MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION –
GYMNASIUM No. 2
MUNICIPAL COMPETITION
YOUTH RESEARCH “SCIENCE DAY”
PROJECT WORK ON ONOMASTICS
(studying the origin of Russian names)
PROJECT TOPIC: “The history of the emergence of Russian names”
Performed:
Chirkova Margarita
Class: 9A
Scientific adviser:
Alexandrova Tatyana Vladimirovna
Job title:
teacher of Russian language
and literature
G. Klin, 2017
Contents page
Introduction. 2-3
History of the study of onomastics in Russian
linguistics (generalization) 3-4
states. 4-14
Statistics on the frequency of use of personal names in different
historical eras. 14-19
Conclusion. 19-20
Bibliographic list of used literature. 21
Application. 22-24
I. Introduction.
Every person has a name that he receives at birth. A name is a kind of linguistic sign indicating a specific person. The science of proper names is called onomastics, it studies their emergence, change, even the dependence of the distribution of names on time and location, therefore the frequency of use of the same names in different historical eras is not the same. People's names often reflect the history and traditions of people, so studying them can help to better understand the past of a people and their cultural ties. The names of Russian people are of particular interest, since Russia is a multinational state and the influence of onomastics in other languages is very great.
Relevance This work is determined by the fact that no hours are allocated for the study of onomastics in the school curriculum; it is only mentioned when studying nouns, when proper names are discussed. This is not enough to learn about onomastics, which is why sometimes misunderstandings arise when some parents call their children names that have somewhat strange meanings. In addition, this section of the science of language continues to develop and opens up new prospects for research.
Purpose of the study : to identify the dependence of onomastics on the development of traditions and the spiritual state of the people in different historical eras.
To achieve this goal, the following were set:tasks :
study the history of research in the field of onomastics in Russian linguistics;
determine the peculiarities of the origin of some names in different historical eras;
When performing the work, the following general scientific methods were used: observation, comparison, analysis, generalization, method of collecting and processing information.
The information base consisted of works by linguists devoted to the study of onomastics (A. V. Suslova, A. V. Superanskaya, L. V. Uspensky, E. N. Polyakova, L. M. Shchetinin), a dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology, and a textbook by T. Shmeleva. In “Onomastics”, as well as educational and methodological publications of other domestic authors.
The work consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and a bibliography.
The introduction formulates the purpose and objectives of the research, substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, defines the subject and methods of research, and gives short review information base of the work, its structure is described. The first section includes information from the history of the emergence of a personal name in the pre-Christian era, the second - the era associated with the emergence of Christianity in Rus', the third shows the place of a personal name in the modern world.
I. History of the study of onomastics in Russian linguistics (generalization)
In the Encyclopedia of the Russian Language, edited by F.P. Filin, we read that “onomastics is a branch of linguistics that studies any proper names, the history of their origin and transformation, as well as the very totality of all proper names.” Many works of outstanding Russian linguists are devoted to the study of this branch of linguistics.
Until the 17th century, the term “name” was not used in its usual meaning; it was understood as a nickname, and only in the 18th century did differentiation occur and the term “name” began to be understood as a proper name given at baptism.
Veselovsky S.B. in his work “Onomasticon. Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames" concerns the issue of Russian historical onomastics, explores the names of boyars, townspeople, peasants of North-Eastern Rus' of the 15th - 17th centuries.
In 1903, N. M. Tupikov created a dictionary of Old Russian proper names.
VC. Chichagov in the book “From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames”, using the material of many historical documents, explores the history of the formation and development of Russian names
A.M. Selishchev in his work “The Origin of Russian Surnames, Personal Names and Nicknames” studies the origin of surnames and reveals some unknown pages in the life and culture of our ancestors.
The famous linguist A.V. Superanskaya in her monograph “The General Theory of the Proper Name” examines the theoretical problems of onomastics, determines its place in l linguistics, tracks the connection of names with people’s lives.
Her work “Name - through centuries and countries” traces the connection of names with surnames, geographical names, with ancient legends and myths.
V.D. Bondaletov in the book “Russian Onomastics” considers the proper name as a linguistic category and pays attention to the specifics own name, defines the boundary between onomastics and common nouns.
Shmeleva T.V. In the textbook "Onomastics" he examines the problems of onomastics using examples of animal names, people's names, and geographical names.
Thus, we see that onomastics has always attracted the attention of linguists, since it is an interesting branch of linguistics for study and research.
II. “Life” of a personal name at all stages of Russian development
states.
Throughout the existence of mankind on Earth, all people have had personal names, but not every one of us knows where his name came from. A personal name is a special word given to a person individually from birth in order to distinguish him from other people, in order to address him, and also, by calling a person’s name, to talk about him with others.
Names are closely connected with human life, artistic creativity, historical contacts, with the fantasies and beliefs of people; they, of course, bear the imprint of the corresponding era and culture. Every citizen of Russia is the bearer and creator of the Russian language and names, and therefore of our centuries-old history. What will be inherited by our descendants and what will be carried away by the river of time depends only on us, and in this difficult process theonomastics - a science whose object of study is a person’s name.
There are three stages in the history of the existence of Russian personal names:
1) pre-Christian, when original names were used, created on East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language;
2) the period after the introduction of Christianity in Rus', when the church, together with religious Christian rituals, began to impose foreign names;
3) and a new stage that began after the revolution of 1917, when a large number of new names began to penetrate into the Russian name book, associated with the restructuring of the old society.
Before the introduction of Christianity in Rus' personal names were very similar to nicknames, which were given to a person on one or another basis that distinguished him from other people. All people are individual, therefore there were a lot of nicknames that characterize a person. Thus, thanks to folk imagination, on the one hand, the richness of the language was revealed in ancient Russian names, on the other, the amazing observation of the Russian person, his kindness, generosity, sociability, and sometimes, when it came to moral vices or physical shortcomings, and simplicity, coming from the very heart , rudeness.
Thanks to this ability of people to select an appropriate name, Old Russian names were quite diverse. For example, our ancestors have long used so-called “numeric” names, which represent the entire number series from one to ten:First AndFirst, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak (by the way, this name was one of the most common in Rus'),Thursday, Thursday, Fifth AndPyatak, Shestok AndShestak, Semoy AndSemak, Osmoy AndOsmak, Ninth AndNine, Tenth. It is quite obvious that « direct descendants of these names" currently continue to live in such modern surnames as:Pervov and Pervy, Tretyak AndTretyakov, Chetvertak AndChetvertakov, Shestak, Shestakov and others. None of the above names are registered in modern times, but old onesborrowed Numerical names are often found even now:Prim (first),Octavius (eighth) andOctavia (eighth).
Such external signs as, for example, a person’s height and features of his physique could also be used by our ancestors. This is how the names appeared:Sukhoi, Tolstoy, Long, Malyuta, Maloy, Malusha, Hare, Head, Golovach, Loban. To explain such spelling, It is necessary to note the fact that in ancient times in adjectives that now end in -th And -yay, often written -Ouch : white, small, long.
In addition to names given based on appearance, there were also those that were assigned depending on the character and behavior of the child:Besson, Bulgak (restless),Fun, Nesmeyana, Smirnaya . Some names indicated the desirability or undesirability of having a child in the family and many other circumstances:Bogdan and Bogdana , Bazhen (desired, dear),Golub, Love, Lyubava, Zhdan AndNezhdan, Chayan AndNechay, Milava, Later and others. There are names that were given according to the time of birth of the child: born in the spring - they calledVeshnyak , in winter -Winter, Frost .
Very popular in ancient times were names given by hair and skin color: Chernysh, Chernyai, Chernava, Chernavka, Bel, Belyay, Belyak, Beloy, Belukha and many others. The dictionary of ancient Russian personal names, compiled by the famous Russian linguist N.M. Tupikov, contains 30 names with the root -bel-, and also lists 41 surnames that include the stem -bel-.
There were also names of a different order, dating back to ancient beliefs: Goryain, Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba, Neustroy, Zloba, Tugarin (from “tuga” - sadness). It was believed that these “bad” names were able to ward off evil spirits, illness, and death.
It was often possible to learn by their names about the neighbors with whom Russian people had lived since ancient times, for example:Kozarin (Khazarin),Chudin (representative of the Finno-Ugric tribe Chud),Karel, Tatar . Many names given in childhood remained with people for the rest of their lives.
Now let’s pay attention to the names of the old professions: silversmith, gunner, coppersmith, they also served to form personal or family nicknames, as evidenced by the following names - Pushechnikovs, Mednikovs, Serebryanikovs. In V.V. Danilevsky’s book “Russian Technology” there is valuable information for us about ancient Russian masters who bear the following nicknames: “...Bogdan Kovyrin, Zhdan Abramov – builders,Tretyak Astafiev AndNekras Mikhailov - silversmiths,Belyak Rusaev AndNine Agafonov - coppersmiths,Fifth Bogdanov AndBulgak Novgorodov - cannonmen,Vikhorko Ivanov - iron master..."
It is interesting to note the fact that among the Old Russian names there are those that have survived to this day:Vadim, Vsevolod , others, long forgotten, are now being revived. In modern reference books today you can find beautiful names left to us by our ancestors as a legacy:Dobrynya, Zhdan, Lyubava, Yaroslav.
Second a period in the history of the formation of Russian names has arrivedafter the introduction of Christianity . At this time, so-called calendar names came into practice. They also became an integral part of the Russian language, part of the history of the Russian people.Calendar we call them conventionally, since they were given to newborns according to church calendars, taking into account the memorial dates of saints, and were distributed over all days of the year. The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the close connection between the Russian folk language and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This process was complex and laborious and manifested itself in numerous spelling changes in personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names claiming their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.
Of course, all names - both pagan and Christian - were the creation of representatives of many nationalities, who took names from their everyday language. Of course, the Christian religion created certain directions for name creation and the perception of names, but their source was still not religion, but the same beautiful folk language. Therefore, in the Christian calendar, upon studying them in more detail, oddly enough, one can find many names derived from the designations of the ancient pagan gods, “overthrown” by the early Christians:Apollo, Hermogenes, Hermias (from Hermes) and many others.
According to church traditions, Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of a new religion. But these same names belonged in ancient times not only to those persons whom the church honored, but also to thousands of other people - representatives of those peoples from whose language these names were borrowed. The same should be said about “pagan” names: Old Russian namesVyacheslav, Vsemil, Domaneg were the names of people who worshiped pagan gods, but the names themselves had nothing to do with paganism.
The official adoption of Christianity in Rus', as is known, occurred in 988, when Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich baptized the inhabitants of Kyiv. It was during his reign that Christianity became the state religion. At this time, important state events were taking place in Rus': the princes needed to strengthen their power and achieve the internal unity of the ancient Russian state. This was greatly facilitated by the adoption of Christianity. The Christianization of the population of Rus' was accompanied by the obligatory rite of baptism, which led to the naming of people with new Christian names. The names of these names were transmitted by the Byzantine Christian church along with the religious rites that replaced the pagan ones. They entered the Old Russian language in genuine foreign-language sounds and were completely incomprehensible and alien to the Russian people of that time. Today we understand that many of the names of the ancient Russians correspond exactly to the names that came from Byzantium. Yes, GreekAgathon , translated into Russian meaning “kind”, corresponds to the nameDobrynya , LatinPaul (translated as small) – RussianSmall, Baby , Small , GreekAgapius and HebrewDavid – RussianWe love you , GreekPeter and SyrianCephas – RussianStone (the surname is derived from himKamenev ).
It should be noted that the adoption of new names by the Russian population proceeded very slowly: most of them continued to name their children in their own way, according to custom, until the 17th century, that is, in Russian. The baptized, or godfather, name - “reklo, nazvische, nickname”, as it was often called then - was given by priests according to the calendar in accordance with the name that fell on the child’s birthday or baptism according to the calendar. Parents in such situations were most often not given the opportunity to choose.
The famous Soviet poet M. Vladimov in his poem “Saints” describes the situation that existed at that time:
In the old days there was such a custom:
They carried the baby to church. There,
Pointing a finger at the pages of the calendar,
Pop gave names by day.
If you were born on the day of Efim,
It is called by this name.
But if on the day of Jerome,
Whether you like it or not - Jerome!
Beautiful Old Russian namesVladislav, Vladimir, Svyatogor the church did not recognize them, considering them pagan, which is why the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich was given the name at baptismBasil , and the Kyiv princessOlga , one of the first to convert to Christianity, she was “renamed” in the same way, and in 957, at her baptism, she was given the nameElena. Boris and Gleb , the youngest sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, were named at baptismRoman and David , however, history and the people, who treated them with special respect, reverence and love, fortunately, have preserved for us only their pre-Christian names.
