Aadi or Sarti, is a divine patron who is one of the 40 gods of the Small Host in Heliopolis.
Acre(ancient Egyptian 'kr) - was considered the soul-manifestation (Ba) of the god Geb (Giba), the pre-dynastic deity of the earth; later - one of the gods of the underworld, one of the assistants of the god Ra in the battles with Apep. Depicted as a two-headed lion or a two-headed sphinx.
Akshut
Amana- see Amon.
Amantha(ancient Egyptian imntt) (conventional reading “Amentet”, form of the liquid form of the unit of number from the word “west”) - the goddess of the West, who met the dead in the Duat. Perhaps one of the hypostases of Hathor, with which she was later identified. Wed. Old Greek analogue - Hera, owner of the Garden of the Hesperides.
Amauna(Ancient Egyptian imwnt) - one of the four goddesses of the Hermopolitan Great Ogdoad, a pair of the god Amun. She was depicted as a woman with a snake's head.
Amente(Old Egyptian ‘imnt(i) [‘amanti] Amanti, Middle Egyptian Amanti, Late Egyptian Amente, demotic. Amente, Copt. Amenth, Phoenician, Old Greek. Auev &nq.-Tiv, lat. Amen-thes) - the god of the West, a kind of analogue of ancient Greek. Hespera. Identified with Osiris.
Amma- “The Devourer”, a monster that devours soul-hearts (Eb) according to the verdict of the afterlife court, the personification of the doom of the soul to return to the circle of bodily incarnations.
Amon, or Amun (ancient Egyptian 'imn ['aman-/amana Aman, Amanu, Aman-, middle Egyptian. Am[m]on, late Egyptian. Amun, Amen, demotic. Amen, Copt. Amoun, Amen; date. Amoun-, Ammouneis; other Greek A(j.jicov,-(ovoi;, Azzokhpg; lat. Ammon, Hammon, -onis - “invisible”).
Theban cosmogony considered Amon the only Revealed creation (Image, Appearance), who created all things, the father of fathers and the father of all gods, who raised the sky and established the earth. The gods were born from his mouth (that is, they were created by his word), people came out of the tears of his eyes. His wife Mut gave birth to his son Hansa (Old Egyptian Hansa, Middle Egyptian Hans, Late Egyptian Khons, Copt. Shons), who became the god of the Month, the full moon and the lord of time. Hansa was known as the patron saint of doctors and healing.
According to the cosmogonic myth of the Hellenistic period, at the beginning of the world there existed a great serpent named Kem-Atef, who, dying, bequeathed to his son Irta to create the Great Eight gods (the gods Amana, Kauk, Naun, Hauh and the goddesses Amauni, Kauki, Nauni and Hau-hi ). The gods had the appearance of men with the heads of frogs, and the goddesses had the appearance of women with the heads of snakes.
The gods of the Great Eight swam in the waters of the primordial Naun and set off on a journey to the lower reaches of the Nile, to the city of Hermopolis. They created an Egg from earth and water and placed it on the Primordial Hill. There, Khapri, the young sun god, hatched from the egg.
And then they sailed to Memphis and Heliopolis, where they gave birth to the gods Ptah and Atum (Atama), respectively. Having completed their great mission, the eight deities returned to Thebes and died there. The gods were buried in Deme (now Medinet Abu), in the temple of their creator Kem-Atef, and a cult of the dead was established there.
Amon was depicted in the form of a man or a ram, crowned with a crown of “atef” (two tall feathers). The receptacle of his soul was considered to be ram-headed sphinxes with lion bodies.
The sacred animals of Amun are the serpent, the white goose and the ram, whose divine symbolism is as follows.
The serpent is the image of the serpent Kem-Atef, the Constellation Draco, the North Pole of the earth and the north pole of the world, the north wind, the winter solstice and the winter season.
The White Goose, or the Great Gogotun, is the image of the Full Moon, the god Hansa, a symbol of the Great Day of Creation.
The Ram is the image of Amun himself, the Constellation Aries, a symbol of Spirit, Air, Wind, the spring equinox and fertility.
The lion body of the sphinx symbolizes the Constellation Leo Major, the summer solstice, the hot season.
The Phoenician theologian Sanhunyaton, having come across the secret writings of the Ammunaeans in Byblos in the recesses of temples, diligently began to study them himself. He thus expounded the theology of the Byblos Ammunaeans.
The beginning of everything was the Spirit (Greek Aer, i.e. spirit, gloomy air and similar to the (north) wind, or even the very breath of gloomy air; Egyptian Amon) and the muddy gloomy Infinity (Greek Chaos or Apeiron, i.e. infinity, boundless space; Egyptian. Ha-uh/Huh). They were limitless and had no end for many centuries.
The spirit did not know its creation. When the Spirit fell in love with its own principles and mixing occurred, this combination received the name Desire (Greek: Pothos). This is the beginning of the structure of all things.
From the union of the Spirit (Egyptian Shu and Aman, i.e. Amon) came Mot (Egyptian Tefnut and Mut); Some consider it silt, others - rotten watery mixture. From it came all the seeds of creation and the birth of all things. The first to shine were Mut, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon, the fixed stars and the wandering luminaries.
When the air was filled with light, then from the ignition of the sea and the earth there arose the winds of Noth, Boreas, Eurus, Zephyr, clouds, the greatest overthrows and outpourings of heavenly waters.
When all this stood out and was separated from its former places due to the heat of the sun and everything again met and collided with one another in the air, thunder and lightning occurred.
Later, certain beings who did not possess feeling also existed, from which gifted intellectuals, called the Guardians of Heaven (Zophasemin), emerged. They were egg-shaped.
As a result of the thunderclaps, the aforementioned creatures, already gifted with intelligence, awoke, frightened by the noise, and males and females began to move in the sea and on land.
They were the first to sanctify the products of the earth, began to consider them gods and worship what they themselves, their descendants and all those who came before them supported life.
This is the tradition of the worshipers of Amon (ammunaeans) of the city of Biblical Phoenicia. It was not much different from the tradition of the Egyptian Thebes or the Libyan Oasis of Amun.
The esoteric essence of the theogony and cosmogony of the Ammunaeans was well known to the Hellenic initiates.
Pherecydes and the Orphics called the serpent Kem-Atef Ophi-oneus, or Ophion (i.e., the Serpent), his offspring - Ophionides. The astral symbolism was the same: Ophi-on personified the Constellation Draco, and the Ophionids were the non-setting stars of the northern hemisphere. The creation of all things was associated with them (Ophion and Eurynome correspond to Kem-Atef and Muat, winter and the north wind Boreas).
Orphic cosmogonies operate with analogies of the Egyptian deities of the Great Ogdoad. Air (Aer, Ether) mentioned at the beginning of the world corresponds to Amon; Darkness (Erebus) - Kauku; Waters (Pontus) - Naunu; and Gaping (Chaos) Hauhu. But the Orphic doctrine did not divide them into female and male halves.
The well-known exoteric (i.e., addressed to the uninitiated) myth of the titans conveys an allegory of the ancient esoteric myth about the seven energy fields of the Sun, among which is the field of the titan Kriya (Ram).
Titan Crius represents the energy flow of the Sun during the 30 days after the vernal equinox, once anticipated by the eastern morning sunrise of the constellation Aries.
Kria's wife was Pontus' daughter Eurybia, who bore him three Titanide sons.
Titan Kriy, like Amon, was considered the ruler of three worlds - the heavenly, the manifest earthly and the otherworldly. His dominion over them was exercised through his three sons - Astray, Pallant and Persai. Crius was the grandfather of the Winds (Anemov) and Stars (Astrov), Victory (Niki), Violence (Biya), Power (Kratos) and Zeal (Zelos), as well as the mistress Hecate. After the victory of the Olympians over the Titans, the sons of Krius were replaced by the sons of Cronos - Zeus, Poseidon and Hades, respectively, and the grandchildren of Kriy went over to the side of Zeus. His energy field was occupied by Hercules, Ares and Hephaestus.
Kriy had visible images: a ram (his name means “ram”), the constellation Aries, the planet Mars, the color red, red flowers. The element of Kriya is air!
In the Orphic theogony, Amon corresponds to the northern wind Boreas in the guise of the serpent or dragon Ophion (Ophio neya), from whose courtship the foremother of all things, Eurynome, in the guise of a sea dove, laid on the waters the World Egg, from which, in turn, everything that exists in the world came - the Sun and the Moon, stars, air, waters, mountains, plants, animals and people.
Of the non-setting constellations, Amon (like the north wind Ophion) corresponds to the Dragon, coiling around the north pole of the ecliptic.
Am-Haibitu- one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of Elephantine.
Antamentes(Old Egyptian Khant-Amanti - “the first of the Western”, Middle Egyptian Khantamante, Late Egyptian Khanta-mente, demotic Hantamente) - an epithet of Anubis.
Anubis(ancient Egyptian 'inpw ['anapa] Anapa, middle Egyptian Anop, late Egyptian Anup, demotic Anup, Copt. Anoup, ancient Greek Auo'fts.chbsk;, lat. Anubis, -idis/-is) is the main god of the West, who met the souls of the dead. The patron of funeral sacraments, rituals, mummification, he, together with Thoth, weighs the soul-heart (Eb) on the Scales of Truth. Depicted as a man with the head of a jackal.
He personified the mystical horror at the meeting of a man and a jackal during the harmful attacks of jackals on the cemeteries of the ancient Egyptians. A prayer addressed to Anubis saved Sah’s body from being torn apart by wild beasts of the desert.
Together with the dog-headed Auput, he was considered the conductor of the souls of the dead into the Duat. In the night sky he had his own image in the constellation Canis Minor (Prokion) and seemed to lead Osiris (Orion). Correct identifications with characters Greek mythology- the dog Cerberus, guarding the gates of the kingdom of Hades, and Hermes Psychopomp (the guide of the souls of the dead to Hades).
Ankh ara, Ankhur- see Onuris.
Ankhati-if, Ankhatpi, or Akhtanaf/Ikhtenef(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in the city of Sais.
Apapi, or Afofis- see Apep.
Apis(ancient Egyptian hpj Hapi, middle Egyptian (H)api, (H)ap-, late Egyptian Hap-, demotic. Hap-, ancient Greek Aliz, -yu<;/-18о(;, лат. Apis,-is/-idis) — олицетворение реки Нил, ее разлива; священное животное — речной буйвол. Др.-греч. эзотерическое соответствие — Океан, его сын Инах, Апис, убитый Тельхионом и Тель-хином, Эпаф, сын Ио от Зевса.
Apep(ancient Egyptian. Apapi, middle Egyptian. Apophi, late Egyptian. Apup, demotic. Apup, ancient Greek. Aphohrts, lat. Aphophis): 1) a collective image of the enemies of the god Ra, the main opponent
The Sun, leader of the raids on the Rook of Millions of Years, personification of solar eclipses. Giant snake; 2) protector and assistant of Osiris, participating in the punishment of sinners at the Afterlife Court.
Arfi-ma-hat- one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of Lycopolis or Letopolis.
Athyris— see Hathor.
Atum, or Atom(Old Egyptian. Atama, Middle Egyptian. Atom, Late Egyptian. Atum, demotic. Atem, Copt. “Perfect”) - the first-born creator of the universe, who emerged from Naun. On the one hand, he personified the sun at sunset in the evening, and on the other, the full moon at night. He was considered the parent-creator of the morning sun Khapri and the daytime sun Ra, and through them - the god of air Shu (Shau) and the goddess Tefnut (Tfene). He headed the Great Heliopolis Ennead (Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys).
Exact ancient Greek the esoteric correspondence is the titan Hyperion, as the father of Helios, Eos, Hemera and Hespera, the grandfather of Phaethon and his sisters Heliad. In the Orphic teachings of ancient Egypt. Atum became the source of the image of Eros-Protogon (=Erikepaia).
