Crop production – the science of breeding cropsagricultural plants, as well asThis is breeding itself. ("Dictionary" S.I. Ozhegov)Plants , which man himself lands, takes care of the seedlings, with the harvest, used for food called cultural.
Plant growing is divided into several main branches: field growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, floriculture.
Plants field
A field is an open, treeless space in which to grow cultivated plants.
In the Perm region, grain crops are cultivated in the fields - rye, wheat, barley, oats, millet and buckwheat; vegetable crops - cabbage, carrots, beets, cucumbers, etc.; forage crops - clover, vetch, peas, turnips, fodder beets, etc.; industrial crops - flax, potatoes.
Grain crops occupy a leading place in field cultivation. They are the basis for the development of other sectors of agriculture and industry.
Among grain crops, the first place in terms of crops in the region is occupied by winter rye. It is cultivated in the north, central and southern regions. It is not afraid of cold weather, produces a good harvest and ripens early.
The second place in terms of grain crops is occupied by wheat- the most valuable grain crop. It loves warmth, so it is cultivated in the southern part of the region.
In the northern regions they also grow barley and oats. In the south of the region - millet.
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Barley |
Oats |
Millet |
The grains of these plants differ from each other. For example, rye has oblong, darker grains, while wheat has round, light grains.
Use of cultivated cereals
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Name of cultural plants |
What do you get? |
|
Rye |
Rye flour (rye bread is baked). The bran is used to feed livestock. The straw goes to the bedding. |
| Wheat |
Wheat flour (white bread is baked, confectionery products, pasta are made). Wheat groats. Semolina. |
| Barley |
Barley flour. Barley groats. Pearl barley. |
| Oats |
Oatmeal flour. Oatmeal. Oatmeal. Hercules. |
| Millet | Millet groats. |
Plants from which bread is obtained are called grain plants.
Farmers have to spend a lot of time, effort, and money to grow grain crops, harvest crops, and prepare bread. Therefore, it must be protected!
Vegetable plants
Many vegetables are grown in the fields: cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, radishes, onions, etc.
White cabbage often called the "queen of vegetables".
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Cabbage is very rich in vitamins; it is the basis of many dishes. It is eaten raw in salads, boiled in cabbage soup and borscht, stewed, pickled, and pies are baked with it. A lot of knowledge, work and time must be devoted to growing this crop. Cabbage loves warmth and moisture. Its homeland is warm countries. Without preparation, cabbage will not have time to ripen during the relatively short Ural summer. Therefore, in early spring, when the field is still resting, people plant small blackish round seeds in greenhouses or greenhouses. From them grow light green plants with two leaves (seedlings). |
When it gets warm, the seedlings are planted in fields and vegetable gardens. More and more leaves appear on plants. They press closer and closer to each other. This is how a head of cabbage is formed. The inner leaves become juicy and white. There are 40 - 70 of them in a head of cabbage, and sometimes more, and they hold tightly, pressing against each other. Cabbage is harvested in the fall.
Green cucumbers are a favorite vegetable plant. They are also good marinated or salted in winter.
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The homeland of cucumbers is India, a warm southern country. In our conditions, cucumbers give a good harvest if they are grown correctly. Cucumbers, like cabbage and tomatoes, are first planted in greenhouses or greenhouses, i.e. people seem to artificially lengthen the summer for them. Then, with the onset of warm weather, they are transplanted into beds. From the seedlings grow low plants with creeping fragile stems and rough leaves, then yellow gramophone-shaped flowers bloom, and from them oblong, bright green juicy fruits - cucumbers - are formed. |
Spring seeds carrots, beets, radishes Sow directly into the beds and water thoroughly. Low plants with green leaves appear. Their roots grow and become thicker and juicier. They accumulate nutrients: sugar, starch, vitamins. A month later, radishes ripen, and later carrots and beets.
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Carrot |
Beet |
Radish |
Plants whose thickened roots are eaten are called root vegetables.
