Organoelement compounds are organic substances whose molecules contain a chemical bond “element - carbon”. This group, as a rule, does not include substances containing carbon bonds with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogen atoms. According to this classification, one of the organoelement compounds is considered, for example, methyl sodium, but sodium methoxide does not belong to them, since it does not have an element-carbon bond.
Organoelement compounds differ both in chemical and physical properties, and in the methods of their preparation. A large group is represented by organometallic compounds.
The first of them - dimethylzinc, diethylzinc - were obtained in 1849 by the English chemist E. Frankland. Zinc compounds were widely used in syntheses by A.M. Butlerov and other chemists of the late 19th century. The discovery of magnesium and mercury played a decisive role in the development of the chemistry of organoelement compounds organic matter. They are used in the synthesis of many organoelement and organic compounds.
Organomagnesium compounds were discovered in 1899 by the French chemist F. Barbier and deeply studied by his colleague V. Grignard. The latter developed a method for their synthesis from halogen-containing hydrocarbons: - hydrocarbon radical, for example, etc., and X is a halogen atom). In modern times, reactions like the Grignard reaction have become a common method for the preparation of organometallic compounds and. Moreover, if the metal atom is not monovalent, then it forms organometallic compounds containing both organic radicals and halogen atoms: .
Research in the field of organomercury compounds, as well as compounds of lead, tin and other metals, was started by A. N. Nesmeyanov in the 1920s. Organomercury compounds are used for the synthesis of substances containing less electronegative elements in the voltage series up to (see Voltage series). This is how very active compounds of alkali metals and aluminum are obtained
Various hydrocarbon derivatives have been obtained using organometallic compounds.
Many organometallic compounds react extremely easily with various substances. Thus, methyl sodium and ethyl sodium explode on contact with air; Organic compounds ignite spontaneously in air, B, etc.
The compounds are flammable even in the atmosphere.
Since organometallic compounds oxidize very easily, working with them requires special equipment. Ether solutions of organomagnesium substances are much more stable. They are usually used in laboratory practice.
The chemical bond “element - carbon” in organoelement compounds can be both polar (ionic) and non-polar. Metals whose cations have a small volume and a large charge form covalent bonds; This is how organomercury compounds and compounds of elements of groups IV and V arise. Metals that easily give up electrons, i.e., having a large volume and a small nuclear charge, for example alkali metals, form ionic bonds in which the carbon atom C carries a negative charge (M is a metal atom). The presence of a negative charge on the carbon atom of such compounds allows them to be used as catalysts for polymerization reactions in the production of synthetic rubbers. Using organometallic compounds of aluminum and titanium, polyethylene, polypropylene and other polymers are produced.
In the organometallic compounds of phosphorus and arsenic, the element-carbon bonds are polarized in the opposite direction compared to other organometallic compounds. Therefore they Chemical properties are very different from the properties of other substances of similar composition. The element silicon, which is related to carbon, forms strong low-polar bonds with it. In this case, it becomes possible to use the ability of silicon to replace unstable (unstable) bonds through chemical reactions and for bonds with the formation of polymer chains. Organosilicon polymers are valuable because they retain their properties at both high and low temperatures and are resistant to acids and alkalis. Coatings made from such polymers reliably protect materials from the destructive effects of moisture. These connections are excellent electrical insulators. Linear organosilicon polymers are used to make lubricants, hydraulic fluids that can withstand both high and low temperatures, as well as rubbers.
Organoelement compounds are increasingly used in various fields of human activity. Thus, organic mercury and arsenic substances are used in medicine and agriculture as bactericidal, medicinal and antiseptic preparations; organotin compounds - as insecticides and herbicides, etc.
Organoelement compounds are organic substances whose molecules contain an element-carbon chemical bond. This group, as a rule, does not include substances containing carbon bonds with nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogen atoms. According to this classification, one of the organoelement compounds is considered, for example, methyl sodium CH 3 Na, but sodium methoxide CH 3 ONa does not belong to them, since it does not have an element-carbon bond.