The rewriting of liturgical books in Rus' and their translation into Church Slavonic, starting from the 11th century, was carried out well educated people. It was thanks to their efforts and efforts that it was possible to preserve the best and most acceptable variants of names in the spelling that corresponded to their living, modern sound for that time, namely:Katerina, Nestor, Izmail, Demyan, Kupriyan , and not use in those forms that were placed in church books:Catherine, Nestor, Ismail, Damian, Cyprian.
Over the next three centuries, there was an assimilation of foreign names, and by the 14th century many foreign names had become familiar to Russian people. This time became a kind of milestone in the history of Russian onomastics. Russian princes could no longer be called by two names, since church norms did not provide for this, but among persons of lower rank, ancient dual names were preserved for another two centuries. Birch bark letters, which preserved Russian names, along with calendar names, brought to us pre-Christian, pagan, and names that can be considered simultaneously both Christian and pagan. So, it could be an old Russian nameMironeg and conform to ChristianMiron, and the nameDansha could be an abbreviation for ChristianDaniel , and from Old RussianDanslav.
Third stage The development of Russian names, which continues to this day, began with the publication of the decree about the separation of church and state and school from church. The decree adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on January 23, 1918, marked the beginning of the free choice of personal names by parents and declared civil registration legal instead of church baptism. From that moment on, the Russian nominal series included new Russian names that arose during the years of the revolutionary breakdown of the old way of life, the breakdown of many traditional ideas that had been established for centuries.
In the first years after the October Revolution, those born still continued to be given the old names. Even in the most advanced families, grandmothers secretly baptized their grandchildren in church secretly from their parents. But at the same time, the results of active anti-religious propaganda also had an impact - many no longer wanted to give their children names in memory of certain saints and came up with new ones or borrowed foreign ones, not suspecting that many of them were the same, widespread names, just in another language. This process took place actively in cities where revolutionary events significantly influenced the ideology and consciousness of people. Special studies by linguists and works of fiction that reflected this time period on their pages help modern people understand what names appeared at that time.
Let us recall the second part of M. Vladimov’s poem “Saints”, which was already heard earlier:
The era with a new vocabulary
Burst into the speech of workshops and villages.
Amphilochia went to the revolutionary committees,
Adelaide - to the Komsomol.
They are in tune with their era
The Octobermen were named:
Zarya, Idea, Pioneer,
Revmir, Revput and Diamat.
And here is one of many, in my opinion, most interesting examples of life at that time. In the 1930s, the Northern Sea Route began to be developed; for this purpose, it was necessary to begin settling the sparsely populated areas on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. There were many enthusiasts who decided to go and live in these distant lands. One of the brave mothers who made such a bold decision, here, in a God-forsaken place, in a bay called Tiksi, on the Laptev Sea, had a daughter. She was namedTiksi. The girl grew up and went to work. “What will we call you?” asked her future colleagues. - After allTiksi strange and ugly name." But the girl proudly replied: “I’m used to it and love my name. Tiksi is the place of my birth, and I want to be called only. This is how toponyms appeared in the history of Russian names.
The contemporaries of the October Revolution had names that were very unusual from a modern point of view -Idea, Iskra, Kommunar, Marat, Oktyabrina. All these names reflected the new views and sympathies of the Russian people towards new trends in society. In the mid-1920s, name creation reached its highest point. New names were printed in various calendars, including detachable ones, published in millions of copies. Along with the well-known ones, one could find names such as:Homer, Horace, Cromwell, Ampere, Voltus, Bosporus, Volga, Colchis, Commissioner, Radishch, Proletkult. The lists of names included in the calendars of those years were only a part of the names created in those years. Soon this newfangled hobby, as one would expect, began to decline, and already in the pre-war years and especially after the Great Patriotic War, they began to use mainly old, familiar Russian names for naming newborns. It turned out that the majority of the middle-aged and elderly Russian population are bearers of old Russian names, including such rare ones asAfanasy, Gerasim, Kapiton, Agrafena, Matryona, Praskovya. Many of these names turned out to be by no means isolated among representatives of the younger generation.
Two decades later, in the records of newborns in the early 70s, the largest place among new names was occupied by the names of the peoples of the then USSR - Tatar, Uzbek, Latvian, Estonian and many others. In their historical homeland, they were, of course, not new in origin, but for the Russian population they turned out to be so. But even against the background of this new hobby, the most often encountered, of course, first of all, were the names of Slavic peoples - such as:Stanislav, Yanina , less often –Albert, Arthur, Angelica, Marat, Renat, Ruslan, Violetta, Diana, Nellie .
The life of any person is closely connected with his homeland, with the places where he was born and raised. Human memory stores both heavy and joyful events, sometimes associated with specific places. Many admire the new cities they see. And if a son or daughter was born in such a remarkable place for a person, the parents, in memory of everything they saw and felt, give them appropriate names.
A natural attachment to native or memorable places gives rise to traditions: in Siberia they like to give children names after the names of the mighty rivers of this region -Angara, Lena, Amur, Vitim, Aldan . The fundamental possibility of forming a personal name from a geographical name was once described in the newspaper Pravda in 1972. The lyrical essay entitled “A Dozen of My Children” was dedicated to the brotherhood of Soviet peoples. Here is a brief summary of its content: “I am an Uzbek. My son died in Ukraine. The wife died of grief. You can’t weave a fence with one stake, you can’t build a fire with one log. I came to the orphanage and said: “A tent without a child is like a bow without an arrow. Give me an orphan, I’ll replace his father.” They answered me: “Here are twelve children. Choose anyone." I chose everyone." The name of this wonderful man was Rakhmatulla Saidshakovich Shirmukhamedov.
This name proved difficult for the children gathered from all over the country, and they began to call him PapaTashkent . Rahmatullah gave them names also according to the place of birth of each:Orel, Minsk, Riga, Lvov, Kyiv, Leningrad . This essay ends like this: “I don’t know if I will live a thousand years, but I firmly believe that our friendship will live longer. Because wealth is not wealth, brotherhood is wealth!”
Among the modern names derived from the names of places, there are the following:Aldan, Amur, Angara, Lena, Volga, Kama, Samara . It is known that in St. Petersburg one girl was given the nameNeva. This is how place names continue to live in the Russian language.
IV. Statistics on the frequency of use of personal names in different
historical eras.
The frequency of use of different names is not the same. Now, as before, some names are found very often, others less frequently, and there are also very rare, little-known names. What does this depend on? Let's try to understand the frequency of use of personal names in different historical eras. The composition of church calendars is rich in male names, about 900 of them, and about 250 female names. Once upon a time, the prevalence of individual names depended mainly on how often they appeared in the calendar. Some male names were listed up to 35 times a year, and the nameIvan (John) - 79 times, but many only 1-2 times. Female names were found mostly 1-2 times, and only a few more often:Anna – 18 times, Maria – 12 times. Many old euphonious names turned out to be forgotten only because they appeared in the calendar once a year and therefore had only individual bearers. These are, for example, the namesVenedim, Donat, Elisha, Eli, Severin . After the separation of church and state, the composition of traditional Russian names turned out to be even more limited.
When the church calendar played the main role in choosing a name for a newborn, in some cases the choice was relatively free. For example, on August 22, according to the new style, there were 7 male names:Alexey, Anton, Dmitry, Ivan, Matvey, Peter, Yakov, and in some calendars there were three more names:Leonty, Markian, Julian . On April 2 of the new style there are 14 female names, includingAnatolia, Euphemia, Claudia, Juliania. Of all these names, one could choose the most desirable one, if the priest did not interfere with this. As of October 11, there were 71 names, among themIliodor, Neon, Nifont, Pimen, Feofan, Erasmus and just one thing female name – Juliana.
Such a rich set of names for one day was very rare. In December, on the 31st calendar day there were only 20 female names, and all girls born in December, depending on the day of baptism, could receive a name only from this list:Agafya, Anastasia, Angelina, Anisia, Anna, Anfisa, Anfia, Varvara, Domna, Eugenia, Zoya, Claudia, Lukia, Melania, Miropia, Feofania, Theophila, Theodotia, Theodora, Juliania.
Modern rare Russian names were not rare in the past. So, the names are known:Agathon, Kiryak, Myron, Micah, Moses, Pankratius, Tryphon and others. Folk versions of Russian calendar names were widely used:Abram and Avramiy, Akinth (from Iakinth), Anisim (from Onesimus), Averyan (from Averky and Valerian), Zot and Izot (from Zotik), Larion (from Hilarion), Liodor (from Iliodor), Login (from Longinus) and others. Were truly rareAsterius, Vil, Gorazd, Irinius, Largius, Mares, Narcis, Peon, Hilary, Kion, Mammoth (from churchMamant ), Smaragd, Philosopher.
It would be wrong to explain the popularity or unpopularity of individual names only by how often they were repeated in calendars. Some names likeAntip, Gerasim, Ermolai, Pakhom, Samson, Taras, Ustin , as well asKsenia, Daria, Ekaterina, were recorded once a year, but in the past they were very common. Others, repeated several times a year, -Antonin, German, Zinon, Jonah, Neon, Serapion, Julian (Iulian) - rarely met in everyday life.
The Christian religion managed to adapt the folk calendar to its cult. Thus, the ancient Slavic holiday of the birth of the new sun was timed by the church to coincide with the celebration of Christmas. She had to recognize other ancient pagan holidays and cults. For example, the Christian Midsummer Day on June 24 (July 7 of the new style), popularly called Ivan Kupala, is dedicated to a pagan holiday associated with the cult of bathing, which marked the beginning of the warm season. Although, as already indicated, the name John was listed in church calendars 79 times a year, only this one was called Midsummer. According to legends, on the night before Ivan Kupala, various miracles took place in nature: ferns bloomed, bell flowers rang.
The Day of Peter and Paul, June 29 (July 12 of the new style), was timed by the Christian church to coincide with the ancient Yarilin day, which fell in the middle of summer. Ilyin's day, July 20 (August 2 new style), was popularly considered the end of summer. After this day, they stopped swimming in rivers and lakes. The Christian cult of Elijah the Prophet merged with the pagan cult of Perun the Thunderer. Later, the image of the people's hero Ilya of Muromets, whom the church subsequently canonized, became closer to the image of Elijah the Prophet.
Since ancient times, the Russian people have had many different signs about the prospects for the harvest, about the conditions in which mowing, harvesting, etc. will take place. As the church calendar entered everyday life, these signs were assigned to certain calendar dates. So, according to folk superstitions, if on the day of Evdokia, March 1 (March 14 of the new style), the chicken at the porch can drink some water, that is, if the puddles melt, spring will be friendly. Hence the saying: “The Evdokei came - the peasants came up with ideas: to sharpen the plow, to repair the harrow.” On Fedul’s day, April 5 (April 18 of the new style), they noted: “Fedul came - warm wind blew." On May 14 (May 27 new style), on the day of Sidor, cucumbers were usually planted, so this day was also called Sidor-Cucumber; the people said: “The Sidors have passed, and the sivers have passed,” that is, the cold has passed; July 24 (August 6, new style) - “Boris and Gleb - the bread has ripened”; September 1 and 2 (September 14 and 15 of the new style) - “Do not drive out cattle to Semyon and Rufina.”
All the examples given indicate the deep penetration of many calendar names into folk life. Naturally, in cases where there was relative freedom of choice, preference was given to a familiar name. Some exceptions were the names of Elijah the Prophet, St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Virgin Mary. The sacred awe of their power contributed to the fact that they refrained from calling children by these names. True, these same names Elijah, Nicholas and Maria belonged to other saints, and children were given them in memory, for example, Mary of Egypt or Mary Magdalene, Nicholas the Confessor or Nicholas the Venerable, Elijah of Sinai.
Finally, when choosing a name, a certain role was played by family traditions and personal tastes, and later by the fashion for names, which arose, as a rule, in cities and with some lag, but still penetrated into the countryside.
City dwellers have always had more choice of names than villagers. In cities, already in the 18th century, a circle of the most common and favorite names developed. Basically it has survived to this day, with only some deviations regarding the prevalence of individual names.
