By the beginning of the 12th century, Kievan Rus was already a fairly prosperous and developed state: the national economy was rapidly developing, a clear land use system appeared, and new agricultural crops were gradually being developed. Thanks to the growth of the economy, a system of division of labor began to take shape in Rus', a more developed social structure of society appeared, the economy and social system approached the typically medieval ones.
Despite the development of the economy, a crisis was brewing in the political life of the state. First of all, this was due to the weakening of the power of Kyiv and the growing independence of individual principalities - instead of single center Local city centers began to appear, uniting around small territories at different ends of the state.
Internal politics of Rus' in the 12th century
Changes that took place in domestic policy are closely related to the role of Kyiv and the power of the Kyiv prince, which began to weaken at the beginning of the 12th century. There were several reasons for the decline of Kyiv.
Firstly, thanks to the development of new trade routes throughout Rus', the importance of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” decreased, bringing less and less profit to Kyiv. Secondly, the welfare of princes in other principalities grew steadily, which gave them independence from Kyiv and, as a consequence, the opportunity to pursue their own policies. Thirdly, Kyiv for a long time was the main target of foreign invaders - the city was constantly besieged by nomads, the situation in the region was unstable and often life-threatening. All this led to the fact that princes from other regions obeyed the will of Kyiv less and less and became independent.
Despite the deteriorating situation, Kyiv and the title of Prince of Kyiv still attracted many local princes, which became the cause of internecine conflicts. Attempts to reunite Rus' under the rule of Kyiv were made by Mstislav Vladimirovich - the son of Vladimir Monomakh - but they were not crowned with significant success. As a result of the constant shift of power to other regions of Rus', by the end of the 12th century a new political center was formed - the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and the city of Vladimir. Despite the steady growth of Vladimir's importance, until the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Kyiv still remained an important center of power, and the Kiev prince had political influence.
The internal politics of Rus' in the 12th century was characterized by brewing internecine conflicts and the struggle of princes (and principalities) for power. Politics, and later the economy, lost their centralization.
Feudalism in Rus' in the 12th century
Society in the 12th century in Rus' was divided into free people and dependents, and this was connected, first of all, with land relations. By the beginning of the 12th century, the princes, who previously owned most of the land holdings, began to transfer part of the administrative rights to their lands to the boyars and monasteries. In this way, the princes freed themselves from the need to personally collect taxes from their possessions, and the boyars and monasteries received significant territories for use.
A system of private, boyar and monastic land ownership emerged. Stable feudal relations were formed between princes, boyars and monasteries. In turn, the boyars hired peasants to work on the lands or allowed debtors to work off their debt by working on the land. Feudalism developed at a smaller level.
Foreign policy of Rus' in the 12th century
Foreign policy in the 12th century focused on two directions: the fight against nomads who constantly besieged the borders of the state, and attempts to conquer new territories. Russian princes carried out regular campaigns against nomads, and also tried to advance towards Europe.
Culture and life of Rus' in the 12th century
Traditional Russian culture is just beginning to take shape, new types of crafts are appearing, architecture and fine arts are developing. Religion has a great influence on everyday life and culture - recently adopted Christianity and not completely eradicated paganism.
Main events in Rus' in the 12th century
- 1100 - Vitichevsky Congress of Princes;
- 1103 - The first campaign against the Polovtsians, several more will be made later;
- 1110 - Creation of the "Tale of Bygone Years";
- 1111 - Victory over the Cumans at Salnitsa;
- 1113 - Vladimir Monomakh becomes Prince of Kyiv;
- 1115 - Aggravation of relations between Novgorod and Kiev;
- 1116 - New victory of the Kievites over the Polovtsians;
- 1125 - Creation of the “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh;
- 1125 - Death of Vladimir Monomakh, the Kiev throne is occupied by Mstislav, the eldest son of Vladimir Monomakh (1125 - 1132);
- 1128 - Mstislav takes away independence from the Principality of Polotsk;
- 1130 - The first princely grants given to Novgorod monasteries;
- 1131 - Beginning of successful campaigns against Lithuania (1131 - 1132);
- 1132 - Death of Mstislav. This moment is considered the beginning of the period of fragmentation and feudal wars;
- 1136 - Expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavich from Novgorod, the beginning of the era of independence of Novgorod;
- 1139 - Unrest in Kyiv, seizure of power by Vsevolod Olgovich;
- 1144 - Unification of the Galician-Volyn fiefs into a single Galician land;
- 1146 - Reign in Kyiv of Izyaslav (1146 - 1154), son of Mstislav, whom the people of Kiev invited to inherit the throne after the death of Vsevolod; the beginning of a fierce struggle between princes for the throne in Kyiv;
- 1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow;
- 1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts by the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Ugra tribute from the Novgorodians;
- 1151 - War of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Izyaslav in alliance with Hungary against Vladimir, Prince of Galicia;
- 1152 - Founding of Kostroma and Pereyaslavl Zalessky;
- 1154 - Reign of Yuri Dolgoruky in Kyiv;
- 1157 - Revolt of the Smerds in Kyiv (1157 - 1159);
- 1157 - Beginning of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157 - 1174);
- 1160 - Uprising of the Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavich;
- 1164 - Campaign of Andrei Bogolyubsky against the Volga Bulgars, Victory of Novgorod over the Swedes;
- 1167 - Mstislav Izyaslavich becomes prince in Kyiv;
- 1169 - Capture of Kyiv by Andrei Bogolyubsky;
- 1174 - Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky by boyars;
- 1176 - Beginning of the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest in Suzdal (1176 - 1212);
- 1185 - Prince Igor’s unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians, which served as the reason for writing the Word about Igor’s Campaign;
- 1197 - Roman Mstislavich unites Volhynia and Galicia under his rule.
Yaroslav the Wise tried to prevent civil strife after his death and established between his children order of succession to the Kyiv throne by seniority: from brother to brother and from uncle to eldest nephew. But this did not help to avoid a power struggle between the brothers. IN 1097 Yaroslavichs gathered in the city of Lyubich ( Lubich Congress of Princes) And prohibited princes from moving from principality to principality. Thus, the preconditions for feudal fragmentation were created. But this decision did not stop the internecine wars. Now the princes were concerned about expanding the territories of their principalities.
For a short time, the grandson of Yaroslav managed to restore peace Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125). But after his death, wars broke out with renewed vigor. Kyiv, weakened by the constant struggle with the Polovtsians and internal strife, gradually lost its leading importance. The population seeks salvation from constant plunder and moves to calmer principalities: Galicia-Volyn (Upper Dnieper) and Rostov-Suzdal (between the Volga and Oka rivers). In many ways, the princes were pushed to seize new lands by the boyars, who were interested in expanding their patrimonial lands. Due to the fact that the princes established the Kiev order of inheritance in their principalities, processes of fragmentation began in them: if at the beginning of the 12th century there were 15 principalities, then by the end of the 13th century there were already 250 principalities.