He was depicted as a man with a white crown, a uraeus and the sign of the “breath of life” (ankh), as well as in the form of animals: a snake (uraeus), a beetle (scarab), a baboon and an ichneumon. Atum's sacred animals were the ichneumon, the black bull Mnevis and the poisonous centipede Sepa. His celestial image is the constellation Taurus and the Seven Sacred Cows (Pleiades).
Output(ancient Egyptian. Auput, middle Egyptian. Ouput, late Egyptian. Upet, demotic. Vepuat; Upuat - “opener of paths”) - the god of the other world, the guide of the deceased to the Duet, opening for him the paths to the House of Osiris. Patron of the dead, graves, funeral sacraments.
Like Anubis, he personified the mystical horror of representatives of the wolf family. His sacred animal was the wolf. It was believed that meeting a wolf in a dream or in reality foreshadows death. The howl of a wolf also enjoyed a bad mystical reputation.
The celestial image of Auput was the constellation Canis Major (without Sirius), “leading” Orion (Osiris). Auput, like Anubis, is related to ancient Greek. allegorical image of Cerberus.
Oh(ancient Egyptian ih ['ah] - “month, moon”, Ah-(masi), middle Egyptian. Ah-(masi), late Egyptian. Ah-(mose), demotic. Ah- /Eh-, ancient Greek A-(tsoots. lat. A-masis) - the deity of the Moon, the personification of the Month. Later identified with Thoth and Osiris.
Ahi((mu), Aihi, Ihi or Hay (Haya)) (conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in Kunu. He was considered the son of Horus of Baitite and the goddess Hathor. He was depicted as a boy with a “lock of youth” and a sistrum. Patron of music.
Ba(Old Egyptian b’ bi, Middle Egyptian bi, Late Egyptian b, Demot. ba, Copt, ba) - soul-manifestation, astral body of a human being.
Babai(conventional reading) - the spirit of darkness and darkness, acting among the gods of the Duat, hostile to the deceased. In unclear hints it is identified with Set or his creation. There are descriptions of him as an opponent of Set and a champion of Horus.
Bast- one of the 40 gods of the Small Host. A goddess in the form of a woman with the head of a cat or in the form of a cat. She was considered the daughter of the god Ra, his assistant in battles with Apo-po. She was close to the lioness goddesses (Sekhmet, Tefnut). Divine patroness of the city and district of Bubas-tis. Her celestial image is the planet Mercury. The earthly sacred animal is the cat. Corresponds to ancient Greek. Artemis the hunter.
Basti- one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron from Shetait (Shetit), the shrine of Resetev.
Great Gogotun- an allegorical image of the primordial creator god in the guise of a white goose (swan), who sat on the primordial hill among endless waters, built a nest in the branches of a willow and laid an egg from which the Sun hatched. A favorite ancient character in stories about the essence of the Great Day (the full moon between 31 and 61 days after the spring equinox).
Great Host of Gods- a meeting of the gods, before which the deceased pronounced the Confession of Denial of Sins. The Book of the Dead lists 12 gods of this host: Ra, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Nephthys, Isis, Hathor, Set, Horus, Hau and Sia.
Great Temple of Both Maat (Great Hall of Two Truths) - an image of a temple in another existence, in which the judgment of the soul of the deceased takes place. Ideas about it go back to descriptions of the data of “mystical experience”, which have much in common and diverge in minor details.
This Building appears to be an incredibly long rectangular nave of the Temple with massive stone walls, its vaults and apse are lost in the distance, the space of the walls is regularly divided by certain pylons, attached columns or other similar buttresses of grandiose size and height. On the cornices of these pylons there are perfect figures in which God reveals himself to the world (pyramids, cubes, balls, vessels, etc.).
A grandiose portal leads into the nave of the Temple, closed by gates made of imperishable, indestructible material. Silence, peace and cold reign under the darkened arches of the Temple. Subdued light filters in from a distant niche in the apse.
The soul (Ba) that has flown into the Temple floats freely in its immeasurable spaces, without fear of hitting the vaults, walls and floors. The winged soul enjoys the flight, its light illuminates enough space around. The soul (Ba) sits on the cornices of the pylons, examines the perfect figures, and sometimes tries to grab a few with it in order to boast of these wondrous things to family and friends.
This is remembered about the nave of the Temple of the Both Maat of the soul (Ba) of the living initiates of the first degrees. Descriptions of the judgment and weighing of the soul-heart are conveyed by great initiates.
Ware(“Great”: ancient Egyptian and middle Egyptian. Uir, late Egyptian. Uer, demotic. Ver, Copt., Phoenician, other Greek. Ar-neg-ts, lat. Har- oer-is) was once an epithet of the supreme deity of the daytime sky and light, an analogue of the Indo-European Dieus (Zeus). In the process of transforming the triple system of the supreme gods of the Indo-Europeans (Zeus-Hades-Poseidon) into the dual ancient Egyptian (Osiris-Set), this epithet was assigned to a special hypostasis of Horus-Falcon (Hara-Uir, Aroeris), which was opposed to the image of Horus the son of Isis (Arsies) or Horus, son of Osiris.
Harpocrates- see Horus.
Geb(ancient Egyptian gbb Gib(b), middle Egyptian Geb, late Egyptian Cab, demotic, Copt., Phoenician, ancient Greek Kt1f-et)?, lat. Ceph-eus) is the god of the earth, one of the Heliopolis Ennead of gods. He was usually depicted as a man with the crown of Upper Egypt or Lower Egypt on his head. Geb and the goddess Nut, children of Shu and Tefnut, were considered the parents of Osiris and Set, Hathor, Isis, Nephthys. The soul of Ba Geb was the god Khnum. Hebe was considered a good god who protects people from snakes, plants grow on him, and the Nile River flows from him. Geb's title is "prince of princes", he was considered the ruler of Egypt. Osiris was considered the heir of Geb, from whom power was transferred to the pharaohs through Horus.
Ancient Greek correspondence - the titans Kron and Rhea (Uranus and Gaia) and their great offspring: Zeus, Hades and Poseidon, Hera, Hestia and Demeter.
Gib- see Geb.
Gore(“Heavenly Height”, ancient Egyptian. Hara, Khar-, middle Egyptian. Har, late Egyptian. Choir, Khur, Kher, demotic. Chorus, Khur, Kher, ancient Greek. Ap-' copoq, lat. Nag-/Nog.) - the earthly embodiment of the divine energy of the Sun, corresponds to Zeus and his incarnations: Zagreus, Epaphus, Dionysus.
Horus, the son of Isis, Horus “in infancy” (Harpocrates) was conceived by her from the revived body of Osiris after finding his sarcophagus in Byblos. Horus was born white-skinned. Its white color symbolized Lower Egypt. He was born in the Delta and, in order to hide him from Seth, was given by his mother to be raised by the goddess Uto on the island of Khemmis.
As a teenager, he fought off the love advances of his uncle Seth, who ruled Egypt at the time. Having matured, he summoned Seth to the court of the Great Host of Gods because of his father's heritage. But, having won the trial, he was forced to resort to violence to avenge his father. Horus defeated Seth in several battles, captured and executed him, plunging him into another existence.
Gor Baitit(ancient Egyptian. Hara Bahidit, middle Egyptian. Har Bahidit, late Egyptian. Khor Ba(h)itit, other Greek. Fssr-Bon,8raiE, lat. Phar-Baithites; other Greek. analogies - Coy, Apollo). See Gor.
Dundee, or Denji - the divine patron of the city of Hermopolis.
Dasar-tap(Old Egyptian Dasar-tap, Middle Egyptian, Late Egyptian, Demot., Copt. Jesertep, Phoenician, Ancient Greek Tosor): 1) one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who was in the cave of his sanctuary; 2) one of the spirits of Osiris’s retinue; U) a huge snake, the enemy of Ra, the personification of the forces of darkness and evil.
Deans(from the Latin singular decanus, plural decani - “commander of a squad of ten warriors”) - the name of 36 Egyptian deities - “guardians of the heavens”, personifying 36 segments of the ecliptic and, accordingly, 36 constellations. The Decans arose from the World Egg of Mut and were the prototypes of earthly creatures.
Otherwise, the deans were called advisory gods. Of these, one half observed the above-ground, the other half - the underground places, making simultaneous events in the world of people and in the world of gods of other existence. Every 10 days, one of the deans was sent down by the gods as a messenger, and the other, on the contrary, was sent from people to the gods. See Amon, Mut.
Jed(Ancient Egyptian, Middle Egyptian Did, Late Egyptian, Demotic Det, Copt. Jet, Phoenician, Old Greek tseu-btus-os, Lat. Men-det-is) - a fetish of Osiris, a pillar that symbolized the wooden stand in which, according to myth, the chest with the body of Osiris was enclosed in Byblos. It was made from bundles of reeds inserted into each other (an allusion to the Field of Reeds). The four ropes, with the help of which the huge Djed was lifted and fixed, were twisted at the ends in a spiral and their directions indicated the points of sunrise and sunset.
During the Khab-Sad holiday, a ritual was performed to install the Djed in a vertical position (“raising the Djed”), which has openly phallic symbolism. The ritual act of raising Djed resembled the arousal of the phallus of the god Geb (who in Egyptian images lies under the sky goddess Nut and points his phallus upward for intercourse). Such rituals were designed to stimulate childbirth, livestock fertility and general natural fertility.
This is also where the “astral” symbolism of Djed comes from, associated either with the Milky Way or with the axis of the world (or the axis of space), designated by the Egyptians as a “star pillar” or “star tree”.
Duamutef(conventional reading) - one of the four sons of Horus, symbolizing the digestion of food in the stomachs of living beings. Therefore, his canopy was given the image of a man with the head of a falcon.
Duat or Dat, - otherness in the Egyptian understanding. The oldest description of the Duet depicts it as a starry sky, where the souls of the dead rushed to inhabit the stars. For this flight, souls needed wings (soul manifestation (Ba)) or winged carriers, which were considered to be the goddesses Nhaba (white falcon) and Neit (owl), the god Thoth (ibis), etc.
Later it was believed that the god Thoth transports the departed souls of the dead in his silver Boat (sickle of the month).
Moreover, the Duet was considered to be the eastern side of the night sky, where the “Resurrection” of the Sun (Khapri) took place every day. The western part of the sky, where the “dead” Sun (Atum) was moving away, was also called a duet.
The Duat is sometimes personified in the guise of the goddess-intercessor of the soul of a deceased king or prince. Identification with the Field of Reeds is also quite justified - after all, the abode of eternal bliss is identical to the Sun, regardless of whether it is day or night on Earth.
Dudu-(f)- one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, a divine patron who appears in (the district of) Andi / Anedti / Andeti.
It has(conventional reading) - one of the sons of Gore, who had a human appearance and was responsible for the liver of living beings.
Inaef- one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who was from Zele Obei Maat (Truths) or from Yugert.
Iremibef, or Ariemebef, - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in Tuba or Tibti.
Irti(f)-ma-das(conventional reading Irti-em-des) - the divine patron of the city of Letopol.
Isis(Old Egyptian ‘st [‘isi], Middle Egyptian Isi, Late Egyptian f’ese] Ese, demotic Ese, other Greek 1о-к;,-1О<;/-ю5,лат. Is-is, -idis) — олицетворение солнечной энергии, преломленной Луной и Землей. Исида была сестрой Осириса, в которого влюбилась еще в утробе матери Нут. Родившись, она стала его супругой и соправительницей в Египте.
After the insidious murder of her husband, Setom rejected the latter’s love advances and wandered disconsolately across countries in search of a husband. She found the sar-cophagus of Osiris in Byblos under miraculous circumstances. She returned him to the Delta and conceived the son of Horus from the body of Osiris, revived by magical spells. But Isis did not protect the body of Osiris. Set tore it into 14 pieces and scattered it throughout the Nile Valley.
