Nowadays there are a great number of absolutely crazy sports, but in the old days there was also something to brag about. Or something to be horrified about. One can only be content with the fact that some games have sunk into oblivion - and they have long been forgotten. So this is just a history lesson.
Pankration
The ancient Greeks are famous not only for the creation of Western civilization, but also for the invention of the hard game “pankration”, which, at the same time, can be considered a progress in the terrifying list of “games” of that time. This was extremely similar to the modern mix of martial arts, except that there were no rules, rounds, or breaks. It was necessary to get close to the opponent in order to gain control over him. At this step, it was necessary to use blows, grabs, clasps and other techniques that would force the competitor to surrender.
This sport was even included in the program of the Olympic Games of the old world, and athletes developed many techniques and techniques.
"Bullfight" with elephants
This game was played in 54 AD. e. in Rome. In the so-called “venation,” players had to stand in front of a monster called “The Animal from Carthage.” In fact they were elephants.
In addition to the fact that it was necessary to fight with elephants, each slave (and specifically captive slaves were played) realized that the possibility of survival did not exceed 2 percent. Well, we may have gone too far with the percentages: how could the slaves know about the percentages... Be that as it may, it was a deadly gladiatorial game. The Romans played this game so often that North African elephants were in danger of extinction...
Dragging skins
Tug of war is one of the old games that is still played today. The rope can be pulled through various obstacles: a swamp, a pond. But no one would have thought of dragging him through a pit of fire. But the Vikings figured it out. Animal skins were then used instead of rope. Once again, the fate of the losers is unclear: according to some versions, they could completely become victims of Viking belligerence.
"Pitz"
Even before the advent of football, the official game of old Mexico was a strange game that the Mayans called pitz. In some versions it is called the Mesoamerican ball game. They played almost like volleyball (although the leader, by and large, remained unknown), and the role of the ball was played by a heavy ball (about 4 kg), rolled out of unusual rubber.
Points were counted for attacking the opponent's wall, and were deducted if the ball touched the ground more than 2 times. It didn’t matter which team could earn the respect of the public and even win in the end. To do this, it was necessary to throw the ball over a vertically located rim, which was at an incredible height. The favorites went to celebrate their victory, and the losers... Here the views are spreading. Historians imply that from time to time the game took on a ritual character: it was part of the ceremony of sacrifice to the old gods... Although it is difficult to say who exactly was chosen as a victim: the favorites or the losers. At the moment, the game has acquired the most civilized and peaceful features. It is called "ulama".
Fisherman's Tournament
The game consisted of 8 young men jumping into a fishing boat and sailing along the Nile. Later they began to fight: right in the middle of the river. The battle was very brutal: it was impossible without wounds, as well as falling overboard. It’s hard to believe this, but almost all the fishermen of that time, let alone ordinary people, did not know how to swim... So almost everyone simply drowned... And let’s not forget about the crocodiles and hippopotamuses that appeared here when the screams started on the boats , and at least a little blood appeared in the water. As you understand, animals also contributed to this game, in which it is extremely difficult to discern even the slightest bit of healthy meaning...
This game is a sea battle, only with real ships.
Everything is quite simple. The Romans made an extraordinary amphitheater with water and real ships, which had to fight like in a real battle. The Romans called the game naumachia, which translated means “military events with the introduction of naval forces.” The number of accomplices reached several thousand, and everything happened almost the same as in a real battle.
It was not easy to find several thousand guys who were ready to fight on these ships, because almost all of them were probably slaves, as in the case of gladiator fights... And, in general, it is absolutely unclear why it was necessary to establish similar types, taking taking into account the number of old wars. It was completely possible to sell tickets for those fights. But, apparently, the public demanded something else...
Introduction…………………………………………………….1
Chapter 1. History of the development of sports……………………………3
Chapter 2. Sport games. History of origin and development
2.1 History of football…………………………………………..3
2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples……………………………4
2.3 History of basketball……………………………………………………….5
2.4 History of the game of volleyball…………………………………7
2.5 History of chess………………………………………………………7
2.6 History of billiards………………………………………….8
2.7 History of the game of hockey……………………………………10
Chapter 3. History of the emergence and development of athletics...11
Conclusion…………………………………………………….13
Bibliography…………………………………..15
Introduction.
Sport came to us from time immemorial. It is good for your health because it makes your whole body work. IN modern world people move less and less while working. As a result, the body does not receive sufficient load and becomes less mobile. Fatigue sets in quickly. This is followed by constant irritability, and even various diseases can develop.
Sports are especially important for a child. It helps the development of the whole organism. If you play sports, you will always be resilient and in good physical shape.
Sports should be viewed as a game. It should be fun and not become a stupid competition for an unattainable result. In this regard, I would like to deepen my knowledge in the history of the emergence and development of sports games.
The sport was forged on the anvil of centuries from the ardent desire of people to be strong, resilient and dexterous. If a person was like this, he was proud of it and showed his superiority over his enemies and circumstances. History shows that even during the Stone Age, competitions were held in running, jumping over ditches, throwing stones, boomerangs, arrows and spears. Rock paintings and archaeological finds tell about this. In very ancient times, many peoples of the world already had games and entertainment with a competitive element.
Sport is an area of activity associated with identifying and demonstrating the physical capabilities of people. Sports culture is aimed at developing and expanding human capabilities, conquering new heights, and unlocking the potential of athletes.
