In this article we will look at the designation of radio elements on diagrams.

Where to start reading diagrams?

In order to learn how to read circuits, first of all, we must study what a particular radio element looks like in a circuit. In principle, there is nothing complicated about this. The whole point is that if the Russian alphabet has 33 letters, then in order to learn the symbols of radio elements, you will have to try hard.

Until now, the whole world cannot agree on how to designate this or that radio element or device. Therefore, keep this in mind when you collect bourgeois schemes. In our article we will consider our Russian GOST version of the designation of radioelements

Studying a simple circuit

Okay, let's get to the point. Let's look at a simple electrical circuit of a power supply, which used to appear in any Soviet paper publication:

If this is not the first day you have held a soldering iron in your hands, then everything will immediately become clear to you at first glance. But among my readers there are also those who are encountering such drawings for the first time. Therefore, this article is mainly for them.

Well, let's analyze it.

Basically, all diagrams are read from left to right, just like you read a book. Any different circuit can be represented as a separate block to which we supply something and from which we remove something. Here we have a circuit of a power supply to which we supply 220 Volts from the outlet of your house, and a constant voltage comes out of our unit. That is, you must understand what is the main function of your circuit?. You can read this in the description for it.

How are radioelements connected in a circuit?

So, it seems that we have decided on the task of this scheme. Straight lines are wires or printed conductors through which electric current will flow. Their task is to connect radioelements.

The point where three or more conductors connect is called knot. We can say that this is where the wiring is soldered:

If you look closely at the diagram, you can see the intersection of two conductors

Such intersection will often appear in diagrams. Remember once and for all: at this point the wires are not connected and they must be insulated from each other. In modern circuits, you can most often see this option, which already visually shows that there is no connection between them:

Here, it is as if one wire goes around the other from above, and they do not contact each other in any way.

If there was a connection between them, then we would see this picture:

Letter designation of radioelements in the circuit

Let's look at our diagram again.

As you can see, the diagram consists of some strange icons. Let's look at one of them. Let this be the R2 icon.

So, let's first deal with the inscriptions. R means . Since we have him not the only one in the scheme, the developer of this scheme gave him the serial number “2”. There are as many as 7 of them in the diagram. Radio elements are generally numbered from left to right and top to bottom. A rectangle with a line inside already clearly shows that this is a constant resistor with a dissipation power of 0.25 Watt. It also says 10K next to it, which means its denomination is 10 Kilohms. Well, something like this...

How are the remaining radioelements designated?

Single-letter and multi-letter codes are used to designate radioelements. Single letter codes are group, to which this or that element belongs. Here are the main ones groups of radioelements:

A – these are various devices (for example, amplifiers)

IN – converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical ones and vice versa. This may include various microphones, piezoelectric elements, speakers, etc. Generators and power supplies here do not apply.

WITH – capacitors

D – integrated circuits and various modules

E – miscellaneous elements that do not fall into any group

F – arresters, fuses, protective devices

H – indicating and signaling devices, for example, sound and light indicating devices

K – relays and starters

L – inductors and chokes

M – engines

R – instruments and measuring equipment

Q – switches and disconnectors in power circuits. That is, in circuits where high voltage and high current “walk”

R – resistors

S – switching devices in control, signaling and measurement circuits

T – transformers and autotransformers

U – converters of electrical quantities into electrical ones, communication devices

V – semiconductor devices

W – microwave lines and elements, antennas

X – contact connections

Y – mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive

Z – terminal devices, filters, limiters

To clarify the element, after the one-letter code there is a second letter, which already indicates element type. Below are the main types of elements along with the letter group:

BD – ionizing radiation detector

BE – selsyn receiver

B.L. – photocell

BQ – piezoelectric element

BR – speed sensor

B.S. – pickup

B.V. - speed sensor

B.A. – loudspeaker

BB – magnetostrictive element

B.K. – thermal sensor

B.M. – microphone

B.P. - pressure meter

B.C. – selsyn sensor

D.A. – integrated analog circuit

DD – integrated digital circuit, logical element

D.S. – information storage device

D.T. – delay device

EL - lighting lamp

E.K. - a heating element

F.A. – instantaneous current protection element

FP – inertial current protection element

F.U. - fuse

F.V. – voltage protection element

G.B. - battery

HG – symbolic indicator

H.L. – light signaling device

H.A. – sound alarm device

KV – voltage relay

K.A. – current relay

KK – electrothermal relay

K.M. - magnetic switch

KT – time relay

PC – pulse counter

PF – frequency meter

P.I. – active energy meter

PR – ohmmeter

PS – recording device

PV – voltmeter

PW – wattmeter

PA – ammeter

PK – reactive energy meter

P.T. - watch

QF

QS – disconnector

RK – thermistor

R.P. – potentiometer

R.S. – measuring shunt

RU – varistor

S.A. – switch or switch

S.B. – push-button switch

SF - Automatic switch

S.K. – temperature-triggered switches

SL – switches activated by level

SP – pressure switches

S.Q. – switches activated by position

S.R. – switches activated by rotation speed

TV – voltage transformer

T.A. - current transformer

UB – modulator

UI – discriminator

UR – demodulator

UZ – frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier

VD – diode, zener diode

VL – electrovacuum device

VS – thyristor

VT –

W.A. – antenna

W.T. – phase shifter

W.U. – attenuator

XA – current collector, sliding contact

XP – pin

XS - nest

XT – collapsible connection

XW – high frequency connector

YA – electromagnet

YB – brake with electromagnetic drive

YC – clutch with electromagnetic drive

YH – electromagnetic plate

ZQ – quartz filter

Graphic designation of radioelements in the circuit

I will try to give the most common designations of elements used in the diagrams:

Resistors and their types

A) general designation

b) dissipation power 0.125 W

V) dissipation power 0.25 W

G) dissipation power 0.5 W

d) dissipation power 1 W

e) dissipation power 2 W

and) dissipation power 5 W

h) dissipation power 10 W

And) dissipation power 50 W

Variable resistors

Thermistors

Strain gauges

Varistors

Shunt

Capacitors

a) general designation of a capacitor

b) variconde

V) polar capacitor

G) trimmer capacitor

d) variable capacitor

Acoustics

a) headphone

b) loudspeaker (speaker)

V) general designation of a microphone

G) electret microphone

Diodes

A) diode bridge

b) general designation of a diode

V) zener diode

G) double-sided zener diode

d) bidirectional diode

e) Schottky diode

and) tunnel diode

h) reversed diode

And) varicap

To) Light-emitting diode

l) photodiode

m) emitting diode in the optocoupler

n) radiation receiving diode in the optocoupler

Electrical quantity meters

A) ammeter

b) voltmeter

V) voltammeter

G) ohmmeter

d) frequency meter

e) wattmeter

and) faradometer

h) oscilloscope

Inductors

A) coreless inductor

b) inductor with core

V) tuning inductor

Transformers

A) general designation of a transformer

b) transformer with winding output

V) current transformer

G) transformer with two secondary windings (maybe more)

d) three-phase transformer

Switching devices

A) closing

b) opening

V) opening with return (button)

G) closing with return (button)

d) switching

e) reed switch

Electromagnetic relay with different groups of contacts

Circuit breakers

A) general designation

b) the side that remains energized when the fuse blows is highlighted

V) inertial

G) fast acting

d) thermal coil

e) switch-disconnector with fuse

Thyristors

Bipolar transistor

Unijunction transistor

Reading electrical diagrams is a necessary skill for representing the operation of electrical networks, components, and various equipment. No specialist will begin installation of equipment until he or she has read the regulatory accompanying documents.

Schematic electrical diagrams allow the developer to convey a complete report about the product in a condensed form to the user, using conventional graphic symbols (CGI). To avoid confusion and defects when assembling according to drawings, alphabetic symbols are included in the unified system of design documentation (ESKD). All circuit diagrams are developed and applied in full accordance with GOST standards (21.614, 2.722-68, 2.763-68, 2.729-68, 2.755-87). GOST describes the elements and provides a breakdown of the values.

