mastoideum, located on the posterior surface of the mastoid process; fickle; - the groove of the sigmoid sinus, sulcus sinus sigmoidei, is located on the medial surface of the pars mastoidea; the mastoideum opens into it; - mastoid cells, cellulae mastoideae, - mastoid cavity; - mastoid cave, antrum mastoideum, - the largest cell; communicates with the tympanic cavity. 4. The scaly part, pars squamosa, is part of the roof of the skull: 1) cerebral (inner) surface,/ac/e5 cerebralis (interna)\ arterial grooves, sulci arteriosi", - digital impressions, impressiones digitatae\ - cerebral sulci t u p y, cerebralla\ 2) temporal (outer) surface, facies temporalis (externa): zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus", mandibular fossa, fossa mandibularis, takes part in the formation of the temporomandibular joint; 28

29 - articular tubercle, tuberculum articulare, located in front,/own mandibularis. Orientation of the temporal axis: - the apex of the pyramid is facing forward and medially; - the mastoid process is directed backward and downward; - the external auditory canal faces the lateral side; - the internal auditory canal is directed towards the medial side; - an arched eminence faces upward; - the styloid process is directed downwards. Canals of the temporal bone The facial canal, canalis facialis, begins at the bottom of the mealus acusticus IIuenms, then it goes lateral in the thickness of the pyramid (Fig. 20) to the hiatus canalis iien ipelrosi majoris, where it forms a bend at an angle of 90 degrees - the knee of the facial canal, genicuhtm canalis facialis . Next, the canal in the horizontal plane goes back and, bending around the tympanic cavity, turns vertically down, ending in the foramen stylomastoideum. The canal of the greater petrosal nerve and the canaliculus of the chorda tympani branch off from the facial canal. The canal of the greater petrosal nerve, canalis n. pelrosi majoris, begins from the canalis facialis in the region of the ge/k"sk/i/i canalis facialis, opening on the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone through the hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris. Canal of the tympanic chord, canaliculus chordae tympani, starts from the canalis facialis several foramen stylomastoideum, passes through the tympanic cavity and ends within the petrotympanic fissure, fissura petrotympanica. The tympanic canaliculus, canaliculus tympanicus, begins b/ossiilapetrosa through the apertura inferior canalicuu tympanici; passes through the tympanic Fig. 20. Kyaali temporal bone I - antrum mastoidcum; 2 - tegmcn tympnni; 3 - canalis semicircularis lateralis; 4 - canalis semicircularis anterior; 5 - hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris; 6 - hiatus canalis nervi petrosi minoris; 7 - impressio trigemini; 8 - foramen caroticum internum; 9 - foramen cnroticum extcmum; Yu -eond in canalis facialis; II - foramen stylomastoideum; 12 - cellulac mastoideae. 29

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MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE KHARKIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Department of Human Anatomy Head of the Department Professor A. A. Tereshchenko MATERIALS ON HUMAN ANATOMY for preparation

SECTION Introduction Duration of studying the section 3 hours of practical training The purpose of studying the content of the section is an introduction to anatomy, its subject and content, determining its place in the ranks of medical and biological

D.V. Bazhenov V.M. Kalinichenko ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL ANATOMY TRAINING MANUAL Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Recommended by the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "First Moscow State Medical

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SECTION Introduction to anatomy Duration of studying the section 2.5 hours of practical training The purpose of studying the content of the section is to study general anatomical terms, areas and parts of the body, general terms

V.T. Palchun DISEASES OF THE EAR, NOSE AND THROAT TEXTBOOK FOR MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 2nd edition, revised and expanded Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Recommended by the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow Medical

Topic: Skeleton Objectives: Study the sections of the skeleton and the bones that form them. Structure of the skeleton The skeleton consists of interconnected bones. It provides our body with support and shape, and also protects

220 Surgical anatomy of the head and neck Temporal fossa Boundaries zsuperior: along the superior temporal line. zinferior: zygomatic arch (symbol) zits bottom consists of the bones of the lateral surface of the skull, including

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus Educational Institution "International State Ecological University named after A.D. Sakharov" Faculty of Environmental Medicine Department of Human Biology

PRACTICAL LESSONS on the musculoskeletal system BONES OF THE TORSO Be able to show on preparations of the vertebrae the body, the vertebral arch, the superior and inferior vertebral notches, the vertebral foramen and the vertebral

Atop CHM to PDF Converter 2.1 http://www.chmconverter.com NOTE: Full version does not display this page! Skeletal anatomy. Human anatomy in diagrams and drawings. Atlas manual. N. V. Krylova, I. A. Iskrenko.