Inconsolable Isis collected the body of her husband throughout the country, and having collected it, she turned it into the first mummy and buried it in Busiris or Abydos.
Isis has Aryan analogues - the Vedic sister-wife of Yama - Yami (Yamuna) and the Avestan Iimak, the wife and sister of Iima-Khshaeta. In the Greek esoteric tradition, the exact analogy of Isis is Hera, the twin sister and wife of Zeus.
In the heavens, the image of Isis was the constellation Canis Major (Sirius).
Ka(Old Egyptian k' ku, Middle Egyptian ku, Late Egyptian ka, Demot. ka, Copt., Phoenician, Old Greek si-7″0-iatos, iro-KE -pwoq, lat. ae-gy-ptus, my-ce-rinus) - soul DOUBLE.
Kanamti, or Kenemte, - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared from Kanamta in the darkness.
Canon(ancient Greek) - the name of the helmsman Menelaus, who died in Egypt. He became the helmsman of the boat of Osiris (the constellation Argo) and gave the name to the brightest star.
Kararti or Kerti, is the divine patron of the West from among the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Kauk(ancient Egyptian, middle Egyptian, late Egyptian, demotic, Copt.) personification of darkness, gloom - Erebus.
Cauca(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian, Late Egyptian, Demotic, Copt.) personification of the Great Night, Orphic Nyx.
Kem Atef(conventional reading, ancient Greek Knef) - a giant serpent, the embodiment of the north wind, the god Amon. Corresponds to ancient Greek. Boreas or Ophion.
Knef- see Kem-Atef.
Maat(ancient Egyptian m’t Mya, middle Egyptian Mua, late Egyptian [te’] Me, demotic Me) - goddess of world order and legality, analogue of ancient Greek. Themis Titanides.
The Book of the Dead mentions not only the goddess of Truth herself, but also “Obe Maat” (Temple of the Two Truths). During the post-mortem judgment, two truths are declared before the gods: one by the soul (Ba) in its confession of denial of sins, and the other when the soul is weighed (Eb) on the Scales of Truth.
Small Host of Gods- the collective name of the community of gods of judgment over the soul of the deceased. The Small Host consisted of two (Ru(ru)ti = Shu and Tefnut) and forty gods, mainly the patrons of the 40 Egyptian districts and their sacred centers. In surviving monuments, these 42 gods are referred to allegorically, designated not by their real names, but by various epithets. Sometimes it is difficult to decide whether we are talking about the well-known main deity of the city, or about an unknown deified ancestor, leader, ruler, saint.
The Small Host of Gods became the prototype of Christian saints, intercessors of the souls of those who died at the Last Judgment.
Merit- here: perhaps the goddess of music, the patroness of solemn chants to the gods.
Meskhent- goddess of childbirth and good fortune, close to Shai. Like all childbirth deities, she was associated with the resurrection of the dead. Sometimes it served as a personification of a maternity chair made of bricks. Depicted as a brick with a woman's head. The center of the cult is Abydos, where the four hypostases of Meschent are attested.
Min(ancient Egyptian Mina, middle Egyptian Ming, late Egyptian, demotic Men, Copt., Phoenician, ancient Greek M-u-Kepivog, lat. My-cerinus) - corresponds to Perseus, son of Danai. He often appeared in the sanctuary of Khemmis, where his sandal, 2 cubits in size, was also found. Every time Perseus's sandal appeared, prosperity came throughout Egypt. In honor of God, the Egyptians organized all kinds of hymn competitions, awarding cattle, animal skins and cloaks as rewards to the winners. \parOpinion (ancient Egyptian mn'wi, middle Egyptian Mnaui, late Egyptian Mnevi, demotic Mnwe, ancient Greek, middle Egyptian, late Egyptian Mut, demotic Mut, Copt, mout, date, mwt, ancient Greek (dhgoE, lat. Muth) - the great mother of the gods was depicted as a woman with a vulture crest on her headdress. She personified some liquid primary matter (water turbidity, Nile silt) , from which living creatures arose. She was the mother, and Amun the spirit was the father.
At first, Mut was lifeless darkness, haze, chaos, water, which was ignited by passion for the spirit (Aman) and from it produced Aeons. The bodies of people come from silt, and their souls come from the four elements. From Mut came the seed of every creature and the birth of all living things.
She took on the appearance of an egg. And the Sun, Moon, stars and great luminaries shone. There were also some animals that did not have feelings; from them came intelligent animals, and they were called “Guardians of the Sky.” They are known as the 36 Decans of the ecliptic.
The lunar god Hansa-Shons was also considered the son of Mut and Amun.
In the ancient Greek exoteric theogony, the analogue of Mut is the daughter of Pontus Eurybia, the wife of the titan Kria, the mother of Perseus, Pallanta and Astraus, the grandmother of the winds and constellations, Hecate, Zelos, Biya, Kratos and Nike. In the Orphic theogony, Mut is called Eurynome, from whose union with the north wind Boreas, in the guise of the serpent Ophion, everything in the world was born.
Nabi or Nebi(conventional reading) - divine patron from among the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Outside(ancient Egyptian nwnt Nauna, middle Egyptian Nauna, late Egyptian Naune, demotic Navne) - the goddess of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad, the female couple Nuna.
Nak- divine serpent.
Naha-hara(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of the Memphis necropolis of Resetev.
Naha-hoo(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of the Memphis necropolis of Resetev (possibly identical to Naha-hara).
I'll give a damn(Nahm), or Nekhen (conventional reading), is one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who is from Hakad or Hekhadi.
Nefertum(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in Memphis. Son of Ptah and Sekh-met, personification of the lotus and the birth of the Sun.
Nephthys(ancient Egyptian nbt-h’- Nibt-ho, late Egyptian Nebt-hu, de-mot. Nebthu, ancient Greek Necp &ug, lat. Nephthys) - literally “mistress of the house.” In Egyptian mythology, the youngest of the children of Hebe and Nut, the sister of Isis, Osiris and Set, corresponds to the ancient Greek. Demeter. She was depicted as a woman with a hieroglyph of her name on her head. She was considered the wife of Set, but, judging by the texts, she had very little connection with him. Its essence is almost not revealed in Egyptian religious literature. Nephthys acts together with her sister Isis in the mysteries of Osiris in all funeral magical rites. She, along with Isis, mourns Osiris, participates in the search for his body, guards the mummy, standing at the head of his bed. Both sisters meet the deceased near the eastern sky. According to the Pyramid Texts, Nephthys sails in the night barge (Isis in the daytime). Nephthys and Isis are identified with falcon faces, which is why they are often depicted as winged women. The lack of an independent role for Nephthys gives the impression of an artificially invented goddess serving as a mate for Set. Plutarch identifies Nephthys with the infertile lands (Isis personified the fertile lands).
Nehehau, Naha-hu(conventional reading) - the divine patron of the Memphis necropolis.
Nib-ar-tasr- “Lord Lightbringer”, an epithet of the god Ra.
Nib-aui, or Nib-abui(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in the city of Lycopolis (Siut).
Nib-mua, or Neb-me(Middle and Middle Egyptian “Lord of Truth”), divine patron from the Great Temple of Both Truths, one of the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Nibharu or Nebhur(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in Nedefet.
Well- deity of Heaven (masculine form of the goddess Nut). Often mentioned in the Book of the Dead.
Nun(ancient Egyptian nwn Naun, middle Egyptian Noun, late Egyptian Nun, date, nun, ancient Greek vo) - the god Nun and the goddess Naunet personification of Chaos as the element of water. They are the patrons of the Nile flood, as well as the winter solstice and rainy season in the Delta. Nun and Naunet (the personification of the sky along which the sun floats at night) are the first of the gods of the Hermopolis Ogdoad. From them came Atum, its head. Nun was considered the father of Hapi, Khnum and Khepri. In Memphis he was identified with Ptah, and in Thebes with Amun.
Chickpeas(ancient Egyptian Nwt Ni, middle Egyptian Ni, late Egyptian [pe] Ne, demotic Ne) - Goddess of the Sky, part of the Heliopolis Ennead, daughter of Shu and Tefnut, wife and sister at the same time Hebe. Children Nut - Sun-Pa and stars. Every day Nut swallows his children to give birth to them again. Geb quarreled with his wife, who was devouring children, and Shu separated them. So Nut ended up in heaven, and Geb remained on earth. In Heliopolis, the children of Nut were also considered Osiris, Set, Isis and Nephthys. The epithets of Nut are “huge mother of stars” and “giver of gods.”
One thousand souls are identified in Nut. She raises the dead to heaven and guards them in the tomb.
Nhab-Kau, or Nekhebkau(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared from a cave in the city of Heracleopolis; god-serpent fighter, assistant to Ra-Atum in the fight against the rebels. One of the Guardians of the Entrance to the Duat, Ra's companion on his night voyage.
Nhab-Nafra, or Nekheb-Nefert(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared from a cave or lake Nafra (Nefert).
Onuris(ancient Egyptian, middle Egyptian Anhara, late Egyptian Anhur, demotic Onhur, Copt., Phoenician, ancient Greek Ovovpic, lat. Onuris) - was the god of the hunt, but was also revered and as the god of war. He helps Ra in the fight against Apep, and Goruv in the fight against Set. Onuris corresponds to the ancient Greek Iapetus - the father of the Titanides Atlas, Menoites, Prometheus and Epimetheus. In Greece he was also identified with Ares.
Onuphry(Un-nafri) - “constantly abiding in goodness” - the most common epiet of Osiris.
Osiris(Old Egyptian wsir, Middle Egyptian Usiri, Late Egyptian Usire, demotic [‘esire] Esire, Phoenician Ekprts, Tsprts, Oilrts, other Greek Osyarts, -1O<;/-15о(;, лат. Osiris,-is/-idis) — верховный потусторонний бог, владыка небытия, аналог греч. Аида или скорее Хтонического Зевса. Осирис — тот верховный судия, который является отлетевшей душе в мире ином. Этот бог не имеет никакой связи с растительностью или с древним обычаем ритуального убийства племенного вождя, связи, которую безрезультатно ищут непосвященные.
Osiris personifies the universal energetic basis of the world. In the revealed world, he is represented by what was in the past (“he is Yesterday”), and by his son Horus (“who is Today”). In the world of other existence, Osiris appears to souls (Ba and Eb) in human form in dreams and during the posthumous judgment over them. Osiris is the supreme judge and supreme ruler in other existence, whose powerful voice is listened to by the gods, spirits (Ah), souls (Eb and Ba). In the manifest world, Osiris is the ruler of souls (Ka and Sah), through which he incarnates in tangible forms.
The bull Apis was considered the embodiment of the soul (Ba) of Osiris on earth, in the heavens of the constellations Taurus and Orion.
Osiris was conceived by the goddess Nut from Ra and fell in love with his sister Isis while still in the womb. He was born on the first “inserted” day (see Thoth). Osiris was depicted as “black”, as the color black symbolized the fertile muddy soil of the Nile Valley.
They said that, having reigned, Osiris immediately turned the Egyptians away from their meager and bestial lifestyle, showed them the fruits of the earth and taught them to honor the gods. Then he wandered, subjugating the entire earth and not needing weapons at all for this. For he won over most people to his side, charming them with persuasive words, combined with singing and all kinds of music. Therefore, the Hellenes identified him with Dionysus.
Osiris was cunningly imprisoned in a sarcophagus by his brother Set and 72 conspirators on the 17th day of the month Athyri (November 13, Gregorian style), when the Sun crossed the constellation Scorpio, in the 28th year of Osiris' reign on Earth.
The sarcophagus was thrown into the sea near the city of Tanis, and was found by Isis in the city of Byblos. Having placed the sarcophagus of Osiris far from the roads, in the Busirite district, Isis went to her son
Mountain in Buto. Set came across a sarcophagus, opened it, tore Osiris into 14 pieces and scattered them throughout the Nile Valley. Therefore, many tombs of Osiris were called in Egypt.