Reading blueprints

A schematic electrical diagram shows all the elements, parts and networks included in the drawing, electrical and mechanical connections. Reveals the full functionality of the system. All elements of any electrical circuit correspond to the designations positioned in GOST.

A list of documents is attached to the drawing, which specifies all the elements and their parameters. Components are listed in alphabetical order, taking into account numerical sorting. The list of documents (specification) is indicated on the drawing itself, or presented in separate sheets.

Procedure for studying drawings

First, determine the type of drawing. According to GOST 2.702-75, each graphic document has an individual code. All electrical drawings have the letter “E” and a corresponding digital value from 0 to 7. The electrical circuit diagram corresponds to the code “E3”.

Reading the circuit diagram:

• Visually familiarize yourself with the presented drawing, pay attention to the specified notes and technical requirements.
• Find on the schematic diagram all the components indicated in the list of the document;
• Determine the power source of the system and the type of current (single-phase, three-phase);
• Find the main components and determine their power source;
• Familiarize yourself with protection elements and devices;
• Study the management method indicated on the document, its tasks and algorithm of actions. Understand the sequence of actions of the device when starting, stopping, short circuit;
• Analyze the operation of each section of the circuit, determine the main components, auxiliary elements, study the technical documentation of the listed parts;
• Based on the studied document data, draw a conclusion about the processes occurring in each link of the chain presented in the drawing.

Knowing the sequence of actions, alphabetic symbols, you can read any electrical circuit.

Graphic symbols

The schematic diagram has two varieties - single-line and complete. On a single-line, only the power wire with all the elements is drawn, if the main network does not differ in individual additions from the standard one. Two or three slashes marked on a wire line indicate a single-phase or three-phase network, respectively. The entire network is drawn in full and generally accepted symbols are indicated in electrical diagrams.

Single-line electrical circuit diagram, single-phase network

Types and meaning of lines

1. Thin and thick solid lines - in the drawings depict electrical lines, group communication lines, lines on UGO elements.
2. Dashed line - indicates shielding of wire or devices; denotes a mechanical connection (motor - gearbox).
3. Thin dash-dotted line - intended to highlight groups of several components that make up parts of a device or control system.
4. A dot-dash line with two dots is a dividing line. Shows a breakdown of important elements. Indicates an object remote from the device that is connected to the system by mechanical or electrical communication.

Network connecting lines are shown in full, but according to the standards, they are allowed to be cut off if they interfere with the normal understanding of the circuit. The break is indicated by arrows; the main parameters and characteristics of the electrical circuits are indicated nearby.

A thick dot on the lines indicates a connection, soldering of wires.

Electromechanical components

Schematic representation of electromechanical links and contacts

A - UGO coil of an electromechanical element (magnetic starter, relay)

B - thermal relay

C - device coil with mechanical locking

D - make contacts (1), break contacts (2), switching contacts (3)

E - button

F - designation of the switch (switch) on the electrical circuit of the UGO of some measuring instruments. A complete list of these elements is given in GOST 2.729 68 and 2.730 73.

Elements of electrical circuits, devices

Number in the picture	Description	Number in the picture	Description
1	Electricity meter	8	Electrolytic capacitor
2	Ammeter	9	Diode
3	Voltmeter	10	Light-emitting diode
4	temperature sensor	11	Diode optocoupler
5	Resistor	12	Picture of npn transistor
6	Rheostat (variable resistor)	13	Fuse
7	Capacitor

UGO time relays, buttons, switches, limit switches are often used in the development of electric drive circuits.

Schematic representation of a fuse. When reading an electrical diagram, you should carefully consider all the lines and parameters of the drawing so as not to confuse the purpose of the element. For example, a fuse and a resistor have minor differences. In the diagrams, the power line is depicted passing through the fuse, the resistor is drawn without internal elements.

Picture of a circuit breaker in full diagram

Contact switching device. Serves as automatic protection of the electrical network from accidents and short circuits. It is driven mechanically or electrically.

Circuit breaker on single line diagram

The transformer is a steel core with two windings. There is one and three-phase, step-up and step-down. It is also divided into dry and oil, depending on the cooling method. Power varies from 0.1 MVA to 630 MVA (in Russia).

UGO transformers

Designation of current transformers on a full (a) and single-line (c) diagram

Graphic designation of electrical machines (EM)

Electric motors, depending on the type, are capable of not only consuming energy. When developing industrial systems, motors are used that, when there is no load, generate energy into the network, thereby reducing costs.

A - Three-phase electric motors:

1 - Asynchronous with squirrel cage rotor

2 - Asynchronous with squirrel-cage rotor, two-speed

3 - Asynchronous with wound rotor

4 - Synchronous electric motors; generators.

B - DC commutator motors:

1 - with winding excitation from a permanent magnet

2 - Electric machine with excitation coil

In conjunction with electric motors, the diagrams show magnetic starters, soft starters, and a frequency converter. These devices are used to start electric motors and ensure uninterrupted operation of the system. The last two elements protect the network from “sag” of voltage in the network.

UGO magnetic starter on the diagram

Switches perform the function of switching equipment. Disable and enable certain sections of the network as needed.

Graphic symbols in electrical circuits of mechanical switches

Conventional graphic symbols of sockets and switches in electrical circuits. Included in the developed drawings for the electrification of houses, apartments, and factories.

Bell on an electrical diagram according to UGO standards with a designated size

Dimensions of UGO in electrical diagrams

The parameters of the elements included in the drawing are indicated on the diagrams. Full information about the element is written down, capacitance if it is a capacitor, rated voltage, resistance for the resistor. This is done for convenience, so as not to make a mistake during installation and not waste time on calculating and selecting the components of the device.

Sometimes the nominal data is not indicated, in this case the element parameters do not matter; you can select and install the link with the minimum value.

The accepted dimensions of the UGO are specified in the GOST standards of the ESKD standard.

Dimensions in ESKD

The dimensions of graphic and letter images in the drawing, the thickness of the lines should not differ, but it is permissible to change them proportionally in the drawing. If the symbols on various electrical circuits of GOST contain elements that do not have information about sizes, then these components are made in sizes corresponding to the standard image of the UGO of the entire circuit.

The UGO of the elements included in the main product (device) can be drawn in a smaller size compared to other elements.

Along with the UGO, to more accurately determine the name and purpose of the elements, a letter designation is applied to the diagrams. This designation is used for references in text documents and for application to an object. Using the letter designation, the name of the element is determined, if this is not clear from the drawing, technical parameters, quantity.

Additionally, one or more numbers are indicated with the letter designation; they usually explain the parameters. An additional letter code indicating the denomination, model, and additional data is written in the accompanying documents or placed in a table in the drawing.

To learn how to read electrical diagrams, it is not necessary to know by heart all the letter symbols and graphic images of various elements; it is enough to be guided by the relevant GOST ESKD. The standard includes 64 GOST documents that reveal the main provisions, rules, requirements and designations.