OSTEOLOGY The study of bones Musculoskeletal system Changing the position of parts of the body and moving it in space occurs with the participation of: (1) bones that act as levers; (2) skeletal muscles,

Rice. Bone development: a - cartilaginous stage; b - beginning of ossification: 1 - point of ossification in the epiphysis of the bone; 2 - bone tissue in the diaphysis; 3 - ingrowth of blood vessels into the bone; 4 - forming cavity

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CONTENTS PREFACE................................................... ....... MUSTOCULAR SYSTEM.................................... Skeleton. ........................................................ ..........

Prof. Tsekhmistrenko T.A., 2018 Andy Warhol. Scull. 1976 Vincent Van Gogh. Scull. 1887-1888 QUESTIONS FOR STUDY: The skull as part of the axial skeleton, functions of the skull. The formation and development of the skull in ontogenesis.

OSTEOLOGY Tests 1. CS. The osteon represents: A. Bone plates around the diaphysis B. Bone plates around the nutrient canal C. Bone plates around the medullary canal D. Bone plates

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Practice test on the topic “Human Skeleton”. download I. Select 1 correct answer 1. The human skeleton consists of sections: 1. skeleton of the head 2. skeleton of the torso 3. skeleton of the limbs 4. correct

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LIST OF TESTS FOR STUDENTS. SECTION “OSTEOLOGY” Indicate the main functions of the human skeleton Mineral depot Support Protective Locomotor What is the structural unit of bone? Ossein Osteon

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Topic: Structure and functions of the human skeleton. Goal: to study the structure of the human skeleton, its main sections, to consolidate knowledge about the types of tissues that make up the human skeleton; continue skills development

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS GRODNO STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF NORMAL ANATOMY HUMAN ANATOMY Methodological recommendations for practical exercises for

Name: Anatomy respiratory system and hearts.

The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 15.15 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian

The presented publication outlines issues of the anatomy of the respiratory system and heart. Issues of blood supply, innervation of the organs in question and lymphatic drainage are covered. Russian terms are duplicated into Latin and Greek.

Name: Human anatomy. Atlas for pediatricians.
Nikityuk D.B., Klochkova S.V.
The year of publishing: 2019
Size: 43.3 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Human Anatomy. Atlas for Pediatricians" is a unique publication aimed specifically at pediatric students. The atlas examines human ontogenesis in detail, in the book... Download the book for free

Name: Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
Pivchenko P.G., Trushel N.A.
The year of publishing: 2014
Size: 55.34 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system", edited by P. G. Pivchenko, et al., examines general osteology: the function and structure of bones, their development, classification, as well as age-related characteristics... Download the book for free

Name: Large Atlas of Human Anatomy
Vincent Perez
The year of publishing: 2015
Size: 25.64 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description:"The Great Atlas of Human Anatomy" by Vicente Perez presents compact illustrations of all sections on normal human anatomy. The atlas contains drawings, diagrams, photograms illuminating bone-we... Download the book for free

Name: Osteology. 5th edition.
Gaivoronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 31.85 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Presented to your attention is a textbook on anatomy "Osteology", where the issues of osteology - the initial section of human anatomy, the study of ... Download the book for free

Name: Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography.
Gaivoronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I.
The year of publishing: 2005
Size: 9.95 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook "Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography" is as always on high level examines, with the inherent accessibility of the description of the material, the main issues of myology, which reflects... Download the book for free