Sports games are types of amateur and professional sports aimed at achieving a personal and team goal associated with defeating a specific goal (goal, basket, pocket, playing pieces, etc.). Sports games are played using various playing devices (ball, sticks, goals, playing field, puck, etc.). Whether team or individual, they involve the use of tactics and strategy, and not just the basic physical qualities of the athlete (strength, agility, speed, etc.). Academic definition of the term “Sports Games”. In a figurative sense, the term Sports Games is a set of sporting events - an Olympiad, competition or tournament. As a metaphor, sport can be thought of as an ongoing duel with the Universe, with oneself and the limitations that the world has endowed a person with. Like an attempt to fly without wings, to jump above your head. An athlete, defeating circumstances, rivals and himself, shows people that “the impossible is possible” and together with each victory of an individual athlete, all of humanity becomes a little stronger.
Sports games can be confidently called a universal means of physical education for all categories of the population - from children preschool age to pensioners. With their help, the goal is achieved - the formation of the foundations of the physical and spiritual culture of the individual, increasing health resources as a system of values that are actively and long-term implemented in a healthy lifestyle. The role of sports games in solving the problems of physical education in a wide age range is great, such as the formation of a conscious need for mastering the values of health, physical culture and sports; physical improvement and health promotion as conditions for ensuring and achieving high level professionalism in socially significant activities; nature-appropriate and individually acceptable development of physical potential, ensuring the achievement of the necessary and sufficient level of physical qualities, a system of motor abilities and skills; general physical education aimed at mastering the intellectual, technological, moral and aesthetic values of physical culture; updating knowledge at the level of carrying out skills independent studies and the ability to involve others in them. The effectiveness of sports games in promoting the harmonious development of personality is explained, firstly, by their specificity; Secondly,
deep versatile impact on the body of those involved in the development of physical qualities and the development of vital motor skills; thirdly, accessibility for people of different ages and preparedness.
Now I want to take a closer look at the emergence and history of the development of the most famous sports games.
Chapter 1. History of the development of sports
When did the sport appear? , what was the development of sports and what does the word sport mean for the inhabitants of our planet? Ever thought about this? Have you ever thought what it is, why it has so many faces and is so diverse??? Why is sport called both physical and mental activity, as well as activity aimed at identifying some outstanding qualities in a person? Why?
How did people come to compete with each other, identifying the strongest and, in general, why was this necessary? Let's try to understand a little about all these issues.
If we turn to numerous sources, we can reveal that the sport originated many millennia ago and it is impossible to trace any specific birthplace of the sport. It can be assumed that it arose with the advent of community among people, with the beginning of hunting and with the appearance of some kind of logic among them. Or rather, with the advent of religion. The beginning of sports : In their free time from hunting, gathering, fishing and other activities, ancient people performed various dances and performed numerous rituals in order to appease their gods. At first people did it out of necessity, and later for their own pleasure.
On the other hand, it can be assumed that the beginning of sports came with the understanding that bloody wars could be avoided by simple competition. Remember, in ancient times, during the Olympics, all attempts to shed blood stopped.
The appearance of the ball was of great importance in the development of the rudimentary sport. It was a kind of explosion that changed not everything, but a lot. Until now, the most popular sports, one way or another, are associated with the ball - football, tennis, basketball, volleyball, rugby, etc. The ball was worshiped as an idol (the ball was considered the most perfect form), it personified the sun. It is also known from ancient history that one of the first “balls” were the heads of enemies. Ball became the main pastime in peacetime.
Chapter 2. Sports games. History of origin and development.
2.1 History of football
Football is the most popular team game in the world, where you have to fight for a small number of points. The history of the “football” goes back many centuries. Various ball games similar to football were played in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, China), in the ancient world (Greece, Rome), in France (“pas soup”), in Italy (“calcio”) and in England. The immediate predecessor of European football was, in all likelihood, the Roman “Harpastum”. In this game, which was one of the types of military training for legionnaires, the ball had to be passed between two posts. IN Ancient Egypt a game similar to football was known in 1900 BC. e. In Ancient Greece, the game of ball was popular in various forms in the 4th century. BC BC, as evidenced by the image of a young man juggling a ball on an ancient Greek amphora kept in a museum in Athens. Among the warriors of Sparta, the ball game “episkyros” was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. The Romans called this game “harpastum” (“hand ball”) and slightly modified the rules. Their game was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors of ball games in the 1st century. n. e. became famous in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the native Britons and Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they defeated a team of Roman legionnaires for the first time.
Around the 5th century. this game disappeared along with the Roman Empire, but the memory of it remained among Europeans, and especially in Italy. Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a closed person, restrained in expressing emotions,
did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biography of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “with his desire to distinguish himself, he found himself not
exclusively in painting or sculpture, but competed in the game of football, beloved by Florentine youths.” When in the 17th century. supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they became acquainted with this game there, and after Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, they brought it to England, where it became a court game. Medieval football in England was extremely passionate and rough, and the game itself was, in essence, a wild fight in the streets. The English and Scots played for life and death. It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; Even royal orders were issued banning the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read to the residents of London, prohibiting the game in the city on pain of imprisonment... In 1365 it was the turn of Edward III to ban football, due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improving their archery skills. Richard II, in his ban in 1389, mentioned football, dice, and tennis. The T-shirt was liked and eaten by traveling English monarchs - from Henry IV to James P.
But the popularity of football in England was so great that even royal decrees could not prevent it. It was in England that this game was called “football,” although this did not happen when the game was officially recognized, but when it was banned. At the beginning of the 19th century. In Great Britain there was a transition from “crowd football” to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined in Cambridge. And in 1857, the world's first football club was organized in Sheffield. Six years later, representatives of 7 clubs gathered in London to develop common rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.
It was formed in 1863, and the world's first official rules of the game were developed, which received universal recognition several decades later. Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of playing with hands in various situations. It was not until 1871 that a goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the yard (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged). Until the end of the 19th century. The English Football Association introduced a number of other changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); corner kick was introduced (1872); from 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; Since 1891, a net appeared on the goal and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to be taken. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And goal nets were used and patented by the Englishman Brodie from Liverpool in 1890. A referee on a football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, referees began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules certainly influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873. It began with a match between the national teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0. Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland began to take place in the British Isles (such tournaments are still held annually).