Organoelement compounds differ both in chemical and physical properties, and in the methods of their preparation. A large group is represented by organometallic compounds. The first of them - diethylzinc (C 2 H 5) 2 Zn - was obtained in 1849 by E. Frankland. Zinc compounds were widely used in syntheses by A.M. Butlerov and other chemists of the late 19th century. The discovery of organomagnesium and organomercury substances played a decisive role in the development of the chemistry of organoelement compounds. They are used in the synthesis of many organoelement and organic compounds.
Organomagnesium compounds were discovered in 1900 by the French chemist F. Barbier and deeply studied by his colleague V. Grignard. The latter developed a method for their synthesis from halogen-containing hydrocarbons: RX + Mg → RMgX (R-hydrocarbon radical, for example CH 3, C 2 H 5, C 6 H 5, etc., and X is a halogen atom). In modern times, reactions similar to the Grignard reaction have become a common method for the preparation of organometallic compounds (Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al and Zn). Moreover, if the metal atom is not monovalent, then it forms organometallic compounds containing both organic radicals and halogen atoms: CH 3 MgCl, C 6 H 5 ZnBr, (C 2 H 5) 2 AlCl.
Research in the field of organomercury compounds, as well as compounds of lead, tin and other metals, was started by A. N. Nesmeyanov in 1922. Organomercury compounds are used for the synthesis of substances containing less electronegative elements in the voltage series up to Hg (see Voltage series) . This is how very active compounds of alkali metals and aluminum are obtained:
(C 2 H 5) 2 Hg + 2Na → 2C 2 H 5 Na + Hg
Various hydrocarbon derivatives have been obtained using organometallic compounds.
Many organometallic compounds react extremely easily with various substances. Thus, methyl sodium and ethyl sodium explode on contact with air; Organic compounds Be, Ca, Ba, B, Al, Ga, etc. spontaneously ignite in air. Li, Mg and Be compounds ignite even in a CO 2 atmosphere.
Since organometallic compounds oxidize very easily, working with them requires special equipment. Ether solutions of organomagnesium substances are much more stable. They are usually used in laboratory practice.
The chemical bond element - carbon in organoelement compounds can be both polar (ionic) and non-polar. Metals whose cations have a small volume and a large charge form covalent bonds; This is how organomercury compounds and compounds of elements of groups IV and V arise. Metals that easily donate electrons, i.e., having a large volume and a small nuclear charge, for example alkali metals, form ionic bonds in which the carbon atom C carries a negative charge (M metal atom). The presence of a negative charge on the carbon atom of such compounds allows them to be used as catalysts for polymerization reactions in the production of synthetic rubbers. Using organometallic compounds of aluminum and titanium, polyethylene, polypropylene and other polymers are produced.
In the organometallic compounds of phosphorus and arsenic, the element-carbon bonds are polarized in the opposite direction compared to other organometallic compounds. Therefore, their chemical properties are very different from the properties of other substances of similar composition. The element silicon, which is related to carbon, forms strong low-polar bonds with it. In this case, it becomes possible to use the ability of silicon to replace unstable (unstable) bonds with bonds through chemical reactions 
with the formation of polymer chains. Organosilicon polymers are valuable because they retain their properties at both high and low temperatures and are resistant to acids and alkalis. Coatings made from such polymers reliably protect materials from the destructive effects of moisture. These connections are excellent electrical insulators. Linear silicon-organic polymers are used to make lubricants, hydraulic fluids that can withstand both high and low temperatures, as well as rubbers.
Organoelement compounds are increasingly used in various fields of human activity. Thus, mercury and organoarsenic substances are used in medicine and agriculture as bactericidal, medicinal and antiseptic preparations; organotin compounds - as insecticides and herbicides, etc.