The most common male names at the end of the 19th century were:Ivan, Vasily, Mikhail, Peter, Fedor, Pavel, Alexander, Andrey, Semyon, Nikolay, Stepan, Yakov, Grigory, Alexey, Sergey, Georgy, Egor, Nikita. All these names are well known not only by themselves, but also by the enormous prevalence of surnames derived from them. The most popular female names were:Maria, Anna, Nadezhda, Elena, Olga, Elizabeth, Alexandra, Ekaterina, Katerina, Natalia, Praskovya, Matryona, Evdokia, Avdotya, Lydia, Tatyana, Sofia, Anastasia, Nastasya, Ksenia, Varvara, Lyubov, Marfa, Taisiya.
The following table traces changes in the prevalence of the seven male and seven female names that were most common in the 19th century (see Table 1 in the Appendix).
After maternity leave Soviet power On the separation of church from state and school from church, there was a transition to civil registration of births, and people began to choose the name of their newborn. Mostly Russians still use old, traditional Russian names to this day. These names (in their relatively small set) are now given to 95 percent of all newborns registered in large cities of Russia.
The new namebook gradually absorbs those Russian names that have proven acceptable for our time. Folk forms of old Russian names have become established:Egor, Akim, Artem, Katerina, Danila, Nastasya, Arina, and in Due to the prevalence of interethnic marriages, the names of representatives of different nations also joined the composition of the Russian name book.
As a result of the accounting carried out in last years groups of names were determined according to the frequency of their use (see Table No. 2 in the Appendix).
While working on this project topic, I wanted to conduct my own statistical research on this issue. For this purpose, I covered all the ninth grades of our Gymnasium. The results of this work are reflected in Table No. 3 (see Appendix).
After conducting research, I found out that the most common male names in ninth grade are:Vladislav, Andrey AndDaniel , and for women -Victoria, Ekaterina AndAnastasia. Much to my surprise, my name Margarita turned out to be the only one in this series of names.
V. Conclusion.
So, the subject of my research was Russian names, the goal was to identify the dependence of onomastics on the development of traditions and the spiritual state of the people in different historical eras.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
study the history of research in the field of onomastics in Russian
linguistics;
determine the peculiarities of the origin of some names in different
historical eras;
group the names of students of Gymnasium No. 2 based on the frequency of their use.
In the process of work, using observation, comparison, analysis, generalization, the method of collecting and processing information, the history of research on onomastics in linguistics was studied, using the example of the names of my classmates and other students of gymnasium No. 2, the frequency of use of some names was identified and based on this conclusions were drawn:
a personal name is a special word given to a person at birth individually in order to distinguish him from other people, in order to be able to address a person through a name, as well as point to him when talking about him with others;
Onomastics, as a part of linguistics, is a little-studied section of the modern Russian language that can provide useful and interesting information to students both to expand their overall development and to understand its role in human life, from ancient times to the present day, on the way the entire historical development;
a personal name is a significant part of Russian national culture,
which has evolved over many centuries and which is still
can express itself from a new, insufficiently studied side.
The goal of the study has been achieved. By analyzing the names of Russian people, I expanded my knowledge and discovered new facets of such an amazing branch of linguistics as onomastics. Practical significance The project is obvious: it can be used when studying proper names in Russian language and literature lessons, in elective courses and in extracurricular activities.
So, names represent a huge layer of living Russian speech, which can tell a lot about a person, the history of the state, and the cultural and historical traditions of the people.
VI. Bibliographic list of used literature.
1. Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. - M.: Education, 1983.
2. Veselovsky S. B. Onomasticon. Old Russian names, nicknames and surnames. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
3. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. - M.: Nauka, 1978.
4. Selishchev A.M. The origin of Russian surnames, personal names and nicknames. –M.: MSU, 2014.
5.Superanskaya A.V. The name - through centuries and countries. - M.: LKI, 2007.
6.Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper names. - M.: Nauka, 1973.
7. Tupikov N.M. Dictionary of Old Russian proper names. - St. Petersburg: 1998.
8.Filin F.P. Encyclopedia. Russian language. –M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1988.
9. Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames. - M.: Education, 2001.
10. Shmeleva T.V. Onomastics. Tutorial. - Slavyansk-on-Kuban: - Information Center of the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "KubGU" in Slavyansk-on-Kuban, 2013.
11. http://philological.ru - Russian grammar 1980. – M.: Nauka, 1980.
VII. Appendix to project work"The history of the emergence of Russian names."
Table No. 1
Prevalence of the most common names from the 18th to the 20th century
(for every thousand named)
Names
17th century
18 century
19th century
20th century
until 1917
20s
60s
Male names
Basil
Ivan
111
100
111
246
Michael
Paul
Peter
Stepan
Yakov
Female names
Anna
no information
Evdokia
no information
Elena
no information
120
Natalia
no information
108
Olga
no information
Praskovya
no information
Tatiana
no information
20
36
16
116
Table No. 2
Prevalence of the most common names in the 21st century
(for every thousand named)
most popular male names in 2014
Table No. 3
Prevalence of the most common names in ninth grades
MOU-Gymnasium No. 2 (2014-2015 academic year)
The directory contains brief information about the origin and meaning of some Russian names 
Accepted abbreviations: Arabic - Arabic Aramic - Aramaic Greek - Greek Gothic - Gothic Old English - Old English Old Hebrew. - Hebrew ancient German. - Old Germanic, other Persian - Old Persian, other Russian - Old Russian, other Scand. - Old Norse lat. - Latin Russian - Russian slav. - Slavic Turkic. - Turkic Ethiopian. - Ethiopian people - folk is simple. - colloquial obsolete. - outdated Augusta- venerable, majestic (lat.). Avdotya- sweet, glorious, supportive (Greek), Russian folk version of Evdokia. Avenir- light, shining; lit.: son of light (Heb.). Averky- secretive, hostile, rejecting (lat.). Folk version: Averyan. Averyan- secretive, hostile, rejecting (lat.). Folk version of the name Averky. Avksentiy- healthy, growing, blooming (Greek). Agapit- beloved, affectionate, dear (Greek). Agathon- kind, worthy, useful (Greek). Agafya- kind, good, noble (Greek). Haggai- funny; lit.: festive (ancient Hebrew). Aglaida- joyful, beautiful; lit.: daughter of Aglaia (Greek). Aglaya- cheerful, beautiful, important (Greek). In the mythology of the ancient Greeks, Aglaya is one of the Charites, the goddess of beauty, the joy of life, the personification of female charm. Agnes- pure, modest, immaculate; lit.: sheep (Greek). Agnia- pure, modest, immaculate; the same as Agnes (Greek). Agrafena- rural resident; Russian folk version of the name Agrippina (lat.). Agrippina- hard-working, trouble-free; lit.: peasant horse (lat.). Adelaide- noble, noble; lit.: daughter of Adele (Old German). Adeline- noble, noble; lit.: belonging to Adele (Old German). Adele- noble, noble (Old German), originally - Adella. Akakiy- meek, gentle, simple-minded (Greek). Akim- lucky, happy; lit.: God erects (ancient Hebrew). Option: Joachim (obsolete). Vernacular options: Ekim, Yakim. Akindin- faithful, reliable, not in danger (Greek). Aksinya- developing, healthy, blooming (Greek). Option: Auxinia (obsolete). Akulina- brave, proud; lit.: eagle (lat.). Folk version of the name Akilina (obsolete). Alevtina- cautious, unapproachable (Greek). Alexander- courageous defender, brave man (Greek). Alexandra- courageous protector (Greek). Alexei- intercessor, protector (Greek). Alyona- light, sunny, clear (Greek). Folk version of the name Elena. Alice- noble, noble (Old German), French and English version of the name Adelaide. Alla- presumably: ruler, mistress (Goth.). Albert- noble, famous (Old German). Albina- light, blond, happy (lat.). Ambrose- very pleasant, divine (Greek). Ambrosia is, according to the beliefs of the ancient Greeks, the food and drink of the gods. Amos- hardworking, hardworking; lit.: bearer of a burden (Heb.). Ananias- rich, lucky; lit.: God is merciful to him (ancient Hebrew). Anastasia- immortal (Greek). Anastatiy- resurrection, resurrected (Greek) Anatoly- clear, morning; lit.: eastern (Greek). Angelina- messenger, messenger (Greek). Andrey- courageous, brave; lit.: man (Greek). Andron - a real man; lit.: winner of husbands (Greek). Short version of the name Andronik. Anempodist- unstoppable, unobstructed (Greek). Anikita- lucky, invincible (Greek). Folk versions: Anikey, Anika. Anika is the hero of the ancient Russian poem "About Anika and Death". He had never been defeated by anyone before meeting Death. Hence the saying: Anika is a warrior. Anisya- lovely, perfect (Greek). Not to be confused with the name Onisya. Anna- beautiful, gracious, blessed (Hebrew). The same as Ioanna, the female version of the male name John, Ivan. Antip- replacement for father, shortened version of the name Antipater (lat.). Anton- An ancient Roman family name. The meaning is unclear. Presumably: a person with a light character (lat.). Antonina- cheerful, cheerful; lit.: belonging to Anton (lat.). Option: Antonida. Anfisa- blooming, bright, full of life (Greek). Option: Anthia. Apollinaris- handsome, smart, doctor; lit.: dedicated to Apollo (see) (Greek). Apollinaria- beautiful, smart, poetic; lit.: dedicated to Apollo (Greek). Apollo- bright, beautiful, smart (Greek). Apollo - ancient greek god light, beauty, prophetic gift, poetry and healing. Ardalion- fidget, busybody, hard worker (lat.). Arefiy- two explanations: 1) a virtuous plowman; 2) eagle (both Arabic). Ariadne- beautiful, attractive (Greek). According to Greek legend, Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, helped the Athenian hero Theseus get out of the labyrinth palace after he killed the terrible half-beast, half-man Minotaur there. She gave Theseus a ball of thread, securing one end of it at the entrance. Having accomplished the feat, the hero left the palace, holding on to the “thread of Ariadne.” Arina- peaceful, calm (Greek). Russian folk version of the name Irina. Aristarch- an excellent organizer, a skillful ruler (Greek). Arkady- simple, good-natured, happy; lit.: resident of Arcadia (Greek). According to the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Arcadia is a country of happy, carefree existence in the lap of nature. Arseny- a real man, lover (Greek). Artemy- big guy (Greek). Options: Artyom, Artyom, Artamon. Archelaus- ruler, leader of peoples (Greek). Arkhip- chief of horses, senior rider (Greek). Astafy- stable (Greek). The same as Eustathius (see). Folk version: Ostap. Afanasy- eternal, immortal (Greek). Folk versions: Afonya, Ofenya. Afanasia- full of life, immortal (Greek). Afinogen- smart, skillful, prosperous; lit.: born of Athena, goddess of sciences, arts and peaceful prosperity (Greek). African- dark-skinned, black-haired; lit.: African (lat.) Bogdan- given by God (Russian). In the old days, orphans adopted into other families were called Bogdans, if they did not know their name. Boris- fighter for glory (Russian); a shortened version of the Slavic name Borislav. Bronislaw- keeper of glory (glory). Bronislava- protecting glory, honest (glorious). Budimir- tribune, orator, peacemaker (glory). Vavila- a restless person, restless, rebel (ancient - Hebrew). Vadim- leader, teacher of the people (Russian); a shortened version of the Old Russian name Vadimir: from vaditi - “teach” and mir - “people”. Valentine- big man, strong man (lat.). Valentina- strong, healthy, invigorating (lat.). Valerian- calming, giving strength (lat.). Valery- strong, healthy, vigorous (lat.). Valeria- strong, healthy, cheerful (lat.). Varvara- foreigner, foreigner (Greek). Varlam- meaning unclear. Option: Varlaam (obsolete). Bartholomew- son of Tolmay, Ptolemy (Aram.). The meaning of the name Tolmay is unclear. Bartholomew is one of the twelve biblical apostles. Basil– royal, ruler: lit.: basileus, king (Greek). Basilisk- king (Greek). Vasilsa- queen (Greek). Vassa- queen (Greek). Short version of the name Vasilisa. Venedikt- intelligently speaking, friendly; lit.: blessed (lat.). Venus- young, beautiful, beloved (lat.). In ancient Roman mythology, Venus is the daughter of Jupiter, the goddess of spring, beauty and love. Faith- faithful, unchanging (Russian). This name entered the Russian name book as a translation of the Greek name Pistis. Veronica- lucky; lit.: victorious (Greek). Vivea- lively, fresh, ardent (lat.). Vikenty- victorious, excellent (lat.). Victor- winner (lat.). Victoria- victory (lat.). Virinea- young, blooming (lat.). Vissarion- Forest man; lit.: inhabitant of a forest valley - bessy (Greek). Vitaly- alive, healthy; lit.: life-giving (lat.). Vitalina- alive, viable, durable (lat.). Vladimir- ruler of the world, ruler (glorified). Russian version of the name: Volodimir. Vladislav- glorious, famous; lit.: possessing glory (glory). Vladislav- glorious, famous, venerable (glorious). Vlas- hairy, curly (glorious). A variant of the name of the ancient Slavic god Veles (Volos), the patron saint of domestic animals. Option: Vlasiy (obsolete). Boniface- kind, sympathetic, doing good (lat.). Vsevolod- rich, owning everything (Old Russian). Vukol- shepherd (Greek) Wed. expression: bucolic poetry is a type of literature that describes pastoral life in the lap of nature. Vyacheslav- most famous, most glorious (Old Russian). Gavril- strong, powerful; lit.: God is my strength (Heb.). Options: Gabriel (obsolete), Gabriel (simple). Galaktion- blond, white; lit.: milky (Greek). Vernacular version: Laktion. Galina- quiet, calm, serene (Greek). Gennady- noble, son of respectable parents (Greek). Henrietta- hostess (Old German). Henry- master; lit.: owner of the estate (Old German). Georgiy- peasant, plowman, farmer (Greek). Folk versions of this name: Egor, Yuri (see). Gerasim- venerable, respected (Greek). Hermogenes- smart, hardy, efficient; lit.: born of Hermes (Greek). Hermes among the ancient Greeks was the messenger of the Olympic gods, the guide of souls in the world of the dead, the patron of travelers and cattle breeders, the god of trade, the inventor of the lyre and shepherd's flute, the alphabet and numbers. Same as Mercury for the Romans. Glafiira- graceful, slender, courteous (Greek). Gleb- strong, healthy, brave (Old German). The Russian version of this name (Golob) is preserved in the name of a settlement in Volyn - Goloby. Glyceria- sweet, dear, beloved (Greek). Gordey- meaning unclear (Greek). In Ancient Greece, there was a legend about the farmer Gordia, who invented the wheel and made a cart. When the people of Phrygia elected him king, he founded the city of Gordion and donated his cart to the temple of Zeus. He tied the yoke to its shaft with a very complex knot. The oracle predicted that the one who untied the knot would be the ruler of the world. According to legend, Alexander the Great simply cut the “Gordian knot” with a sword. Gradislava- honest, protecting her glory (glory). Granislav- perfecting his glory (glory). From granite - “to polish” and glory. Granislava- improving its glory (glory). Gregory- awake, vigilant, cautious (Greek). Gury- a young man with beautiful eyes, handsome (Arabic). In Muslim mythology, Gurias are heavenly maidens, distinguished by their beauty. Another explanation: lion cub (Hebrew). Davyd- beloved, beloved (Hebrew). Option: David (obsolete). Danil- a fair person; lit.: my judge is God (Hebrew). Options: Daniil (obsolete), Danilo. Darina- a gift of fate (Russian). Another explanation: the same as Daria. Daria- rich, powerful (Old Persian). Dementy- joker, deceiver; lit.: maddening (lat.). Demid- prosperous, happy; lit.: Zeus takes care of him (Greek). Option: Diomede (obsolete). Demyan- the name has two interpretations: 1) people's representative; 2) conqueror, tamer (both Greek). Option: Damian (obsolete). Denis- merry fellow (Greek). Option: Dionysius (obsolete). In the mythology of the ancient Greeks, Dionysus is the god of wine, poetic inspiration, theatrical art and cheerful folk gatherings. Dina- lively, agile, restless (Greek). Another explanation: avenged (Heb.). Dmitriy- farmer, peasant; lit.: dedicated to Demeter (Greek). Demeter among the ancient Greeks is the goddess of agriculture and fertility. Dobrogneva- fair in anger (glory). Dobromila- kind, merciful (glory). Dobroslava- famous for its kindness (glorious). Blast furnace- housewife, domineering, managerial; lit.: madam (lat.). Donat- long-awaited son, gift of fate (lat.). Dorofei- long-awaited, desired; lit.: gift of God (Greek). Evangelina- Bringer of good news (Greek). Eugene- noble, son of good parents (Greek). Evgeniya- noble, showered with sublime feelings (Greek). Evgraf- graceful, beautiful; lit.: written handsome (Greek). Evdokim- venerable, enjoying good reputation (Greek). Evdokia- nice, kind, supportive; lit.: blessing (Greek). Eulalia- eloquent, possessing oratorical talent (Greek). Evlampius- light, shiny; lit.: blessing (Greek). Eulampia- bright, sunny, enlightened (Greek). Eularia- beautiful, charming singer (Greek). Eupl- excellent swimmer (Greek). Folk version: Evpol. Eupraxia- happy, prosperous (Greek). Evsey- pious, honorable, respected (Greek). Option: Eusebius (obsolete). Eustathius- calm, persistent, balanced (Greek). Options: Astafy, Ostap. Evstigney- noble, excellent (Greek). Evstolia- luxuriously dressed, rich (Greek). Eustratus- excellent warrior, strategist (Greek). Option: Evstratiy (obsolete). Eutyches- happy (Greek). Option: Euthytheus. Euphalia- lushly blooming, prolific (Greek). Euphemia- decent, friendly (Greek). Folk versions: Efimya, Ofimya. Egor- farmer, peasant (Greek). Russian folk version of the name Georgiy. Catherine- tender, meek, pure (Greek). Elena- light, clear, sunny (Greek). Options: Alena, Olena. Elizabeth- faithful, respectful; lit.: “I swear to God” (Hebrew). Elizar- friendly, helpful; lit.: God helped (Heb.). Option: Eleazar (obsolete). Eliconidas- talented, dedicated to the muses; lit.: resident of Helikon (Greek). In Ancient Greece, Helikon was the name of the mountain where, according to myths, lived the muses - goddesses who patronized the arts. Elisha- desirable, wonderful, beautiful (Greek). Wed. Elysium is a paradise in ancient mythology, the place of residence of the souls of the righteous. Another explanation: God helped (Hebrew). Emelyan- slender, respectable, serious (Greek). Another explanation: belonging to the ancient Roman family of Aemilii; presumably: zealous, diligent (lat.). Folk versions: Emelya, Omelya. Epifan- prominent, noble, glorious (Greek). Option: Epiphanius (obsolete). Erast- charming, sweet, amiable (Greek). Option: Erast. Eremey- exalted; lit.: exalted by God (ancient - Hebrew). Options: Jeremiah (obsolete), Erema (simple). Ermolai- happy, dexterous, eloquent; lit.: a person from the clan patronized by Hermes - the god of trade and profit, dexterity and eloquence (Greek). Erofey- happy, lucky; lit.: sanctified by God (Greek). Option: Hierotheus (obsolete). Efim- respectful, modest (Greek). Option: Euthymius (obsolete). Ephraim- viable, fertile (Hebrew). Euphrosyne- joyful, cheerful, funny (Greek). Zhanna – European version from John, Ivanna; see Ivan. Zakhar- lucky, happy; lit.: God remembers him (Heb.). Options: Zachary, Zechariah (obsolete). Zinaida- beautiful, divine; lit.: daughter of the god Zeus (Greek). Zinovy- long-awaited, desired; lit.: received life by the will of Zeus (Greek). Zlata- light-haired, golden (glorious). Zosima- vital, tenacious; lit.: marked with the sign of life (Greek). Zoya- alive, mobile; lit.: life itself (Greek). Ivan- handsome, rich, wonderful; lit.: grace of God (Heb.). The name Ivan, which has become synonymous with the word “Russian” outside Russia, comes from the Hebrew Yehokhanaan - “God’s beloved, promised land.” Through the Greek Johann, the Bulgarian John turned into the Russian Ivan. Option: John (obsolete). Ignat- modest, humble; lit.: commoner (lat.). Option: Ignatius. Igor- a diligent farmer (Old Scand.). Among the ancient Scandinavians, Ing is the “god of fertility and abundance”, Varr is “attentive”. The name Ingvar, Igor came to Rus' with the Varangians: one of the first Kyiv princes of the 9th century, Igor was the son of the Varangian Rurik. Russian princes with the name Ingvar appear more than once in Russian chronicles. Izosim- viable, marked with the sign of life (Greek). Folk version of the name Zosima (see). Hilarion- cheerful, joyful (Greek). Folk version: Larion. Ilaria- cheerful, joyful (Greek). Iliodor- gift of the sun (Greek) Ilya- faithful to God, strong, incorruptible; lit.: Yahweh is my god (Heb.). Inessa- pure, immaculate (Greek). Same as Agnes. The name Inessa came to the Russian name book from Spain. Innocent- honest, selfless, impeccable (lat.). John- beautiful, rich, wonderful (Hebrew). Same as Ivan (see). Job- persecuted (Heb.). Joel- the Lord God himself (Hebrew) (obsolete). And she- dove (ancient Hebrew). Options: Ion, Yvon. Joseph- diligent, helpful; lit.: grace of God (Heb.). Folk version: Osip. Ipat- tall (Greek). Option: Ipaty. Hippolytus- a rider who unharnesses horses (Greek). Irakli- strongman, giant, Hercules; lit.: overshadowed by the glory of Hera - the goddess of love and married life (Greek) Irina- peaceful, calm; lit.: goddess peaceful life(Greek). Folk versions: Arina, Orina. Irinarch- peaceful ruler, peacemaker (Greek). Irenaeus- calm, peace-loving (Greek). Wed. female name Irina (see). Iroida- brave, courageous; lit.: daughter of a hero (Greek). Isaac- cheerful, funny; lit.: he will laugh (Heb.). Options: Isaac (obsolete), Isaac. And I- violet, levkoy (Greek). Kaleria- hot, ardent; lit.: flammable (lat.). Kalina- handsome (Greek). The Russian version of the name - Kalin - is found in fairy tales. Kallinik- glorious winner; lit.: beautifully victorious (Greek). Options: Kalenik, Kalina (see). Callista- beautiful, graceful (Greek). Callistratus- an excellent commander (Greek). Capitolina- smart, important; lit.: servant of the main Roman temple of the Capitol (lat.). Kapiton- a reasonable person, leader; lit.: big head (lat.). Carp- viable; lit.: fruit (Greek). Kasyan- fair; lit.: belonging to the ancient Roman family of Cassiev, consuls and tribunes, distinguished by severity and justice (lat.). Option: Cassian (obsolete). Kelsius- mobile, lively (Greek); sublime (lat.). Kensorin- a stern moralist, a strict critic; letters belonging to the censor (lat.). Cyprian- resident of the island of Cyprus, Cypriot (Greek). Folk version: Kupriyan. Kirill- imperious, powerful (Greek). Kiryan- chief, lord, ruler (Greek). Option: Kyrian (obsolete). Claudian- belonging to Claudius (lat.). Folk version: Claudian. Claudius- lame (lat.). Claudia- shaky, unstable; lit.: lame (lat.). Clara- clear, glorious, famous (lat.). Clementius- meek, merciful, affectionate (lat.). Options: Clement, Klim. Clementine- meek, calm, affectionate (lat.). Option: Clementine. Kondrat- stocky, foldable; lit.: square (lat.). Option: Kondraty. Konon- (Greek). The meaning is unclear. In Ancient Greece there were known: Konon the naval commander (IV century BC), Konon the mathematician and astronomer (III century BC) and Konon the grammarian and writer, author of many stories about gods and heroes ( 1st century AD). Konstantin- persistent, decisive, unshakable (lat.). Roots- hard, hard; lit.: horn-like (lat.). Options: Cornelius, Cornelius. Another explanation: dogwood berry (lat.). Ksenia- hospitable, kind (Greek). Xenophon- a person who speaks a foreign language, a foreigner (Greek). Kuzma- beautiful, peaceful, bright (Greek). Options: Kozma, Kosma (obsolete). The name has the same root as the modern words “space”, “cosmetics”. Lavrentiy- winner crowned with laurels; laureate (lat.). Folk version: Laver. Lada- sweetheart, beloved (Old Russian). Ancient Russians worshiped Lada, the goddess of love and marriage. The modern expression “harmony in the family” has the same origin as this name. Ladimir- peace-loving, getting along with the world (glory). Lazarus- asking for help; lit.: God's help (Heb.). The popular expression “sing Lazarus,” that is, “ask for help,” reflects the meaning of the name. Option: Elizar (see). Larisa- lovely, pleasant; lit.: seagull (Greek). a lion- powerful, brave; lit.: lion (Greek). Options: Levon, Leon. Leonid- lion cub (Greek). Leonty- courageous, strong; lit.: lion (Greek). Liberius- free, free, independent (lat.). Lydia- Asian; lit.: resident of the country of Lydia, Lydian (Greek). The ancient Greeks called Lydians not only Asia Minor, but also Ethiopians, Egyptians, and Libyans. Lily- blonde; lit.: White Lily(lat.). Leah- slim, fast; lit.: antelope (Heb.). Login- high; lit.: long (lat.). Options: Loggin, Longin (obsolete). Luke- light, clear (lat.). Options: Lukyan (simple), Lukyan (obsolete) Lukerya- sweet, dear, beloved (Greek). Folk version of the name Glyceria. Lukia- light, shiny, fiery (lat.). Lupp- wolf (lat.). Lyubava- beloved, sweet, adored (Old Russian). We love you- beloved, dear (Russian). A shortened version of the name Lyubomir (see). Love- beloved, adored (Russian). It entered the Russian name book as a literal translation of the Greek name Agape. Lubomir- peaceful, peace-loving (glory). Lyudmila- sweet to people, kind, sympathetic (Russian). Mavra- dark-skinned, brunette; lit.: Moorish (Greek). Makar- happy, contented, rich (Greek). Option: Macarius (obsolete). Maccabeus- stupid (Greek). Option: Mackay. Macrida- thin (lat.). Options: Macrina, Mokrida (simple). Maksim- great, greatest (lat.). Malachi- messenger of God (ancient Hebrew). Options: Malachi (obsolete), Malatheus. Mamant- presumably: sucker (Greek) (obsolete). Folk version: Mammoth. Manoilo- brave, lucky; lit.: God is with us (Heb.). Options: Manuylo, Immanuel, Emmanuel. Margarita- pearl, pearl (lat.). Maremyana- glorious, excellent (Hebrew). Folk version of the name Marianna. Marina- sailor; lit.: belonging to the sea (lat.) Maria- glorious, instructive, excellent (Hebrew). Option: Marya. Mark- ancient Roman family name; lit.: hammer (lat.). Another explanation: fading (lat.). Markel- hammer (lat.). Martin- warlike; lit.: dedicated to Mars, the ancient Roman god of war (lat.). Option: Martin (obsolete). Marfa- madam (Aramic). Option: Martha. Matvey- gift of God (ancient Hebrew) The same as the Russian name Bogdan or the Greek Theodosius, Fedot. Matryona- venerable, respected mother of the family (lat.). Melania- dark-skinned woman (Greek). Another explanation: melancholic, thoughtful (Greek). Folk version: Malanya. Meletius- caring, diligent, hardworking (Greek) Option: Melentius. Melitina- sweet, pleasant; lit.: honey (lat.). Merkul- fast, dexterous; lit.: from merchant rank (lat.). Derived from the Latin name Mercury. In Roman mythology, Mercury is the god of trade. Methodius- purposeful, consistent in one’s actions, methodical (Greek). Milava- sweet, pretty (Old Russian). Militsa- dear, beloved (slav.). Milo- sweet, gentle, wonderful (Russian). A shortened version of the Slavic name Miloneg. Miron- peace-loving, finding happiness in a peaceful life (Russian). A shortened version of the Slavic name Mironeg. Misail- desired; letters asked from God (Hebrew). Metrodor- beloved son; lit.: mother's gift (Greek). Mitrofan- mother's joy; bringing glory to the mother (Greek). Michael- powerful, smart, beautiful; lit.: equal to the god Yahweh (Heb.). Micah- powerful, smart, beautiful (Hebrew). Same as Mikhail (see). Modest- modest, calm, reasonable (lat.). Mokey- merry fellow; lit.: mocker (Greek). Option: Mokiy (obsolete). Muse- smart, talented, graceful (Greek). In ancient Greek mythology, there were nine muses, patron goddesses of sciences and arts: Euterpe - the goddess of lyrical poetry and music, Calliope - epic, Clio - history, Melpomene - tragedy, Polyhymnia - hymns, Thalia - comedy, Terpsichore - dance, Urania - astronomy, Erato - love poetry. Hope- faithful, reliable (Russian). Folk version: Nadezhda. The name entered the Russian name book as a literal translation of the Greek name Elpis. Nazar- devoted to God, monk; lit.: he dedicated himself to God (Heb.). Natalia- native (lat.). Option: Natalya. Nahum- comforting (ancient Hebrew). Nellie- came from Neonil. Neonilla- young, new (Greek). Folk version: Nenila. Nestor- old sage (Greek). This name has been around in Russian name books for about a thousand years. The monk Nestor is known from history - the compiler of one of the most ancient Russian chronicles, “The Tale of Bygone Years.” Nefed- newcomer, newly initiated (Greek). Option: Neophyte (obsolete). Nikandr- winner of husbands, daredevil (Greek). Nikanor- seeing victory (Greek). Nikita- glorious winner (Greek). Option: Nikifor. Nikifor- glorious winner, victorious (Greek). Nicodemus- conqueror of nations (Greek). Same as Nikolai (see). Nikolay- conqueror of nations (Greek). Folk version: Nikola. Nina- there are three interpretations of this name: 1) dreamer, dreamer (from the Slavic verb ninati - “to doze”, “to dream”); 2) a shortened version of the name Antonina (see), often used in Spain; 3) the female version of the name of the Assyrian king Nin (the meaning is unclear). Nifont- snow-white (Greek). The ancient Greeks called the Caucasus with the word Nifantes - “Snowy”. Nonna- ninth in the family (lat.). Oksana- hospitable. Ukrainian folk version of the name Ksenia. Oleg- light, clear, sunny (Old Scand.). Wed. female name Olga (see). Olympics- strong, fast, hardy (Greek). Affectionate: Linden, Lima, Lilya, Olya, Piya, Ada. Olga- light, clear, sunny, golden-haired (Old Scand.) Russified Norman Helga with the same meaning. The root "hel" was borrowed by the languages of the Germanic group from ancient Greek: hel - "solar"; German hell - "light". Same as Elena. Another interpretation: holy (Varangian). Onesimus- beneficent, healing (Greek). Do not mix with the consonant name Anisim. Onisya- beneficial, healing pain (Greek). Not to be confused with the name Anisya. Osip- diligent owner (Heb.). Folk version of the name Joseph. Hosea- helper who brings salvation (Hebrew). Ostap- stable, permanent (Greek). Same as Evstafiy, Astafy. Paul- small, graceful (lat.). Pavel- small, graceful (lat.). Option: Polina. Paisiy- merry fellow, dancer, joker. Another explanation: child, baby (both Greek). Palladium- invincible, talented, hardworking; lit.: image of Pallas Athena - the goddess of victorious war, sciences, arts and crafts (Greek). According to legend, palladium was for a long time an amulet of the city of Troy, but after it was stolen by Odysseus and Diomedes, Troy was defeated and destroyed. Pankrat- omnipotent, omnipotent (Greek). Panteleimon- all-merciful, one of a kind (Greek). Option: Panteley. Panfil- everyone's favorite, sweet, pleasant (Greek). Option: Pamphilus (obsolete). Paramon- reliable, faithful, tenacious (Greek). Option: Parmen. Parmen- reliable, faithful, tenacious (Greek). Variant of the name Paramon. Parthenius- honest, well-behaved, unspoiled; lit.: like a girl (Greek). Option: Parfen. Parthenia- honest, pure, immaculate; lit.: virgin (Greek). Patrikey- noble, noble; lit.: patrician (lat.). Option: Patrick (obsolete). Groin- thick, well-fed, massive (Greek). Option: Pachomius (obsolete). Pelagia- sailor (Greek). Option: Pelagia. Peter- solid, reliable; lit.: stone (Greek). Pigasius- inspiring, talented; lit.: winged horse (Greek). In ancient Greek mythology, the winged horse Pegasus, with a blow of his hoof, knocked out the source of Hippocrene on Helicon, which inspires poets. Pimen- supervisor; lit.: shepherd (Greek). Plato- powerful, broad-shouldered (Greek). Platonida- stocky (Greek). Polyevct- longed for, long-awaited, desired (Greek). Folk version: Poluekt. Polycarp- viable; lit.: multiple (Greek). Polyxenia- very hospitable (Greek). Pauline- small, graceful (lat.). Same as Paul. Half project- longed for, long-awaited, desired (Greek). Folk version of the name Polievkt. Porfiry- fair-haired, purple, crimson, (Greek). Potap- alien, stranger, unknown whose (Greek). Option: Potapiy (obsolete). Praskovya- thrifty, wealthy; lit.: Friday (Greek). Folk versions: Paraskovya, Paraskeva. Prov- honest, modest, decent (lat.). Proclus- glorious from a young age (Greek). Procopius- careful, vigilant; lit.: drawing a sword from its scabbard (Greek). Option: Prokop. Protogen- firstborn (Greek). Prokhor- sang, merry fellow, dancer (Greek). Pud- perfect, honest, bashful (lat.). Pulcheria- beautiful, glorious, noble (lat.) Radomir- making people happy, caring for the world (glory). Raisa- carefree, carefree, easy (Greek). Rafail- doctor, healing; lit.: God healed (Heb.). Rimma- beautiful, pleasant; lit.: apple. In the Hebrew name book this name was masculine. Robert- sparkling with glory (Old German). Rodion- hero, hero, daredevil (Greek). Short version of the name Herodion. Another explanation: buying roses (Greek). Rose- pink, ruddy, rose (flower) (lat.). Novel- important, powerful, proud; lit.: Roman (lat.). Rossian- Russian, son of Russia (Russian). Rostislav- multiplying the glory of the father (glory). Ruslan- curly, happy, lucky (Greek). Another explanation: lion (Turkic). Option: Eruslan (obsolete). Rufus- golden flower, red-haired (lat.). Rufina- golden-haired (lat.). Savva- person (Ethiopian). Another explanation: elder, grandfather (Aram.). Savvaty- rich, joyful; lit.: born on Saturday (Heb.). For Jews, Saturday is a holiday. Options: Savatiy, Savatey. Savely- desired, long-awaited; lit.: asked from God (Heb.). Option: Savel. Samoilo- happy, lucky; lit.: heard by God (Heb.). Option: Samuel (obsolete). Samson- strong man, strong man, daredevil; in the Bible, Samson is the last of the twelve judges of Israel, who possessed unprecedented physical strength contained in his hair; lit.: sunny (Heb.). Svetlana- a bright-hearted person, blond (glorious). Svetlana- light, clean, clear (glorious). Svyatoslav- sacredly preserving her honor and glory (glory). Sebastian- powerful, revered (Greek). Option: Sebastian. Severyan- strict, harsh, seasoned (lat.). Selivan- peasant; lit.: forest (lat.). Option: Selifan (obsolete). Among the ancient Romans, Silvanus was the god of forests and wildlife, the patron of cultivated agriculture and cattle breeding. Semyon- lucky; lit.: heard by God (Heb.). Option: Simeon (obsolete). Seraphim- fiery, hot, domineering (Hebrew). Seraphim, fiery six-winged angels, are the guardians of God's throne in a number of religions. Seraphim- fiery, burning (Hebrew). In a number of religions, seraphim are fiery six-winged angels guarding the throne of God. Sergey- ancient Roman family name; presumably: highly respected, respected; another explanation: watchman (both Latin). Option: Sergius (obsolete). Sidor- farmer; lit.: gift of Isis - the goddess of agriculture (Greek). Option: Isidore (obsolete) Force- strong, mighty (Russian). Another explanation: a shortened version of the name Siluyan (see). Siluyan- peasant; lit.: forest man (lat.). Same as Selivan (see). Sylvester- peasant; lit.: living in the forest or in the steppe (lat.). Same as Selivan, Siluyan (see). Folk version: Seliverst. Simon- lucky; lit.: heard by God (Heb.). Same as Semyon. Snezhana- light, blond, snowy (glorious). Sozon- saving (Greek). Options: Sozont, Sozontii (obsolete). Sofron- modest, reserved, prudent (Greek). Sophia- smart, quick-witted; lit.: wisdom (Greek). Option: Sofia (obsolete). Spiridon- beloved, dear; lit.: gift of the soul. Another explanation: energetic, lively (both Latin), basket (Greek). Stanislav- asserting his glory (glory). Stanislava- glorifying (glorious). Stepan- crowned, laureate; lit.: wreath (Greek). Option: Stefaniy (obsolete). Stepanida- glorious, crowned; lit.: daughter of Stepan (see) (Greek). Taisiya- meaning unclear. Option: Taisya. Tamara- slim, beautiful; lit.: palm tree (Heb.). Taras- noisy, restless, restless (Greek). Options: Taratiy, Tarasiy (obsolete). Tatiana- founder, ruler, organizer (Greek). Terenty- slender, smooth, graceful (lat.). Timofey- God-fearing; lit.: worshiping God (Greek). Timur- firm, persistent; lit.: iron (Turk.). Titus- honest, nice, respectable (lat.). Tikhon- quiet, calm, peaceful (Russian). A shortened version of the Slavic name Tikhoneg. Another explanation: lucky (Greek). Tryphon- vocal; lit.: three-voiced (Greek). Another explanation: rich, living in luxury (Greek). Trofim- breadwinner (Greek) Ulyana- ardent, hot, hot; the same as Julia (lat.). Option: Juliania (outdated). Ustin- fair, lenient (lat.). Options: Justin (obsolete), Ustim (simple). Ustinya- fair, honest (lat.). Option: Justinia (obsolete). Thaddeus- glorious, persistent; lit.: spear of God (Heb.). Faina- bright, shining, joyful (Greek). Falalei- beautiful, full of strength; lit.: olive in bloom (Greek). Fevronia- meaning unclear (Greek). Options: Fevronya, Khavronya (simple). Fedora- the name has two interpretations: 1) warlike; lit.: god's spear; 2) long-awaited; lit.: gift of God (both Greek). The female version of the male name Fedor. Fedot- joyful, desirable; lit.: gift of God (Greek). Fedul- servant of God (Greek). Options: Fedul, Theodulius (obsolete). Felix- happy, rich, fruitful (lat.). Felicata- happy, rich, fertile (lat.). Vernacular version: Velichata. Theodosius- joyful, desirable; lit.: gift of God (Greek). Option: Fedos. Feodosia- desired; lit.: given by God (Greek). Feofan- noticeable, happy; lit.: marked by god (Greek). Folk version: Fofan. Theophilus- loving God (Greek). Folk version: Fefil. Theophila- loving God (Greek). Folk version: Fefela. Ferapont- hospitable, welcoming, ready to serve (Greek). Fedor- two interpretations: 1) warlike; lit.: god's spear; 2) long-awaited; lit.: gift of God (both Greek). Same as the Russian name Bogdan. Thekla- glorious; lit.: God's glory (Greek). Filaret- strict moralist; lit.: loving virtue (Greek). Philemon- faithful, reliable; lit.: monogamous (Greek). Philip- lover of horses (Greek). Firs- a joyful, good sign; lit.: a rod decorated with flowers and grapes (Greek). Flavian- golden-haired, red-haired (lat.). Phlegont- ardent, easily excitable (Greek). Flor- blooming, fresh, beautiful (lat.). In ancient Roman mythology there was a goddess of flowers, Flora. This name entered the Russian name book in a slightly modified form: Frol. Foka- fat man; lit.: seal (Greek). Thomas- twin (Aramic). Fortunatus- lucky; lit.: marked by Fortuna - the goddess of fate, luck and happiness (lat.). Photius- light, blond (Greek). Frol- blooming, fresh, beautiful (lat.). Same as Flor. Hariessa- pleasant, lovely (Greek). Same as Kharitina (see). Kharitina- graceful, beautiful, lovely (Greek). In the mythology of the ancient Greeks, the Charites are the goddesses of beauty, grace and nobility. Same as the Roman Graces. Khariton- lovely, graceful, joyful (Greek). Kharlampy- bright, joyful; lit.: joyful light (Greek). Khionya- blond, blonde; lit.: snowy (Greek). Wed. Russian name Snezhana. Chrysanthos- golden; lit.: golden flower (Greek). Wed. chrysanthemum flowers. Christina- Christian (Greek). Christopher- bringing joy, healing. Another explanation: bearer of Christ (both Greek). Chernava- dark-skinned, brunette (Old Russian). Edward- keeper of wealth, rich man (Old English). Eleanor- light, clear, sunny (Old French version of the name Helene (Greek). Same as Elena. Elvira- protector (Goth.). Emilia- affectionate, warm-hearted, hardworking (lat.). Emma- beautiful, precious, mysterious; lit.: depicted on a precious stone, gemma (lat.). Erast- sweet, charming, in love (Greek). Option: Erast (obsolete). Ernest- serious, diligent (Old German). Juvenaly- youthful, characteristic of youth (lat.). Julia- ardent, hot; lit.: belonging to the ancient Roman family of Julius (lat.). The etymology is unclear. In Rus', this name is interpreted as “July”, that is, hot. Yuri- farmer. Russian vowel of the Greek name Georgiy: Georgiy - Gyurgii - Yuri. Yakov- presumably: stubborn, intractable (Hebrew). Yaroslav- bright, sunny, shining with glory (Russian). Derived from the words Yarilo - “sun” and glory. Yaroslav- brilliant, sunny (glorious). Derived from the words Yarilo - “sun” and glory. Based on materials from the book “On the Declension of First and Last Names: A Dictionary-Reference Book. Ser. “For the word in your pocket.” Vol. 3 / Ed. E.A. Glotova, N.N. Shcherbakova. – Omsk, 2011 See more about Russian and foreign names: www.
ruplace.
ru/
imenoslov/
Names serve for naming people - when communicating and addressing, and to distinguish one person from another - when listing, describing or narrating. But there are many more people than names, so one name bears many different people. How then to distinguish them? Additional names and the entire naming composition come to the rescue. We talked about the name of a person in ancient times, the names of the times of the USSR and in Tsarist Russia. Let's continue the conversation on the topic history of Russian names.
Names in Ancient Rome
IN Ancient Rome for people of the propertied classes there was such a naming order: praenomen (pre-name), nomen (name) and cognomen (family name) - Gaius Julius Caesar. Sometimes there was also a fourth name: agnomen (nickname) - Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus the Elder.
The history of names in different countries of the world
In most languages, a personal name and a generic name are used (father, mother, place of birth): Isaac Newton, Prosper Merimee, Mikhailo Lomonosov, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega.
For kings, tsars, and rulers, the surname was often replaced by a nickname: Vladimir Monomakh, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan the Terrible, Pepin the Short, John the Landless, Heinrich the Birdcatcher, while the nickname, unlike the surname, is always translated into other languages.
In some nations, it is customary to name children with a chain of names: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, George Gordon Byron, Jose Raul Capablanca y Graupera (here is a double surname). It happens that the chain of names goes on; for example, the medieval alchemist Paracelsus was called: Philip-Aureol-Theophrastus-Bombastus Count von Hohenheim, and in one drama by Victor Hugo one aristocrat bears the name: Gil-Basilio-Fernand-Ireneo - Felippe-Frasco-Frascito Count de
Belverana. Even in the 19th century, the heir to the Spanish throne bore the name: Don Pedro - d'Alcantara - Maria Fernando - Gonzago Xavier Miguel - Gibriel Rafazel Antonio - John Leopoldo Francisco - d'Assisi - Saxe - Coburg-Gotha de Braganza -e-Bourbon! (This is reported by L.V. Uspensky in the book “What does your name mean?”, 1940)
Names in Ancient Rus'. Names before the Baptism of Rus'
What is the situation with names in Russian? Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus'(X century) among the privileged classes there were such names as Lyubomir, Ostromir, Svyatoslav, Rostislav, Yaroslav, Lyudmila, Rogneda, Voislava and the like. With the adoption of Christianity “according to the Eastern rite” under the Kiev prince Vladimir, new names appeared that were listed in the church canons and are therefore called canonical; they were given when performing the “sacrament of baptism.”
In Ancient Rus' these names served as legal names for people and were placed first in deeds, bills of sale and other documents. However, the habit of using old names that were not included in the lists and canons of the church persisted for a long time in Rus', at least until the 17th century. At the same time, double names are constantly found in ancient Russian documents: “... by the name of Milonog. Peter by baptism." Or: “...Waited for peace, and in baptism Mikula,” etc. Thus, for several centuries, along with the canonical names: Alexander, Alexey, Daniel, Dimitri, Konstantin, Nikita, Nikolai, Peter, Roman, Sergei, etc. .p. - non-canonical names were also in use, which were used more in everyday communication and in second place in letters: Pervusha, Vtor, Tretyak (according to the chronology of birth); Zhdan, Nezhdan, Nechai (according to the circumstances of birth); Guban, Ushak, Plekhan, Shcherbak, Nesmeyan, Gloomy, Bulgak, Zloba, Istoma, Druzhina (by physical and mental properties); Wolf, Horse, Thrush, Ruff (by the names of animals, birds, fish); as well as Tail, Frost, Fur Coat, Cannon, etc.
IN history of Russian names these names are more reminiscent of nicknames, which, however, could not only distinguish between people with the same canonical names, but also later turn into surnames, which we will talk about next time.
Judging even from the examples given, one can see that proper names, as a rule, come from common nouns, but since proper names pass from one people to another and live for centuries in different linguistic environments, then most often they “mean” in some way in another language, in this language this borrowed name is only a proper name and does not mean anything, but only names.
Russian canonical names are borrowed from Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and ancient Germanic, where they were also common nouns (as in Russian: Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov). Here are some examples:
- Greek: George (“farmer”), Alexander (“protector of husbands”). Apollo (“destroyer”), Arkhip (“chief of the cavalry”), Hippolytus (“unharnesser of horses”), Philip (“lover of horses”), Nikephoros (“victorious”),
- Latin: Victor (“winner”), Victoria (“victory”), Valentin, Valery, Valeryan (“healthy”), Marina (“sea”), Juvenaly (“youthful”),
- Hebrew: Anna (“grace”), Gabriel (“divine warrior”), Michael (“divine”), Mary (“bitter”).
- Old Scandinavian: Igor (one of the names of the thunder god in connection with the common noun var - “warriorship, strength”), Oleg, Olga (“sacred, majestic”).
It is absolutely clear that in the Russian names Anna, Mikhail, Maria, Nikifor, etc. there is no common noun meaning. These are just names.
Many Slavic names are translations of foreign languages, for example: Zlata - Greek. Chrysa, Bogdan - Greek. Theodor (Fedor), Militsa - Greek. Harita, Faith - Greek. Pistis, Nadezhda - Greek. Elkis, Love - Greek. Agape, lat. Amata, etc.
Many Russian names have parallel variants that arose due to different renderings of the same foreign name: Evdokia-Avdotya, Ksenia-Aksinya, Glikeria - Lukerya, Anastasia - Nastasya, Georgy - Yuri - Egor, Paraskeva - Praskovya, etc.
The original appearance of many borrowed names has changed greatly in the practice of the Russian language, for example: Joseph-Osip, Eleazar - Lazar, Dionysius - Denis, Cosmas - Kuzma, Emmanuel - Manuila, Eustathius - Ostafiy, Stahey, Johanaan - Ivan.
Pre-revolutionary years
The desire to update the repertoire of names manifested itself in pre-revolutionary times, when the fashion for Old Russian names began, although many of them were non-Slavic in origin, for example Oleg, Igor (the fashionable poet of that time Igor Severyanin wrote: “It’s good that I am separate, that Igor I , not Ivan..."), at the same time, "romantic" and "exotic" names also came into fashion: Tamara, Isabella, Valentina (from the same Igor Severyanin: “Valentina! How much passion! Valentina! How much horror... It was at a concert at the medical institute..."). How can one not remember Nastya from Gorky’s play “At the Depths”, when the Baron says about her: “Today Raoul, tomorrow Gaston... Fatal love, lady!”
1920 – 1930
In the 20s, the craving for “romantic” names intensified. It was possible to announce a name change through the Izvestia newspaper. And so the Feklas and Matryonas began to change their names to Evelyn, Leonor and Vener, and Terentii and Sidoras to Alfredov and Richardov (remember the loser from the film “Musical History” Alfred Terentyevich Tarakanov...).
In addition to this, two more types of names appeared:
1) names from common nouns and derivatives from them, which corresponded to the ideology and phraseology of the revolutionary era of the 20s: Labor, International, Struggle, Communar, Tractor, Detector - for boys; Spark, Star, Tractor, Ideal (!) - for girls..;
2) names formed from the personal names of revolutionaries and their own, generated by the revolutionary era: Marxin, Engelsin, Lenin, Comintern, Oktyabrin...