The main designations used on diagrams in accordance with the ESKD standard are given in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1

First letter of the code (required)	Group of element types	Examples of element types
A	Devices	Amplifiers, remote control devices, lasers, masers
B		Loudspeakers, microphones, thermoelectric sensitive elements, ionizing radiation detectors, pickups, synchros
C	Capacitors
D		Integrated circuits analog digital, logic elements, memory devices, delay devices
E	Elements are different	Lighting devices, heating devices
F		Discrete flow and voltage protection elements, fuses, arresters
G	Generators, power supplies, crystal oscillators	Batteries, accumulators, electrochemical and electrothermal sources
H	Indicating and signaling devices	Sound and light alarm devices, indicators
K	Relays, contactors, starters	Current and voltage relays, electrothermal relays, time relays, contactors, magnetic starters
L		Fluorescent lighting chokes
M	Engines	DC and AC motors
P		Indicating, recording and measuring instruments, counters, clocks
Q		Disconnectors, short circuiters, circuit breakers (power)
R	Resistors	Variable resistors, potentiometers, varistors, thermistors
S	Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits	Switches, switches, switches triggered by various influences
T		Current and voltage transformers, stabilizers
U	Converters of electrical quantities into electrical quantities, communication devices	Modulators, demodulators, discriminators, inverters, frequency converters, rectifiers
V		Electronic tubes, diodes, transistors, thyristors, zener diodes
W	Microwave lines and elements, antennas	Waveguides, dipoles, antennas
X	Contact connections	Pins, sockets, dismountable connections, current collectors
Y		Electromagnetic clutches, brakes, cartridges
Z	Terminal devices, filters, limiters	Simulation lines, quartz filters

Basic two-letter designations are given in Table 2

First letter of the code (required)	Group of element types	Examples of element types	Two letter code
A	Device (general designation)
B	Converters of non-electrical quantities into electrical ones (except generators and power supplies) or vice versa, analogue or multi-digit converters or sensors for indicating or measuring	Speaker	B.A.
		Magnetostrictive element	BB
		Ionizing element detector	BD
		Selsin - receiver	BE
		Telephone (capsule)	B.F.
		Selsyn - sensor	B.C.
		Thermal sensor	B.K.
		Photocell	B.L.
		Microphone	B.M.
		Pressure meter	B.P.
		Piezo element	BQ
		Speed ​​sensor (tachogenerator)	BR
		Pickup	B.S.
		Speed ​​sensor	B.V.
C	Capacitors
D	Integrated circuits, microassemblies	Analog integrated circuit	D.A.
		Integrated circuit, digital, logical element	DD
		Storage device	D.S.
		Delay device	D.T.
E	Elements are different	A heating element	E.K.
		Lighting lamp	EL
		Squib	ET
F	Arresters, fuses, protective devices	Discrete instantaneous current protection element	F.A.
		Discrete inertial current protection element	FP
		fuse	F.U.
		Discrete voltage protection element, arrester	F.V.
G	Generators, power supplies	Battery	G.B.
H	Indicator and signal elements	Sound alarm device	H.A.
		Symbolic indicator	HG
		Light signaling device	H.L.
K	Relays, contactors, starters	Current relay	K.A.
		Indicator relay	KH
		Electrothermal relay	KK
		Contactor, magnetic starter	K.M.
		Time relay	KT
		Voltage relay	KV
L	Inductors, chokes	Fluorescent lighting control	LL
M	Engines	-	-
P	Instruments, measuring equipment	Ammeter	PA
		Pulse counter	PC
		Frequency meter	PF
	Note. The PE combination is not allowed	Active energy meter	P.I.
		Reactive energy meter	PK
		Ohmmeter	PR
		Recording device	PS
		Clock, time meter	P.T.
		Voltmeter	PV
		Wattmeter	PW
Q	Switches and disconnectors in power circuits	Automatic switch	QF
		Short circuit	QK
		Disconnector	QS
R	Resistors	Thermistor	RK
		Potentiometer	R.P.
		Measuring shunt	R.S.
		Varistor	RU
S	Switching devices in control, signaling and measuring circuits. Note. The SF designation is used for devices without power circuit contacts	Switch or switch	S.A.
		Push-button switch	S.B.
		Automatic switch	SF
		Switches triggered by various influences: - from level	SL
		- from pressure	SP
		- from position (travel)	S.Q.
		- from rotation speed	S.R.
		- on temperature	S.K.
T	Transformers, autotransformers	Current transformer	T.A.
		Electromagnetic stabilizer	T.S.
		Voltage transformer	TV
U	Communication devices. Converters of electrical quantities into electrical quantities	Modulator	UB
		Demodulator	UR
		Discriminator	UI
		Frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier	UZ
V	Electrovacuum, semiconductor devices	Diode, zener diode	VD
		Electrovacuum device	VL
		Transistor	VT
		Thyristor	VS
W	Lines and elements of microwave antennas	Coupler	WE
		Short circuit	W.K.
		Valve	W.S.
		Transformer, heterogeneity, phase shifter	W.T.
		Attenuator	W.U.
		Antenna	W.A.
X	Contact connections	Current collector, sliding contact	XA
		Pin	XP
		Nest	XS
		Demountable connection	XT
		High frequency connector	XW
Y	Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive	Electromagnet	YA
		Electromagnetic brake	YB
		Electromagnetic clutch	YC
		Electromagnetic cartridge or plate	YH
Z	Terminal devices Filters. Limiters	Limiter	ZL
		Quartz filter	ZQ

Video on the topic

Reading diagrams is impossible without knowledge of the conventional graphic and letter designations of the elements. Most of them are standardized and described in regulatory documents. Most of them were published in the last century, and only one new standard was adopted, in 2011 (GOST 2-702-2011 ESKD. Rules for the execution of electrical circuits), so sometimes a new element base is designated according to the principle “as who came up with it.” And this is the difficulty of reading circuit diagrams of new devices. But, basically, the symbols in electrical circuits are described and are well known to many.

Two types of symbols are often used on diagrams: graphic and alphabetic, and denominations are also often indicated. From this data, many can immediately tell how the scheme works. This skill is developed over years of practice, and first you need to understand and remember the symbols in electrical circuits. Then, knowing the operation of each element, you can imagine the final result of the device.

Drawing and reading different diagrams usually require different elements. There are many types of circuits, but in electrical engineering the following are usually used:

There are many other types of electrical circuits, but they are not used in home practice. The exception is the route of cables passing through the site and the supply of electricity to the house. This type of document will definitely be needed and useful, but it is more of a plan than an outline.

Basic images and functional features

Switching devices (switches, contactors, etc.) are built on contacts of various mechanics. There are make, break and switch contacts. The normally open contact is open; when it is switched to operating state, the circuit is closed. The break contact is normally closed, but under certain conditions it operates, breaking the circuit.

The switching contact can be two or three position. In the first case, first one circuit works, then another. The second one has a neutral position.

In addition, contacts can perform different functions: contactor, disconnector, switch, etc. All of them also have a symbol and are applied to the corresponding contacts. There are functions that are performed only by moving contacts. They are shown in the photo below.

Basic functions can only be performed by fixed contacts.

Symbols for single line diagrams

As has already been said, single-line diagrams indicate only the power part: RCDs, automatic devices, automatic circuit breakers, sockets, circuit breakers, switches, etc. and connections between them. The designations of these conventional elements can be used in electrical panel diagrams.

The main feature of graphic symbols in electrical circuits is that devices similar in principle of operation differ in some small detail. For example, a machine (circuit breaker) and a switch differ only in two small details - the presence/absence of a rectangle on the contact and the shape of the icon on the fixed contact, which display the functions of these contacts. The only difference between a contactor and a switch designation is the shape of the icon on the fixed contact. It's a very small difference, but the device and its functions are different. You need to look closely at all these little things and remember them.

There is also a small difference between the symbols of the RCD and the differential circuit breaker. It also only functions as moving and fixed contacts.

The situation is approximately the same with relay and contactor coils. They look like a rectangle with small graphic additions.

In this case, it’s easier to remember, since there are quite serious differences in the appearance of the additional icons. With a photo relay it’s so simple - the rays of the sun are associated with the arrows. A pulse relay is also quite easy to distinguish by the characteristic shape of the sign.

A little easier with lamps and connections. They have different “pictures”. A detachable connection (such as a socket/plug or socket/plug) looks like two brackets, and a detachable connection (such as a terminal block) looks like circles. Moreover, the number of pairs of checkmarks or circles indicates the number of wires.