Feudal fragmentation was a natural process in the development of statehood. It was accompanied by a revival of the economy, a rise in culture and the formation of local cultural centers. At the same time, during the period of fragmentation, the awareness of national unity was not lost.
Reasons for fragmentation: 1) the absence of strong economic ties between individual principalities - each principality produced everything it needed within itself, that is, it lived on a subsistence economy; 2) the emergence and strengthening of local princely dynasties; 3) weakening of the central power of the Kyiv prince; 4) the decline of the trade route along the Dnieper “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and the strengthening of the importance of the Volga as a trade route.
Galicia-Volyn Principality located in the foothills of the Carpathians. Trade routes from Byzantium to Europe passed through the principality. In the principality, a struggle arose between the prince and the large boyars - landowners. Poland and Hungary often intervened in the struggle.
The Principality of Galicia especially strengthened under Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl (1157–1182). After his death, the Galician principality was annexed to Volyn by the prince Roman Mstislavovich (1199–1205). Roman managed to capture Kyiv, declared himself Grand Duke, and drove the Polovtsians back from the southern borders. Roman's policy was continued by his son Daniil Romanovich (1205–1264). During his time there was an invasion of the Tatar-Mongols and the prince had to recognize the power of the khan over himself. After the death of Daniel, a struggle broke out between the boyar families in the principality, as a result of which Volyn was captured by Lithuania, and Galicia by Poland.
Novgorod Principality extended throughout the Russian North from the Baltic states to the Urals. Through Novgorod there was a lively trade with Europe along the Baltic Sea. The Novgorod boyars were also drawn into this trade. After uprising of 1136 Prince Vsevolod was expelled and the Novgorodians began to invite princes to their place, that is, a feudal republic was established. Princely power was significantly limited city meeting(meeting) and Council of gentlemen. The function of the prince was reduced to organizing the defense of the city and external representation. In reality, the city was governed by the one elected at the meeting mayor and the Council of Gentlemen. The veche had the right to expel the prince from the city. Delegates from city ends took part in the meeting ( Konchan veche). All free townspeople of a given end could participate in the Konchan assembly.
The republican organization of power in Novgorod was class-based. Novgorod became the center of the fight against German and Swedish aggression.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality was located between the Volga and Oka rivers and was protected from the steppe inhabitants by forests. By attracting the population to desert lands, the princes founded new cities and prevented the formation of city self-government (veche) and large boyar land ownership. At the same time, settling on the princely lands, free community members became dependent on the landowner, that is, the development of serfdom continued and intensified.
The beginning of the local dynasty was laid by the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky (1125–1157). He founded a number of cities: Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow. But Yuri sought to get to the great reign in Kyiv. He became the real master of the principality Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (1157–1174). He founded the city Vladimir-on-Klyazma and moved the capital of the principality there from Rostov. Wanting to expand the borders of his principality, Andrei fought a lot with his neighbors. The boyars removed from power organized a conspiracy and killed Andrei Bogolyubsky. Andrei's policy was continued by his brother Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest (1176–1212) and son of Vsevolod Yuri (1218–1238). In 1221 Yuri Vsevolodovich founded Nizhny Novgorod. The development of Rus' was slow Tatar-Mongol invasion of 1237–1241.
Rus' in XII – XIIIcenturies. Political fragmentation.
IN 1132 The last powerful prince Mstislav, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, died.
This date is considered the beginning of the period of fragmentation.
Reasons for fragmentation:
1) The struggle of princes for the best reigns and territories.
2) Independence of patrimonial boyars in their lands.
3) Subsistence farming, strengthening the economic and political power of cities.
4) The decline of the Kyiv land from the raids of the steppe inhabitants.
Characteristic features of this period:
The aggravation of relations between the princes and the boyars
Princely feuds
The struggle of the princes for the “Kiev table”
The growth and strengthening of the economic and political power of cities
The rise of culture
Weakening of the country's military potential (fragmentation was the reason for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols)
Main centers of political fragmentation:
Novgorod land
Supreme power belonged to the veche, which summoned the prince.
They were elected at the meeting officials: mayor, thousand, archbishop. Novgorod feudal republic
Vladimir - Suzdal Principality
Strong princely power (Yuri Dolgoruky (1147 - the first mention of Moscow in the chronicle), Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest)
Galicia-Volyn Principality
A powerful boyars who fought for power with the princes. Famous princes: Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman Mstislavovich, Daniil Galitsky.
Before the Mongol invasion - the flowering of Russian culture
1223 g. - the first battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River.
The Russians tried to fight back together with the Polovtsians, but were defeated
1237-1238 - the campaign of Khan Batu to North-Eastern Rus' (the Ryazan principality was the first to be defeated)
1239-1240- to Southern Rus'
The reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars
- Fragmentation and strife between princes
- The superiority of the Mongols in the art of war, the presence of experienced and large army
Consequences
1) Establishment of the yoke - dependence of Rus' on the Horde (payment of tribute and the need for princes to receive a label (khan's charter, which gave the prince the right to manage his lands) Baskak - khan's governor in the Russian lands
2) Devastation of lands and cities, theft of the population into slavery - undermining the economy and culture
Invasion of German and Swedish knights to the northwestern lands - Novgorod and Pskov
Goals
*capture new territories
* conversion to Catholicism
Novgorod Prince Alexander Nevsky, at the head of the Russian troops, won victories:
Russian principalities and lands in the XII – XIII centuries
on the river Neve over the Swedish knights
1242 on Lake Peipsi over the German knights (Battle of the Ice)
1251 -1263 – reign of Prince Alexander Nevsky in Vladimir. Establishing friendly relations with the Golden Horde to prevent new invasions from the West
Work plan.
I. Introduction.
II.Russian lands and principalities in the XII-XIII centuries.
1. The causes and essence of state fragmentation. Socio-political and cultural characteristics of Russian lands during the period of fragmentation.
§ 1. The feudal fragmentation of Rus' is a natural stage in the development of Russian society and the state.
§ 2. Economic and socio-political reasons for the fragmentation of Russian lands.
The Vladimir-Suzdal principality as one of the types of feudal state formations in Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries.
§ 4 Features geographical location, natural and climatic conditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
Russian lands and principalities in the XII - first half of the XIII century.
Features of the socio-political and cultural development of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
2. The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and its consequences. Rus' and the Golden Horde.
§ 1. Originality historical development and the way of life of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
Batya's invasion and formation of the Golden Horde.
§ 3. The Mongol-Tatar yoke and its influence on ancient Russian history.
The struggle of Rus' against the aggression of the German and Swedish conquerors. Alexander Nevskiy.
§ 1. Expansion to the East of Western European countries and religious and political organizations at the beginning of the 13th century.
§ 2. Historical significance of the military victories of Prince Alexander Nevsky (Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice).