For the death of his father and the seizure of the throne, Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, took revenge on the treacherous Seth. He became the successor of his father and uncle on the Egyptian throne.
In Aryan traditions, Osiris was identified with the divine Iima (Avestan Iima-Khshaeta) or the Indian Yama (Vedic Iama). In the Greek tradition, the direct analogues of the divine pair Osiris - Isis were brother and sister - the twins Zeus and Hera.
Ptah(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian. Ptah, Late Egyptian. Pteh, Demot. Pte(x), Copt., Old-Grey. Ag-uo-yat-od, FOss, Lat. Phtha) - Memphis primordial creator god, corresponds to Atum. Together with his wife Sekhmet and son Nefertum, he formed the Memphis Triad of gods. The sacred bull Apis was considered the living embodiment of the soul (Ka) of Ptah. The Hellenes identified Ptah with Hephaestus, and his son I-ma-hatap (Imhotep), an architect and anatomist, with Asclepius.
Ra(ancient Egyptian. R', middle Egyptian. Ra, late Egyptian. R'a (Re), demotic. Re, Copt. Rts, Re, ancient Greek. Ra-tseesch;, lat. R(h)a-mses) - “Sun”, the golden calf, which is born by the heavenly cow, the father and ruler of the gods; his wife is Riai. He personifies the midday sun, his morning hypostasis is Khapri, his evening hypostasis is Atum. The sacred animal is a falcon, a hawk, and in Khapri it is a scarab (dung beetle). The personification of solar energy and solar radiation during the day. Images in the form of a man with the head of a falcon, instead of a crown, he had the Eye of Uto with Ure-em (Solar disk with a snake).
Esoterically corresponds to the Greek titan Hyperion, the father of Helios, Eos, Gomera and Hesper, Selene, Phaethon and his sisters (Hesperides-Heliad).
Rin(ancient Egyptian t [pp], middle Egyptian Rin, late Egyptian, demotic, Copt. Ren, ancient Greek Pqv - “true name”) - one of the soul-essences of the deity , person, animal or any thing. It was believed that there was an inextricable sacred connection between Rin and its bearer. By influencing a name in magical ways, you can also influence its bearer.
Ru(ru)ti (“both Rugs from heaven”)(conventional reading) - the divine duo of Shu and Tefnut as deities of the Small Host (2 and 40). They were considered the progenitors of all things and the parents of the gods. That is why they were placed at the head of the Small Host of Gods.
Rugi ("one Rugi")- epithet of the primordial god Atum.
Raver(Old Egyptian. Ria-uir, Middle Egyptian. Ria-vir, Late Egyptian. Ra-uer, Dem. Re-wer) - “Great” is an epithet of the god Ra.
Saah- deity.
Sabau (Sebau)- a monster snake, enemy and adversary of the god Ra during the latter’s night journey in the Boat of Millions of Years.
Sad-kasu, or Sed-kesu(conventional reading) - the divine patron of Heracleopolis from among the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Sarthiu, or Aadi(conventional reading) - the divine patron of Heliopolis from among the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Sarharu or Serkhur(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in the city of Unsi (t).
Sakha- divine snake.
Satis- one of the goddesses of the Duat, who washed the body of the deceased king from four vessels. Symbolized water and the flood of the Nile. How the Eye of Ra symbolized the bright star Fomalhaut. Patroness of hunting. Sacred animal antelope.
Sah(Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian, Sakh, Late Egyptian, Demotic, Sakh) - the human body as one of its five named entities.
Sakhriu, or Sakhri, - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who came from Utan (Untha).
Set(ancient Egyptian swthi, middle Egyptian Suth, late Egyptian Seth, demotic Seth(x), ancient Greek Zt]9, lat. Seth) - brother of Osiris, Isis and Nephthys, personifying the elemental forces of earthly nature. Corresponds to Poseidon and Typhon in Greek mythology.
The constellation of Set was considered to be the Big Dipper, or rather the Dragon, in the tail of which the North Star was once located (as a result of precession).
Seth was born on the “unlucky” third day from among the “insert” ones (see Thoth). Seth was red-skinned and had red hair. The red color of Set symbolized the “red land,” i.e., the Arabian Desert and the Red Sea. He sought by force the love of Nephthys. Out of envy and hatred of his brother, he committed terrible deeds. He destroyed Osiris and made shameful amorous advances towards young Horus. He brought everything in the world into disorder, filling the earth and sea with evil. Then he was punished. Animals of Seth: crocodile, hippopotamus, boar and donkey.
Sekhmet(ancient Egyptian shmt Sakhma, or Sakhmi, middle Egyptian Sakhma, late Egyptian Sakhme, demotic Sekhme) - “Mighty” goddess of the Memphis Triad, possessing divine creative energy. Patroness of kings, military campaigns and battles, and healers. As the Eye of Ra personified the star Regulus, hence its lion-like appearance.
Smythe Fiends- retinue of the god Set.
Sokar, or Sokaris(ancient Egyptian sqr - “performing a sacrificial slaughter”, Sakar, middle Egyptian Sokar, ancient Greek, lat. Socaris), patron god of the dead and the necropolis of Memphis, one of the gods of the Duet. He was a hypostasis of Ptah (Pta-Sokar in the form of a mummified falcon or a mummy with the head of a falcon) and Osiris (Sokar-Osiris in the form of a mummified falcon in the white crown of Osiris). Sokar personified the souls of Sah and Ba of Osiris and also the soul of Ba of the god Geb.
Soti(s)(ancient Egyptian spelt Sapdi, middle Egyptian Sop-di, late Egyptian Soti, ancient Greek Esovt., Eyuvts.-eooo, lat. Sothis, -is) goddess who personified the brightest star , the eastern morning sunrise of which preceded the flood of the Nile. This star was once Sirius. In the Du-at myths, Sothis washes the body (Sah) with water at the entrance to the Duat from four vases and is identified with the Elephantine goddess Satis. Sothis was considered the constellation of Isis.
Dry, or Dry(ancient Egyptian sbk Sabk, middle Egyptian Sobk, late Egyptian Su(b)k, demotic Suk (Sukh), ancient Greek Zovxoc, lat. Suchus) son of the goddess Neit, giver waters and floods of the Nile. Sometimes portrayed as an evil spirit of darkness in the Duet, an enemy of the god Ra, attacking the Rook of Millions of Years. His sacred animal was the crocodile.
According to the myth, Horus, having cut the body of the defeated Set into pieces, then collected them in the guise of the crocodile Sukhos.
Tamsanu or Temsen(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in the city of Busiris.
Tanmiu, or Tenmi(conventional reading) - the divine patron of the city of Bubastis from the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Ta-radiu, or Ta-red(conventional reading) - a divine patron, emerging from the night at dawn, one of the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Tatau(ancient Egyptian ttw Tatau) (conventional reading) - leaders, leaders; a collective name for several groups of the most important gods. Tatau chiefs:
1) in the city of Heliopolis - Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Osiris, Thoth, in the Sekhmet quarter - Thoth and Horus;
2) in the city of Busiris - Osiris, Isis, Horus and Nephthys;
3) in the city of Buto - Horus, Isis, Has, Hapi;
4) in Ta-ui-Rahti Isis, Horus, Anubis, Thoth and Kesta (Has?);
5) in the city of Abydos - Osiris, Isis, Aupu(a)t;
6) in Neru-tef - Ra, Shu, Osiris, Babai;
7) in Resetev - Horus, Osiris, Isis.
Tefnut(ancient Egyptian tfnt, middle Egyptian Tfini, late Egyptian Tfene, demotic Tfene, Copt. Tqmvri, ancient Greek, lat. Eurynoma) goddess of moisture, part of the Heliopolitan Ennead. Tefnut is the twin sister and wife of the god Shu, the creation of Atum. Sometimes she was called the daughter of Ra, his Eye, they said about her: “the daughter of Ra is on his forehead.” When Ra rises above the horizon in the morning, Tefnut shines on his forehead and burns his enemies with her gaze. Her earthly incarnation is a lioness.
Thoth or Thout(ancient Egyptian dhwtj Dahauti, late Egyptian Thovt, Phoenician Tahaut, ancient Greek Votov, ToouToq, lat. Taautes) - god of the full moon, guide and protector of the souls of the dead, weighing their word on the scales; judge; patron of doctors and medicine. The sacred bird of Toga is the ibis.
Represents the solar energy of two weeks (31-45 days) after the spring equinox and the full moon in the second month after the equinox.
Depicted in the guise of an ibis and a dog-headed baboon monkey.
According to the theogonic myth, when Ra learned that Nut had secretly married Geb, he cursed her, saying that she would not give birth in any month or year. But Thoth, secretly in love with the goddess Nut, himself became friends with her.
Then, playing checkers with the moon god Akh, Thoth played one seventeenth of each of the lunar cycles, added up five full days from these parts and added them to three hundred and sixty. The Egyptians called these extra days “inserted” and “birthdays of the gods.”
On the first of the “inserted” days Osiris was born, and at the moment of his birth a prophetic voice said: “The Lord of all things has come into the world.”
On the second day Arueris (Horus the Great) was born, whom some called “the elder Horus.”
On the third day Seth was born, but not on time or in the right way. He jumped out of his mother's side, punching through it.
On the fourth day, Isis was born in the moisture.
On the fifth, Nephthys was born, who is called the End, Victory or Aphrodite. In essence, she is Demeter.
Tradition said that Osiris and Arueris came from Ra, Isis from Thoth, and Set and Nephthys from Geb.
They also said that Isis and Osiris, having fallen in love with each other, united in the darkness of the womb even before birth. Nephthys later succumbed to Seth's persecution and became his wife.
In general, the Egyptian kings considered the third of the “inserted” days to be unlucky; they did not engage in public affairs during this time and did not take care of themselves until nightfall.
Uam(an)ti ( Uammati or Uam-muati) (conventional reading) is a deity from the Small Host, appearing from the torture chamber or from the judgment seat (Habit?).
Udi-Nasart, or Udi-Nesser(conventional reading) - the divine patron of Memphis from among the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Udi-Rhit, or Udi-Rekhit(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appeared in the courtyard of Sais.
Unam-basku, or Unem-beseku(conventional reading) - the divine patron in the courtyard of thirty (?) from Ma-bit, one of the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Unam-san-f(Unam-snaf or Unem-senf) (conventional reading) - the divine patron at the sacrificial altar, one of the 40 gods of the Small Host.
Usakh-Nimmit, or Usekh-Nemtut(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of the Heliopolis district.
Uto(ancient Egyptian 'wdw ['udu] Udu, middle Egyptian. Udo, late Egyptian, demotic. Uto, Eto, Copt. Ejo (“Green”), ancient Greek. V-oshso , Latin B-uto) - a goddess in the guise of a snake, the patroness of the Nile floods and all kinds of floods in general, the sea waters of the Mediterranean and plant greenery. One of the two patronesses of a united Egypt and a sovereign king (together with Nhaba-Kor-shun).
She was depicted as a cobra or a kite with a snake's head, sometimes as a woman with the head of a lioness. The Solar Eye of Uto had Uraeus as its symbol. Her sacred animal is the ichneumon (mongoose). Her image in the heavens is the brightest star Canopus.
According to myth, when Leto, who belonged to the Host of Eight Ancient Deities, lived in Buto, Isis gave her the newborn Apollo into her care. Leto saved Apollo and saved him on the so-called floating island of Khemmis, when Typhon, who was prowling throughout the earth, came to capture the son of Osiris.
This Leto was also considered the nurse of Apollo and Artemis. The Egyptians called Apollo Orom, Leto and Demeter - Isis, Artemis - Bastis, Asteria, and not Leto - Uto, Typhon - Seth. Wed. Greek myths about Asteria and Leto and the birth of Apollo and Artemis on the floating island of Ortygia.