At the end of the 19th century. Football began to quickly gain popularity in Europe and Latin America.
In 1904, on the initiative of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was created.
2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples.
Ritual ball games were once common on all continents.
Ancient leather balls have been found during excavations in Egypt and Greece. According to the legends of antiquity, the goddess Aphrodite gave the first ball to Eros, telling him the following words: “I will give you a wonderful toy: this is a fast-flying ball, you will not get any other better fun.”
from the hands of Hephaestus." Depending on the ritual, the ball could symbolize the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and even the northern lights.
Chinese women playing football
In Australia, they were made from the skins of marsupial rats, the bladders of large animals, and from twisted hair.
The Chinese were famous for the game Tsujiu (“Push with the foot”), which was part of the mandatory physical training program for soldiers, mentions of which date back to the 2nd century BC. e., the FIFA federation recognized in 2004 that the Chinese version of football is the most ancient.
Among the Lakota (Sioux) Indians, the ball game was called Tapa Banka Yap (“Ball Throwing”). It appeared thanks to the vision of the leader Uaskn Mani (Walking in Movement). Initially, this game was aimed at ensuring the prosperity of the tribe. The ritual required lengthy preparation, during which an altar was built, symbolizing the center of the Earth.
The Eskimos call the ball game tungatgak. It is carried out with the onset of the first frosts. First, the players are divided into two teams. The goal of the game is to prevent the opposing team from gaining possession of the ball. The fight, as a rule, ends only late in the evening, by agreement of the parties.
2.3 History of basketball.
A game similar to basketball was known among the Mayan and Aztec Indians of Central America. The ball was made of cast rubber and had to be thrown into a hoop.
The United States of America is considered to be the birthplace of modern basketball. The game was invented in December 1891 at the YMCA training center in Springfield, Massachusetts.
To spice up gymnastics lessons, a young teacher, Dr. James Naismith, born in 1861 in the town of Ramsay near Elmont, Ontario, Canada, came up with a new game. He attached two bottomless fruit baskets to the balcony railings,
which had to be thrown into a soccer ball (hence the name basket, ball). The concept of basketball originated with him back in school years, while playing duck-on-a-rock.
The meaning of this game, popular at that time, was as follows: by tossing one, not large, stone, it was necessary to hit the top of another, larger stone with it. Already, as a physical education teacher and college professor in Springfield, D. Naismith was faced with the problem of creating a game for the Massachusetts winter, the period between baseball and football competitions. Naismith believed that due to the weather at this time of year, the best solution would be to invent an indoor game.
A year later, D. Naismith, in less than an hour, sitting at his desk in his office, developed the first points of basketball rules:
· The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or two hands;
· The ball can be hit with one or two hands in any direction, but in no case with a fist;
· The player cannot run with the ball. The player must pass or throw the ball into the basket from the point where he caught it, with the exception of a player running at good speed;
· The ball must be held with one or two hands. You cannot use your forearms and body to hold the ball;
· In any case, hitting, grabbing, holding and pushing the opponent is not allowed. The first violation of this rule by any player shall be recorded as a foul (dirty play); a second foul will disqualify him until the next goal is scored and, if there was clear intent to injure the player, for the entire game. No substitution is allowed;
· Hitting the ball with your fist is a violation of rules 2 and 4, the punishment is described in paragraph 5;
· If one of the sides commits three fouls in a row, they must be recorded as a goal for the opponents (this means that the opponents must not commit a single foul during this time);
· A goal is counted if the ball thrown or bounced off the floor hits the basket and remains there. Defensive players are not allowed to touch the ball or basket while shooting. If the ball touches the rim and the opponents move the basket, a goal is awarded;
· If the ball goes into touch (out of bounds), then it must be thrown into the field by the first player who touched it. In case of a dispute, the referee must throw the ball into the field. The thrower is allowed to hold the ball for five seconds. If he holds it longer, the ball is given to the opponent. If either side tries to stall, the referee must give them a foul;
· The referee must monitor the actions of the players and fouls, and also notify the referee of three fouls committed in a row. He is vested with the power to disqualify players under Law 5;
· The referee must keep an eye on the ball and determine when the ball is in play (inside) and when it goes into touch (outside), which side should have possession of the ball, and control the clock. He must determine whether a target is hit, keep a record of goals scored, and perform any other actions that are normally performed by a referee;
· The game consists of two halves of 15 minutes each with a five-minute break between them;
· The side that scores more goals in this period of time is the winner.
Over time, basketball has changed.
At the height of the game, Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, despite the fact that it was already named after him. Basketball has come a long way since James Naismith. And today it is one of the most popular sports in the world, which would not have been possible without Dr. James Naismith, the founder of this magnificent game.
2.4 History of the game of volleyball.
Volleyball appeared in the USA. It was invented in 1895 by the head of physical education at the Young Christian Union, William Morgan. He suggested throwing the ball over a tennis net located at a height of about 2 meters.
The first name for volleyball was mintonet, later it was renamed flying ball. The real name of the game was given by Dr. Alfred Holstetz, a teacher at Springfield College.
Volleyball first appeared in public in 1986, a year later the first rules of the game were announced; they consisted of only ten points.
The game quickly spread throughout the world, and numerous US trade and political connections contributed to this.
Already in 1900, volleyball was learned in Canada, in 1906 in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, and Mexico. By 1913, the flying ball reached Asia, where a tournament was held at the Pan-Asian Games, with the participation of Japan, China, and the Philippines. And already in 1914, volleyball appeared in Europe, more precisely in Great Britain, then in 1917 it was already in France. In the 20s, the game began to develop in Eastern Europe - in Poland, Czechoslovakia and the USSR. At this time, official championships of the countries of the European continent begin to be held.