III. Conclusion
I. INTRODUCTION
XII-XIII centuries, which will be discussed in this test work, barely visible in the fog of the past.
In order to understand and understand the events of this most difficult era in the history of medieval Rus', it is necessary to get acquainted with the monuments of ancient Russian literature, study fragments of medieval chronicles and chronicles, and read the works of historians relating to this period. It is historical documents that help us see in history not a simple set of dry facts, but a complex science, the achievements of which play important role V further development society, allow us to gain a deeper understanding of the most important events in Russian history.
Consider the reasons that determined feudal fragmentation - the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation on the territory of Ancient Rus' of practically independent, independent state entities on the territory of Ancient Russia; to understand why the Tatar-Mongol yoke on Russian soil became possible, and how the dominance of the conquerors was manifested for more than two centuries in the field of economic, political and cultural life, and what consequences it had for the future historical development of Rus' - this is the main task of this work.
The 13th century, rich in tragic events, still excites and attracts the attention of historians and writers.
After all, this century is called the “dark period” of Russian history.
However, its beginning was bright and calm. The huge country, larger in size than any European state, was full of young creative force. Those who inhabited it were proud and strong people They did not yet know the oppressive weight of the foreign yoke, they did not know the humiliating inhumanity of serfdom.
The world in their eyes was simple and whole.
They did not yet know the destructive power of gunpowder. Distance was measured by the swing of arms or the flight of an arrow, and time by the change of winter and summer. The rhythm of their life was leisurely and measured.
At the beginning of the 12th century, axes were knocking all over Rus', new cities and villages were growing. Rus' was a country of craftsmen.
Here they knew how to weave the finest lace and build skyward cathedrals, forge reliable, sharp swords and paint the heavenly beauty of angels.
Rus' was a crossroads of peoples.
In the squares of Russian cities one could meet Germans and Hungarians, Poles and Czechs, Italians and Greeks, Polovtsians and Swedes... Many were surprised at how quickly the “Russians” assimilated the achievements of neighboring peoples, applied them to their needs, and enriched their own ancient and unique culture.
At the beginning of the 13th century, Rus' was one of the most prominent states in Europe. The power and wealth of the Russian princes were known throughout Europe.
But suddenly a thunderstorm approached the Russian land - a hitherto unknown terrible enemy.
The Mongol-Tatar yoke fell heavily on the shoulders of the Russian people. The exploitation of the conquered peoples by the Mongol khans was ruthless and comprehensive. Simultaneously with the invasion from the East, Rus' was faced with another terrible disaster - the expansion of the Livonian Order, its attempt to impose Catholicism on the Russian people.
In this difficult historical era, the heroism and love of freedom of our people manifested themselves with particular force, people rose to the occasion, whose names were forever preserved in the memory of posterity.
II. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPALITIES IN THE XII-XIII CENTURIES.
1. CAUSES AND ESSENCE OF STATE Fragmentation. SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIAN LANDS
PERIOD OF FRAGRANCE.
§ 1. FEUDAL Fragmentation of Rus' – A LEGAL STAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND STATE
Since the 30s of the 12th century, the process of feudal fragmentation began in Rus'.
Feudal fragmentation is an inevitable stage in the evolution of feudal society, the basis of which is the natural economy with its isolation and isolation.
The system of natural economy that had developed by this time contributed to the isolation from each other of all individual economic units (family, community, inheritance, land, principality), each of which became self-sufficient, consuming all the product it produced. There was practically no exchange of goods in this situation.
Within the framework of a single Russian state, over the course of three centuries, independent economic regions emerged, new cities grew, large patrimonial farms and the estates of many monasteries and churches arose and developed.
Feudal clans grew and united - the boyars with their vassals, the rich elite of the cities, church hierarchs. The nobility arose, the basis of whose life was service to the overlord in exchange for a land grant for the duration of this service.
The huge Kievan Rus with its superficial political cohesion, necessary, first of all, for defense against an external enemy, for organizing long-distance campaigns of conquest, now no longer met the needs of large cities with their branched feudal hierarchy, developed trade and craft layers, and the needs of patrimonial lands.
The need to unite all forces against the Polovtsian danger and the powerful will of the great princes - Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav - temporarily slowed down the inevitable process of fragmentation of Kievan Rus, but then it resumed with renewed vigor.
“The whole Russian land was in disarray,” as the chronicle says.
From the point of view of general historical development, the political fragmentation of Rus' is a natural stage on the path to the future centralization of the country, future economic and political takeoff on a new civilizational basis.
Europe also did not escape the collapse of early medieval states, fragmentation and local wars.
Then the process of formation of national states of a secular type, which still exist today, developed here. Ancient Rus', having gone through a period of collapse, could have come to a similar result. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion disrupted this natural development of political life in Rus' and threw it back.
§ 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-POLITICAL REASONS
Fragmentation of the Russian lands
We can highlight the economic and socio-political reasons for feudal fragmentation in Rus':
1.Economic reasons:
- growth and development of feudal boyar land ownership, expansion of estates by seizing the lands of community members, purchasing land, etc.
All this led to increased economic power and independence of the boyars and, ultimately, to an aggravation of contradictions between the boyars and the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The boyars were interested in such princely power that could provide them with military and legal protection, in particular in connection with the growing resistance of the townspeople, the smerds, to contribute to the seizure of their lands and increased exploitation.
— the dominance of subsistence farming and the lack of economic ties contributed to the creation of relatively small boyar worlds and the separatism of local boyar unions.
- in the 12th century, trade routes began to bypass Kyiv, “the path from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which once united the Slavic tribes around itself, gradually lost its former significance, because
European merchants, as well as Novgorodians, were increasingly attracted to Germany, Italy, and the Middle East.
2. Socio-political reasons :
- strengthening the power of individual princes;
- weakening of the influence of the Grand Duke of Kyiv;
- princely strife; they were based on the Yaroslav appanage system itself, which could no longer satisfy the expanded Rurik family.
There was no clear, precise order either in the distribution of inheritances or in their inheritance. After the death of the Grand Duke of Kyiv, the “table”, according to existing law, went not to his son, but to the eldest prince in the family. At the same time, the principle of seniority came into conflict with the principle of “fatherland”: when the prince-brothers moved from one “table” to another, some of them did not want to change their homes, while others rushed to the Kyiv “table” over the heads of their older brothers.
Thus, the continued order of inheritance of “tables” created the preconditions for internecine conflicts. In the middle of the 12th century, civil strife reached unprecedented severity, and the number of participants increased many times as a result of the fragmentation of the princely possessions.
At that time in Rus' there were 15 principalities and separate lands. In the next century, on the eve of Batu’s invasion, it was already 50.
- the growth and strengthening of cities as new political and cultural centers can also be considered the reason for the further fragmentation of Rus', although some historians, on the contrary, regard the development of cities as a consequence of this process.
- the fight against nomads also weakened the Principality of Kiev and slowed down its progress; in Novgorod and Suzdal it was much calmer.