In ancient Greek exoteric mythology, Uto has an analogue to one of the two daughters of Phoibe and Coy - Leto and Asteria, as well as one of the two Gorgons, the granddaughters of Pontus. In addition, Uto has some signs of Themis (flood and deluge, green color, constellations Leo Major and Aquarius). And in Orphic cosmogony
Uto corresponds to Eurynome. In the Hellenistic era, she was identified with Aphrodite Urania.
Fundy (Dundee) (conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of the Hare District (the city of Hermopolis).
Phoenix(ancient Egyptian bnw; conventional reading. Benu, ancient Greek Thomas); - IKOO, lat. Phoenix, -icis) is a mythical divine bird in the Heliopolitan cosmogony, the embodiment of the primordial god Atum. At dusk, the Phoenix sat on the Ben-Ben hill in the middle of the waters of Naun and made a nest in the branches of a willow tree, where it laid the World Egg. In the morning, the god of the rising sun, Khapri, hatched from the egg.
The Phoenix was considered the soul (Ba) of the god Ra and the soul (Ba) of the god Osiris; depicted as a heron or peacock. The Phoenix, a kind of Firebird, was considered a symbol of eternal life and Resurrection.
He was especially revered in Heliopolis, where his fetishes were worshiped - the Ben-Ben stone and the Ished (willow) tree. The Phoenix holiday - Palm Sunday and Great Day - with its ritual bread, willow branches and a painted egg is known to most Indo-European peoples and has nothing to do with the Jewish Passover, as well as the Christian Easter.
Khadi-Ibhu, or Hedi-Ibehu(conventional reading) - the divine patron of Fayum from the 40 gods of the Small Host, who came from the “land of the Lake”.
Hamamat- spirits of the kingdom of Osiris.
Hamiu, or Hemi(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appears either in Tui or in Kaui (Akhaui).
Hantamente- see Antamentes.
Hapi(ancient Egyptian hpi.: 1) one of the four children of Horus, depicted on the lid of the canon with the lungs of the deceased. One of the 40 gods of the Small Host; 2) see Apis.
Hapt-hat, or Hapat-sadi(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron of the district of Khar-Akha.
Harmachis(Ancient Egyptian Hara-ma-hiti - “Horus of both horizons, Horus in the sky”) - the hypostasis of Horus in the form of a lion with the head of a falcon or a lion with the head of a man. The famous Great Sphinx in the Harmachis pyramid complex.
Har-fa-ha-ef, or Hor-ef-ha-f(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, the divine patron “from the cave” (Taphit-Dat).
Hauch(ancient Egyptian hwh Xayx, middle Egyptian X(o)uh, late Egyptian Xyx, ancient Gray Chaos, lat. Chaos) - the personification of infinity, endless space; analogue of ancient Greek. Chaos and Apeiron. He was depicted as a man with the head of a frog.
Hauha(ancient Egyptian hwht) - goddess, female couple of the god Khauch. Depicted with the head of a snake.
Hedi-Hati(“the giver of linen”) is the divine patron of linen fabrics.
Khnum(Old Egyptian Khnama, Late Egyptian Khnum) - a god in the guise of a ram or a man with the head of a ram. Guardian of the sources of Apis (Nile), lord of waters and giver of floods, god of fertility and harvest, patron of those who are relieved of their burdens.
Khnum had power over the fate of man, whose creator he was considered. According to myth, he sculpted the first people from clay on a potter's wheel. Together with Satis and Anuket he formed the Triad. Neith and the warrior goddess Mankha, the lioness goddess, were considered the consorts of Khnum.
Khnum's sacred animal is the ram.
Khnum originally personified the energy of the Sun at the spring equinox; his image was the constellation Aries.
Esoteric correspondence - Prometheus, creator of humanity, patron of potters. Athena, the patroness of weavers, is an accomplice in the creation of mankind.
Hons(ancient Egyptian hnsw Hansa, middle Egyptian Khons, late Egyptian, demotic, Copt. Shons - “Passing”) - lunar deity, lord of time, patron of doctors and healing, god of truth, oracle; identification Aah - Month; esoteric correspondence to Atlas, the grandfather of Hermes. Dahauti, Dhaut, Thoth corresponds to the grandson of Khons.
Hriuru(conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appears in the city of Imad (Nahat).
Hu- abstract deity, personification of the divine will; god of the creative Word. In Memphis cosmogony, Ptah is identified with the “Word”.
Shad-kharu (Shedhur) (conventional reading) - one of the 40 gods of the Small Host, who appears in the city of Urit.
Shai- the deity of good fate, good luck and prosperity, close in functions and ideas to Renenutet. He was also considered the patron of viticulture. Later he acquired the features of the god of fate - the patron and guardian of man. Around the middle of the New Kingdom, along with Renenutet, he began to be associated with the afterlife cult. He was originally depicted as a serpent and as a man. The cult center is Shashotep in the XIII Upper Egyptian nome (Greek Ipsele, Arabic Shutb - on the western bank of the Nile, 5.5 km south of the city of Lycopolis).
Shadu(“savior”) - a divine boy, armed with a bow and arrow, protecting from the bites of scorpions and snakes.
Zone(ancient Greek Auov, -covog) - son of Chronos (Time), personification of Eternity.
Erpat(conventional reading) - an epithet or title of the god Geb.
The name book of the Egyptian gods includes the names and epithets of deities most often found in the Book of the Dead. Particular emphasis is placed on various variants of vowels and pronunciation, as well as conditional readings (introduced for convenience and not reflecting the true pronunciation).
Egyptian words were pronounced differently during different eras of the language's long history. We have given the dating of abbreviations before forms of names in accordance with the generally accepted British system:
- ancient egypt. (c. 2650-2135 BC) - the ancient Egyptian language of the Old Kingdom from the appearance of the first coherent texts;
- Middle-Egyptian (c. 2135-1785 BC) - the classical state of the Egyptian language in religious, monumental and literary texts;
- late-Esp. (1550-700 BC) - the everyday language of secular documents, literature and monumental inscriptions;
- demot. (VII century BC - V century AD) - demotic, i.e., the common language of the ancient period;
- Copt. (III-XV centuries AD) - vocalized writing of the Roman and Arab periods, mainly literature of secular and religious content;
- lat. - Latin rendering of Egyptian names.
- conventional reading - arbitrary vocalization of consonantal writings that does not reflect the actual pronunciation, which remains either unknown or doubtful and unconfirmed by independent evidence;
- Phoenician - Phoenician rendering of the names of Egyptian deities;
- ancient Greek - ancient Greek rendering of the names of Egyptian deities;
- Arabic - Arabic rendering of the names of Egyptian deities.
A line under a consonant letter indicates its emphatic character or pronunciation feature (t, d, x, k are special consonants of the Egyptian language, pronounced with great effort).
The culture of Ancient Egypt is interesting to many for its mystery. Some mysteries are still unsolved, and pyramids, gods, treasures and mummies are the basis of the storyline of adventure films. The gods, who remain unexplored individuals for the average person, performed a specific task. Who are these mythical creatures, and what role did they play?
10 Goddess Maat
According to legend, the goddess first lived among people, but then, disillusioned with her surroundings, she simply went to her father Ra in heaven. She is credited with creating the world and is considered the patroness of justice. She participated in the trial of the souls of the dead. The ostrich feather that the goddess always carried with her was a counterweight. On one side of the scales there was a heart, on the other - a feather. If the heart outweighed, then it was filled with sins. When a person was kind during life, his heart remained light. As a sign of gratitude, he was given a place among the gods.
9 God That
One day the god Ra asked Thoth to stay in his absence in heaven (he needed to go down to the underworld). This is how the moon came into being. However, Thoth was also the patron of wisdom and knowledge. Therefore, the picture was depicted like this: a human body, a bird’s head, and a small stick in his hands (an attribute of scribes). He taught people writing, mathematics, and kept records of the living and the dead.
8 God Ptah (Ptah)
In Egyptian mythology, he patronized people who were engaged in creative activities: crafts, drawing, and much more. Scientists are sure that the god Ptah was a strong deity, surpassing even the strength of Ra, Amun and Sirius. This is explained by the fact that he achieved incredible skill and could make a new body for a dead person. The Egyptians considered earthly life to be a kind of preface to the afterlife, and art complemented man’s final journey with unique colors.
7 Goddess Bastet
Cats occupied a special place in ancient Egypt. They were considered sacred creatures, who were buried with great honors after death. The goddess Bastet is depicted as a pet and symbolizes female beauty, youth, home and sensual pleasures. She was the kindest and gentlest among all the mythical creatures, although sometimes she also showed discontent. When the Egyptians learned to cultivate the land and get a good harvest, a cat was needed to kill mice, and not everyone could afford it.
6 God Anubis
The most mystical and evil god of the pantheon. His duties included seeing off the souls of deceased people. According to legend, he became the creator of the first mummy. In the picture he is depicted as a dog or jackal. Sometimes they draw a man with a dog's head. It was the god Anubis who decided how many years of life were allotted to a person and when the time came to leave the earth. It is believed that dogs walking around the cemetery at night guard the dead.
5 Goddess Nut
For the Egyptians, she was the personification of the Milky Way. Ancient people thought that the sky was a watery area and the sun, moon, and stars floated in it. During the day, the sun passed its way along the body of the goddess, who swallowed it in the evening. At night, in the body of the deity, the sun had to travel back to appear in the east in the morning. The moon and stars were swallowed in the morning. By evening they were born in the sky. The Egyptians also dreamed of being born after death and appearing among the stars, so Nut was named the funeral goddess, guarding the peace of the dead.
4 God Geb
He was the father of Osiris, Set and many other divine creatures. His sister and at the same time wife is the goddess Nut. The God of the Wind separated the married couple, sending Nut to heaven, and leaving Hebe on earth. He was a kind and peaceful god who protected the Earth and cared for people and living things. He is often depicted as a man with various plants growing from his body.
3 Goddess Isis
Sister and wife of Osiris. In Egyptian mythology, she is considered the goddess of fertility, motherhood and, of course, a symbol of fidelity and femininity. She taught women various crafts that were necessary in the family (weaving linen, cooking dinners, conducting conversations). When her husband went around the world, Isis took on the responsibilities of ruler. Hearing that the enemies had killed her husband, she immediately collected pieces of her husband’s body and revived him.
2 God Osiris
The most revered god after Amun. He taught people a lot - agriculture, viticulture, healing, metal processing. Thanks to the labor put in, the land began to generate significant income, and a piece of iron turned into an assistant when plowing or harvesting. In Egyptian mythology, Amun plays the role of patron of natural forces, judge of the kingdom of the dead and teacher of the common people.
1 God Amon Ra
The most important person in ancient mythology. Sun God and King of the Gods. This image has undergone great changes. At first, he was assigned the role of patron of air and harvest. During the era of the New Kingdom dynasty (16-14 centuries BC), he united with Ra into a single deity, receiving the addition of Ra to his name. Famed as a protector of all the oppressed, as well as a wise mentor, Amon rightfully ranks first on the list.
Scientists have calculated that the number of gods in Egyptian mythology reached up to two thousand. If you believe the legends, the gods were the first rulers who kept order on Earth. Unlike the ancient Greeks, they did not have clear divisions in images and responsibilities. They could be both human and animal. The main thing is to remember what knowledge was passed on and was the basis of many life principles.
The main monuments that reflected the mythological ideas of the Egyptians are various religious texts: hymns and prayers to the gods, records of funeral rites on the walls of tombs...