Picture of buses and wires

In any circuit there are connections and for the most part they are made by wires. Some connections are buses - more powerful conductor elements from which taps can extend. Wires are indicated by a thin line, and branches/connections are indicated by dots. If there are no points, it is not a connection, but an intersection (without an electrical connection).

There are separate images for buses, but they are used if they need to be graphically separated from communication lines, wires and cables.

On wiring diagrams it is often necessary to indicate not only how the cable or wire runs, but also its characteristics or installation method. All this is also displayed graphically. This is also necessary information for reading drawings.

How switches, switches, sockets are depicted

There are no standards-approved images for some types of this equipment. So, dimmers (light regulators) and push-button switches remained without designation.

But all other types of switches have their own symbols in electrical diagrams. They come in open and hidden installations, respectively, there are also two groups of icons. The difference is the position of the line on the key image. In order to understand in the diagram what type of switch we are talking about, this must be remembered.

There are separate designations for two-key and three-key switches. In the documentation they are called “twin” and “twin”, respectively. There are differences for cases with different degrees of protection. In rooms with normal operating conditions, switches with IP20, maybe up to IP23, are installed. In wet rooms (bathroom, swimming pool) or outdoors, the degree of protection should be at least IP44. Their images differ in that the circles are filled in. So it's easy to distinguish them.

There are separate images for the switches. These are switches that allow you to control turning the light on/off from two points (there are also three, but without standard images).

The same trend is observed in the designations of sockets and socket groups: there are single, double sockets, and there are groups of several pieces. Products for rooms with normal operating conditions (IP from 20 to 23) have an unpainted middle; for wet rooms with a housing of increased protection (IP44 and higher), the middle is tinted dark.

Symbols in electrical diagrams: sockets of different types of installation (open, hidden)

Having understood the logic of the designation and remembering some initial data (what is the difference between the symbolic image of an open and hidden installation socket, for example), after a while you will be able to confidently navigate the drawings and diagrams.

Lamps on diagrams

This section describes the symbols in the electrical circuits of various lamps and fixtures. Here the situation with the designations of the new element base is better: there are even signs for LED lamps and fixtures, compact fluorescent lamps (housekeepers). It’s also good that the images of lamps of different types differ significantly - it’s difficult to confuse them. For example, lamps with incandescent lamps are depicted in the form of a circle, with long linear fluorescent lamps - a long narrow rectangle. The difference in the image of a linear fluorescent lamp and an LED lamp is not very big - only dashes at the ends - but even here you can remember.

The standard even includes symbols in electrical diagrams for ceiling and pendant lamps (socket). They also have a rather unusual shape - circles of small diameter with dashes. In general, this section is easier to navigate than others.

Elements of electrical circuit diagrams

Schematic diagrams of devices contain a different element base. Communication lines, terminals, connectors, light bulbs are also depicted, but in addition, there is a large number of radio elements: resistors, capacitors, fuses, diodes, thyristors, LEDs. Most of the symbols in the electrical circuits of this element base are shown in the figures below.

Rarer ones will have to be looked for separately. But most circuits contain these elements.

Letter symbols in electrical diagrams

In addition to graphic images, elements on the diagrams are labeled. It also helps to read the diagrams. Next to the letter designation of an element there is often its serial number. This is done so that later it is easy to find the type and parameters in the specification.

The table above shows international designations. There is also a domestic standard - GOST 7624-55. Excerpts from there with the table below.

In order to be able to assemble a radio-electronic device, you need to know the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name, as well as the order of their connection. To achieve this goal, schemes were invented. At the dawn of radio engineering, radio components were depicted in three dimensions. To compile them, the artist’s experience and knowledge of the appearance of the parts were required. Over time, the images were simplified until they turned into conventional signs.

The diagram itself, on which the symbols are drawn, is called a schematic diagram. It not only shows how certain elements of the circuit are connected, but also explains how the entire device works, showing the principle of its operation. To achieve this result, it is important to correctly show the individual groups of elements and the connection between them.

In addition to the fundamental one, there are also installation ones. They are designed to accurately display each element in relation to each other. The arsenal of radioelements is huge. New ones are constantly being added. Nevertheless, the UGO in all diagrams is almost the same, but the letter code is significantly different. There are 2 types of standard:

• state, this standard may include several states;
• international, used almost all over the world.

But whatever standard is used, it must clearly show the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name. Depending on the functionality, UGO radio components can be simple or complex. For example, several conditional groups can be distinguished:

• power supplies;
• indicators, sensors;
• switches;
• semiconductor elements.

This list is incomplete and serves for illustrative purposes only. To make it easier to understand the symbols of radio components in the diagram, you need to know the principle of operation of these elements.

Power supplies

These include all devices capable of generating, storing or converting energy. The first battery was invented and demonstrated by Alexandro Volta in 1800. It was a set of copper plates laid with damp cloth. The modified drawing began to consist of two parallel vertical lines, between which there is an ellipsis. It replaces the missing plates. If the power source consists of one element, the ellipsis is not placed.

In a constant current circuit, it is important to know where the positive voltage is. Therefore, the positive plate is made higher and the negative plate lower. Moreover, the designation of the battery on the diagram and the battery is no different.

There is also no difference in the letter code Gb. Solar batteries, which generate current under the influence of sunlight, have additional arrows in their UGO directed towards the battery.

If the power source is external, for example, the radio circuit is powered from the mains, then the power input is indicated by terminals. These can be arrows, circles with all sorts of additions. The rated voltage and type of current are indicated next to them. Alternating voltage is indicated by the “tilde” sign and may have the letter code Ac. For direct current, there is a “+” on the positive input, “-” on the negative input, or there may be a “common” sign. It is denoted by an inverted T.

Semiconductors, perhaps, have the most extensive range in radio electronics. More and more new devices are being added gradually. All of them can be divided into 3 groups:

1. Diodes.
2. Transistors.
3. Microcircuits.

Semiconductor devices use a p-n junction; circuit design in UGO tries to show the features of a particular device. So, a diode is capable of passing current in one direction. This property is shown schematically in the symbol. It is made in the form of a triangle, at the top of which there is a dash. This dash shows that current can only flow in the direction of the triangle.

If a short segment is attached to this straight line and it is turned in the opposite direction from the direction of the triangle, then this is already a zener diode. It is capable of passing a small current in the opposite direction. This designation is valid only for general purpose devices. For example, the image for a Schottky barrier diode is drawn with an s-shaped sign.

Some radio components have the properties of two simple devices connected together. This feature is also noted. When depicting a double-sided zener diode, both are drawn, with the vertices of the triangles directed towards each other. When designating a bidirectional diode, 2 parallel diodes are depicted, directed in different directions.

Other devices have the properties of two different parts, for example, a varicap. This is a semiconductor, so it is drawn as a triangle. However, the capacitance of its pn junction is mainly used, and these are the properties of a capacitor. Therefore, the sign of a capacitor is added to the top of the triangle - two parallel straight lines.

Signs of external factors affecting the device are also reflected. A photodiode converts sunlight into electric current, some types are elements of a solar battery. They are depicted as a diode, only in a circle, and 2 arrows are directed towards them to show the sun's rays. An LED, on the other hand, emits light, so the arrows come from the diode.

Polar and bipolar transistors

Transistors are also semiconductor devices, but have basically two pnp junctions in bipolar transistors. The middle region between two transitions is the control region. The emitter injects charge carriers, and the collector receives them.

The body is depicted with a circle. Two p-n junctions are depicted by one segment in this circle. On the one hand, a straight line approaches this segment at an angle of 90 degrees - this is the base. On the other hand, 2 oblique straight lines. One of them has an arrow - this is the emitter, the other without an arrow is the collector.

The emitter determines the structure of the transistor. If the arrow goes towards the junction, then it is a p-n-p transistor, if it goes away from it, then it is an n-p-n transistor. Previously, a unijunction transistor was produced, it is also called a double-base diode, it has one p-n junction. It is designated as bipolar, but there is no collector and there are two bases.