Feudal fragmentation in Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries. Specific Rus'.
- Feudal fragmentation– political and economic decentralization. The creation on the territory of one state of independent principalities independent from each other, formally having a common ruler, a single religion - Orthodoxy, and uniform laws of “Russian Pravda”.
- The energetic and ambitious policy of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led to the growing influence of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality on the entire Russian state.
- Yuri Dolgoruky, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, received the Vladimir principality during his reign.
- 1147 Moscow first appears in chronicles. The founder is the boyar Kuchka.
- Andrei Bogolyubsky, son of Yuri Dolgoruky. 1157-1174. The capital was moved from Rostov to Vladimir, the new title of the ruler was Tsar and Grand Duke.
- The Vladimir-Suzdal principality reached its heyday under Vsevolod the Big Nest.
1176-1212. The monarchy was finally established.
Consequences of fragmentation.
Positive
— growth and strengthening of cities
— Active development of crafts
— Settlement of undeveloped lands
— Road construction
— Development of domestic trade
— The flourishing of the cultural life of the principalities
Strengthening the local government apparatus
Negative
- continuation of the process of fragmentation of lands and principalities
- internecine wars
- weak central government
- vulnerability to external enemies
Specific Rus' (XII-XIII centuries)
With the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125.
The decline of Kievan Rus began, which was accompanied by its disintegration into separate states-principalities. Even earlier, the Lyubech Congress of Princes in 1097 established: “... let everyone maintain his fatherland” - this meant that each prince became the full owner of his hereditary principality.
The collapse of the Kyiv state into small fiefdoms, according to V.O.
Klyuchevsky, was caused by the existing order of succession to the throne. The princely throne was passed not from father to son, but from the older brother to the middle and younger. This gave rise to strife within the family and a struggle over the division of estates. External factors played a certain role: raids by nomads devastated the southern Russian lands and interrupted the trade route along the Dnieper.
As a result of the decline of Kiev, the Galician-Volyn principality rose in southern and southwestern Rus', in the northeastern part of Rus' - the Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) principality, and in northwestern Rus' - the Novgorod Boyar Republic, from which in the 13th century century the Pskov land was allocated.
All these principalities, with the exception of Novgorod and Pskov, inherited the political system of Kievan Rus.
They were led by princes, supported by their squads. The Orthodox clergy had great political influence in the principalities.
Question
The main occupation of the inhabitants of the Mongolian state was nomadic cattle breeding.
The desire to expand their pastures is one of the reasons for their military campaigns. It must be said that the Mongol-Tatars conquered not only Rus', it was not the first state they took. Before this, they subordinated Central Asia, including Korea and China, to their interests. They adopted their flamethrowing weapons from China, and because of this they became even stronger. The Tatars were very good wars. They were armed to the teeth, their army was very large.
They also used psychological intimidation of enemies: soldiers marched ahead of the troops, took no prisoners, and brutally killed their opponents. Their very appearance frightened the enemy.
But let's move on to the Mongol-Tatars invasion of Rus'. The Russians first encountered the Mongols in 1223. The Polovtsy asked the Russian princes to help defeat the Mongols, they agreed and a battle took place, which is called the Battle of the Kalka River. We lost this battle for many reasons, the main one being the lack of unity between the principalities.
In 1235, in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, a decision was made on a military campaign to the West, including Rus'.
In 1237, the Mongols attacked Russian lands, and the first city captured was Ryazan. There is also a work in Russian literature “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu”, one of the heroes of this book is Evpatiy Kolovrat. In the “Tale..” it is written that after the destruction of Ryazan, this hero returned to his hometown and wanted to take revenge on the Tatars for their cruelty (the city was plundered and almost all the inhabitants were killed). He gathered a detachment from the survivors and galloped after the Mongols.
All wars were fought bravely, but Evpatiy distinguished himself with special courage and strength. He killed many Mongols, but in the end he himself was killed. The Tatars brought the body of Evpatiy Batu, talking about his unprecedented strength. Batu was amazed at the unprecedented power of Evpatiy and gave the body of the hero to his surviving fellow tribesmen, and ordered the Mongols not to touch the Ryazan people.
In general, 1237-1238 are the years of the conquest of northeastern Rus'.
After Ryazan, the Mongols took Moscow, which had resisted for a long time, and burned it. Then they took Vladimir.
After the conquest of Vladimir, the Mongols divided and began to ravage the cities of northeastern Rus'.
In 1238, a battle took place on the Sit River, the Russians lost this battle.
The Russians fought with dignity, no matter what city the Mongol attacked, the people defended their Motherland (their principality). But in most cases, the Mongols still won; only Smolensk was not taken. Kozelsk also defended for a record long time: seven weeks.
After a campaign in the northeast of Rus', the Mongols returned to their homeland to rest.
But already in 1239 they returned to Rus' again. This time their goal was the southern part of Rus'.
1239-1240 – Mongol campaign against the southern part of Rus'. First they took Pereyaslavl, then the Principality of Chernigov, and in 1240 Kyiv fell.
This was the end of the Mongol invasion. The period from 1240 to 1480 is called the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'.
What are the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the yoke?
- Firstly, this is the backwardness of Rus' from European countries.
Europe continued to develop, while Rus' had to restore everything destroyed by the Mongols.
- Second- This is the decline of the economy. A lot of people were lost. Many crafts disappeared (the Mongols took artisans into slavery).
Russian lands and principalities in the 12th – first half of the 13th centuries
Farmers also moved to more northern regions of the country, safer from the Mongols. All this delayed economic development.
- Third– slowness of cultural development of Russian lands. For some time after the invasion, no churches were built at all in Rus'.
- Fourth– cessation of contacts, including trade, with the countries of Western Europe.
Now Rus''s foreign policy was focused on Golden Horde. The Horde appointed princes, collected tribute from the Russian people, and carried out punitive campaigns when the principalities disobeyed.
- Fifth the consequence is very controversial.
Some scientists say that the invasion and the yoke preserved political fragmentation in Rus', others argue that the yoke gave impetus to the unification of Russians.
Question
Alexander was invited to reign in Novgorod, he was then 15 years old, and in 1239 he married the daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav.
With this dynastic marriage, Yaroslav sought to consolidate the union of the northwestern Russian principalities in the face of the threat hanging over them from the German and Swedish crusaders. The most dangerous situation arose at this time on the Novgorod borders. The Swedes, who had long competed with the Novgorodians for control over the lands of the Finnish tribes Em and Sum, were preparing for a new onslaught. The invasion began in July 1240. The Swedish flotilla under the command of Birger, son-in-law of the Swedish king Eric Kortavy, passed from the mouth of the Neva to the fall of the river into it.