Egyptian gods
Amon
Amon (“hidden”, “hidden”), in Egyptian mythology the god of the sun. Amon's sacred animal is the ram and the goose (both symbols of wisdom). God was depicted as a man (sometimes with the head of a ram), with a scepter and a crown, with two tall feathers and a solar disk. The cult of Amon originated in Thebes and then spread throughout Egypt. Amun's wife, the sky goddess Mut, and his son, the moon god Khonsu, formed the Theban triad with him. During the Middle Kingdom, Amon began to be called Amun-Ra, since the cults of the two deities united, acquiring a state character. Amon later acquired the status of a beloved and especially revered god of the pharaohs, and during the Eighteenth Dynasty of the pharaohs he was declared the head of the Egyptian gods. Amun-Ra granted victories to the pharaoh and was considered his father. Amon was also revered as a wise, omniscient god, “king of all gods,” heavenly intercessor, protector of the oppressed (“vizier for the poor”).
Anubis
Anubis, in Egyptian mythology, is the patron god of the dead, the son of the god of vegetation Osiris and Nephthys, sister of Isis. Nephthys hid the newborn Anubis from her husband Set in the swamps of the Nile Delta. The mother goddess Isis found the young god and raised him.
Later, when Set killed Osiris, Anubis, organizing the burial of the deceased god, wrapped his body in fabrics impregnated with a special composition, thus making the first mummy. Therefore, Anubis is considered the creator of funeral rites and is called the god of embalming. Anubis also helped judge the dead and accompanied the righteous to the throne of Osiris. Anubis was depicted as a jackal or a black wild dog (or a man with the head of a jackal or dog).
The center of the cult of Anubis is the city of the 17th nome of Kas (Greek Kinopolis - “dog city”).
Apis
Apis, in Egyptian mythology, the god of fertility in the guise of a bull with a solar disk. The center of the cult of Apis was Memphis. Apis was considered the Ba (soul) of the god Ptah, the patron saint of Memphis, as well as the sun god Ra. The living embodiment of God was a black bull with special white markings. The Egyptians believed that the ritual running of the sacred bull fertilized the fields. Apis was associated with the cult of the dead and was considered the bull of Osiris. Sarcophagi often depicted running Apis with a mummy on his back. Under the Ptolemies, Apis and Osiris completely merged into a single deity, Serapis. To keep the sacred bulls in Memphis, not far from the Temple of Ptah, a special Apeion was built. The cow that gave birth to Apis was also revered and kept in a special building. In the event of the death of a bull, the whole country was plunged into mourning, and its burial and the choice of a successor were considered an important state matter. Apis was embalmed and buried according to a special ritual in a special crypt at the Serapenium near Memphis.
Apep
Apep, in Egyptian mythology, a gigantic serpent personifying darkness and evil, the eternal enemy of the sun god Ra. Apep lived in the depths of the earth, where his struggle with Ra took place. Every night Apep would lie in wait for Ra, sailing in a solar boat along the underground Nile, and drink all the water from the river. In the nightly battle with Apep, Ra always emerged victorious and forced the monster to spew out water back.
In another myth, Ra, in the form of a red cat, cut off the head of the serpent Apep under the sacred simokor, the tree of life, of the city of Heliopolis. Later, the Egyptians considered Apep as the image of the evil desert god Set.
Aten
Aten (“disk of the sun”), in Egyptian mythology, god is the personification of the solar disk. The heyday of the cult of this god dates back to the reign of Amenhotep IV (1368 - 1351 BC). At the beginning of his reign, Aten acted as the embodiment of all the main sun gods. Amenhotep IV then declared Aten to be the one god of all Egypt, prohibiting the worship of other gods. He changed his name Amenhotep ("Amon is pleased") to Akhenaten ("pleasing to Aten" or "useful to Aten"). The pharaoh himself became the high priest of God, considering himself his son. Aten was depicted as a solar disk with rays that ended in hands holding the sign of life ankh, a symbol of the fact that life was given to people, animals and plants by Aten. It was believed that the sun god was present in every object and living creature. Aten was depicted as a solar disk, the rays of which end in open palms.
Geb
Geb, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the earth, the son of the god of air Shu and the goddess of moisture Tefnut. Geb quarreled with his sister and wife Nut ("sky"), because she daily ate her children - the heavenly bodies, and then gave birth to them again. Shu separated the spouses. He left Heb down and Nut up. The children of Geb were Osiris, Set, Isis, Nephthys. The soul (Ba) of Hebe was embodied in the god of fertility Khnum. The ancients believed that Geb was good: he protected the living and the dead from snakes living in the earth, plants that people needed grew on him, which is why he was sometimes depicted with a green face. Geb was associated with the underworld of the dead, and his title “prince of princes” gave him the right to be considered the ruler of Egypt. The heir of Geb is Osiris, from him the throne passed to Horus, and the pharaohs were considered the successors and servants of Horus, who considered their power as given by the gods.
Gore
Horus, Horus ("height", "sky"), in Egyptian mythology, the god of the sky and the sun in the guise of a falcon, a man with the head of a falcon or a winged sun, the son of the fertility goddess Isis and Osiris, the god of productive forces. Its symbol is a solar disk with outstretched wings. Initially, the falcon god was revered as a predatory god of the hunt, with his claws digging into his prey. According to myth, Isis conceived Horus from the dead Osiris, who was treacherously killed by the formidable desert god Set, his brother. Retiring deep into the swampy Nile Delta, Isis gave birth to and raised a son, who, having matured, in a dispute with Set, sought recognition of himself as the sole heir of Osiris. In the battle with Set, the killer of his father, Horus is first defeated - Set tore out his eye, the wonderful Eye, but then Horus defeated Set and deprived him of his masculinity. As a sign of submission, he placed the sandal of Osiris on Seth's head. Horus allowed his wonderful Eye to be swallowed by his father, and he came to life. The resurrected Osiris handed over his throne in Egypt to Horus, and he himself became the king of the underworld.
Min
Min, in Egyptian mythology, the god of fertility, the "producer of harvests", who was depicted with an erect phallus and a raised whip in his right hand, as well as wearing a crown decorated with two long feathers. It is believed that Ming was originally revered as a creator god, but in ancient times he came to be worshiped as the god of roads and protector of those wandering through the desert. Ming was also considered the protector of the harvest. The main holiday in his honor was called the Feast of the Steps. Sitting on his step, the god accepted the first sheaf, cut by the pharaoh himself.
Ming, as the “lord of the deserts,” was also the patron saint of foreigners; patron of Koptos. Min patronized the breeding of livestock, therefore he was also revered as the god of cattle breeding.
Nun
Nun, in Egyptian mythology, is the embodiment of the water element, which existed at the dawn of time and contained life force. In the image of Nun, ideas about water as a river, sea, rain, etc. are merged. Nun and his wife Naunet, personifying the sky along which the sun floats at night, were the first pair of gods, from them all the gods descended: Atum, Hapi, Khnum , as well as Khepri and others. It was believed that Nun headed the council of gods, where the lioness goddess Hathor-Sekhmet was tasked with punishing people who plotted evil against the solar god Ra.
Osiris
Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the productive forces of nature, the ruler of the underworld, the judge in the kingdom of the dead. Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, brother and husband of Isis. He reigned on earth after the gods Pa, Shu and Geb and taught the Egyptians agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, mining and processing of copper and gold ore, the art of medicine, the construction of cities, and established the cult of the gods. Set, his brother, the evil god of the desert, decided to destroy Osiris and made a sarcophagus according to the measurements of his older brother. Having arranged a feast, he invited Osiris and announced that the sarcophagus would be presented to the one who fit the bill. When Osiris lay down in the capophagus, the conspirators slammed the lid, filled it with lead and threw it into the waters of the Nile. The faithful wife of Osiris, Isis, found her husband’s body, miraculously extracted the life force hidden in him and conceived a son named Horus from the dead Osiris. When Horus grew up, he took revenge on Set. Horus gave his magic Eye, torn out by Seth at the beginning of the battle, to his dead father to swallow. Osiris came to life, but did not want to return to earth, and, leaving the throne to Horus, began to reign and administer justice in the afterlife. Osiris was usually depicted as a man with green skin, sitting among trees, or with a vine entwining his figure. It was believed that, like the entire plant world, Osiris dies annually and is reborn to new life, but the fertilizing life force in him remains even in death.
Ptah
Ptah, in Egyptian mythology, is the creator god, patron of arts and crafts, especially revered in Memphis. Ptah created the first eight gods (his hypostases - the Ptahs), the world and everything that exists in it (animals, plants, people, cities, temples, crafts, arts, etc.) “with the tongue and the heart.” Having conceived creation in his heart, he expressed his thoughts in words. Sometimes Ptah was called the father of even such gods as Ra and Osiris. Ptah's wife was the goddess of war, Sekhmet, and his son was Nefertum, the god of vegetation. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus most closely matches him. Ptah was depicted as a mummy with an open head, with a staff standing on a hieroglyph meaning truth.
Ra
Ra, Re, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the sun, embodied in the image of a falcon, a huge cat or a man with a falcon's head crowned with a solar disk. Ra, the sun god, was the father of Wajit, the cobra of the North, who protected the pharaoh from the scorching rays of the sun. According to the myth, during the day the beneficent Ra, illuminating the earth, sails along the heavenly Nile in the barge Manjet, in the evening he transfers to the barge Mesektet and in it continues his journey along the underground Nile, and in the morning, having defeated the serpent Apophis in a nightly battle, he reappears on the horizon. A number of myths about Ra are associated with Egyptian ideas about the change of seasons. The spring blossoming of nature heralded the return of the goddess of moisture Tefnut, the fiery Eye shining on the forehead of Ra, and her marriage with Shu. The summer heat was explained by Ra's anger at people. According to the myth, when Ra grew old, and people stopped revere him and even “plotted evil deeds against him,” Ra immediately convened a council of gods led by Nun (or Atum), at which it was decided to punish the human race. The goddess Sekhmet (Hathor) in the form of a lioness killed and devoured people until she was tricked into drinking barley beer as red as blood. Having become drunk, the goddess fell asleep and forgot about revenge, and Ra, having proclaimed Hebe as his viceroy on earth, climbed onto the back of a heavenly cow and from there continued to rule the world. The ancient Greeks identified Ra with Helios.
Sobek
Sobek, Sebek, in Egyptian mythology, the god of water and the flood of the Nile, whose sacred animal was the crocodile. He was depicted as a crocodile or as a man with the head of a crocodile. The center of his cult is the city of Khatnecher-Sobek (Greek: Crocodilopolis), the capital of the Fayum. It was believed that the lake adjacent to the main sanctuary of Sobek contained the crocodile Petsuhos, as a living embodiment of the god. Sobek's admirers, who sought his protection, drank water from the lake and fed the crocodile delicacies. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. many kings called themselves Sebekhotep, i.e. “Sebek is pleased.” It is believed that the ancients perceived Sebek as the main deity, the giver of fertility and abundance, as well as the protector of people and gods. According to some myths, the god of evil Set took refuge in the body of Sobek to avoid punishment for the murder of Osiris. Sobek is sometimes considered the son of Neith, the great mother of the gods, the goddess of war, hunting, water and sea, who is also credited with the birth of the terrible serpent Apophis.
Set
Seth, in Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert, i.e., “foreign countries,” the personification of the evil principle, the brother and killer of Osiris, one of the four children of the earth god Heb and Nut, the goddess of the sky. The sacred animals of Seth were considered to be the pig (“disgust for the gods”), antelope, giraffe, and the main one was the donkey. The Egyptians imagined him as a man with a thin, long body and a donkey's head. Some myths attributed to Seth the salvation of Ra from the serpent Apophis - Seth pierced the giant Apophis, personifying darkness and evil, with a harpoon. At the same time, Seth also embodied the evil principle - as the deity of the merciless desert, the god of foreigners: he cut down sacred trees, ate the sacred cat of the goddess Bast, etc. In Greek mythology, Seth was identified with Typhon, a serpent with dragon heads, and was considered the son of Gaia and Tartarus.