The field-effect transistor has a similar pattern. The difference is that the transition is called a channel. The straight line with the arrow approaches the channel at a right angle and is called the gate. The drain and source come from the opposite side. The direction of the arrow indicates the type of channel. If the arrow is directed towards the channel, then the channel is n-type, if away from it, then it is p-type.

The insulated gate field effect transistor has some differences. The gate is drawn as a letter G and is not connected to the channel, the arrow is placed between the drain and source and has the same meaning. In transistors with two insulated gates, a second gate of the same type is added to the circuit. The drain and source are interchangeable, so the field-effect transistor can be connected in any way, you just need to connect the gate correctly.

Integrated circuits

Integrated circuits are the most complex electronic components. Conclusions are usually part of an overall scheme . They can be divided into the following types:

• analog;
• digital;
• analog-to-digital.

In the diagram they are indicated as a rectangle. Inside there is a code and (or) the name of the circuit. Outgoing terminals are numbered. Op-amps are drawn as a triangle, with the output signal coming from its apex. To count the pins, a mark is placed on the microcircuit body next to the first pin. This is usually a square-shaped recess. To correctly read microcircuits and symbol designations, tables are included.

Other items

All radio components are connected to each other by conductors. In the diagram they are depicted as straight lines and drawn strictly horizontally and vertically. If the conductors have an electrical connection when crossing each other, then a dot is placed at this place. In Soviet and American diagrams, to show that the conductors are not connected, a semicircle is placed at the intersection.

Capacitors are indicated by two parallel lines. If it is electrolytic, for the connection of which it is important to observe polarity, then a + is placed near its positive terminal. There may be designations for electrolytic capacitors in the form of two parallel rectangles, one of them (negative) is painted black.

To designate variable capacitors, an arrow is used; it crosses out the capacitor diagonally. In trimmers, a T-shaped sign is used instead of an arrow. Varicond - a capacitor that changes capacitance depending on the applied voltage, is drawn like an alternating one, but the arrow is replaced by a short straight line, next to which there is the letter u. The capacitance is shown with a number and a microFarad (microFarad) is placed next to it. If the capacity is smaller, the letter code is omitted.

Another element that no electrical circuit can do without is a resistor. Indicated in the diagram as a rectangle. To show that the resistor is variable, an arrow is drawn on top. It can be connected either to one of the pins, or be a separate pin. For trimmers, a sign in the form of the letter t is used. As a rule, its resistance is indicated next to the resistor.

Symbols in the form of dashes can be used to indicate the power of fixed resistors. A power of 0.05 W is indicated by three oblique, 0.125 W - two oblique, 0.25 W - one oblique, 0.5 W - one longitudinal. High power is shown in Roman numerals. Due to the diversity, it is impossible to describe all the designations of electronic components on the diagram. To identify a particular radio element, use reference books.

Alphanumeric code

For simplicity, radio components are divided into groups according to characteristics. Groups are divided into types, types - into types. Below are the group codes:

For ease of installation, locations for radio components are indicated on printed circuit boards using a letter code, a picture, and numbers. For parts with polar terminals, a + is placed at the positive terminal. In places for soldering transistors, each pin is marked with a corresponding letter. Fuses and shunts are shown as straight lines. The pins of the microcircuits are marked with numbers. Each element has its own serial number, which is indicated on the board.

Graphic designation of radio components on diagrams. Designation of radio components on the diagram and their name

Designation of radioelements. Photos and names

Designation	Name	Photo	Description
	Grounding	Protective grounding - protects people from electric shock in electrical installations.
		A battery is a galvanic cell in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
		A solar battery is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy.
		A voltmeter is a measuring device for determining voltage or emf in electrical circuits.
		An ammeter is a device for measuring current, the scale is calibrated in microamps or amperes.
		Switch is a switching device designed to turn on and off individual circuits or electrical equipment.
		The tact button is a switching mechanism that closes the electrical circuit as long as there is pressure on the pusher.
		General purpose incandescent lamps, intended for indoor and outdoor lighting.
			Motor (engine) is a device that converts electricity into mechanical work (rotation).
		Piezodynamics (piezo emitters) are used in technology to notify any incident or event.
		A resistor is a passive element of electrical circuits that has a certain value of electrical resistance.
		A variable resistor is designed to smoothly change the current by changing its own resistance.
	Photoresistor		A photoresistor is a resistor whose electrical resistance changes under the influence of light rays (lighting).
	Thermistor		Thermistors or thermistors are semiconductor resistors with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.
		A fuse is an electrical device designed to disconnect the protected circuit through destruction.
		The capacitor serves to accumulate charge and energy of the electric field. The capacitor charges and discharges quickly.
		The diode has different conductivity. The purpose of a diode is to conduct electric current in one direction.
		Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that creates optical radiation when passing electricity.
		A photodiode is an optical radiation receiver that converts light into electrical charge through a process in a pn junction.
		A thyristor is a semiconductor switch, i.e. a device whose purpose is to close and open a circuit.
		The purpose of the zener diode is to stabilize the voltage across the load when the voltage in the external circuit changes.
		A transistor is a semiconductor device designed to amplify and control electric current.
		A phototransistor is a semiconductor transistor that is sensitive to the light flux (illumination) irradiating it.

xn--18-6kcdusowgbt1a4b.xn--p1ai

For beginners about radio components | Master Vintik. Everything with your own hands!

In order to assemble a circuit, what kind of radio components are needed: resistors (resistance), transistors, diodes, capacitors, etc. From the variety of radio components, you must be able to quickly distinguish the one you need by appearance, decipher the inscription on its body, and determine the pinout. All this will be discussed below.

This detail is found in almost every amateur radio design. As a rule, the simplest capacitor is two metal plates (plates) and air between them as a dielectric. Instead of air, there may be porcelain, mica or other material that does not conduct current. Direct current does not pass through the capacitor, but alternating current does pass through the capacitor. Due to this property, a capacitor is placed where it is necessary to separate direct current from alternating current.

The main parameter of a capacitor is capacity.

The unit of capacitance - microfarad (uF) is taken as the basis in amateur radio designs and in industrial equipment. But another unit is more often used - the picofarad (pF), a millionth of a microfarad (1 µF = 1,000 nF = 1,000,000 pF). On the diagrams you will find both units. Moreover, capacitance up to 9100 pF inclusive is indicated on circuits in picofarads or nanofarads (9n1), and above - in microfarads. If, for example, next to the symbol of the capacitor it is written “27”, “510” or “6800”, then the capacitance of the capacitor is 27, 510, 6800 pF or n510 (0.51 nf = 510 pf or 6n8 = 6.8 nf) respectively = 6800pf). But the numbers 0.015, 0.25 or 1.0 indicate that the capacitance of the capacitor is the corresponding number of microfarads (0.015 μF = 15 nF = 15,000 pF).

Types of capacitors.

Capacitors come in fixed and variable capacitance.

For variable capacitors, the capacitance changes as the outward-protruding axis rotates. In this case, one pad (movable) is placed on a non-movable one without touching it, as a result the capacity increases. In addition to these two types, our designs use another type of capacitor - trimmer. Usually it is installed in one or another device in order to more accurately select the required capacitance during setup and not touch the capacitor again. In amateur designs, a tuning capacitor is often used as a variable capacitor - it is cheaper and more accessible.

Capacitors differ in the material between the plates and the design. There are air, mica, ceramic, etc. capacitors. This type of permanent capacitors is not polar. Another type of capacitors is electrolytic (polar). Such capacitors produce large capacities - from a tenth of a microfarad to several tens of microfarads. The diagrams for them indicate not only the capacity, but also the maximum voltage at which they can be used. For example, the inscription 10.0 x 25 V means that a capacitor with a capacity of 10 µF should be taken for a voltage of 25 V.