In addition, in connection with the general tendency of the business language of that time towards abbreviations and abbreviations (that is, designations based on the first letters), names appeared from abbreviations of names and slogans: Vlad(i)len. Maplen, Borzamir, Dazamira, Zanarzema, Revmira, Renata, Gertrude, Lagshmivara...
And also abbreviations from the first letters of names and slogans: Viracle, Vilora.
Many parents put their children in an absurd position, since it was very difficult to “unravel” the ideological meaning of the name, but attributing it to a well-known series of names was much easier. Thus, Gertrude (“heroine of labor”) coincides with the German name Gertrude, Kim (“Communist Youth International”) with the Korean name, Renata (“revolution - science - labor”) with the Italian name, and those who bear these names seem, alas, to be foreigners !
The same thing happened with abbreviations and inversions: Vilora is perceived as an Italian name. Ninel - like French, Virakl - like Greek (cf. Hercules, Pericles), Borzamir - like Old Russian (cf. Ostromir, Jaromir), and Lagshmivara makes one think of India...
And no decodings like Vilor - “V. I. Lenin is the father of the revolution” or Dizar - “Baby, go for the revolution” do not help here. The type of word decides everything for a given language. That is why Ideal so quickly turned into Ida, Ninel into Nina, and Struggle into Boris.
There was great diversity in the names of the Soviet era of the 60s. Basically, of course, these were canonical names like Alexander, Vasily, Ivan, Peter, Pavel, Sergei, as well as Natalya, Tatyana, Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov, Anna, Maria, Ekaterina...
From these names there have long been diminutives legalized by custom: Sasha, Shura, Vasya, Vanya, Petya, Pasha, Natasha, Tanya, Nadya, Masha, Katya... These names are familiar and common, they are the most durable in the Russian history of names and have existed for tens of centuries. It is these names that are still common in the Russian language.
Based on materials from the magazine “Family and School”, 1962
Vohrameeva Angela, Belman Kirill,
At one of the classes of the “First Steps” circle association, we discussed the origin of the surnames of the children in our class. The meaning of some of the names of students in our class was clear: Sokolova, Zernin and some others. But when we tried to explain the origin of our surnames: Belman, Vohrameeva, it became clear that we needed to turn to some sources.
Of course, first we turned to the parents. Our surnames are the surnames, as is customary, the surnames of our fathers. Then it turned out that our mothers had completely different surnames before marriage: Vavilova, Gert. Then they talked with grandparents and other relatives. So it gradually became clear that each of us has a large number of people who lived before us and gave us life. It became interesting, who are these people?
We chose this topic because we became interested in who our ancestors were, what their names were, what they did, how their lives changed with the change in life in the country.
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MBOU Yartsevskaya secondary school No. 12
Origin of names and surnames in Rus'
Research work.
Autos : Vohrameeva Angela, 3rd grade student
Belman Kirill, 3rd grade student
MBOU Yartsevskaya secondary school No. 12
Head: Zebzeeva M, I,
Primary school teacher
S. Yartsevo 2013 - 2014.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………2
Chapter 1. Historical background:
1.1.Origin of surnames in Rus'.
1. 2. Origin of names in Rus'.
Chapter 2. Interpretation of my family’s surnames……………………….4
Chapter 3. Interpretation of the names of my family.................................................... .......6
Chapter 4. Family tree of the Vokhrameev family.
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...10
List of references…………………………………………………………….11
Appendix………………………………………………………..presentation
Abstract for research work
Vokhrameeva Angela and Belman Kirill, 3rd grade students of MBOU Yartsevskaya Secondary School No. 12
At one of the classes of the “First Steps” circle association, we discussed the origin of the surnames of the children in our class. The meaning of some of the names of students in our class was clear: Sokolova, Zernin and some others. But when we tried to explain the origin of our surnames: Belman, Vohrameeva, it became clear that we needed to turn to some sources.
Of course, first we turned to the parents. Our surnames are the surnames, as is customary, the surnames of our fathers. Then it turned out that our mothers had completely different surnames before marriage: Vavilova, Gert. Then they talked with grandparents and other relatives. So it gradually became clear that each of us has a large number of people who lived before us and gave us life. It became interesting, who are these people?
We chose this topic because we became interested in who our ancestors were, what their names were, what they did, how their lives changed with the change in life in the country.
The purpose of our work is to study the origin of names and surnames in Rus' and compile a family tree.
To achieve this goal, we decided:
1. Find out the history of the origin of names in Rus'.
2. Find out the history of the origin of surnames in Rus'.
3. Establish the meaning of my family's surnames.
4. Establish the meaning of my family names.
5.Make a tree of life for one of us.
To carry out this study, a partial search method was used, and a large number of conversations were conducted. Literary sources and Internet resources were studied. Having studied literary sources and Internet resources, we learned a lot of new and interesting things. Then we divided the work: Kirill began to study more historical information, and Angela began to create a pedigree of her kind.
Angela began to have conversations with her grandparents. After conducting conversations with close relatives about their origins and lives, it became clear that there was very little information about this. They began to write and wait a long time for an answer from other relatives.
So the search expanded. Despite the fact that a large number of relatives were included in the information search, information was collected only up to the third generation. This suggests that the sooner we begin to take an interest in the life of our ancestors, the better. Unfortunately, people pass away, and with them goes the information about their lives.
After carrying out the work, it became obvious that the life of every person is closely connected with all the events taking place in the country.
We want the result of our work to encourage other children to take an active interest in the lives of people of their kind.
Venue: MBOU Yartsevskaya Secondary School No. 12, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Expected Results: interest of other students in the history of the country and the history of their family.
Chapter I.
1.Historical background
1.1 Origin of surnames in Rus'
At the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, they began to pay great attention to the study of proper names. Currently, there are many studies devoted to the naming of Russian people of different eras; dictionaries of names, surnames and pseudonyms have appeared.
In Russia, the formation of surnames began at the end of the 14th century. First of all, boyars and nobles began to receive surnames in connection with the establishment of mandatory public service for them and the compilation of lists of service people.
Most noble surnames were formed from patronymics and grandfatherly names, less often - from the names of possessions, as was customary among the boyars and Polish gentry. The process of forming surnames among the nobility ended in the 17th century. In the 18th century, they began to give surnames to the clergy. Before graduation, the diocesan bishop came to the theological seminary and handed out surnames, most often based on the name of the church in which the seminarian’s father served.
From the middle of the 16th century, surnames began to appear among artisans and the urban population. However, even in the middle of the 19th century there were still many townspeople without surnames.
In the 16th - 17th centuries, worldly names among the peasantry began to pass from father to son, i.e. began to become family nicknames (street names). Many peasants had street surnames, but they were not recorded anywhere and therefore often changed.
It was not uncommon for a family to have several different street names. The abolition of serfdom in 1861 caused the generalization of the population. Tens of millions of liberated peasants were given surnames. They turned a patronymic or grandfather into a surname, wrote down the surname of the former owner or one of the street surnames.
Surnames are divided into two main groups: baptismal and nickname. Baptismal names include such surnames as Gerasimov, Andreyanov.Nicknames include Devyatkov, Shakhov, Shikov,.
Gerasimov. The source of the surname is the ancient Greek name Gerasim "gerasmios" - venerable. Garanya is a diminutive form of this name. Garsha is a derivative form of the name Gerasim. There are other possible explanations for some of the surnames in this group. Garasin from the dialect verb garasit - udrit (Dal) Geshin from the shortened form Gesha from Georgy or Gennady.
Shikov. Patronymic from the non-church Russian male name Shikh. In 1539, Shikh Myakinin was recorded in Novgorod scribe books. Probably, the etymology of this surname is the key to many Russian words: shish, shishiga, shishka, etc., which have pan-Slavic parallels. Shih-grass is found in ancient Russian folklore. According to I.G. Dobrodomov, it is possible that the origin of the surname is from the Muslim term sheikh.
Andreyanov. In everyday life there were several names with a common beginning: Andrei (from Greek - “courageous”), Andron (“winner”), Andronik (“victorious”). Naturally, the names derived from them will be similar: Andron or from Andrei or from Andronik, or the actual name, Androsha - either from Andrei or from Andronik. The very name Andronik, thanks to the suffix -ik, was perceived as an affectionate name and became Andron in everyday life. The name Andreev itself is among the ten most common surnames in terms of frequency. Andrus and Andros can be formed from the name Anthrop.
Rylsky. This surname in 60% of cases is of Polish origin and comes either from Poland itself or from neighboring countries (Ukraine, Belarus). Almost all representatives of such surnames belonged to the Polish gentry. In 10% percent, the bearer of such a surname may be a descendant of an ancient Russian princely or boyar family. In both cases, the surname, as a rule, indicates the place where the person’s distant ancestors lived or the city or village where, according to legend, this family comes from, but it can also come from the name of the person’s distant ancestor. In addition, in 30% of cases, such a surname was received by a clergy ancestor when he graduated from the seminary. In these cases, the surname was given at the will of the school leadership and could be derived from the name of the locality, church holiday, named after the saint.
Surname Shakhov. This surname is of Turkic origin and most likely comes from the Uzbek language. It is derived from the stem Shah-, which means "ruler". From the Persian shah (sovereign), which penetrated into the Russian language not only as a common noun, but also as a personal name. The first of the Shakhovsky princes bore the loud nickname Shah. The origin of this surname from a nickname is confirmed by the absence of heraldic features usually found in the coats of arms of clans genetically associated with the East.
1.2. Origin of names in Rus'
At first in Rus' there were only nicknames and nicknames. They were given based on appearance, some significant life event, or the character of a person. These nicknames were dissonant: Bryushina (due to the big belly), Buzga (chatterbox), Bazan (screamer), Reut (bass), Iskar (uprooted tree), Korosta (difficult, unsociable). They also came from the names of animals and plants, reflecting the order of appearance of new family members and the attitude towards them - Oblique, Pockmarked, Bel, Mal, Buyan, Molchan, Lyubim, Goat, Mosquito, Zhdan, Wolf, Hare, Pervusha, Tretyak, etc. d. Over time, these nicknames began to be perceived as names.
With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the situation changed. Now, when baptized, people began to be given so-called “baptismal” names. These names were given from a strictly defined list of names of saints, placed in the calendar - the church calendar. Therefore, baptismal names were also called “calendar”.
In Rus', the calendar of the Eastern Christian (Byzantine) church was adopted, which later became known as Orthodox. Therefore, calendar names were called Greek, although a significant part of them were of Hebrew origin. Most calendar names quickly adapted to Russian pronunciation. John turned into Ivan, Georgy - into Yuri and Yegor, Jacob - into Yakov, etc. Later, the calendar also included some pre-Christian names that belonged to Russian princes who were canonized by the church: Vladimir, Boris, Gleb, Vsevolod, Igor, Svyatopolk.
Calendar names were unusual and unusual for the population and were spread with great difficulty. The people did not see any advantages in them. Therefore, the world used old non-calendar names, which, in contrast to the name received at baptism, were called a “worldly name” or “nickname.”
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the tradition of naming a baby began to be gradually forgotten, and children owe their names to the taste of their elders or, as strange as it may sound, to changing fashion. And people with strange names were born. Sometimes parents got to the point where an unfamiliar word they heard somewhere, just because they liked it, became the name of their beloved child. Often the child was given ridiculous and funny names, but those who were doomed to be called Cinematographer or Illustrator all their lives had no time to laugh.
But a lot depends on a person’s name. The name carries various information, and there is even an opinion that it influences the character, way of thinking and behavior of a person. This is explained by the fact that the sounds that make up the name affect the consciousness of the individual.
Many families are gradually returning to the magnificent tradition and remembering wonderful Russian names.
Philip is a Greek name. Means "horse lover".
Vladimir is an Old Slavonic name. Means "who owns the world."
Peter is a Greek name. Means "stone, rock."
Nicholas is a Greek name. Means "conqueror of nations." Ivan is a Hebrew name. Means "God has mercy."
Fedora is a very rare name, translated from Greek it means “God-given”, “dedicated by God”.
Catherine is a Greek name. Means “pure, immaculate.”
Marina is a Hebrew name. Means “beloved, desired.”
Agafia is a Greek name. Means “good, wise.”
Eugenia is a Greek name. Means "noble".
Pelagia. The name, which comes from the ancient Greek language, means “sea”.
Anna – from Hebrew “mercy of God” or “lovely.”
Vera is a Russian name. Has the same meaning as the word "faith".
Artem – ancient Greek name - “healthy”, “unharmed”
Many of these names are old names that you won't hear in everyday life. Although it may take a few years before they become popular again.