That
God is the one who weighs the soul. Drawing from the Book of the Dead by Hunifer, c. 1320 BC
Thoth, Djehuti, in Egyptian mythology is the god of the moon, wisdom, counting and writing, patron of sciences, scribes, sacred books, creator of the calendar. The goddess of truth and order Maat was considered the wife of Thoth. Thoth's sacred animal was the ibis, and so the god was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis. The Egyptians associated the arrival of the Tot ibis with the seasonal floods of the Nile. When Thoth returned Tefnut (or Hathor, as one of the myths says) to Egypt, nature blossomed. He, identified with the moon, was considered the heart of the god Ra and was depicted behind the Pa-sun, since he was known as his night deputy. Thoth was credited with creating the entire intellectual life of Egypt. “Lord of Time,” he divided it into years, months, days and kept count of them. The wise Thoth recorded the birthdays and deaths of people, kept chronicles, and also created writing and taught the Egyptians counting, writing, mathematics, medicine and other sciences.
It is known that his daughter or sister (wife) was the goddess of writing Seshat; Thoth's attribute is the scribe's palette. Under his patronage were all the archives and the famous library of Hermopolis, the center of the cult of Thoth. God “ruled all languages” and was himself considered the language of the god Ptah. As a vizier and scribe of the gods, Thoth was present at the trial of Osiris and recorded the results of weighing the soul of the deceased. Since Thoth participated in the justification of Osiris and gave the order for his embalming, he took part in the funeral ritual of every deceased Egyptian and led him to the kingdom of the dead. On this basis, Thoth is identified with the Greek messenger of the gods, Hermes, who was considered a psychopomp (“leader of the soul”). He was often depicted with a baboon, one of his sacred animals.
Khonsou
Khonsu (“passing”), in Egyptian mythology, the god of the moon, the god of time and its dimensions, the son of Amun and the sky goddess Mut. Khonsu was also revered as the god of travel. In the images of Khonsu that have come down to us, we most often see a young man with a sickle and a moon disk on his head; sometimes he appears in the guise of a child god with a finger at his mouth and a “lock of youth,” which boys wore on the side of their heads until adulthood. The center of the cult of Khonsu was Thebes; its main temple was located in Karnak.
Khnum
Khnum (“creator”), in Egyptian mythology, the god of fertility, the creator who created the world from clay on his potter’s wheel. He is often depicted as a man with the head of a ram, sitting in front of a potter's wheel on which stands a figurine of the creature he has just created. It was believed that Khnum created the gods, people, and also controlled the floods of the Nile. According to one legend, the scientist and sage Imhotep, a dignitary and architect of Pharaoh Djoser (III millennium BC), in connection with a seven-year famine, advised Djoser to make a rich offering to the god of fertility. Pharaoh followed this advice, and Khnum appeared to him in a dream, promising to free the waters of the Nile. That year the country received a wonderful harvest.
Shu
Shu (“empty”), in Egyptian mythology, the god of air, separating heaven and earth, the son of the solar god Ra-Atum, the husband and brother of the goddess of moisture Tefnut. He was most often depicted as a man standing on one knee with his arms raised, with which he supported the sky above the earth. Shu is one of the judges over the dead in the afterlife. In the myth of the return of Tefnut, the solar Eye, from Nubia, Shu, together with Thoth, taking the form of a baboon, singing and dancing, returned the goddess to Egypt, where, after her marriage to Shu, the spring flowering of nature began.
Mythology. Encyclopedia, -M.: Belfax, 2002
Legends and myths of Ancient Egypt, -M.: Summer Garden, 2001
The mythology of Ancient Egypt is interesting and is largely connected with numerous gods. For every important event or natural phenomenon, people came up with their own patron, and they differed in external signs and characteristics.
The main gods of Ancient Egypt
The country's religion is distinguished by the presence of numerous beliefs, which is directly reflected in the appearance of the gods, who in most cases are presented as a hybrid of humans and animals. Egyptian gods and their meaning were of great importance to people, as evidenced by numerous temples, statues and images. Among them are the main deities who were responsible for important aspects of the life of the Egyptians.
Egyptian god Amon Ra
In ancient times, this deity was depicted as a man with the head of a ram or completely in the form of an animal. In his hands he holds a cross with a loop, which symbolizes life and immortality. It combines the gods of Ancient Egypt Amun and Ra, so it has the power and influence of both. He was favorable to people, helping them in difficult situations, and therefore was presented as a caring and fair creator of all things.
And Amon illuminated the earth, moving across the sky along the river, and at night transferring to the underground Nile to return to their home. People believed that every day at midnight he fights with a huge snake. Amon Ra was considered the main patron of the pharaohs. In mythology, one can notice that the cult of this god constantly changed its significance, sometimes falling, sometimes rising.
Egyptian god Osiris
In Ancient Egypt, the deity was represented in the form of a man wrapped in a shroud, which added to the resemblance to a mummy. Osiris was the ruler of the underworld, so his head was always crowned. According to the mythology of Ancient Egypt, this was the first king of this country, so in his hands are symbols of power - a whip and a scepter. His skin is black and this color symbolizes rebirth and new life. Osiris is always accompanied by a plant, such as a lotus, a vine and a tree.
The Egyptian god of fertility is multifaceted, meaning Osiris performed many duties. He was revered as the patron of vegetation and the productive forces of nature. Osiris was considered the main patron and protector of people, and also the ruler of the underworld, who judged dead people. Osiris taught people to cultivate the land, grow grapes, treat various diseases and perform other important work.
Egyptian god Anubis
The main feature of this deity is the body of a man with the head of a black dog or jackal. This animal was not chosen at all by chance, the whole point is that the Egyptians often saw it in cemeteries, which is why they were associated with the afterlife. In some images, Anubis is represented entirely in the form of a wolf or jackal, which lies on a chest. In ancient Egypt, the jackal-headed god of the dead had several important responsibilities.
- Protected graves, so people often carved prayers to Anubis on tombs.
- He took part in the embalming of gods and pharaohs. Many depictions of mummification processes featured a priest wearing a dog mask.
- A guide for dead souls to the afterlife. In Ancient Egypt, they believed that Anubis escorted people to the judgment of Osiris.
He weighed the heart of a deceased person to determine whether the soul was worthy of going to the afterlife. A heart is placed on the scales on one side, and the goddess Maat in the form of an ostrich feather is placed on the other.
Egyptian god Set
They represented a deity with the body of a man and the head of a mythical animal, which combines a dog and a tapir. Another distinctive feature is the heavy wig. Set is the brother of Osiris and, in the understanding of the ancient Egyptians, is the god of evil. He was often depicted with the head of a sacred animal - a donkey. Seth was considered the personification of war, drought and death. All troubles and misfortunes were attributed to this god of Ancient Egypt. They did not renounce him only because they were considered the main defender of Ra during the night battle with the serpent.
Egyptian god Horus
This deity has several incarnations, but the most famous is a man with the head of a falcon, on which there is certainly a crown. Its symbol is the sun with outstretched wings. The Egyptian sun god lost his eye during a fight, which became an important sign in mythology. It is a symbol of wisdom, clairvoyance and eternal life. In ancient Egypt, the Eye of Horus was worn as an amulet.
According to ancient ideas, Horus was revered as a predatory deity who latched onto his prey with falcon talons. There is another myth where he moves across the sky on a boat. The sun god Horus helped Osiris to resurrect, for which he received the throne in gratitude and became the ruler. Many gods patronized him, teaching him magic and various wisdom.
Egyptian god Geb
Several original images found by archaeologists have survived to this day. Geb is the patron of the earth, which the Egyptians sought to convey in an external image: the body is elongated, like a plain, arms raised upward - the personification of the slopes. In Ancient Egypt, he was represented with his wife Nut, the patroness of heaven. Although there are many drawings, there is not much information about Geb's powers and purposes. The god of the earth in Egypt was the father of Osiris and Isis. There was a whole cult, which included people working in the fields to protect themselves from hunger and ensure a good harvest.
Egyptian god Thoth
The deity was represented in two guises and in ancient times, it was an ibis bird with a long curved beak. He was considered a symbol of dawn and a harbinger of abundance. In the later period, Thoth was represented as a baboon. There are gods of Ancient Egypt who live among people, and one of them is He, who was the patron of wisdom and helped everyone learn science. It was believed that he taught the Egyptians writing, counting, and also created a calendar.
Thoth is the god of the Moon and through its phases he has been associated with various astronomical and astrological observations. This was the reason for his transformation into a deity of wisdom and magic. Thoth was considered the founder of numerous religious rites. In some sources he is ranked among the deities of time. In the pantheon of gods of Ancient Egypt, Thoth occupied the place of scribe, vizier of Ra and secretary of judicial affairs.
Egyptian god Aten
The deity of the solar disk, who was represented with rays in the form of palms, reaching towards the earth and people. This distinguished him from other humanoid gods. The most famous image is presented on the back of Tutankhamun's throne. There is an opinion that the cult of this deity influenced the formation and development of Jewish monotheism. This sun god in Egypt combines masculine and feminine traits at the same time. In ancient times they also used the term “silver of Aten”, which meant the Moon.
Egyptian god Ptah
The deity was represented in the form of a man who, unlike others, did not wear a crown, and his head was covered with a headdress that looked like a helmet. Like other gods of Ancient Egypt associated with the earth (Osiris and Sokar), Ptah was clothed in a shroud that exposed only the hands and head. External similarity led to a merger into one common deity Ptah-Sokar-Osiris. The Egyptians considered him a beautiful god, but many archaeological finds refute this opinion, since portraits were found where he is represented as a dwarf trampling animals underfoot.
Ptah is the patron saint of the city of Memphis, where there was a myth that he created everything on earth with the power of thought and word, so he was considered a creator. He had a connection with the earth, the burial place of the dead and sources of fertility. Another purpose of Ptah is the Egyptian god of art, which is why he was considered a blacksmith and sculptor of humanity, and also the patron of artisans.
Egyptian god Apis
The Egyptians had many sacred animals, but the most revered was the bull - Apis. He had a real embodiment and was credited with 29 signs that were known only to the priests. They were used to determine the birth of a new god in the form of a black bull, and this was a famous holiday in Ancient Egypt. The bull was placed in the temple and was surrounded with divine honors throughout his life. Once a year, before the start of agricultural work, Apis was harnessed and the pharaoh plowed a furrow. This ensured a good harvest in the future. After death, the bull was solemnly buried.
Apis, the Egyptian god who protects fertility, was depicted with a snow-white skin with several black spots, and their number was strictly determined. It is presented with different necklaces that corresponded to different holiday rituals. Between the horns is the solar disk of the god Ra. Apis could also take human form with the head of a bull, but this idea was widespread in the Late Period.
Pantheon of Egyptian Gods
Since the birth of ancient civilization, belief in a Higher Power arose. The Pantheon was populated by gods who had different abilities. They did not always treat people favorably, so the Egyptians built temples in their honor, brought gifts and prayed. The pantheon of Egyptian gods has more than two thousand names, but less than a hundred of them can be classified as the main group. Some deities were worshiped only in certain regions or tribes. Another important point is that the hierarchy could change depending on the dominant political force.
A list of the gods of ancient Egypt and their descriptions will help reveal an integral part of the daily life of people of early civilization. Such information will be useful for 5th grade students studying ancient history, as well as for anyone interested.
There were more than 2,000 deities in the Egyptian pantheon. More famous gods became state deities, while others were associated with a specific region or, in some cases, ritual.
The well-known pictures of ancient deities are widely known in modern society.
The history of the ancient world was shaped by these deities and the important role they played in the immortal journey of every person.
Features of the gods of Ancient Egypt
The main value of Egyptian culture is maat - harmony and balance, represented by the eponymous goddess Maat with a white feather.
Egyptian deities were fictitious personalities, had their own names and individual characteristics, wore different types of clothing, held different positions, led, and reacted individually to events.