Along with the spread of volleyball in the world, the rules of the game were improved, tactics and techniques changed, and new techniques were formed. Volleyball is becoming more and more of a team game. Players begin to use power serves, widely introduce deceptive shots into the game, pay great attention to passing techniques, the role of defense increases, and the game becomes more dynamic.
In 1922, after competitions in Brooklyn, the Americans proposed including volleyball in the Olympic Games program and were refused. In 1934, at an international meeting of representatives of sports federations, a technical commission for volleyball was created, which included 13 European countries, 5 countries of the American continent and 4 Asian ones.
In April 1947, at the first volleyball congress in Paris, it was decided to create the International Volleyball Federation (FIBV).
Sports are where you can get injured. Chess (along with billiards, one of the most ancient sports) has been considered a sport since an angry loser hit his opponent over the head with a board, causing him to suffer a concussion.
2.5 History of chess.
The birthplace of chess is India. The time of origin is the first centuries AD. There is an ancient legend that attributes the creation of chess to a certain Brahmin. For his invention, he asked the Raja (he was delighted with the new game) for an insignificant, at first glance, reward: as many wheat grains as the chessboard would show if one grain was placed on the first square, and then
double the number of grains. The quantity that the chessboard showed could not be found on the entire planet.
A small chessboard is an immense field for countless combinations. Suffice it to say that at the very beginning of the game the player has 20 options for the first move; his partner can respond with 20 moves for each move, that is, the latter already has 400 options at his disposal just for the first move!
From India, chess penetrated into the countries of the Middle East.
This game had a pronounced military character, so it was well received in the countries of medieval Europe. Here chess became known in the 10th-11th centuries, after the Arabs conquered Spain and Sicily.
From Spain and Sicily, chess gradually penetrated into Italy, France, England, Scandinavian and other countries, despite the severe persecution of the church, which prohibited chess along with the game of dice and other “demonic obsessions.”
At the end of the 14th century, the Catholic Church officially lifted the ban on chess. The game was recognized as a necessary element of noble education.
The first mention of chess in Rus' dates back to the second half of the 13th century. Archaeological finds dating back to the 11th-15th centuries indicate that chess has been known and loved in our country for a long time and everywhere. Excavations in Novgorod show that chess was played by boyars and serfs, merchants, artisans and even clergy.
The Russian clergy imitated the Byzantine in their rejection of chess. But the prohibitions of the church could not kill interest in the game, which managed to win so many adherents and became part of Russian culture. Gradually, the Russian church stopped mentioning chess as a forbidden game. In the book “Life of the Russian People,” A.V. Tereshchenko notes: “When raising the grand ducal children, they taught, among other things, the game of chess, no doubt for the reason that it sharpened their mental abilities.”
When Peter I went on campaigns, he took with him not only chess, but also two permanent partners.
Catherine II was also fond of chess. In 1796, A.S. Stroganov arranged a game of live chess for Catherine II and the Swedish king Gustav IV, who were visiting his country palace. In the meadow, where green and yellow turf was laid out “ chessboard”, servants dressed in medieval clothes moved in accordance with the moves of the chess game.
Chess was widespread among the Russian intelligentsia. In the library of A.S. Pushkin, a book published in 1824 by A.D. Petrov, who was the strongest chess player in Russia for half a century, has been preserved - “The Chess Game, Put into Systematic Order...” with the author’s dedicatory inscription; Pushkin was a subscriber to the first chess magazine “Palamed”, which began publishing in Paris in 1836.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, chess theory continued to develop.
Chess has long been one of the sports. But this does not stop millions of people from playing chess just for fun, finding joy in the game.
2.6 History of the game of billiards.
Billiards is an ancient game, but at the same time it is very extraordinary, exciting and deep. It is impossible to accurately determine the time of origin of the game. Therefore, it is not surprising that many legends, myths and disputes arise around it. One of the main billiard disputes, which has been going on for decades, was the dispute about
In what country did billiards originate? Many researchers believe that the birthplace of billiards is Asia, according to some - India, according to others -
China. However, in European countries, long before the advent of billiards, there were already games that could be called prototypes of billiards.
The question of the origin of the word “billiards” also remains controversial. According to the English researcher John Wilk, the original name of the game was “ball-yerds”, composed of two words from the Old Saxon language (“ball” - ball and “yerd” - stick). Supporters of another, French version of the origin of the word, point to the French roots of the name: “bille” - ball, or “billart” - wooden stick.
The emergence of billiards would correctly be attributed to the historical period when balls began to be moved using cue-like devices on a flat surface raised above the floor or ground.
The first official source about billiards in Europe is recorded in the order of the King of France (1461-1483) Louis XI, who once ordered a billiard table to be installed in his apartment. A century later, the French king Charles IX, playing billiards on the infamous St. Bartholomew's Night on August 24, 1572, put down his cue and, taking an arquebus, began shooting directly from the windows of the palace at the fleeing Huguenots. The second historical source refers to a letter from Mary Stuart, written on February 17, 1587, on the day of her execution, to the Archbishop of Glasgow, in which the unfortunate queen asks the archbishop to take care of her billiard table, preparing for it the most appropriate place. There is also a mention of billiards in the great Shakespeare. Thus, the kings' fashion for billiards influenced its popularity both among his vassals and in lower circles. In 1674, in Lyon, the Frenchman Etienne Liazon published the first rules for playing billiards. Subsequently, with the growing interest in billiards, this game spread throughout Europe. During the reign of the French king Louis XIV, when billiards was in the highest fashion at court, Michel Chamillard (1652 - 1721) was recognized as the best player, who made a dizzying career from a minor official to the minister of war.