For variable or tuning capacitors, the diagram indicates the extreme values ​​of the capacitance that are obtained if the axis of the capacitor is rotated from one extreme position to the other or rotated in a circle (as with tuning capacitors). For example, the inscription 10 - 240 indicates that in one extreme position of the axis the capacitance of the capacitor is 10 pF, and in the other - 240 pF. When turning smoothly from one position to another, the capacitance of the capacitor will also smoothly change from 10 to 240 pF or vice versa - from 240 to 10 pF.

I must say that this part, like the capacitor, can be seen in many homemade products. It is a porcelain tube (or rod), on which a thin film of metal or soot (carbon) is sprayed on the outside. On low-resistance, high-power resistors, a nichrome thread is wound on top. A resistor has resistance and is used to set the desired current in an electrical circuit. Remember the example with a tank: by changing the diameter of the pipe (load resistance), you can obtain one or another speed of water flow (electric current of varying strength). The thinner the film on the porcelain tube or rod, the greater the resistance to current.

Resistors can be fixed or variable.

Of the constants, resistors of the type MLT (metalized varnished heat-resistant), BC (moisture-resistant resistance), ULM (carbon varnished small-sized) are most often used; of the variables - SP (variable resistance) and SPO (variable volumetric resistance). The appearance of fixed resistors is shown in Fig. below.

Resistors are classified by resistance and power. Resistance, as you already know, is measured in ohms (Ohms), kiloohms (kOhms) and megaohms (MOhms). Power is expressed in watts and is denoted by the letters W. Resistors of different powers differ in size. The greater the power of the resistor, the larger its size.

The resistance of the resistor is indicated on the diagrams next to its symbol. If the resistance is less than 1 kOhm, the numbers indicate the number of ohms without a unit of measurement. If the resistance is 1 kOhm or more - up to 1 MOhm, indicate the number of kilo-ohms and place the letter “k” next to it. Resistance of 1 MOhm and higher is expressed as a megaohm number with the addition of the letter “M”. For example, if on the diagram next to the resistor symbol it says 510, then the resistance of the resistor is 510 Ohms. The designations 3.6 k and 820 k correspond to a resistance of 3.6 kOhm and 820 kOhm, respectively. The inscription on the diagram 1 M or 4.7 M means that resistances of 1 MOhm and 4.7 MOhm are used.

Unlike fixed resistors, which have two terminals, variable resistors have three such terminals. The diagram shows the resistance between the extreme terminals of the variable resistor. The resistance between the middle terminal and the outer terminals changes with the rotation of the outward axis of the resistor. Moreover, when the axis is turned in one direction, the resistance between the middle terminal and one of the extreme ones increases, correspondingly decreasing between the middle terminal and the other extreme one. When the axis is turned back, the opposite phenomenon occurs. This property of a variable resistor is used, for example, to regulate the sound volume in amplifiers, receivers, televisions, etc.

Semiconductor devices.

They are made up of a whole group of parts: diodes, zener diodes, transistors. Each part uses a semiconductor material, or more simply a semiconductor. What it is? All existing substances can be divided into three large groups. Some of them - copper, iron, aluminum and other metals - conduct electric current well - these are conductors. Wood, porcelain, and plastic do not conduct current at all. They are non-conductors, insulators (dielectrics). Semiconductors occupy an intermediate position between conductors and dielectrics. Such materials conduct current only under certain conditions.

The diode (see figure below) has two terminals: anode and cathode. If you connect a battery to them with poles: plus - to the anode, minus - to the cathode, current will flow in the direction from the anode to the cathode. The diode resistance in this direction is small. If you try to change the poles of the batteries, that is, turn the diode “in reverse,” then no current will flow through the diode. In this direction the diode has high resistance. If we pass alternating current through the diode, then at the output we will get only one half-wave - it will be a pulsating, but direct current. If alternating current is applied to four diodes connected by a bridge, then we will already get two positive half-waves.

These semiconductor devices also have two terminals: an anode and a cathode. In the forward direction (from anode to cathode), the zener diode works like a diode, passing current freely. But in the opposite direction, at first it does not pass current (like a diode), but with an increase in the voltage supplied to it, it suddenly “breaks through” and begins to pass current. The “breakdown” voltage is called stabilization voltage. It will remain unchanged even with a significant increase in input voltage. Thanks to this property, the zener diode is used in all cases where it is necessary to obtain a stable supply voltage for a device during fluctuations, for example, the mains voltage.

Of the semiconductor devices, the transistor (see figure below) is most often used in radio electronics. It has three terminals: base (b), emitter (e) and collector (k). A transistor is an amplifying device. It can be roughly compared with such a device as you know as a horn. It is enough to say something in front of the narrow opening of the horn, pointing the wide one towards a friend standing several tens of meters away, and the voice, amplified by the horn, will be clearly heard in the distance. If we take the narrow hole as the input of the horn-amplifier, and the wide one as the output, then we can say that the output signal is several times larger than the input signal. This is an indicator of the amplification capabilities of the horn, its gain.

Nowadays the variety of manufactured radio components is very rich, so the figures do not show all their types.

But let's return to the transistor. If you pass a weak current through the base-emitter section, it will be amplified by the transistor tens or even hundreds of times. The increased current will flow through the collector-emitter section. If the transistor is measured base-emitter and base-collector with a multimeter, then it is similar to measuring two diodes. Depending on the maximum current that can be passed through the collector, transistors are divided into low-power, medium-power and high-power. In addition, these semiconductor devices can be pnp or npn structures. This is how transistors with different alternations of layers of semiconductor materials differ (if a diode has two layers of material, there are three). The gain of a transistor does not depend on its structure.

Literature: B. S. Ivanov, “ELECTRONIC HOMEMADE”

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RADIO ELEMENTS

This reference material provides the appearance, name and marking of the main foreign radio components - microcircuits of various types, connectors, quartz resonators, inductors, and so on. The information is really useful, since many are well familiar with domestic parts, but not so much with imported ones, but they are the ones that are installed in all modern circuits. Minimal knowledge of English is welcome, since all the inscriptions are not in Russian. For convenience, the details are grouped into groups. Do not pay attention to the first letter in the description, example: f_Fuse_5_20Glass - means a 5x20 mm glass fuse.

As for the designation of all these radio elements on electrical circuit diagrams, see background information on this issue in another article.

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Graphic and letter designations of radio components on diagrams