The Egyptians had no problem with many gods. Characteristics and roles were combined to reconcile different religious beliefs, practices or ideals. For example, for political and religious reasons, the god Amun, who was considered the most powerful deity of the New Kingdom, was combined with Ra, whose cult was associated with the more ancient period of Egypt.
Why did the Egyptians worship Amon-Ra? The sun god is the embodiment of the solar disk, which brought the harvest to the Egyptians. The entire civilization of ancient Egypt was largely dependent on the sun's rays.
From this point of view, it was the deity of the Sun that became the main one among the ideas of the population. In addition, the presence of a single cult of a deity was an excellent lever for strengthening power in the role of patron of the Pharaoh.
The main gods of Ancient Egypt
Amat- a goddess with the head of a crocodile, the torso of a leopard, and the back of a hippopotamus.
It was located under the rocks of justice in the Hall of Truth in the afterlife and absorbed the souls of those who failed to justify themselves to Osiris.
Amon (Amon-Ra)- deity of the sun, air, king of the gods of Egypt. One of the most powerful and popular gods, patron of the city of Thebes. Amun was revered as part of the Theban triad - Amun, his wife Mut and their son Khonsu.
By the time of the New Kingdom, Amun was considered the king of the gods in Egypt, and his worship was limited to monotheism. Other gods were considered different aspects of Amun. His priesthood was the most powerful and the position of wife of Amun, granted to royal women, was almost on par with that of the pharaoh.
Anubis- god of death, the dead and embalming, patron of the pharaoh. Son of Nephthys and Osiris, father of Kebes. Anubis was depicted as a man with the head of a jackal. He guided the souls of the dead in the Hall of Truth, and was part of the Weighing of the Soul Heart ritual in the afterlife.
He was probably the first god of the dead before that role was given to Osiris. He acted as the patron of the ruling pharaoh in Egypt.
Apis- a divine from Memphis, playing the role of an incarnation of the god Ptah. One of the early gods of ancient Egypt, depicted on the Narmer Palette (circa 3150 BC).
The cult of Apis was one of the most important and long-lasting in the history of Egyptian culture.
Apophis (Apophis) the serpent that attacks Ra's solar boat every day as it travels through the underworld towards dawn.
The ritual known as the overthrow of Apophis was performed at the temples to help the gods and departed souls protect the boat and ensure the coming of the day.
Aten- solar disk, originally the deity of the Sun, which was elevated by Pharaoh Akhenaten (1353-1336 BC) to the position of the only god, creator of the universe. 
Atum or Atum (Ra)- deity of the sun, supreme ruler of the gods, first lord of the Ennead (tribunal of nine gods), creator of the universe and people.
This is the first divine being who stands on a primordial hill in the midst of chaos and relies on Heki's magical powers to create all the other gods.
Bastet (Bast)- a beautiful goddess of cats, mistress of women's secrets, childbirth, fertility and protection of the home from evil or misfortune. She was the daughter of Ra and was closely related to Hathor.
Bastet was one of the most popular deities of ancient Egypt. The Persians used Egyptian devotion to the cat goddess to their advantage, winning the Battle of Pelusium. They painted images of Bastet on their shields, knowing that the Egyptians would rather surrender than offend their goddess.
Bes (Besu, Beza)- guardian of childbirth, fertility, sexuality, humor and war. He is one of the most popular gods of Egyptian history, who protected women and children and fought for divine order and justice.
Geb- deity of the earth and growing plants.
Gore- An early bird god who became one of the most important deities in ancient Egypt. Associated with the sun, sky, strength. Horus acted as the patron of the pharaoh of Egypt already in the First Dynasty (approximately 3150-2890 BC). When Horus came of age, he fought with his uncle for the kingdom and won, restoring order to the land.
The pharaohs of Egypt, with a few exceptions, associated themselves with Horus in life and with Osiris in death. The king was considered the living embodiment of Horus.
Imhotep- one of the few people deified by the Egyptians. He was the court architect of Amonhotep III (1386-1353 BC).
He was considered so wise that after his death, several centuries later, Imhotep became a living god. He had a large temple at Thebes with a healing center at Deir el-Bahri.
Isis- the most powerful goddess in Egyptian history. She was associated with almost every aspect of human life and over time rose to the position of the supreme deity of the "Mother of Deities" who cared for her fellow creatures.
She is the ancestor of the First Five Gods.
Maat- goddess of truth, justice, harmony, one of the most important deities in the Egyptian pantheon. She created the stars in the sky, created the seasons.
Ma'at embodies the principle of ma'at (harmony), which was central to the culture of ancient Egypt. She is depicted as a woman wearing a crown with an ostrich feather.
Mafdet- the goddess of truth and justice, who pronounced condemnation and quickly carried out executions. Her name means "She Who Runs" and was given to her for the speed with which she delivered justice.
Mafdet protected people from poisonous bites, especially from scorpions.
Mertseger (Meritseger)- the goddess of the ancient Egyptian religion, responsible for the protection and protection of the huge Theban necropolis located on the western bank of the Nile.
Meskhenet- goddess of childbirth. Meskhenet is present at the birth of a person, creates “ka” (aspect of the soul) and inhales into the body.
She is also present at the judgment of the soul during the onset of the afterlife as a comforter.
Min- An ancient god of fertility, a deity of the eastern deserts who watched over travelers. The Ming were also associated with the black fertile mud of the Egyptian delta.
Mnevis- bull god, embodiment of the sun, son of the sun, god of the city of Heliopolis, son of Hesat (Heavenly Cow).
Montu is a falcon god who came to prominence in the 11th Dynasty at Thebes (c. 2060-1991 BC). All three dynasties of pharaohs took his name.
He eventually became associated with Ra as a composite version of the sun god Amun-Ra.
Mut- an early mother goddess who most likely played a minor role in the period 6000-3150 BC. BC e.
During the Late Period, Mut became the prominent wife of Amun and mother of Khonsu, part of the Theban Triad.
Nate is one of the oldest deities of ancient Egypt, worshiped from the early period (approximately 6000-3150 BC) to the Ptolemaic dynasty (323-30 BC). Neith was the goddess of war, motherhood, and funeral ritual.
She was the most important goddess of Lower Egypt in early history. In early images she is holding a bow and arrows.
Nepri– controlled grain, god of the harvest. Nepri is often depicted as a man completely covered with ripe ears of cereals. The hieroglyphs that spell his name also include grain symbols.
Nephthys- goddess of burial ritual. Her name means "Mistress of the Temple" or "Mistress of the House", referring to a heavenly house or temple.
She is depicted as a woman with a house on her head.
Nehebkau is a protective god who joins the “ka” (soul aspect) to the body at birth and unites “ka” with “ba” (the winged aspect of the soul) after death.
He is depicted as the serpent that swam in the primordial waters at the dawn of creation, before Atum rose from chaos to create order.
Chickpeas- in ancient Egyptian religion, the goddess of the sky, daughter of Shu and Tefnut, wife of Geb.
Ogdoad- eight gods representing the original elements of creation: Nu, Naunet (water); Heh, Howet (infinity); Kek, Kauket (darkness); Amun and Amonet (secrecy, obscurity).
Osiris- judge of the dead. His name means "Mighty One". Was originally a fertility god who grew in popularity through the Osiris myths, in which he was killed by his brother, Set.
In the Egyptian Book of the Dead he is often mentioned as a fair judge.
Ptah (Ptah) is one of the oldest Egyptian gods, appearing in the First Dynastic Period (approximately 3150-2613 BC).
Ptah was the great god of Memphis, the creator of the world, the lord of truth. He was the patron god of sculptors and artisans, as well as monument builders.
Ra- the great sun god of Heliopolis, whose cult spread throughout Egypt, becoming most popular during the Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BC).
He is the supreme lord and creator god who rules over the earth. He pilots his boat of the sun across the heavens during the day, revealing another aspect of himself with each movement of the disc across the sky, and then dives into the underworld in the evening when the boat is threatened by the snake Apep (Apophis).
Renenutet- a goddess depicted as a cobra or cobra with the head of a woman. Her name means "Snake that feeds." The renetute was in charge of raising and caring for children.
It was believed to protect the clothing worn by the pharaoh in the afterlife. In this capacity, she appeared as a fire cobra that drove away the enemies of the pharaoh.
Sebek- an important deity of protection in the form of a crocodile or a man with the head of a crocodile. Sebek was the god of water, but was also associated with medicine, particularly surgery.
His name means "crocodile". Sebek was the ruler of the swamps and any other wet areas of Egypt.
Serket (Selket)- goddess of burial, first mentioned during (from 6000-3150 BC) the first dynasty of Egypt (approximately 3150-2890 BC).
She is known from a golden statue found in the tomb of Tutankhamun. Serket was a scorpion goddess, depicted as a woman with scorpions on her head.
Seth (Seth)- god of the desert, storm, disorder, violence, and foreigners in ancient Egyptian religion.
Sekhmet- one of the most significant representatives of the pantheon of ancient Egypt. Sekhmet was a lion deity, usually depicted as a woman with the head of a lion.
Her name means "Powerful" and is usually interpreted as "The Mighty Feminine." She was the goddess of destruction, healing, desert winds, cool breezes.
Seshat- was the goddess of written words and precise measurements.
Sopdu- protective lord of the eastern border of Egypt, guarding outposts, soldiers on the border. He is depicted as a falcon with a ring above his right wing or as a bearded man wearing a crown with two feathers.
Tatenen- the earthly lord, who personified the primary mound during creation, symbolized the land of Egypt.
Taurt- is the protective ancient Egyptian goddess of childbirth and fertility.
Tefnut- creator of moisture, sister of Shu, daughter of Atum (Ra) at the creation of the world. Shu and Tefnut were Atum's first two daughters, created by mating with his shadow. Tefnut is the goddess of the atmosphere of the lower world, the earth.
That- Egyptian lord of writing, magic, god of wisdom and god of the moon. Patron of all scientists, officials, libraries, guardian of state and world order.
He was one of the most important deities of Ancient Egypt, who was alternately said to be self-created or born from the seed of Horus from the forehead of Set.
Wadget- is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royalty and good health.
Upout is the oldest depiction of the jackal god, predating Anubis, with whom he is often confused.
Phoenix- an avian deity, better known as the Bennu bird, the divine bird of creation. The Bennu bird was closely connected with Atum, Ra, Osiris.
Hapi- deity of fertility, patron of crops. He appears in the drawings as a man with large breasts, as well as a belly, which means fertility, success.
Hathor- one of the most famous, most popular deities of Ancient Egypt, the goddess of love.
A very ancient goddess, a celestial cow who gave birth to the sun. She was endowed with the most diverse abilities.
Hekat- patron of magic and medicine. He was present during the act of creation.
Khepri- solar god, depicted with the form of a scarab beetle.
Hershef (Herishef)- the main god of the city of Heracleopolis, where he was worshiped as the creator of the world.
Khnum- one of the earliest known Egyptian deities, originally the god of the sources of the Nile, depicted with the head of a ram.
Khonsou- god of the moon, dimensions and time. Son of Amon and Mut or Sebek and Hathor. Khonsu's task is to observe the passage of time.
Choir- the national guardian of the ancient Egyptians, the god of the sky and sun, who has the appearance of a falcon.
He was usually depicted as a man with a falcon's head, wearing a red and white crown, as a symbol of kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.
Chenenet (Rattaoui)- goddess-wife of the god Montu. Was associated with the cult of the sun.
Shai Shai- was the deification of the concept of fate.
Shu- one of the original Egyptian gods, the personification of dry air.
Ennead- the nine main gods in Ancient Egypt, originally arose in the city of Heliopolis. Includes the nine first gods of this city: Nephthys, Atum, Shu, Geb, Nut, Tefnut, Set, Osiris, Isis.
Thus the Egyptian pantheon was clearly divided into numerous roles. Often different deities merged and changed their meaning.