Izhora. Here the Swedes made a stop before attacking Ladoga - the main northern fort of the Novgorod post. Meanwhile, Alexander Yaroslavich, warned by the sentinels about the appearance of the Swedish flotilla, hastily left Novgorod with his squad and a small auxiliary detachment. The prince's calculations were based on the maximum use of the surprise factor. The blow had to be struck before the Swedes, who were numerically superior Russian army, they will have time to completely disembark from the ships. On the evening of July 15, the Russians quickly attacked the Swedes’ camp, trapping them on the cape between the Neva and Izhora.
Thanks to this, they deprived the enemy of freedom of maneuver and at the cost of small losses, all 20 people. This victory secured the northwestern border of the Novgorod land for a long time and earned the 19-year-old prince the fame of a brilliant commander. In memory of the defeat of the Swedes, Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky. In 1241, he expelled the Germans from the Koporye fortress, and soon liberated Pskov. The further advance of Russian troops to the north-west, bypassing Lake Pskov, encountered fierce resistance from the Germans.
Alexander retreated to Lake Peipsi, bringing all available forces here. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242. The German battle formation had a wedge shape, traditional for the Crusaders, at the head of which were several ranks of the most experienced heavily armed knights. Knowing this feature of knightly tactics, Alexander deliberately concentrated all his forces on the flanks, in the regiments of the right and left hands. He left his own squad - the most combat-ready part of the army - in ambush in order to bring it into battle at its most critical moment.
In the center, along the very edge of the bank of the Uzmen (the channel between the Peipsi and Pskov lakes), he positioned the Novgorod infantry, which could not withstand the frontal attack of the knightly cavalry. In fact, this regiment was doomed to defeat from the very beginning. But having crushed it and thrown it to the opposite shore (towards the island of Raven Stone), the knights inevitably had to expose the weakly protected flanks of their wedge to the attack of the Russian cavalry.
Moreover, now the Russians would have the coast behind them, and the Germans would have thin spring ice. Alexander Nevsky's calculation was completely justified: when the knight's cavalry penetrated the pig regiment, it was captured in a pincer movement by the regiments of the Right and Left Hands, and a powerful attack by the princely squad completed the rout.
The knights fled in panic, and as Alexander Nevsky had hoped, the ice could not stand it, and the waters of Lake Peipsi swallowed up the remnants of the crusader army.
The world around us 4th grade
Hard times on Russian soil
1. Circle the border of Rus' at the beginning of the 13th century with a red pencil.
Mark on the map with arrows the path of Batu Khan across Rus'.
Write down the dates when Batu Khan attacked the cities.
Ryazan- end of 1237
Vladimir- in February 1238
Kyiv- in 1240
3. Read the poem by N. Konchalovskaya.
Previously, Rus' was appanage:
Each city is separate,
Avoiding all neighbors
Ruled by an appanage prince
And the princes did not live together.
They would need to live in friendship
And one big family
Defend your native land.
I'd be afraid then
The horde is attacking them!
Answer the questions:
- What does appanage prince mean?
By the middle of the 12th century, Rus' broke up into separate principalities, which were ruled by appanage princes
- How did the princes live? The princes did not live together, there were civil strife.
- Why were the Mongol-Tatars not afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes were unable to unite to repel the enemy due to the fragmentation of the Russian principalities.
Match the battle with its date.
5. Read the description of the battle on Lake Peipsi.
The Russians fought fiercely. And how can one not fight without fury when children and wives are left behind, villages and cities are left behind, the native land with the short and sonorous name of Rus' remains.
And the crusaders came like robbers.
But where there is theft, there is cowardice nearby.
Fear took over the knight dogs, they saw that the Russians were pressing them from all sides. Heavy cavalry cannot turn around in a crush and cannot escape.
And then the Russians used hooks on long poles. They hook a knight and he’s off his horse. He crashes onto the ice, but cannot get up: he is awkward and painful in his thick armor. Here his head is off.
When the massacre was in full swing, the ice suddenly crackled under the knights and cracked. The crusaders sank, their heavy armor pulled down.
The crusaders had never known such a defeat before that time.
Since then, the knights looked to the east with fear.
They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And he said this: "".
(O. Tikhomirov)
Answer the questions:
- Why did the Russians fight fiercely? They defended their native land
- Why did the Crusaders' cavalry have a hard time in battle?
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 centuries (page 1 of 6)
The horsemen of the Crusaders were heavy and clumsy.
- What did the Russians use grappling hooks for? They hooked the knights with hooks and pulled them off their horses.
- What words of Alexander Nevsky did the knights remember? Underline these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.
The social, political and cultural development of the Old Russian state took place in close interaction with the peoples of the surrounding countries. One of the first places among them was occupied by the mighty Byzantine Empire, its closest southern neighbor Eastern Slavs Russian-Byzantine relations of the 9th-11th centuries are a complex complex, including peaceful economic, political and cultural ties, and acute military clashes. On the one hand, Byzantium was a convenient source of military booty for the Slavic princes and their warriors. On the other hand, the Byzantine diplomacy sought to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Black Sea region, and then try to turn Russia into a vassal of Byzantium, especially with the help of Christianization. At the same time, there were constant economic and political contacts. Evidence of such contacts is the existence of permanent colonies of Russian merchants known to us from Oleg’s treaty with Byzantium (911) in Constantinople Trade exchange with Byzantium is reflected in a large number of Byzantine objects found on the territory of our country. After Christianization, cultural ties with Byzantium intensified
Russian squads, sailing across the Black Sea on ships, raided coastal Byzantine cities, and Oleg even managed to take the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople (in Russian - Constantinople). Igor’s campaign was less successful
In the second half of the 10th century, some Russian-Byzantine rapprochement was observed. Olga’s trip to Constantinople, where she was friendly received by the emperor, strengthened relations between the two countries. Byzantine emperors sometimes used Russian squads for wars with their neighbors
A new stage in Rus'’s relations with Byzantium and with other neighboring nations occurred during the reign of Svyatoslav, the ideal hero of Russian chivalry, Svyatoslav carried out an active foreign policy He came into conflict with the powerful Khazar Khaganate, which had once collected tribute from the territory of Southern Russia. Already under Igor, in 913, 941 and 944, Russian warriors made campaigns against the Khazars, achieving the gradual liberation of the Vyatichi from paying tribute to the Khazars. The decisive blow to the Kaganate was dealt by Svyatoslav (964- 965), defeating the main cities of the Kaganate and capturing its capital Sarkel. The defeat of the Khazar Kaganate led to the formation of Russian settlements on the Taman Peninsula Tmutarakan principality and to the liberation from the power of the Kaganate of the Volga-Kama Bulgarians, who after this formed their own state - the first state formation of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Kama region
The fall of the Khazar Kaganate and the advance of Rus' into the Black Sea 54
nomorye caused concern among Byzantium. In an effort to mutually weaken Rus' and Danube Bulgaria, against which Byzantium pursued an aggressive policy, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phocas invited Svyatoslav to make a campaign in the Balkans. Svyatoslav won a victory in Bulgaria and captured the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube. This result was unexpected for Byzantium There was a threat of unification of the eastern and southern Slavs into one state, which Byzantium would no longer be able to cope with. Svyatoslav himself said that he would like to move the capital of his land to Pereyaslavets
To weaken Russian influence in Bulgaria, Byzantium used Pechenegs This Turkic nomadic people was first mentioned in the Russian chronicle in 915. Initially, the Pechenegs roamed between the Volga and the Aral Sea, and then, under pressure from the Khazars, crossed the Volga and occupied the Northern Black Sea region. The main source of wealth of the Pecheneg tribal nobility were raids on Russia, Byzantium and other countries of That Russia, then Byzantium from time to time managed to “hire” the Pechenegs to attack the other side. So, during Svyatoslav’s stay in Bulgaria, they, apparently at the instigation of Byzantium, raided Kiev. Svyatoslav had to urgently return to defeat the Pechenegs, but soon he went to Bulgaria again , a war with Byzantium began there. The Russian squads fought fiercely and bravely, but the Byzantine forces outnumbered them too much. In 971.