MINIMUM PROGRAM
candidate exam in specialty
02.00.08 “Chemistry of organoelement compounds”
in chemical and technical sciences
Introduction
This program is based on the following disciplines: theoretical concepts about the nature of chemical bonds and the electronic structure of organoelement compounds (EOC), physical methods for studying the structure and electronic structure of EOC, organic derivatives of non-transition elements, organic derivatives of transition metals.
The program was developed by the expert council of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education Russian Federation in chemistry (organic chemistry) with the participation of the Institute of Organoelement Compounds named after. RAS.
1. Theoretical ideas about the nature of chemical bonds and the electronic structure of organoelement compounds
Classification of organoelement compounds (EOC). The main stages in the development of EOS chemistry. Its influence on the theory of the chemical structure of molecular systems.
Basic principles of quantum chemistry. The Schrödinger equation for an atomic-molecular system as a basis for the theoretical study of its structure and electronic structure. Electronic structure of atoms and their ions. Atomic orbitals and their classification.
Theoretical methods for modeling the structure and electronic structure of molecules. Adiabatic approximation. The concept of the potential energy surface of a molecule. The molecular orbital (MO) method as the basis of modern quantum chemistry. Basic principles of constructing ab initio and semi-empirical quantum chemical methods. Using quantum chemistry methods to calculate the observed properties of molecules. Analysis of the electronic structure of molecules in terms of effective charges on atoms and populations (orders) of bonds.
Conjugated molecules as ligands in EOS. Electronic structure of conjugated molecules in the α-electron approximation. Hückel's method. Schemes of the ?-electronic energy levels and ?-MO of allyl, butadiene, cyclopentadienyl anion, benzene, cyclooctatetraene.
The concept of aromaticity in EOS chemistry. Examples of organometallic aromatic systems.
The nature of chemical bonds in EOS. Hybrid orbitals and principles of their use in the qualitative theory of chemical structure. Classification of types of chemical bonds in EOS. The nature of the bond in olefinic, acetylene, cyclopentadienyl and arene complexes of transition metals. Multiple element-carbon and element-element bonds. Multi-center communications.
Symmetry of molecules and its use in the theory of the chemical structure of EOS.
Molecular orbitals in olefin, allylic, cyclopentadienyl and arene complexes. Chemical bonds in electron-deficient molecules (using the examples of the simplest and polyhedral boron hydrides and carboranes).
Qualitative methods for assessing the stability of EOS. Effective atomic number rule. The principle of isolobal analogy and its applications.
Theoretical foundations of the stereochemistry of EOS. The concept of conformations and configurations. Coordination polyhedra, characteristic of coordination numbers 4, 5, 6. Chirality of polyhedra with mono- and bidentate ligands. Planar chirality and optical activity of metal complexes with α-olefin, β-cyclopentadienyl, β-arene ligands.
2. Reactivity of organoelement compounds
Main types of reagents (electrophiles, nucleophiles, protophiles, radicophiles, carbenoids). Classification of the main types of reactions involving EOS. Reactions involving metal-ligand bonds (reactions of substitution, addition, elimination, fragmentation, insertion, oxidative addition, reductive elimination). Transformations of ligands in the coordination sphere of metals (structurally non-rigid compounds, intramolecular rearrangements and molecular dynamics of EOS (tautomerism, metallotropy, internal rotations around the metal-ligand bond). Redox transformations of organometallic compounds.
Differences in the structure and properties of EOS in the gas, liquid and solid phases. The role of medium polarity and specific solvation. Ions and ion pairs, their reactivity.
Equilibrium CH-acidity, CH-acidity scales, influence of the structure of CH-acids on equilibrium CH-acidity, kinetic acidity of CH-acids.
3. Physical methods for studying the structure
and electronic structure of EOS
NMR spectroscopy (pulse NMR Fourier spectroscopy, dynamic NMR) in the study of the structure and reactivity of EOS. Physical and theoretical foundations of the method. The concept of the main NMR parameters: chemical shift, spin-spin interaction constants, relaxation times. Areas of application in EOS chemistry: study of the structure and dynamics of molecules, determination of impurities.