A.M.	amplitude modulation
AFC	automatic frequency adjustment
APCG	automatic local oscillator frequency adjustment
APChF	automatic frequency and phase adjustment
AGC	automatic gain control
ARYA	automatic brightness adjustment
AC	acoustic system
AFU	antenna-feeder device
ADC	analog-to-digital converter
frequency response	amplitude-frequency response
BGIMS	large hybrid integrated circuit
NOS	wireless remote control
BIS	large integrated circuit
BOS	signal processing unit
BP	power unit
BR	scanner
DBK	radio channel block
BS	information block
BTK	blocking transformer personnel
BTS	blocking transformer line
BOO	Control block
BC	chroma block
BCI	integrated color block (using microcircuits)
VD	video detector
VIM	time-pulse modulation
VU	video amplifier; input (output) device
HF	high frequency
G	heterodyne
GW	playback head
GHF	high frequency generator
GHF	hyper high frequency
GZ	start generator; recording head
GIR	heterodyne resonance indicator
GIS	hybrid integrated circuit
GKR	frame generator
GKCH	sweep generator
GMW	meter wave generator
GPA	smooth range generator
GO	envelope generator
HS	signal generator
GSR	line scan generator
gss	standard signal generator
yy	clock generator
GU	universal head
VCO	voltage controlled generator
D	detector
dv	long waves
dd	fractional detector
days	voltage divider
dm	power divider
DMV	decimeter waves
DU	remote control
DShPF	dynamic noise reduction filter
EASC	unified automated communication network
ESKD	unified system of design documentation
zg	audio frequency generator; master oscillator
zs	slowing system; sound signal; pickup
AF	audio frequency
AND	integrator
ICM	pulse code modulation
ICU	quasi-peak level meter
ims	integrated circuit
ini	linear distortion meter
inch	infra-low frequency
and he	reference voltage source
SP	power supply
ichh	frequency response meter
To	switch
KBV	traveling wave coefficient
HF	short waves
kWh	extremely high frequency
KZV	recording-playback channel
CMM	pulse code modulation
kk	frame deflection coils
km	coding matrix
cnc	extremely low frequency
efficiency	efficiency
KS	deflection system line coils
ksv	standing wave ratio
ksvn	voltage standing wave ratio
CT	check Point
KF	focusing coil
TWT	traveling wave lamp
lz	delay line
fishing	back wave lamp
LPD	avalanche diode
lppt	tube-semiconductor TV
m	modulator
M.A.	magnetic antenna
M.B.	meter waves
TIR	metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
MOP	metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
ms	chip
MU	microphone amplifier
neither	nonlinear distortion
LF	low frequency
ABOUT	common base (switching on a transistor according to a circuit with a common base)
VHF	very high frequency
oi	common source (turning on the transistor *according to a circuit with a common source)
OK	common collector (switching on a transistor according to a circuit with a common collector)
onch	very low frequency
oos	negative feedback
OS	deflection system
OU	operational amplifier
OE	common emitter (connecting a transistor according to a circuit with a common emitter)
Surfactant	surface acoustic waves
pds	two-speech set-top box
Remote control	remote control
pcn	code-voltage converter
pnc	voltage-to-code converter
PNC	converter voltage frequency
village	positive feedback
PPU	noise suppressor
pch	intermediate frequency; frequency converter
ptk	tv channel switch
PTS	full TV signal
Vocational school	industrial television installation
PU	preliminary effort
PUV	playback pre-amplifier
PUZ	recording pre-amplifier
PF	bandpass filter; piezo filter
ph	transfer characteristic
pcts	full color television signal
Radar	line linearity regulator; radar station
RP	memory register
RPCHG	manual adjustment of local oscillator frequency
RRS	line size control
PC	shift register; mixing regulator
RF	notch or stop filter
REA	radio-electronic equipment
SBDU	wireless remote control system
VLSI	ultra-large scale integrated circuit
NE	medium waves
SVP	touch program selection
Microwave	ultra high frequency
sg	signal generator
SDV	ultralong waves
SDU	dynamic light installation; remote control system
SK	channel selector
SLE	all-wave channel selector
sk-d	UHF channel selector
SK-M	meter wave channel selector
CM	mixer
ench	ultra-low frequency
JV	grid field signal
ss	clock signal
ssi	horizontal clock pulse
SU	selector amplifier
sch	average frequency
TV	tropospheric radio waves; TV
TVS	line output transformer
tvz	audio output channel transformer
tvk	output frame transformer
TIT	television test chart
TKE	temperature coefficient of capacitance
tka	temperature coefficient of inductance
tkmp	temperature coefficient of initial magnetic permeability
tkns	temperature coefficient of stabilization voltage
tks	temperature coefficient of resistance
ts	network transformer
shopping center	television center
tsp	color bar table
THAT	technical specifications
U	amplifier
UV	playback amplifier
UVS	video amplifier
UVH	sample-hold device
UHF	high frequency signal amplifier
UHF	UHF
UZ	recording amplifier
Ultrasound	audio amplifier
VHF	ultrashort waves
ULPT	unified tube-semiconductor TV
ULLTST	unified lamp-semiconductor color TV
ULT	unified tube TV
UMZCH	audio power amplifier
CNT	unified TV
ULF	low frequency signal amplifier
UNU	voltage controlled amplifier.
UPT	DC amplifier; unified semiconductor TV
HRC	intermediate frequency signal amplifier
UPCHZ	intermediate frequency signal amplifier?
UPCH	intermediate frequency image amplifier
URCH	radio frequency signal amplifier
US	interface device; comparison device
USHF	microwave signal amplifier
USS	horizontal sync amplifier
USU	universal touch device
UU	control device (node)
UE	accelerating (control) electrode
UEIT	universal electronic test chart
PLL	phase automatic frequency control
HPF	high pass filter
FD	phase detector; photodiode
FIM	pulse phase modulation
FM	phase modulation
LPF	low pass filter
FPF	intermediate frequency filter
FPCHZ	audio intermediate frequency filter
FPCH	image intermediate frequency filter
FSI	lumped selectivity filter
FSS	concentrated selection filter
FT	phototransistor
FCHH	phase-frequency response
DAC	digital-to-analog converter
Digital computer	digital computer
CMU	color and music installation
DH	central television
BH	frequency detector
CHIM	pulse frequency modulation
world championship	frequency modulation
shim	pulse width modulation
shs	noise signal
ev	electron volt (e V)
COMPUTER.	electronic computer
emf	electromotive force
ek	electronic switch
CRT	cathode-ray tube
AMY	electronic musical instrument
emos	electromechanical feedback
EMF	electromechanical filter
EPU	record player
Digital computer	electronic digital computer

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Radio components are... What are Radio components?

Radio components Designation of radio components on diagrams

Radio components are the colloquial name for electronic components used for the manufacture of digital and analog electronics devices (instruments).

The appearance of the name was influenced by the historical fact that at the beginning of the 20th century, the first widespread, and at the same time technically difficult for a non-specialist, electronic device was the radio. Initially, the term radio components meant electronic components used for the production of radio receivers; then the everyday name, with a certain amount of irony, spread to other radio-electronic components and devices that no longer have a direct connection with the radio.

Classification

Electronic components are divided, according to the method of action in the electrical circuit, into active and passive.

Passive

The basic elements found in almost all electronic circuits of radio-electronic equipment (REA) are:

Using electromagnetic induction

Based on electromagnets:

In addition, to create a circuit, all kinds of connectors and circuit breakers - keys - are used; for protection against overvoltage and short circuit - fuses; for human perception of the signal - light bulbs and speakers (dynamic loudspeaker head), for signal formation - a microphone and video camera; To receive an analog signal transmitted over the air, the receiver needs an Antenna, and to operate outside the electrical network, batteries.

Active

Vacuum devices

With the development of electronics, vacuum electronic devices appeared:

Semiconductor devices

Subsequently, semiconductor devices became widespread:

and more complex complexes based on them - integrated circuits

By installation method

Technologically, according to the installation method, radio components can be divided into:

see also

Links

dic.academic.ru

designations on the diagram. How to read the designations of radio components on the diagram?

Technologies June 4, 2016

In the article you will learn about what radio components exist. The designations on the diagram according to GOST will be reviewed. You need to start with the most common ones - resistors and capacitors.

To assemble any structure, you need to know what radio components look like in reality, as well as how they are indicated on electrical diagrams. There are a lot of radio components - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, etc.

Capacitors are parts that are found in any design without exception. Usually the simplest capacitors are two metal plates. And air acts as a dielectric component. I immediately remember my physics lessons at school, when we covered the topic of capacitors. The model was two huge flat round pieces of iron. They were brought closer to each other, then further away. And measurements were taken in each position. It is worth noting that mica can be used instead of air, as well as any material that does not conduct electric current. The designations of radio components on imported circuit diagrams differ from GOST standards adopted in our country.

Please note that regular capacitors do not carry direct current. On the other hand, alternating current passes through it without any particular difficulties. Given this property, a capacitor is installed only where it is necessary to separate the alternating component in direct current. Therefore, we can make an equivalent circuit (using Kirchhoff’s theorem):

1. When operating on alternating current, the capacitor is replaced by a piece of conductor with zero resistance.
2. When operating in a DC circuit, the capacitor is replaced (no, not by capacitance!) by resistance.