a peace treaty was concluded, Svyatoslav’s squad was able to return to Russia with all their weapons, and Byzantium was satisfied only with Russia’s promise not to carry out attacks
However, on the way, on the Dnieper rapids, apparently having received a warning from Byzantium about the return of Svyatoslav, the Pechenegs attacked him. Svyatoslav died in battle, and the Pecheneg prince Kurya, according to chronicle legend, made a cup from Svyatoslav’s skull and drank from it at feasts. According to the ideas of that era , this showed, paradoxically as it may seem, respect for the memory of the fallen enemy; it was believed that the military valor of the owner of the skull would pass to the one who drinks from such a cup
A new stage of Russian-Byzantine relations occurs during the reign of Vladimir and is associated with the adoption of Christianity by Russia. Shortly before this event, the Byzantine Emperor Vasily II turned to Vladimir with a request to help the armed forces in suppressing the uprising of the commander Bardas Phocas, who captured Asia Minor, threatened the field of Constantine and claimed to the imperial throne In exchange for help, the emperor promised to marry his sister Anna to Vladimir. Vladimir's six-thousand-strong squad helped suppress the uprising, and Varda Foka himself was killed, but the emperor
was in no hurry with the promised marriage.
This marriage had important political significance. Just a few years earlier, the German Emperor Otto II had failed to marry the Byzantine princess Theophano. The Byzantine emperors occupied the highest place in the feudal hierarchy of the then Europe, and marriage to a Byzantine princess sharply raised the international prestige of the Russian state.
To achieve compliance with the terms of the treaty, Vladimir besieged the center of the Byzantine possessions in Crimea - Chersonese (Korsun) and took it. The Emperor had to fulfill his promise. Only after this did Vladimir make the final decision to be baptized, since by defeating Byzantium, he ensured that Russia did not have to follow in the footsteps of Byzantium’s policies. Rus' became on a par with the largest Christian powers of medieval Europe.
This position of Rus' was reflected in the dynastic ties of Russian princes.
Thus, Yaroslav the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf - Indigerda. Yaroslav's daughter Anna was married to the French king Henry I, another daughter Elizabeth became the wife of the Norwegian king Harald. The Hungarian queen had a third daughter, Anastasia.
The granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise - Eupraxia (Adelheid) was the wife of the German Emperor Henry IV.
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 centuries
One of Yaroslav’s sons, Vsevolod, was married to a Byzantine princess, another son, Izyaslav, was married to a Polish princess. Among Yaroslav's daughters-in-law were also the daughters of the Saxon margrave and Count of Staden.
Rus' also had lively trade relations with the German Empire.
Even on the remote periphery of the Old Russian state, on the territory of present-day Moscow, a piece dating back to the 11th century was found. a lead trade seal originating from some Rhine town.
Ancient Rus' had to wage a constant struggle with nomads. Vladimir managed to establish a defense against the Pechenegs. But nevertheless their raids continued. In 1036, taking advantage of the absence of Yaroslav, who had left for Novgorod, in Kiev, the Pechenegs laid siege to Kiev.
But Yaroslav quickly returned and inflicted a brutal defeat on the Pechenegs, from which they were never able to recover. They were forced out of the Black Sea steppes by other nomads - the Polovtsians.
Cumans(otherwise - Kipchaks or Cumans) - also a Turkic people - back in the 10th century.
lived on the territory of North-West Kazakhstan, but in the middle of the 10th century. moved to the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region and the Caucasus. After they ousted the Pechenegs, a huge territory came under their rule, which was called the Polovtsian steppe or (in Arab sources) Dasht-i-Kipchak.
It extended from the Syr Darya and Tien Shan to the Danube. The Polovtsy were first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 1054, and in 1061.
the first encounter with them occurred: 56
“The Polovtsians came first to fight on the Russian land” The second half of the 11th-12th centuries - the time of Rus'’s struggle with the Polovtsian danger
So, the Old Russian state was one of the largest European powers and was in close political, economic and cultural relations with many countries and peoples of Europe and Asia
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After the collapse of Kievan Rus, three strong principalities emerged, to which dozens of small ones gravitated. These were Novgorod(peculiarity - a boyar republic, the prince was invited, he could be kicked out, he did not perform practically any functions), Vladimir-Suzdalskoe principality (the beginning of the local dynasty was laid by Monomakh's son Yuri Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow. Dolgoruky's son Andrei Bogolyubsky first assumed the title Grand Duke Vladimir. This principality became the basis for the formation of the Russian people), Galicia-Volynskoe principality (the basis for the formation of the Ukrainian people; more details will be discussed about it later).
It was during this period that the paths of the previously united nationality diverged, and differences gradually began to appear caused by geographical, foreign and domestic political circumstances. Three future separate peoples are beginning to form - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.
The collapse of a single state into several small ones led to the strengthening of external enemies and their attempts to interfere in the affairs of Rus'. Moreover, princes and boyars in the struggle for power often resorted to the services of foreigners, that is, they themselves brought this plague to Rus'.
There were two main hostile foreign policy factors - the Mongol-Tatars and the crusaders.
Mongols - many tribes of southern Siberia and Transbaikalia - Tatars, Taichuits, Merkits, Oirats and others (in Europe they were all later called simply “Tatars”, hence the confusion that Soviet historiography tried to avoid by calling these tribes Mongol-Tatars). In 1206, after a long struggle for power, all the Mongol tribes were united under his rule by the son of one of the Taichuit leaders, Temujin, who took the title Genghis Khan.