Name: Human anatomy.
Kravchuk S.Yu.
The year of publishing: 2007
Size: 143.36 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: Presented book "Anatomy of a Human" by Kravchuk S.Yu. kindly provided to us directly by its author to popularize and facilitate the study of basic for all medical science and one of the most ... Download the book for free

Name: Functional anatomy of the sense organs

The year of publishing: 2011
Size: 87.69 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The presented book “Functional anatomy of the sense organs”, edited by I.V. Gaivoronsky, et al., examines the anatomy of the organ of vision, balance and hearing. The features of their innervation and... Download the book for free

Name: Functional anatomy of the endocrine system
Gaivoronsky I.V., Nechiporuk G.I.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 70.88 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook “Functional anatomy of the endocrine system”, edited by I.V. Gaivoronsky, et al., examines the normal anatomy of the endocrine glands, their innervation and blood supply. Description...

Name: Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography.

The year of publishing: 2005
Size: 9.95 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian

The textbook “Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography”, as always at a high level, examines, with the inherent accessibility of the description of the material, the main issues of myology, which reflects detailed anatomical information on the structure and topography of the muscles of the trunk and limbs, and the diaphragm is separately characterized. The classification of muscles is given in accordance with topography and development. The book "Anatomy of the muscular system. Muscles, fascia and topography" will certainly be an excellent tool for studying the anatomical structure of the muscular system by medical students.

Name: Illustrated Atlas of Human Anatomy
McMillan B.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 148.57 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Practical Guide "Illustrated Atlas of Human Anatomy" edited by B. MacMillan, is a beautifully illustrated atlas of normal human anatomy. The atlas examines the structure...

St. Petersburg: Elbi, 2006. – 64 s.
ISBN: 5-93979-098-4
The textbook meets the basic requirements of the human anatomy curriculum. It briefly outlines the basic structure of the organs of the digestive system, the features of their blood supply, innervation and lymph outflow. When describing the structure of organs, along with Russian names, corresponding Latin and Greek terms are given. In connection with the introduction of the new International Anatomical Nomenclature (2003), the necessary changes and additions have been made to the manual. This manual will be useful not only for preparing for the final lesson on the anatomy of the digestive system, but also for reviewing the material covered for the exam. The manual is designed for cadets and students of medical training faculties, students of advanced training faculties, and it can also be used by clinicians of various specialties.

The ability to download this file is blocked at the request of the copyright holder.

Gaivoronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I. Anatomy of the respiratory system and heart

djvu format
size 5.86 MB
added August 28, 2011

Publisher: ELBI-SPb Year: 2010 Pages: 48 The manual was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the human anatomy curriculum for higher educational medical institutions. The publication contains basic information on the anatomy of the respiratory system and heart, briefly outlines the basic structure of these organs, the features of their blood supply, innervation and lymph drainage. Along with Russian names, the corresponding Latin and Greek terms are given...

Gaivoronsky I.V., Nichiporuk G.I. Anatomy of the muscular system

pdf format
size 9.95 MB
added December 18, 2011

ELBI-SPb (2005) 84 pages. The manual was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the human anatomy curriculum for higher educational medical institutions. It contains information on general and specific myology. The material is presented briefly, concisely, according to the answer scheme adopted at the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Military Medical Academy. The publication contains an original classification of muscles, which provides important principles for clinical anatomy - top...

djvu format
size 8.17 MB
added February 05, 2012

St. Petersburg: Elbi, 2006. – 64 s. ISBN: 5-93979-098-4 Due to the fact that the material on the anatomy of the digestive system is studied in the sections “Splanchnology” and “Angioneurology”, integration and systematization of the acquired knowledge is required. For this purpose, this training manual has been prepared. It meets the core requirements of the human anatomy curriculum. It briefly outlines the basic structure of the organs of the digestive system, the features of their blood supply...

Coursework - Anatomical characteristics of the digestive system

Course work

docx format
size 267.31 KB
added April 23, 2011

November 15, 2010

The manual describes in detail and in accessible language the entire human anatomy. GNI. Meaning nervous system. General plan of its structure. . Methods for studying the nervous system and vnd. Anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Methods for studying the cardiorespiratory system.

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