Mass spectrometry. Physical and theoretical foundations of the method. Areas of application in EOS chemistry: determination of the composition and structure of molecules, qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures (chromatography-mass spectrometry), determination of microimpurities, isotope analysis, measurement of thermochemical parameters (ionization energy of molecules, energy of appearance of ions, dissociation energy of bonds), study of ion -molecular reactions, gas-phase acidity and basicity of molecules.
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) method. Physical and theoretical foundations of the method. Areas of application in EOS chemistry: establishing the structure of molecules and crystals, studying the nature of chemical bonds.
Photo - (FES) and X-ray photoelectron (ESCA) spectroscopy. Physical and theoretical foundations of methods. Application in chemistry of EOS: study of the electronic structure of molecules, measurement of ionization energies.
Optical spectroscopy (IR, UV, Raman). Physical and theoretical foundations of methods. Application in chemistry of EOS: establishing the structure of molecules, studying the dynamics of molecules, measuring concentration. Application of symmetry in the interpretation of experimental spectra.
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Physical and theoretical foundations of methods. Application in chemistry of EOS: establishing the structure of radicals, studying the dynamics of molecules and the mechanisms of radical reactions.
4. Organic derivatives of non-transition elements
Organic derivatives of alkali metals (group I).
Organolithium compounds, their properties, structure, methods of preparation and use in organic synthesis.
Organic compounds of sodium and potassium.
Metalation reactions. Aromatic radical anions: formation, structure, properties.
Organic derivatives of group II elements.
Organomagnesium compounds: preparation, structure, properties. The role of solvent in the synthesis of organomagnesium compounds. Reactivity of organomagnesium compounds and their use in organic and organometallic synthesis.
Organic derivatives of elements of group XII.
Zinc and organocadmium compounds: preparation, structure, properties. Reformatsky's reaction.
Organic mercury compounds: preparation, structure, properties. Mercuration of aromatic compounds. Nesmeyanov's reaction.
Symmetrization and disproportionation of organomercury compounds. Organomercury compounds in the synthesis of organic derivatives of other metals and organic synthesis.
Organic compounds of group III elements.
Organoboron compounds. Main types of compounds, synthesis, properties, reactions. Hydroboration of unsaturated compounds, regioselectivity of the reaction. Application of organoboron compounds in organic synthesis.
Carboranes, metallocarboranes, preparation, properties. Main types of carboranes. Icosahedral carboranes, basic reactions.
Organoaluminum compounds. Main types of compounds, synthesis, properties, reactions. Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Application of organoaluminum compounds in industry and organic synthesis.
Organic compounds of elements of group XIII.
Gallium, indium and organothallium compounds: preparation, structure, properties.
Application of organothallium compounds in organic synthesis.
Preparation of semiconductor materials by the gas-phase decomposition of gallium and organoindium compounds.
Comparative reactivity of organic derivatives of group XIII elements.
Organic compounds of elements of group XIV.
Organosilicon compounds: preparation, structure, properties.
Hydrosilylation of unsaturated derivatives. Polyorganosiloxanes. Silyl ethers. Organosilicon compounds in organic synthesis and industry.
Germanium, organotin and lead compounds. Main types of compounds, preparation, structure, properties and reactions. Concept of hypervalent compounds.
Practical use of organic derivatives of group XIV elements.
Compounds of elements of group XIV with - element-element connection: synthesis, structure, properties.
Compounds of group XIV elements with multiple element-element bonds: synthesis, structure, properties. The problem of doubling in the chemistry of EOS of non-transition elements.
Organic derivatives of group XV elements.
Organic derivatives of phosphorus and arsenic, main types of compounds of higher and lower oxidation states, methods of synthesis, structure, properties. Heterocyclic phosphorus compounds. Wittig reaction. The use of organic derivatives of group V elements in industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Antimony and organobismuth compounds.
5. Organic derivatives of transition metals
Classification of organometallic compounds of transition metals according to the type of ligands coordinated to the metal.