He divided the entire population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tumens (ten thousand), mixing tribes and clans and appointing specially selected people as commanders over them. All adult and healthy men were considered warriors who ran their households in peacetime, and in war time took up arms. Such an organization provided Genghis Khan with the opportunity to create a large army and at the same time get rid of intertribal hostility. The basis of the Mongol army was mobile light cavalry. Every man from childhood prepared to become a warrior, masterfully wielding a sword, bow and spear. The child sat on the horse when he began to walk. The law contributed to the strengthening of military discipline: if in battle one of the ten runs away from the enemy, then the entire ten are executed; if a dozen run in a hundred, then the whole hundred is executed; if a hundred runs and opens a gap for the enemy, then the whole thousand are executed. The Mongol cavalry on their short, hardy horses could travel up to 80 km per day. Genghis Khan elevated the written law to a cult and was a supporter of strong law and order. He created a network of communication lines in his empire, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, and organized intelligence.
By 1211, Genghis Khan conquered Siberia, and by 1215, northern China (all of China finally submitted to the Mongols only in 1235). In 1218, the Mongols invaded Central Asia and conquered Semirechye, the most fertile region of Kazakhstan, ruled by Genghis Khan’s longtime enemy, Khan Kuchluk. In 1219-1221, the Mongols conquered the powerful state of Khorezm - the territory of modern Uzbekistan. Here the residents were treated extremely cruelly, since they killed Mongolian merchants and ambassadors, and the Mongols did not forgive this.
After this, Genghis Khan sent a strong cavalry corps under the command of Jebe and Subedei to explore the western lands. They walked along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, penetrated into Transcaucasia, defeated the Georgian army (1222), then defeated the united army of the Polovtsians, Lezgins, Circassians and Alans. The Polovtsians fled to Rus', their khan Kotyan asked his son-in-law Mstislav the Udaly not to refuse him help. A large princely congress was convened in Kyiv, after which the armed forces of the princes of Kyiv, Galicia, Chernigov, Seversk, Smolensk and Volyn came out in support of the Polovtsians. In the battle on the Kalka River, the troops of Daniil Galitsky, Mstislav the Udal and Khan Kotyan, without notifying the other princes, decided to deal with the Mongols on their own and on May 31, 1223, they were defeated while passively observing the main Russian forces led by Mstislav III, located on the opposite bank of the Kalka . However, the Mongols defeated them three days later.
After the battle on Kalka, the Mongol-Tatars went to Volga Bulgaria, but were repulsed by the Bulgarians and went to Asia.
A new stage in the conquest of the West began under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. Batu defeated Volga Bulgaria, ravaged Ryazan (1237), Moscow, Vladimir-on-Klyazma (1238). In 1239, Batu conquered Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, ravaged Kyiv (December 6, 1240), Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich (1241). Here Batu's horde split. Some went to Poland, where the Mongols defeated the Poles near Liegnitz. The other part went to Hungary. Bela IV of Hungary was completely defeated by Batu and fled. Batu. In December 1241, Khan Ogedei, Batu's uncle, died; This news, received by Batu at the height of his European successes, forced him to rush to Mongolia to take part in the election of a new khan.
During his lifetime, Genghis Khan divided the huge empire between his sons into uluses: Ogedei ulus - Mongolia and Northern China, Chagatai ulus - Central Asia, Jochi ulus - the space west of the Irtysh, Hulagu ulus - Iran and Transcaucasia. In 1243, Batu settled in the Lower Volga and proclaimed the creation of a new state - the Golden Horde, with its capital in Sarai, separating from the Jochi ulus. The borders of the Golden Horde extended from the Irtysh to the Danube, including Desht-i-Kipchak (Polovtsian steppe), Volga Bulgaria, Khorezm, the Urals, Crimea and the North Caucasus.
The basis military force The hordes were composed of Turkic-speaking Kipchaks (Polovtsians). In addition, the Mongols involved many peoples in their movement to the west - Bashkirs, Uyghurs, Buryats, Kyrgyz, Chuvash, Pechenegs, etc. From the beginning of the 14th century. The Kipchak language became the official language of the Golden Horde, and Islam was adopted as the state religion. The basis government controlled a system borrowed from China was formed - a strong centralized state. Later, this system was borrowed from the Mongols and introduced by the Moscow princes.
The Russian lands were vassals of the Golden Horde. Rus' paid tribute, Russian princes had to go to Sarai upon accession to the throne to receive a label from the Mongol khan. Stories about the horrors of the Mongol yoke either date back to the beginning of Mongol power, until the beginning of the 14th century, or are associated not so much with the Mongols as with the Russian princes, who, in the fight against each other, called upon troops of nomads to their aid, allowing them to plunder Russian lands as payment.
The Crusaders - the general name of the Catholic orders of knighthood, European knights, initially participated in the crusades of the 11th-13th centuries with the aim of reconquering the Holy Land from Muslims, and later carried out crusades in Europe - against heretics, against pagans, against the Turks. They also had something to do with Russian history.
In 1200 Bishop Albert from Bremen landed at the mouth of the Dvina and founded Riga. In 1202 he created the Catholic Order of the “Bearers of the Sword”. The distinctive sign of its members was a white robe with a red cross and a sword on it. The order was created to capture the Baltic states under the banner of its Christianization. In addition, in 1217 Danish knights landed in northern Estonia and founded Revel (Tallinn).
The tactics of the knights were the same: after the suppression of the local pagan leader, the population was forcibly converted to Christianity. A castle was built on this site, around which the arriving Germans began actively using the land. In the 20s, the knights subjugated the lands of the Latvians and Estonians, and clashes between the order and the Russians began, who, since the time of Yaroslav the Wise, had held a significant part of the Baltic states under their influence.
In 1226, the Polish prince Conrad invited knights of another order, the Teutonic, to help in the fight against the Baltic tribe of Prussians. They founded the fortresses of Thorn and Marienburg, and by 1283 they conquered all of Prussia, slaughtering the Polish population along the way.
Meanwhile, the Order of the Swordsmen suffered defeats from the Novgorodians (1234) and Lithuanians (1236). In 1237, the remnants of the Order of the Swordsmen merged with the Teutonic Order, forming its subsidiary branch - the Livonian Order. The Teutonic and Livonian orders become the main destabilizing factors in the Baltic states, seeking to subjugate, rob or exterminate the Polish, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Russian populations of the region.
In 1236 the crusaders reached the Galicia-Volyn principality, in 1240-1242 they waged a protracted war with Pskov and Novgorod, but were repulsed. The main role in the fight against the crusaders was played by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which consisted of 2/3 Russian lands, but it will also be discussed later.
With the adoption of Christianity, Ancient Rus' was introduced to book culture. The development of Russian writing gradually became the basis for the emergence of literature and was closely connected with Christianity. Despite the fact that writing was known in Russian lands earlier, it was only after the baptism of Rus' that it became widespread. It also received a basis in the form of a developed cultural tradition of Eastern Christianity. Extensive translated literature became the basis for the formation of its own tradition.