In 1698 Peter I brought the first billiard tables from Holland, one of which he installed in his reception room. Gradually, following his example, many nobles began to open billiards on their estates. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna (a big fan of billiards) and Elizaveta Petrovna, billiards became most widespread in Russia.
The first pool tables had many technical imperfections. The sides were not elastic and the balls, hitting them, were not reflected; it was impossible to give the ball lateral rotation with rough club cues; the board on which the balls rolled was not very smooth and hard. The game looked very primitive. The improvement of the billiard table also affected its shape. Modern billiard tables come in extremely varied sizes, their length varies between 250 - 275 cm, and the width between the sides is 140 - 153.5 cm, and the height from the floor is up to 2.5 feet. According to the sizes, billiards are called: small, medium (office) and large.
In 1870, billiards was recognized as an independent sport. This event took place thanks to the match held for the title of world billiards champion. The game took place in San Francisco, and its participants were John Deery and Cyril Dionne. John Deery became the first world billiards champion. Since then, the development of billiards as a sport has advanced by leaps and bounds. Today we can see many billiard virtuosos at a wide variety of tournaments.
2.7 History of the game of hockey.
The term “hockey” itself is derived from the English “hockey”, or from the Old French “hoquet”, meaning “shepherd’s crook with a hook”.
Hockey is a sports team game with sticks and a puck (or ball), the content and goal of which is to use individual dribbling and passing of the ball by a partner to score the greatest number of times into the opponent’s goal.
Even before the advent of hockey in 16th century Holland, there were games with a ball and sticks on ice. Similar games then appeared in England and Scandinavia, where they later evolved into ice hockey in the 19th century.
Modern ice hockey as a sport originated in Canada. This is a country whose climate and nature (numerous bodies of water that freeze in winter and long winters) created good conditions to distribute this game. At first they played not with a puck, but with a heavy ball, and the team size reached 50 or more players on each side.
In the 1870s. Ice hockey in Canada was a mandatory game for all sports events. The first hockey rules were formulated by students at McGill University in Montreal. Classic hockey goals had not yet been invented at that time; their role was played by two posts that marked the space into which the puck should hit when hitting the goal.
In 1879 Canadian UV. Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, and at the same time a rubber puck was proposed for the game. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal. The first official rules of the game of ice hockey were published in 1886, which have been preserved as much as possible to this day. They made changes to the team size: the number of field players decreased from nine to seven; the conditions for finding the number of players during a game on the field changed: a goalkeeper, front and back defenders, a center and two wingers could be on the ice, and the area in front of the goal was an arena for the actions of the strongest hockey player - the rover.
In 1899, the world's first indoor hockey stadium with an artificial ice rink was built in Montreal, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was founded.
Hockey match in Montreal (Canada), early 20th century
The first professional hockey team was organized in the country where hockey originated - in Canada in 1904. After four seasons of games
This team was finally divided into professionals and amateurs. At the end of the 19th century, Canadian hockey came to Europe. In 1914, professional ice hockey clubs merged to form the National Hockey League (NHL). And in 1908, Great Britain, Bohemia, Switzerland, France and Belgium founded the International Hockey Federation (LIH, after 1979 - IIHF).
The rules of the game constantly underwent changes: for example, in 1900, a goal net was invented, which made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal was scored against a team. Later, the dimensions of the hockey rinks were established, the playing time was established (three periods of 20 minutes each), the number of players on the field was reduced to 6 people, and it became possible to replace players not only for health reasons. The Patrick brothers also left us their innovations - they introduced a system for assigning a number to each player, new system points, the site was divided into certain zones. In 1929, goalkeeper Clint Benedict put on a mask for the first time, and in 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). IN last years Women's teams began to appear in hockey, which were included in the Olympic Games program in 1998.
Chapter 3. History of the emergence and development of athletics.
Even in ancient times, it was necessary for a person to be able to run quickly, deftly overcome various obstacles, and throw various types of projectiles. His hunting success, and therefore his life, depended on a person’s ability to catch up and accurately hit prey, on the ability to be persistent and hardened in the fight against the mysterious forces of nature.
Athletics is one of the most popular sports, to say the least. After all, in wide circles of sports fans she bears the title – Queen of Sports.
Athletics is one of the oldest sports. 2800 years is the age of athletics (if we take into account the First Olympic Games in 776 BC).
Several centuries BC, the peoples of Asia and Africa organized competitions in running, jumping, and throwing, but this became especially widespread in Ancient Greece. Special gymnasium schools were created here, in which young men engaged in physical exercises, developed strength, speed, agility, and endurance.
The birth of modern athletics dates back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the British Isles. The running took place on large roads between cities or at hippodromes (1770 - an hour's run, the winner's result was 17,300m; 1803 - John Todd ran from Hyde Park to Oxbridge Roy in 4.10.0 (a distance of just under a mile); 1789 - jump from sixth 1.83 m; 1792 - 1 mile run (1609.3 m) with a result of 5.52.0; 1827 - running high jump (157.5 cm); 1838 - hammer throw (19.71 m); 1839 - shot put (8.61m)).
In general, the Olympic debut of the “queen of sports” was very modest in Athens. Athletes competed in only 12 events (compare: now the track and field program has 43 events). In total, less than a hundred athletes took to the start line. For example, only five people jumped high. Gymnastics and shooting competitions attracted much more participants.
The specific date of birth of modern athletics is considered to be 1837. - competition between Rugby College students in Great Britain over a distance of about 2 km.
The birth of athletics in the United States is associated with the creation in 1868. New York Athletic Club.
1870-1890 - the emergence of athletics associations in many developed countries.
In the 30s In the USSR, the scientific and methodological foundations of the modern system of training athletes began to be created. With the introduction of the “Ready” complex in 1931
to labor and defense of the USSR" (TRP) Athletics has become one of the most popular sports.