Carbonyl complexes of transition metals.
Main types of metal carbonyls. Synthesis methods, structure and reactions. Carbonylate anions, carbonyl halides, carbonyl hydrides. The nature of the metal-carbonyl bond.
Metalcarbonyl clusters of transition metals. Basic types, receipt. Stereochemical non-rigidity: migration of carbonyl, hydride, hydrocarbon ligands and backbone metal. Transformations of hydrocarbons on cluster metal carbonyls.
Practical application of metal carbonyls.
Compounds with a metal-carbon bond
Main types of?-organic derivatives of transition metals: synthesis, structure, properties. Factors influencing their stability. The role of stabilizing n-and?-ligands. - acetylene derivatives of transition metals.
Reactions of ?-derivatives: cleavage of the ?-M-C bond, introduction of unsaturated molecules, reductive elimination, ?-rearrangements.
Hydride complexes of transition metals.
Main types of hydrogen complexes of transition metals. Compounds with a hydrogen atom: mono-, bi- and polynuclear. Compounds with terminal and bridging hydrogen atoms. Compounds with molecular hydrogen: synthesis, structure, properties. The nature of the metal-hydrogen bond, its polarity, the possibility of dissociation. Mutual transformations of hydrogen complexes and?-organic compounds of transition metals. The role of hydrogen complexes in organometallic synthesis and catalysis.
Carbene and carbyne complexes of transition metals.
Carbene complexes of transition metals. Electronic structure. ?, ?-synergy. Fischer carbene complexes. Schrock carbene complexes. Methods for the synthesis of Fischer carbene complexes (according to Fischer, according to Lappert, from diazoalkanes and β-complexes of transition metals.
Fischer reactions of carbene complexes (nucleophilic addition to C(?), deprotonation of C(?)-H bonds. The role of carbene complexes in catalysis (olefin metathesis). Use in fine organic synthesis. Detz reaction. Metathesis of cyclic alkenes.
Carbyne complexes of transition metals. Electronic structure. Fischer carbine complexes. Schrock carbine complexes. Synthesis of carbyne complexes by the action of Lewis acids on Fischer carbene complexes. Reactions of carbyne complexes with nucleophilic reagents. The role of carbyne complexes in catalysis: metathesis and polymerization of alkynes.
?- transition metal complexes
General characteristics of structure and stability. Various types metal-ligand bonds. Structurally non-rigid connections. Internal dynamics of molecules.
?-metal complexes with olefins
Types of complexes with linear and cyclic mono- and polyolefins. Preparation methods, structure, properties. The nature of the bond between olefin and metal. Reactions of?-coordinated ligands. Cyclobutadiene ironsotricarbonyl. The role of olefin complexes in catalysis.
?-acetylene complexes
Types of acetylene complexes. Preparation methods, structure, properties. Mono- and bimetallic complexes. Acetylene-vinylidene rearrangement in the coordination sphere of metals as a method for the synthesis of vinylidene complexes. Acetylene complexes in catalysis.
Allyl complexes
Types of allylic complexes. Synthesis methods, structure, reactions. Role in catalysis.
Cyclopentadienyl complexes
Types of complexes. Structure.
Metallocenes: ferrocene, nickelocene, cobaltocene. Synthesis. Reactivity (substitution in the ligand, reactions with cleavage of the metal-ring bond, redox reactions). Metallocenyl alkyl cations.
Cyclopentadienyl derivatives of titanium and zirconium. Types of complexes. Synthesis, application in catalysis of polymerization processes.
Cyclopentadienylcarbonyl complexes. Synthesis. Chemistry of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (cymantrene).
Cyclopentadienylcarbonyl complexes of iron, cobalt, molybdenum.
Arena complexes
Types of arena complexes.
Chromium bis-arene complexes. Methods of preparation and reaction.
Arenechrome tricarbonyl complexes. Methods of preparation and reaction. Application in organic synthesis.