The original literature of Ancient Rus' is characterized by great ideological richness and high artistic perfection. its prominent representative was Metropolitan Hilarion, the author of the famous “”, dating back to the mid-11th century. This work clearly demonstrates the idea of the need for the unity of Rus'. Using the form of a church sermon, Hilarion created a political treatise, which reflected the pressing problems of Russian reality. Contrasting “grace” (Christianity) with “law” (Judaism), Hilarion rejects the concept of God’s chosenness inherent in Judaism and affirms the idea of transferring heavenly attention and favor from one chosen people to all humanity, the equality of all peoples.
An outstanding writer and historian was the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery Nestor. Preserved it « and the “Life of Theodosius”, valuable for the history of everyday life. “Reading” is written in a somewhat abstract style; edifying and ecclesiastical elements are strengthened in it.
An outstanding monument of ancient Russian chronicle dates back to approximately 1113 - "The Tale of Bygone Years", preserved as part of later chronicles of the XIV-XV centuries. This work is compiled on the basis of earlier chronicles - historical works dedicated to the past of the Russian land. The author of the Tale, monk Nestor, managed to vividly and imaginatively tell about the emergence of Rus' and connect its history with the history of other countries. The main attention in the “Tale” is paid to the events of political history, the actions of princes and other representatives of the nobility. The economic life and way of life of the people are described in less detail. The religious worldview of its compiler was also clearly evident in the chronicle: he sees the final cause of all events and people’s actions in the action of divine forces, “providence.” However, religious differences and references to the will of God often hide a practical approach to reality, the desire to identify real cause-and-effect relationships between events.
In turn, Theodosius, abbot of the Pechersk Monastery about whom Nestor also wrote, wrote several teachings and messages to Prince Izyaslav.
An outstanding writer was Vladimir Monomakh. His « » painted an ideal image of a prince - a just feudal ruler, touched upon pressing issues of our time: the need for strong princely power, unity in repelling the raids of nomads, etc. “Instruction” is a work of a secular nature. It is imbued with the spontaneity of human experiences, alien to abstraction and filled with real images and examples taken from life.
The question of princely power in the life of the state, its responsibilities and methods of implementation becomes one of the central ones in literature. The idea arises of the need for strong power as a condition for successfully fighting external enemies and overcoming internal contradictions. These reflections are embodied in one of the most talented works of the 12th-13th centuries, which has come down to us in two main editions, “The Lay” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik. A staunch supporter of strong princely power, Daniil writes with humor and sarcasm about the sad reality around him.
Occupies a special place in the literature of Ancient Rus' « » , dating from the end of the 12th century. It tells about the unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians in 1185 by the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich. The description of this campaign serves the author only as a reason for thinking about the fate of the Russian land. The author sees the reasons for the defeats in the fight against the nomads, the reasons for the disasters of Rus' in princely civil strife, in the selfish policies of princes thirsting for personal glory. Central to the Lay is the image of the Russian land. The author belonged to the druzhina environment. He constantly used the inherent concepts of “honor” and “glory,” but filled them with broader, patriotic content. “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” embodied the characteristic features of ancient Russian literature of that time: a living connection with historical reality, citizenship and patriotism.
Batu's invasion had a great influence on Russian culture. The first work dedicated to the invasion - « » . This word did not reach us completely. Also dedicated to Batu’s invasion « » - an integral part of a cycle of stories about the “miraculous” icon of St. Nicholas of Zaraisky.
Test “Culture of Russian lands in the 12th-13th centuries”
1.Prince Vladimir Monomakh was the author
1) “Teachings for Children” 2) “Tales of Igor’s Campaign” 3) “Odyssey” 4) “Ostromir Gospels”
2. Read an excerpt from the work of art critic L. Lyubimov and indicate which temple we are talking about.
“The carved decoration occupies more than half of the wall, winds along the columns of the arched belt, rises, filling everything, to the zakomara - the semicircular ends of the facades, and then, in the same patterned way, ascends to the drum. And everything is so harmonious, so elegantly distributed, so harmoniously coordinated, covering almost the entire building with openwork, that it seems as if we are looking at a precious palace, crafted by a skilled jeweler to order from a fabulous owner.”
1) Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir 2) Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir
3) Church of the Intercession on the Nerl 4) Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
3. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, a
1) Church of the Savior on Nereditsa 2) Church of St. George
3) St. Sophia Cathedral 4) Assumption Cathedral
4. The most common writing material in Novgorod
1) calfskin 2) birch bark 3) paper 4) boards
5. In what year did the events described in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” take place?
1) in 1113 2) in 1185 3) in 1223 4) in 1238
6. The Assumption Cathedral, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, and the Dmitrievsky Cathedral were built
1) in the Principality of Kiev 2) in Novgorod land
3) in the Galicia-Volyn principality 4) in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality
7. The work “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is dedicated to
1) the uprising of the Drevlyans against the Kyiv prince in 945.
2) the campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians in 1111.
3) the campaign of the Seversky prince against the Polovtsians in 1185.
4) the Slavic campaign against Constantinople in 944.
8. For works of art of the XIl-XIII centuries. characteristic theme
1) the unification of Rus' 2) the exaltation of the Kyiv prince
3) glorification of the independence of Russian princes 4) submission to fate
1) “Tales of Boris and Gleb” 2) “Prayers” 3) “Tales of Igor’s Campaign” 4) “Teachings”
1) Agapit 2) Vladimir Monomakh 3) Daniil Sharpener 4) unknown
10.The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl was founded in memory
1) about the deceased son of Andrei Bogolyubsky
2) in memory of the campaign against Kyiv by Andrei Bogolyubsky
3) about the murder of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky
4) about Boris and Gleb
11. Arrange the appearance of the following works in chronological order.
A) “The Tale of Igor’s Host” B) “The Tale of Law and Grace” C) “Teaching” D) “The Tale of Bygone Years”
12.Indicate the name of the icon in question . The icon of the “Tenderness” type was painted by Greek masters and brought to North-Eastern Rus' by Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1155; became the patroness of the principality.
1) Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God 2) Don Icon of the Mother of God
3) icon “Dmitry of Thessaloniki” 4) icon with the image of Boris and Gleb
13. Establish a correspondence between the names of historical figures and their activities.
ACTIVITYA) Yaroslav the Wise
B) Andrey Bogolyubsky
B) Vladimir Monomakh
D) Alexander Nevsky
1) baptized Rus'
2) wrote “Teaching” to his children
3) defeated the German knights
4) brought the icon of the Mother of God to Vladimir
5) built St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
ANSWERS TO THE TEST
1.1
2.2
3.4
4.2
5.2
6.4
7.3
8.1
9.2
10.1
11. BGVA
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” 1185
“The Word on Law and Grace” 1037-1050
"Teaching" 1117
"The Tale of Bygone Years" 1110-1112
12.1
13.A 5, B 4, C 2, D 3
References:
A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 16th century.
M, "Enlightenment", 2006
E, V. Simonova Tests on the history of Russia, M “Exam” 2013