In 1968, the European Athletics Association was founded. - EAA, uniting 35 national federations, including the USSR (1972), in the late 60s - early 70s. Athletics federations of Asia, Africa, Latin American countries, New Zealand and Oceania are organized.
CONCLUSION
So, we looked at the topic “Sports Games. History of origin and development." Judging by everything said above, we can conclude that since ancient times a universal and absolutely reliable way to strengthen health and increase longevity is well known - sport, a method that does not require expensive medications and technical devices, but only will and some effort on oneself.
Sports games and physical education activities are integral elements of physical culture, the purpose of which is to develop the body, motor skills, and improve physical qualities, skills and abilities.
The variety of sports games makes the definition quite difficult. In our opinion, a sports game is a voluntary activity that takes place according to certain rules and is characterized by excitement, in which the emotional side dominates over the utilitarian-practical one and which brings satisfaction and joy not only from the result, but also from the process itself, both to the direct participants of the game and its observers (spectators, fans). When defining a sports game, we cannot completely ignore the utilitarian-practical side, especially in relation to professional sports. However, even in the game activity that seems farthest from any professionalism, for example, in children's hide and seek, there is already a desire for a result - victory, success - the achievement of which is accompanied by additional joy, and failure - by grief, which, however, does not cover the emotional positive elation and satisfaction from the game process itself.
Nevertheless, it is the sports game that ennobles the participants, helps strengthen collectivist principles, especially in team sports games, and teaches chivalry and nobility. It is difficult to overestimate the role of sports games in physical development its participants, in ensuring a healthy and active lifestyle, although in modern professional sports there are costs when the loads of individual athletes go beyond acceptable limits, which can lead to poor health and even the death of an athlete during training or competition. Finally, the development of sports games realizes the task of forming patriotic principles. On the one hand, this is facilitated by the revival of folk (folklore) games, such as, for example, Russian lapta, which today is experiencing a rebirth and is even reaching the international level, acquiring an international character. On the other hand, international competitions in sports games are held under the flags of states, involve the performance of national anthems, both before the start of the game and in the procedure for awarding the winners, evoke empathy and, accordingly, a surge in the patriotic sentiments of fans (humanity has not yet matured to cosmopolitan views, the relevance of patriotism is early cancel). Healthy manifestations of national self-awareness have nothing to do with chauvinism; national pride does not at all imply disdain for other cultures and ethnic groups. In addition, Russians and especially the state-forming ethnic group, the Russians, still have to overcome their inferiority complex, which is greatly facilitated by the success of Russians in sports games in the field of big-time sports.
Sport should be the companion of every person throughout his life - only then can sport bring tangible benefits. Many physical
deficiencies and illnesses can be treated by sports. We should not forget that a person spends most of his daytime at work and, as a rule, indoors, where
the possibilities for a variety of movements are extremely limited. This causes various stagnation in the body, leads to a slowdown in blood circulation, and can cause some ailments.
It remains to be hoped that the sports game will occupy an increasingly worthy place in gaming activities modern man, and this trend requires close attention and research into the sports game as a sociocultural phenomenon.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
1. “Everything about everything” - a popular encyclopedia for children - 1994.
2. Kuzin V.V., Palievsky S.A., Basketball. First stage education. Physical education and sports - 1999.
3. Kuramshin “Theory and methodology of physical culture”
4. Kuhn “General History of Physical Culture and Sports” - 1987.
5. Basics of volleyball O. Chekhov. Physical education and sports, 1979
6. Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports - 1975.
7. Physical education and sports. Small Encyclopedia - M.: "Rainbow", 1982
Main types of sports games.
Experienced athletes and coaches know how important physical activity is for adults, children and adolescents. The ability to play, move for fun and compete is necessary for growth and development, maintaining the body in good physical shape. Sports games for children are the greatest gift that adults can give to children. While playing, the child improves his health, develops coordination, learns to act in a team and receives a lot of positive emotions. It is especially useful for everyone to play together - children, parents and teachers. This The best way create friendly and trusting relationships.
Types of sports games.
Team sports arose in ancient times. On the frescoes of the Egyptian pyramids and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, on the vases of ancient Greece and the wall paintings of ancient Crete, many figures are depicted engaged in outdoor games. Every nation has national sports entertainment. There are universal games that are popular in all countries of the world.
Any sports game is characterized by: the presence of rules; interaction with partners; competitiveness; physical activity; simplicity of content; strong emotional impact.
All game activities in sports can be divided into several groups:
Pair games with a small variety of movements;
Team activities with a wide variety of movements;
Team games with great physical activity;
Military sports games;
Mind games.
Types of the first group - table tennis, badminton, etc. Team sports are football, basketball, and volleyball. Hockey and rugby require increased load. Examples of military sports games are paintball, laser tag. Intellectual games - chess, checkers.
Football
One of the oldest sports. Traditionally it is believed that football was invented in England in the Middle Ages. But Chinese chronicles of the 3rd – 2nd centuries BC describe the “Tsu Chu competition”. Its purpose was to kick a leather ball stuffed with feathers and hair into a net stretched on a bamboo base. Approximate descriptions are found in ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek authors. Consequently, the British did not invent football, but only developed and popularized it. The rules of this sport have changed over time.
The main principles of football:
The game involves two teams, each consisting of 11 players. The goal is to score the ball into the opponent's goal. Football players direct the ball only with their feet and head; using their hands is prohibited. The team that manages to score the ball the most times wins.
Here are the roles:
Goalkeeper;
4 defenders;
3 midfielders;
3 forwards.
Basketball
When listing popular sports games, basketball is called second after football. Unlike football, the origins of this game are known with certainty. Basketball was invented by an American doctor, coach and priest - James Naismith. The basis of the new sport was the school entertainment “duck on a rock”. The very first basketball competition in 1891 used peach baskets and a soccer ball. The game was liked by the general public and soon spread throughout the world. Naismith's original rules have changed since then.