The main characteristic of a capacitor is its electrical capacitance. The unit of capacitance is Farad. It's very big. In practice, as a rule, capacitors are used whose capacitance is measured in microfarads, nanofarads, microfarads. In the diagrams, the capacitor is indicated in the form of two parallel lines, from which there are taps.

Variable capacitors

There is also a type of device in which the capacity changes (in this case due to the fact that there are movable plates). The capacitance depends on the size of the plate (in the formula, S is its area), as well as on the distance between the electrodes. In a variable capacitor with an air dielectric, for example, due to the presence of a moving part, it is possible to quickly change the area. Consequently, the capacity will also change. But the designation of radio components on foreign diagrams is somewhat different. A resistor, for example, is depicted on them as a broken curve.

Video on the topic

Permanent capacitors

These elements have differences in design, as well as in the materials from which they are made. The most popular types of dielectrics can be distinguished:

1. Air.
2. Mica.
3. Ceramics.

But this applies exclusively to non-polar elements. There are also electrolytic capacitors (polar). It is these elements that have very large capacities - ranging from tenths of microfarads to several thousand. In addition to the capacity, such elements have one more parameter - the maximum voltage value at which its use is allowed. These parameters are written on the diagrams and on the capacitor housings.

Designations of capacitors in diagrams

It is worth noting that in the case of using trimmer or variable capacitors, two values ​​are indicated - the minimum and maximum capacitance. In fact, on the case you can always find a certain range in which the capacitance will change if you turn the axis of the device from one extreme position to another.

Let's say we have a variable capacitor with a capacitance of 9-240 (default measurement in picofarads). This means that with minimal plate overlap the capacitance will be 9 pF. And at maximum – 240 pF. It is worth considering in more detail the designation of radio components on the diagram and their name in order to be able to correctly read technical documentation.

Connection of capacitors

We can immediately distinguish three types (there are just so many) combinations of elements:

1. Sequential - the total capacity of the entire chain is quite easy to calculate. In this case, it will be equal to the product of all the capacities of the elements divided by their sum.
2. Parallel - in this case, calculating the total capacity is even easier. It is necessary to add up the capacitances of all capacitors in the chain.
3. Mixed - in this case, the scheme is divided into several parts. We can say that it is simplified - one part contains only elements connected in parallel, the second - only in series.

And this is just general information about capacitors; in fact, you can talk a lot about them, citing interesting experiments as examples.

Resistors: general information

These elements can also be found in any design - be it in a radio receiver or in a control circuit on a microcontroller. This is a porcelain tube on which a thin film of metal (carbon - in particular, soot) is sprayed on the outside. However, you can even apply graphite - the effect will be similar. If the resistors have a very low resistance and high power, then nichrome wire is used as a conductive layer.

The main characteristic of a resistor is resistance. Used in electrical circuits to set the required current value in certain circuits. In physics lessons, a comparison was made with a barrel filled with water: if you change the diameter of the pipe, you can adjust the speed of the stream. It is worth noting that the resistance depends on the thickness of the conductive layer. The thinner this layer, the higher the resistance. In this case, the symbols of radio components on the diagrams do not depend on the size of the element.

Fixed resistors

As for such elements, the most common types can be distinguished:

1. Metallized varnished heat-resistant – abbreviated as MLT.
2. Moisture-resistant resistance - VS.
3. Carbon varnished small-sized - ULM.

Resistors have two main parameters - power and resistance. The last parameter is measured in Ohms. But this unit of measurement is extremely small, so in practice you will more often find elements whose resistance is measured in megaohms and kiloohms. Power is measured exclusively in Watts. Moreover, the dimensions of the element depend on the power. The larger it is, the larger the element. And now about what designation exists for radio components. On diagrams of imported and domestic devices, all elements may be designated differently.

In domestic circuits, a resistor is a small rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1:3; its parameters are written either on the side (if the element is located vertically) or on top (in the case of a horizontal arrangement). First, the Latin letter R is indicated, then the serial number of the resistor in the circuit.

Variable resistor (potentiometer)

Constant resistances have only two terminals. But there are three variables. On the electrical diagrams and on the element body, the resistance between the two extreme contacts is indicated. But between the middle and any of the extremes, the resistance will change depending on the position of the resistor axis. Moreover, if you connect two ohmmeters, you can see how the reading of one will change downwards, and the second - up. You need to understand how to read electronic circuit diagrams. It will also be useful to know the designations of radio components.

The total resistance (between the extreme terminals) will remain unchanged. Variable resistors are used to control gain (you use them to change the volume on radios and televisions). In addition, variable resistors are actively used in cars. These are fuel level sensors, electric motor speed controllers, and lighting brightness controllers.

Connection of resistors

In this case, the picture is completely opposite to that of capacitors:

1. Series connection - the resistance of all elements in the circuit is added.
2. Parallel connection - the product of resistances is divided by the sum.
3. Mixed - the entire circuit is divided into smaller chains and calculated step by step.

At this point, you can close the review of resistors and begin to describe the most interesting elements - semiconductor ones (designations of radio components on the diagrams, GOST for UGO, are discussed below).

Semiconductors

This is the largest part of all radio elements, since semiconductors include not only zener diodes, transistors, diodes, but also varicaps, variconds, thyristors, triacs, microcircuits, etc. Yes, microcircuits are one crystal on which can be a great variety of radioelements - capacitors, resistances, and p-n junctions.

As you know, there are conductors (metals, for example), dielectrics (wood, plastic, fabrics). The designations of radio components on the diagram may be different (a triangle is most likely a diode or a zener diode). But it is worth noting that a triangle without additional elements denotes logical ground in microprocessor technology.

These materials either conduct current or not, regardless of their state of aggregation. But there are also semiconductors whose properties change depending on specific conditions. These are materials such as silicon and germanium. By the way, glass can also be partly classified as a semiconductor - in its normal state it does not conduct current, but when heated the picture is completely opposite.

Diodes and Zener diodes

A semiconductor diode has only two electrodes: a cathode (negative) and an anode (positive). But what are the features of this radio component? You can see the designations on the diagram above. So, you connect the power supply with positive to the anode and negative to the cathode. In this case, electric current will flow from one electrode to another. It is worth noting that the element in this case has extremely low resistance. Now you can conduct an experiment and connect the battery in reverse, then the resistance to the current increases several times, and it stops flowing. And if you send alternating current through the diode, the output will be constant (though with small ripples). When using a bridge switching circuit, two half-waves (positive) are obtained.

Zener diodes, like diodes, have two electrodes - a cathode and an anode. When connected directly, this element works in exactly the same way as the diode discussed above. But if you turn the current in the opposite direction, you can see a very interesting picture. Initially, the zener diode does not pass current through itself. But when the voltage reaches a certain value, breakdown occurs and the element conducts current. This is the stabilization voltage. A very good property, thanks to which it is possible to achieve stable voltage in circuits and completely get rid of fluctuations, even the smallest ones. The designation of radio components in the diagrams is in the form of a triangle, and at its apex there is a line perpendicular to the height.

If diodes and zener diodes can sometimes not even be found in designs, then you will find transistors in any (except for a detector receiver). Transistors have three electrodes:

1. Base (abbreviated as "B").
2. Collector (K).
3. Emitter (E).

Transistors can operate in several modes, but most often they are used in amplification and switch modes (like a switch). A comparison can be made with a megaphone - they shouted into the base, and an amplified voice flew out of the collector. And hold the emitter with your hand - this is the body. The main characteristic of transistors is the gain (ratio of collector and base current). It is this parameter, along with many others, that is basic for this radio component. The symbols on the diagram for a transistor are a vertical line and two lines approaching it at an angle. There are several most common types of transistors:

1. Polar.
2. Bipolar.
3. Field.

There are also transistor assemblies consisting of several amplification elements. These are the most common radio components that exist. The designations on the diagram were discussed in the article.