Cationic arene complexes of iron and manganese. Synthesis and reactions.
Bi- and polynuclear compounds of transition metals.
Linear bi- and polynuclear compounds of transition metals: synthesis, structure, properties. The nature of the metal-ligand bond. Compounds with multiple metal-metal bonds.
Cluster (framework) compounds of transition metals. The most important structural types of clusters, their minimum and maximum sizes. Electronic structure. Properties and dynamics of molecules.
Catalytic processes involving organometallic compounds of transition metals
Oligomerization of olefins and acetylenes. Nickel complexes in the catalysis of ethylene oligomerization. Cyclooligomerization (systems containing nickel (0)) and linear oligomerization of butadiene (systems containing palladium (0)). Cyclic trimerization and tetramerization of acetylenes (synthesis of benzene and cyclooctatetraene derivatives).
Polymerization of olefins: Ziegler-Natta catalysts, polyethylene, polypropylene. Stereospecific polymerization of butadiene.
Olefin isomerization: double bond migration involving metalalkyl and metalallyl intermediates. Olefin metathesis reaction.
Homogeneous hydrogenation: complexes with molecular hydrogen, mechanisms of hydrogen activation, rhodium, cobalt and ruthenium catalysts. Selective hydrogenation. Asymmetric hydrogenation.
Catalytic transformations of monocarbon molecules; oxo synthesis: cobalt and rhodium catalysts. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Water gas conversion. Carbonylation and hydrocarbonylation.
Olefin oxidation: transition metal catalyzed epoxidation. Preparation of acetaldehyde and vinyl acetate from ethylene.
Allyl alkylation of CH - , NH - and OH - organic compounds under metal complex catalysis conditions. Mono-, di- and polydentate ligands. Chiral ligands and asymmetric synthesis.
Metathesis of olefins and acetylenes. Cross-coupling reaction.
Basic concepts of biometallics-organic chemistry
Concept of metalloenzymes: chlorophyll, cytochromes, ferredoxins, vitamin B12, structure and biological functions. Application of organometallic compounds in medicine.
Organic compounds of f-elements
Ideas about organic compounds f-elements. The most important structural types, synthesis methods, nature of bonds, dynamics of molecules.
Main literature
1. Methods of organoelement chemistry / Ed. And. M.: Nauka, 1973.
2. Cotton F., Wilkinson J. Fundamentals of Inorganic Chemistry. Ch. 28-31. M.: Mir, 1979.
3. Green M. Organometallic compounds of transition metals. M.: Mir, 1972.
4. Shulpin complexes with metal-carbon bonds. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984.
5. General organic chemistry. M.T.4,5. 1983; T.6,7. 1984.
6. Organikum, T. 1, 2. M.: Mir, 1992.
Additional reading for section 1
1. Huey J. Inorganic chemistry. Structure of the substance and reactivity. M.: Chemistry, 1987.
2. , Minyaev the structure of molecules. M.: Higher. school, 1979.
3. , Stankevich concept of chemical bonding from hydrogen to cluster compounds // Advances in Chemistry. 1989. T.58.
4. Sokolov basics of stereochemistry. M.: Nauka, 1979.
Additional reading for section 2
1. , Reutov O. A. Sokolov reactions of organometallic compounds. M.: Chemistry, 1972.