But the main principles remain the same:
Two teams of 12 people each participate;
From 3 to 5 people can play on the site at the same time;
Players must throw the ball into the opponent's basket, and not allow balls to be thrown into their own basket;
All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands;
You cannot hit the ball with your fist;
The ball is moved only by hitting it on the floor.
Volleyball
This sport, like basketball, was invented artificially in the USA. Christian Association coach William Morgan came up with an original mix of basketball, tennis, handball and baseball. In 1895, the first game took place, at which the modern name was invented. Volleyball requires a court with a net stretched across it. The net is placed at a height of 2.43 m and 2.25 m for men and women, respectively. Teams have 5 people. Players change places as the ball is served. The goal of the game is to land the ball in the opposing team's territory. Volleyball players use only their hands. It is prohibited to touch the net with your hands. No more than five games of up to 25 points each are played.
Children and adults all over the world love volleyball, as it develops reactions, gives a feeling of friendship and team support. Characterizing various sports games, volleyball can be called the most democratic. This sport is available everywhere - in the yard, on the beach. Anyone can play; no special preparation is needed.
Sports games with ball
Ball games, as seen in the example of football described above, basketball and volleyball are the most dynamic and popular. Balls were invented at the dawn of human civilization. Many national sports and yard children's games use large, small, leather, rag, wooden, and alabaster balls. Modern ball sports are mainly team games.
Military sports games
Nowadays, military sports games involving the inclusion of elements of combat tactics have become widespread. Weapons are used here and army methods of moving around the game space are used. Teams are formed according to military principles: squad, platoon, etc. The scope of action is close to that usual for real combat operations - a field, a forest. Teams can conduct defense, attack, reconnaissance. Military sports strategy involves the interaction of team members and creates a combat situation. The group that defeats all members of the opposing team wins.
The following games are the most famous in our time:
Paintball. Rival teams shoot paintballs at each other with air guns. The balls crash against a live target and “mark” the achievement of the goal.
Olympic Games: sports
Many of the games listed are featured at the Summer and Winter Olympics. The list expands every year. In recent years, the following Olympic sports have been considered: badminton; basketball; water polo; volleyball; Beach volleyball; handball; table tennis; tennis; football; field hockey, curling; hockey.
Yard outdoor games
Nowadays, many children and teenagers are attached to computer games. This addictive hobby can perfectly develop imagination, thinking and determination, but it sharply reduces physical activity and negates sociability. Parents of modern teenagers remember the wonderful children's sports games that they played for hours in summer camps, school sports sections and just in the yards.
This:
Russian lapta;
Pioneerball;
Ali Baba;
Breaking chains;
Aram-shim-shim;
Santiki-candy wrappers-limpompo.
Recently I became interested in the question of what is the oldest sport on earth and when the first competitions began to take place in any sport and people (fans) gathered to watch it to find out who would be the winner. I dug into various sources, starting from Wikipedia and the online library of SFU University and found out which sports are the most ancient.
On many sites it is written that the most the oldest game on the ground " Pitz" Played by one of the ancient Mayan peoples. A peculiar game somewhat reminiscent of football in the modern world - the players were divided into several teams and tried to get into a special hole located on the enemy’s side. After the defeat, a new ball was made from the head of the elders. But in reality this is wrong.
1. American scientists, during excavations in the Sibudu Cave in South Africa, found in the sediments traces of arrowheads and spears that were shot at special targets attached to the wall. Based on the tracks, it turned out that there were many tracks and the arrows entered the targets with different forces and along different trajectories, which indicates that there were several shooters. And it is quite possible that the shooters competed with each other in the so-called " hunting sport"According to scientists' research, these traces were left more than 60,000 years ago
2. many rock paintings found in other caves in Europe depicted run And struggle more 17,000 years back.
3.Other cave paintings on walls in Libya prove that 6000 BC. people have also already competed archery
4.Also in Japan, around the same time, images were found very similar to one of the ancient sports Sumo wrestling
5. In ancient Sumer, various drawings of fights between people were discovered on stone slabs that appeared around 2600 BC
6. And only in 2500 BC information was discovered that the Mayans played " Pitz"
7. Many people believe that the ancestor of the oldest event of the Olympic Games is Greece, but in fact this is not so, the first competitions in javelin throwing, wrestling, fishing, long jump, rowing and so on appeared in ancient Egypt 2000 BC
8.In 1600-1100 BC. Already in ancient Greece, competitions were held between athletes. Initially, these competitions were held at the funerals of noble people, but later they grew into larger ones - into large-scale competitions that later became Olympic sports. Competitions were held between participants running, javelin throwing, discus throwing, long jump and in various other disciplines.
Result: From the above, one thing can be said for sure: one of the most ancient sports was javelin-throwing And archery, which for certain reasons is understandable! These skills were necessary for people to survive. And the highest mastery of these “sports” guaranteed the owner’s survival. But since people couldn’t figure it out among themselves who should be taken hunting and who shouldn’t!? Only a fight between people could show who is best at these ancient sports.
Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after. Abylai Khan
On the topic: “Sports. The history of the origin of sport. Ancient sports"
Performed:
2nd year student
220 PFIA groups
Marieta Ksenia
Checked:
teacher
physical culture
Kalen Farida
Almaty, 2013
Sport (English sport, abbreviation from the original Old French de sport - “game”, “entertainment”) is an activity of people organized according to certain rules, consisting of a comparison of their physical or intellectual abilities, as well as preparation for this activity and interpersonal relationships that arise in its process.
Sport is a specific type of physical and intellectual activity performed for the purpose of competition, as well as targeted preparation for them through warm-up and training. In combination with rest, the desire to gradually improve physical health, increase the level of intelligence, obtain moral satisfaction, the pursuit of excellence, improve personal, group and absolute records, fame, improve one’s own physical capabilities and skills, sport is intended to improve the physical and mental characteristics of a person.