Onion- a valuable food product. It contains sugar and various vitamins. Not a single meat or fish dish is complete without onions. Even in ancient times, onions were used as a healing plant for many diseases. That's why the people made up the following saying: "The bow cures seven diseases." Our scientists have found that onions release volatile substances (phytoncides), which kill putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, eating onions has medicinal value.
Onions are eaten with green leaves and bulbs. Onions are native to dry steppes. The plant has adapted to retain nutrients in the bulb during the dry period, which has wonderful properties. Many people store onions in winter, and they do not dry out. In spring, the bulb germinates easily and produces green leaves, and in greenhouses even in winter. She can easily overwinter. Sometimes lek are planted in beds before winter. When the snow begins to melt, the onions will already have green leaves.
Potato- a valuable food product. It is often called the "second bread". Potatoes are an important industrial crop. Starch, alcohol, and molasses are obtained from it.
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In spring, a lot of potatoes are planted in the fields and gardens of the region. Herbaceous plants grow in the form of bushes with branched stems. They reach a height of 50 - 60 cm. In mid-summer, white-pink and purple flowers. Once upon a time, potatoes were grown for the sake of these flowers to decorate clothes, not knowing about the properties of the underground parts of this plant. Observing the flowers, you can see that then round, green fruits with small seeds, reminiscent of tomatoes, appear from them. You can't eat them, they are bitter and poisonous. |
In the underground part, the potato stems produce underground white branches, at the ends of which thickenings are formed - young tubers. They gradually enlarge and fill with starch. In autumn, a rich harvest of potato tubers is usually harvested.
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The homeland of potatoes is South America. Potatoes were not immediately recognized in Russia. In the beginning, they mistakenly ate not tubers, but bitter fruits. Therefore, many peasants did not want to plant it. Planting potatoes was spread among the population by force, and this caused “potato riots” in ancient times. But gradually people mastered this culture and realized that potatoes are an indispensable food product. Now we grow many high-yielding varieties of potatoes. So, potatoes are not eaten as fruit, but as modified underground part stem, called a tuber. |
Fruit and berry plants
Due to cold and long winters, gardening in the Perm region is underdeveloped. But still, gardeners grow sea buckthorn, cherries, garden strawberries, currants, raspberries, gooseberries, plums, apple trees, etc.
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Garden strawberries |
Cherry |
Raspberries |
Plum |
|
Sea buckthorn |
Gooseberry |
Apple tree |
Currant |
Gardening is concentrated in the south of the region and in the suburbs of Perm, Chusovoy, Krasnokamsk, Okhansk and other settlements. But still, most of the fruits for the population are brought from other countries and the southern regions of our country.
Floriculture
From year to year, our cities and towns are decorated with flowers in the spring and summer. In the spring, when the snow has just melted, they appear on garden plots first perennials: snow-white narcissus with an unforgettable delicate aroma, red and yellow tulips, purple irises.
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Tulips |
Daffodils |
Irises |
Bloom later peonies. They delight with the richness of their colors and the size of saucer-sized flowers: scarlet, soft pink, white with a pleasant smell.
Then red and white appear carnations, lilies. Tall and slender ones bloom phlox: lilac, purple, pink and white. They bloom all summer.
Carnations Lilies Phlox
In the second half of summer, beautiful dahlias of various colors and shapes bloom and are surprisingly elegant. gladioli.
Mostly annuals bloom in squares, parks and streets: asters, cosmos, petunias, marigold, calendula and many others.
Calendula Asters Cosmea Marigolds
In the city of Perm there is an enterprise "Flowers of the Kama Region", where in greenhouses all year round plants are blooming, including beautiful ones roses.
Here, annual seedlings are grown for landscaping and beautifying the city.
The power of flowers to influence people's feelings is enormous. They heal us, inspire us and improve our mood. They decorate homes, streets, parks and gardens. They are presented at special events, given as gifts for holidays, and placed on the graves of the dead, at obelisks. On Victory Day, May 9, they are given to war veterans.