Origin of my family's surnames.
My name is Vokhrameeva Anzhelika Mikhailovna. I was born on December 2, 2003 in the village of Yartsevo, Yenisei district, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Now I am in 3rd grade, I am 10 years old.
I also have a brother, his name is Nikita. Nikita is 5 years old. He was born on February 1, 2008 in the village of Yartsevo. He goes to kindergarten.
My mother's name is Vokhrameeva Ekaterina Pavlovna. My mother's maiden name is Vavilova.
Last name meaning Vavilov . Probably, many have heard or encountered in literature the ancient Russian name Babyla, Vavilo (from Aramaic - the gate of God or a resident of Babylon). The surname Vavilov came from him. Vavil - Vavilov, Vavila - Vavilin.
In the 16th–17th centuries in Rus', the process of forming surnames as special inherited family names began. Already by the beginning of the 17th century, the most common model for the formation of surnames was the addition of the suffixes -ov/-ev or -in to the base, which over time turned into the most typical indicator of Russian surnames. In this case, surnames ending in -in were formed from stems ending in -a/-ya, and the suffix -ov/-ev was added to names ending in a consonant or -o. According to this model, the surname Vavilovs was formed from the everyday name Vavilo (Vavilo).
My dad's name is Vokhrameev Mikhaim Ivanovich.
The basis of the surname Vokhrameev served as the church name Bartholomew. The surname Vohrameev goes back to the canonical male name Bartholomew, which translated from Greek means “son of the plowed land”, “son of the fields”. This name comes from the Aramaic Bar-Telemi, brought to the Russians by the Orthodox Church from Byzantium. The name Bartholomew had a number of derivative forms, one of which - Vohramey - formed the basis of this surname.
Most likely, the founder of the Vokhrameev family came from a working or peasant background. This assumption is explained by the fact that surnames formed from full form name, had mainly the social elite, the nobility, or families who enjoyed great authority in a given area, whose representatives were respectfully called by their neighbors by their full name, in contrast to other classes, who were called, as a rule, by diminutive, derivative, everyday names. Vokhramey, over time received the surname Vokhrameyev.
3. Interpretation of my family's names.
My name is Angelica.
The name Angelica, when translated into Russian, will mean angelic. Origin of the name Angelica: It is generally believed that this is an ancient Greek name.
My brother's name is Nikita.
The name Nikita (colloquial Nikity, simple Mikita) comes from the Greek word “to win” and means winner, victorious, to conquer.
My dad's name is Mikhail.
Michael (colloquial Mikhaila, old colloquial Mikhailo) comes from the Hebrew name Mikael - equal, similar to Yahweh (God), godlike, divine.
My mother's name is Ekaterina.
The name Ekaterina (colloquial Katerina) comes from the Greek word “katarios” - pure, immaculate. The word "catharsis" has the same root - cleansing. In the Western tradition, the initial “e” is absent everywhere: Katerina, Katharine, Katherine. Catholics even have a male name, Catherine. The name Catherine means pure, immaculate, true.
My maternal grandmother's name is Zinaida.
The name Zinaida comes from the Greek “divine daughter”, “daughter of Zeus”.
My grandfather on my mother’s side is called Pavel.
The name Paul comes from the Latin “small”.
My grandfather on my father's side is Ivan
The name Ivan (old John) is of Hebrew origin and means: Yahweh (God) had mercy, Yahweh (God) had mercy, the gift of God, the grace of God.
My grandmother on my father's side is called Lyubov.
The name Lyubov appeared in Rus' together with Orthodoxy, as a tracing (literal translation) of the Greek name Agape, which means “Love”.
4. My ancestry.
Vokhrameeva Ekaterina Pavlovna, my mother, was born on December 7, 1981 in Yartsevo. Graduated from school in 1999. After school, I graduated from college and received a profession as a salesperson - cashier. But she doesn’t work in her specialty. My mother works at the Nizhne-Yenisei Forestry State Institution as an assistant forester.
Vavilov Pavel Arsentievich my grandfather on my mother’s side was born on June 24, 1955 in the village of Tankovo. When he was little, his parents moved to Yartsevo. My grandfather still lives in the village of Yartsevo. My grandfather works as a diesel engine operator at the Yartsevo branch of LDK No. 1.
My grandmother on my mother’s side is Zinaida Abramovna Vavilova. Zinaida Abramovna was born on Fomka on September 27, 1958. When she was 2 years old, they moved to Yartsevo, where she still lives. At the moment she doesn’t work anywhere, my grandmother is a pensioner.
Vavilov Arsenty Timofeevich, my great-grandfather on my mother’s side, was born on December 3 (born 1908). Arseny Timofeevich was born in the village of Tankovo, Yartsevo district, Krasnoyarsk Territory. By origin - a peasant. Before the war he was a fisherman. Arseniy Timofeevich participant of the Second World War. He fought on the second Ukrainian front, took the cities of Belgorod, Kharkov, Kirovograd, Uman, crossed the Danube, and liberated many cities in Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria. Has gratitude. Two combat medals: “For courage”, “For the capture of Budapest”, “For the capture of Vienna”, “For victory over Germany”. During the war, he was wounded in the left side of his chest. After the war, he worked at the state farm named after Molokov. He died on January 3, 1985.
Vavilova Ekaterina Ignatievna, my great-grandmother on my mother’s side was born in 1913. She died in 1972. We don't know anything else about her.
Shneyweis Abram Yakovlevich my great-grandfather on my mother’s side was born on February 5, 1909 in the Jewish community of the city of Riga, Latvian SSR. We don’t know what he did before the war, we only know that his entire family was shot by the Germans. After the war he was exiled to Fomka. Then they moved to Yartsevo, where he worked as an accountant at the Molokovo state farm. Died October 13, 1962.
Meel Lidiya Vladimirovna is a great-grandmother on my mother’s side. Lidia Vladimirovna was born on May 24, 1926. She comes from Estonia - the city of Tallinn. Before the war and during the war, she worked in the Tallinn industrial trade. After the war, like her great-grandfather, she was exiled to Fomka. When they moved to Yartsevo, she worked as a night nanny in a boarding school, from where she retired. She died on March 4, 2006.
My dad - Vokhrameev Mikhail Ivanovich was born on April 1, 1979. He comes from the city of Irkutsk. But there he was born and lived for one year. And he grew up in the Kemerovo region, Tyazhinsky district, in the village of Novopodzornovo. Like all children, he went to school, played sports, and served in the army. After the army, he entered the Divnogorsk forestry equipment. After graduation, he came to work in Yartsevo. Currently he works as the head of the State Public Institution “Nizhne-Yenisei Forestry”.
Paternal grandmother, Lyubov Gennadievna Vokhrameeva. Born October 2, 1955. Originally from the village of Novopodzornovo, Kemerovo region. She worked as an accountant in the rural administration of the village of Novopodzornovo. He is currently retired.
My grandfather on my father's side. Vokhrameev Ivan Nikolaevich (05/12/55) was born in the village of Novopodzornovo, Kemerovo region. My grandfather worked as a carpenter at the Pobeda state farm, and is now retired.
My great-grandfather on my father's side. Gostevskikh Gennady Pavlovich. He was born on January 7, 1935. Born in the village of Novopodzornovo, Kemerovo region. He worked at the Pobeda state farm on a livestock farm.
My great-grandmother on my father’s side, in the village of Novopodzornovo, Kemerovo region. She worked at the Pobeda state farm as a cashier.
My great-grandmother on my father’s side, Vokhrameeva Maria Mikhailovna. Born on August 20, 1934 in the village of Novopodzornovo. She worked at the Pobeda state farm as a general worker in a field crew. She died on February 9, 2004.
My great-grandfather on my father’s side, Vokhrameev Nikolai Fedorovich, was born in 1933. He worked in a horse yard and was very good at saddlery. Died February 23, 1967.
Conclusion.
Working on this project, we accomplished all our goals: we compiled a family tree, studied the origin and interpretation of names and surnames in Rus'.
Having processed the data obtained, we came to the conclusion that surnames in Rus' appeared several centuries ago, in the 14th century. Only boyars and nobles received surnames, simple people They began to receive surnames only two centuries later, from the 16th century. All surnames in Rus' were divided into two groups: baptismal and nickname.
At first in Rus' there were only nicknames and nicknames. They were given based on appearance, some significant life event, or the character of a person. With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the situation changed. Now, when baptized, people began to be given so-called “baptismal” names. These names were given from a strictly defined list of names of saints, placed in the calendar - the church calendar.
A family tree of the Vokhrameev family up to the third generation has been compiled. Angela traced her family back to her great-grandparents. The life of the Vohrameev family once again proved the connection of each person with the life of the country.
Every person should know his ancestors. Many more generations will change, centuries will pass, and our descendants will be interested in their origins: where their roots come from, who their ancestors are, what kind of people they were.
Some facts are lost and forgotten, but history itself is not forgotten. We must revive our past, so that the stories of our birth and our rise are passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. So we must hurry to find out our ancestry, we must find those grandmothers who will gladly tell us the stories of their relatives.
List of used literature
- Internet resources. Dictionary of Russian names.
2. Magazine “Read, learn, play.” 2002., No. 3.
- King M.V. Stained glass windows of wisdom. - Minsk: Polymya, 1991. – 414s.
- Leonov A. History of the origin and development of personal names in the Gospel // Russian language at school and at home. – 2005. - No. 3 – 28-30.
- Nikonov V.A. Geography of personal names. – Moscow: Science, 1988. – 192s.
- Answer to a question in the magazine “Pioneer” No. 4. 2005. -32.
- Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. – Moscow: Russian language, 1980. – 384s.
- Polyakova E.N. From the history of Russian names and surnames. - Moscow: Education, 1975 - 160 p.
- Khigir B.Yu. Encyclopedia of names. – Moscow: Yauza, 2003. – 512s.
Children's encyclopedia. Story. "I'm exploring the world."
Ancient Russian names in paganism.
Do you remember the wonderful spring fairy tale by A.N. Ostrovsky “The Snow Maiden”? Who can remain indifferent to this amazing legend glorifying the beauty of nature, love and youth? The names of the heroes, who fit so harmoniously into the rituals and life of the pagan Slavs, give this romantic story a special charm. Kupava, Malusha, Brusilo, Lel – to us these names seem to be the writer’s invention, and few have any idea what our distant ancestors called each other.
The names that are now considered “native” actually appeared in Russian culture from the ancient Christian world and for the most part do not have Slavic roots. The origin and meaning of male and female Russian names is inextricably linked with the history and beliefs of the ancient Slavs.
Naming ceremony in Rus'.
In the pre-Christian era in Rus', it was customary to give a child two names. The first name served as a “scare away” for evil spirits and ill-wishers. Crooked, Nekras, Zloba - no devil would set his sights on such a kid. Female and male names of Russian origin at that time overlapped with nicknames, and now it is difficult to draw a line between them.
In adolescence, when a person’s character traits became clearer, the ceremony of second naming was performed. The meaning of Russian names for girls and boys were different. Children were called by names taken from plants and animals - Pike, Eagle, Nut, Cow. In large families, names were given in order of birth - Pervak, Chetverunya, Devyatko. The names were dedicated to pagan gods - Lada, Veleslav, Yaroslav. The meaning of many male and female Russian names speaks about distinctive features character and appearance - Brave, Annoying, Beautiful, Fool. They have long gone out of use. But many of the two-basic names (Svyatoslav, Ratibor, Lyubomila, Svetozar), which were a princely privilege, can be found today.
The fate of Nadezhda, Vera and Lyubov developed in a special way. The meaning of these Slavic female names is clear to everyone. But few people know that they arose through a direct translation into Russian of the ancient Greek concepts “pistis, elpis and agape” - “faith, hope, love.”
The origin of Russian surnames and names in Orthodoxy.
With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the name given at baptism became the main one. But for many centuries, Old Slavonic names and nicknames were used along with “baptismal” names. The history of the origin of Russian surnames begins with them.
The meaning of Russian surnames is related to the meaning of Slavic names and nicknames. For example, from the names Volk, Menshiy, Palka the surnames Volkov, Menshov and Palkin were formed.
By the end of the 16th century, ancient Slavic names finally disappeared from everyday life. Only those who were included in the church calendar remained. This is how the original Russian names Olga, Oleg, Igor, and Svyatoslav have been preserved and continue to live. Many names were generally banned by the church, so as not to revive pagan traditions and the cult of ancient gods. This led to the fact that modern Russia only 5% of names have a Slavic basis.