2. CH-acidity. M.: Nauka, 1980.
Additional reading for section 3
1. Drago R. Physical methods in chemistry. T.1,2. M.: Mir, 1981.
2. Gunter H. Introduction to the course of NMR spectroscopy. M.: Mir, 1984.
3. Nekrasov aspects of mass spectrometric analysis of organic substances // ZhAKH, 1991. T.46, No. 9.
4. Shashkov A. NMR spectroscopy // Organic chemistry. Ch. 5. M.: Chemistry, 2000.
Additional reading for section 4
1. Mikhailov. Chemistry of borohydrides. M.: Nauka, 1967.
2. Purdela D., Valceanu R. Chemistry of organic phosphorus compounds. M.: Chemistry, 1972.
3. Grimes. M.: Mir, 1974.
Additional reading for section 5
1. Kheiritsi-Olivet G., Olive S. Coordination and catalysis. M.: Mir, 1980.
2. Kalinin chemistry. 1987. T. 46.
3. Shulpin reactions catalyzed by metal complexes. M.: Nauka, 1988.
4. Metal-organic chemistry of transition metals / J. Coleman, L. Hegedas, J. Norton, R. Finke. M.: Mir, 1989.
5. Koridze derivatives of cluster carbonyls of transition metals // Izv. RAS. Ser. chem. 2000. No. 7.
6. Kheiritsi-Olivet G., Olive S. Chemistry of catalytic hydrogenation of CO. M.: Mir, 1987.
7. Yatsimirsky in bioinorganic chemistry. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1976.
8. Hughes M. Inorganic chemistry of biological processes. M.: Mir, 1983.
Chemistry of organoelement compounds, the science of the structure and transformations of compounds containing element-carbon chemical bonds, where element is all the elements of the Periodic Table, with the exception of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine. The main classes of organoelement compounds are organometallic, organosilicon, organoboron, organophosphorus, and organofluorine compounds.
Organoelement chemistry solves three main problems: 1) the study of the structure, physicochemical properties and reactivity of organoelement compounds; 2) establishing relationships between the structure and properties of organoelement compounds; 3) targeted synthesis of compounds with practically important properties or new structures.
Metal-organic compounds (MOCs) contain a metal-carbon (M-C) bond in the molecule. Cyanides, carbides, and in some cases metal carbonyls, which also have an M-C bond, are considered inorganic compounds. Organic compounds of boron, aluminum, silicon and some non-metals are sometimes classified as MOS. Heme (organic with iron) is the most obvious and useful natural organoelement substance - an oxygen carrier in human body. It in the blood organizes its transport to all nooks and crannies of the body.
In the chemistry of living organisms, the role of organoelement compounds is not yet entirely clear, however, we can say with confidence that compounds of silicon, phosphorus and other elements play a significant role in the life activity and metabolism of living organisms standing on high level evolutionary development, in particular of humans.
Researchers are working on the synthesis of polymers with 45 elements of the Periodic Table. Used to build polymer chains:
Group II – Mg, Zn;
Group III – B, Al;
Group IV – C, Si, Ti, Ge, Zr, Sn, Pb;
Group V – N, P, V, As, Sb, Bi;
Group VI – O, S, Cr, Se, Mo;
VIII group – Fe, Co, Ni.
It turned out that B, Al, Si, Ti, Sn, Pb, P, As, Sb, Fe are capable, in combination with oxygen and nitrogen, of forming inorganic chains of polymer molecules with side organic and organosiloxane groups.
Applied aspects of the chemistry of organoelement compounds are aimed at creating new substances and materials for medicine (medicines, materials for prosthetics, suture threads, etc.), radio electronics (photo- and photosensitive materials, semiconductors, ferromagnets, etc.), agriculture (plant growth stimulants, pesticides, herbicides, etc.) and other industries (catalysts, combustion regulators for motor fuels, etc.).
There are the State Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds (Moscow), the Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Nizhny Novgorod), and the Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). You can read: Methods of organoelement chemistry: Silicon / Ed. A.N. Nesmeyanova - M.: Nauka, 1968. - Series of publications.
Reviews
o MOS. The metal in these compounds, as a conductor and energy storage device, forces the entire system to move, gains energy if the molecule lacks it, stimulates it to rotate and move, and is most susceptible to electromagnetic influence from the outside. I can’t prove it - I don’t have enough theoretical knowledge))), but I’m sure that this is so. metal molecules simply attract electricity, charges, with which our world is simply saturated.
The daily audience of the Proza.ru portal is about 100 thousand visitors, who in total view more than half a million pages according to the traffic counter, which is located to the right of this text. Each column contains two numbers: the number of views and the number of visitors.