Sport is an integral part of physical culture. This is the actual competitive activity and preparation for it. It clearly manifests the desire to win, achieve high results, mobilize physical, mental and moral qualities person. Sports are necessary to influence society.
Mass sports provide an opportunity for millions of people to improve their physical qualities and motor abilities, improve their health and prolong their creative longevity.
High performance sport is the only model of activity in which outstanding record holders can demonstrate the functioning of almost all body systems within the absolute physical and practical limits of a healthy person. The goal of elite sport is to achieve the highest possible sporting results or victories at major sporting competitions.
History of the origin of the sport
At the earliest stages of human development, the struggle for existence dictated its own laws. Physical strength and dexterity played a very important role in hunting, war, and distribution of spoils. important role. Aborigines in Australia to this day have retained as a hunting method the pursuit of an antelope or kangaroo by running until the animal gets tired. History of sports in the states of the ancient world The history of the development of sports has unusually long roots. Traces of physical culture and sports were discovered in the early states (IV-III millennium BC). Ritual competitions in honor of the god Marduk, the patron saint of Babylon, preceded the ancient Greek Olympics by more than a thousand years. These competitions included archery, belt wrestling, sword fighting, fist fighting, horse racing, chariot racing, javelin throwing and hunting. The history of sports is very rich in interesting and beautiful events. Even in ancient times, people competed in various competitions. Sport has always been a good alternative for humanity, contributing to a peaceful, healthy life. |
Ancient sports
Today there are a large number of completely crazy sports, but in the old days there was also something to brag about. Or something to be afraid of. Some games have sunk into oblivion - and have long been forgotten about. So this top is just a history lesson.
Lapta is a Russian folk team game with a ball and bat. Mentions of lapta are found in ancient Russian writings. Balls and bats were discovered in layers of the 14th century during excavations in Novgorod. The game is played on a natural site. The goal of the game is to use the bat to send the ball thrown by a player of the opposing team as far as possible and to run alternately to the opposite side and back, without allowing the opponent to “smear” himself with the caught ball. For successful runs, the team is awarded points. The team that scores the most points within the set time wins. Lapta-related sports include baseball, cricket, pesapolo in Finland, oina in Romania and others.
Even before the advent of football, the official game of ancient Mexico was a strange game the Mayans called pitz. In some versions it is called the Mesoamerican ball game. They played almost like volleyball (although the rules, by and large, remained unknown), and the role of the ball was played by a heavy ball (about 4 kg), rolled from natural rubber. Points were scored for attacking the opponent's wall, and were deducted if the ball touched the ground more than twice. Any team could earn the respect of the public and even win in the end. To do this, it was necessary to throw the ball over a vertically located rim, which was at an incredible height.
The winners went to celebrate their victory, and the losers... Opinions differ here. Historians suggest that sometimes the game took on a ritual character: it was part of a sacrifice ceremony to the ancient gods... Although it is difficult to say who exactly was chosen as a victim: the winners or the losers. Now the game has acquired more civilized and peaceful features. She is called "ulama".
Virkerfest
Tug of war is one of the ancient games that is still played today. The rope can be pulled through various obstacles: a swamp, a pond. But no one would have thought of pulling him through a pit of fire. But the Vikings figured it out. Animal skins were then used instead of rope. Again, the fate of the losers is unclear: according to some versions, they could well have become victims of Viking militancy.
Eleferria or "bullfight" with elephants
This game was played in 54 AD. e. in Rome. In the so-called "venation", players had to face a monster called the "Animal of Carthage". In fact they were elephants.
In addition to the fact that it was necessary to fight with elephants, each slave (and it was the captive slaves who played) understood that the probability of survival did not exceed two percent. Well, we may have gone too far with the percentages: how could the slaves know about the percentages... Be that as it may, it was a deadly gladiatorial game. The Romans played this game so often that North African elephants were in danger of extinction...
Pankration
The ancient Greeks are famous not only for the creation of Western civilization, but also for the invention of the brutal game "pankration", which, at the same time, can be considered an advance in the terrifying list of ancient "games". This one was very similar to a modern blend of martial arts, except there were no rules, no rounds, no breaks. You had to get close enough to the enemy to gain control over him. At this stage, it was necessary to use strikes, grabs, clasps and other techniques that would force the opponent to surrender.
This sport was even included in the program of the Olympic Games of the ancient world, and athletes developed many techniques and techniques.
The game was that 8 guys jumped into a fishing boat and sailed down the Nile. Then they started fighting: right in the middle of the river. The battle was very fierce: there were no wounds, and no one fell overboard. It’s hard to believe, but many of the fishermen of that time, let alone ordinary people, did not know how to swim... So many simply drowned... And we should not forget about crocodiles and hippos, which immediately appeared when on boats Screams began, and at least a little blood appeared in the water. As you understand, animals also contributed to this game, in which it is very difficult to discern even the slightest bit of common sense...
Naumachia
This game is a naval battle, only with real ships.
It's quite simple. The Romans made a kind of amphitheater with water and real ships, which were supposed to fight like in a real battle. The Romans called the game naumachia, which translated means “military action using naval forces.” The number of participants reached several thousand, and everything happened almost the same as in a real battle.
Finding several thousand men willing to fight on these ships was not easy, so many of them were probably slaves, as in the case of gladiator fights... And, in general, it is completely unclear why such spectacles were established, given number of ancient wars. It was entirely possible to sell tickets for those battles. But, apparently, the public demanded something else...
List of sites used
- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sports
- http://zdorovosport.ru/history.html
- http://dinamo-sovershenstvo. ru/
- http://andrei-stoliar.ru/