Logvinenko Lyudmila Viktorovna, teacher-organizer of life safety, MBOU "Smorodinskaya Secondary School" of Graivoronsky district, Belgorod region
Life safety lesson in 5th grade on the topic: “Caution - electricity!”
Self-analysis of the lesson topic. According to statistics, recently there have been many cases of electrical injuries in everyday life due to non-compliance with the rules for operating electrical household appliances. Children who know little about the danger that awaits them while playing near power facilities are especially susceptible to electric shock. This topic is relevant at any age and at any time of the year, but it is especially important to review the electrical safety rules before the holidays. After all, children are often left at home alone during the holidays and use electrical appliances independently, without adult supervision. This lesson was held before the autumn holidays and contributed to updating students’ knowledge about the correct handling of electrical appliances and rules of conduct near power facilities.
Subject:"Caution - electricity!"
Lesson objectives:
1. Create conditions for generalizing and expanding schoolchildren’s knowledge about electricity.
2. Organize student activities to review the rules for safe handling of electrical appliances.
3. Contribute to the development of a safe lifestyle, the desire to take care of your health and the health of your loved ones.
Lesson type: generalization and systematization of knowledge.
Lesson plan:
What will we talk about?
Electric current: friend or foe?
What is it like?
How does it affect a person?
How to avoid this?
How to avoid getting hurt during a thunderstorm?
Who are they - amazing and dangerous animals?
Equipment: laptop, multimedia equipment, “Safe Travel” presentation, electrical safety warning signs, pictures of electrical appliances, “Electrical Safety” crossword puzzle, electrical test, instructions for parents.
During the classes:
Organizing time. Good afternoon guys! I'm glad to see you at the life safety lesson. I wish you good luck and good mood. Smile at your neighbor. May everything work out for you. (slide 1 – Appendix 1)
Formulating the lesson topic and setting lesson goals. See what these drawings have in common? (slide 2) What will the lesson be about? Indeed, the topic of our lesson is “Caution – Electricity!” (slide 3)
Updating students' knowledge
What role does electricity play in our lives? Think about it: is electricity friend or foe? (slide 4)
How dangerous is electric current? What are the consequences of defeating a person? electric shock? (slide 5)
What feature does electric current have? (slide 6)
Can a person detect electric current in advance? How to warn a person about the danger of electric shock? (slide 7) Where can you see such signs? Where did you see such signs at school? (Appendix 2)
Remember what electrical safety rules you know on the street? (slide 9)
Energy facilities are air and cable lines power transmission, substations, transformer substations, distribution points.
Rules of conduct near power facilities
Do not go into transformer boxes and electrical installations.
Do not throw anything on the wires or play near them.
Don't steal or help steal electrical wires.
Don't climb on the supports.
Do not come closer than 8-10 meters to broken wires.
Learning new material.
Teacher's explanation. Do you know why you can’t get closer than 8-10 meters to broken wires? Do you want to know the correct answer?
Pay attention to the picture on the slide (slide 10). The circles indicate the danger zone. There is a risk of electric shock if exposed to "step voltage"– this is the voltage that occurs when a wire breaks and falls to the ground of an existing power line of 0.4 kV and above. The current path does not stop unless the power line is shut down. The earth is a conductor of electric current and becomes, as it were, a continuation of the power transmission wire. Any point on the surface of the earth located at the point of spreading receives a certain potential, which decreases with distance from the point of contact of the wire with the ground. Electric shock occurs when a person's feet touch two points on the ground that have different electrical potentials. Therefore, step voltage is the potential difference between two points of contact with the ground; the wider the step, the greater the potential difference and the more likely it is to suffer an electric shock.
Introduction to the rules of “step voltage”:
DO NOT approach a lying wire or person on the ground by running or walking normally!
DO NOT lift your soles off the ground and take long steps!
You should only move in a “goose step” - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is placed against the toe of the other leg.
It is IMPOSSIBLE to touch a victim or metal objects without first disconnecting the power!
It is NECESSARY to turn off the electricity as quickly as possible using a switch, switch, remove the plug from the socket, etc.
3. Practical work: practicing the “goose step”. Stand up and demonstrate how to goose step - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is placed against the toe of the other leg.
Physical exercise. Didactic game“No Rule for Electrical Appliances”(slide 11).
Drawings of electrical appliances are hung in the classroom: washing machine, microwave, iron, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner, etc. Students need to stand up, take a drawing and name the rule for operating the device, which begins with the words cannot. The one who sits at the table last will lose.
Generalization and systematization of students' knowledge.
Rules of conduct during a thunderstorm. Look at the picture. What does it show? (lightning) How is it related to the topic of our lesson? Remember the rules of behavior during a thunderstorm. (slide 12)
It's interesting and dangerous.(slide 13)Name which animals are shown in the picture. The electric eel produces more than 500 watts of electricity, and electric Stingray up to 300W. The energy generated by the stingray is enough to start the engines of 50 cars.
Solving a problem situation.
Poem reading:
What are sockets for?
Adults and children know:
We always insert them
Wires from devices.
Strange things
(It should be clear to everyone!)
Nails, pins, needles, knitting needles
It's dangerous to poke into them!
But what about small children who don’t yet know the rules? (slide 14) Tips for parents who have small children: close sockets or install safe sockets.
Checking the studied material.
Teamwork. Solving the crossword puzzle "Electrical safety". (Appendix 3)
Questions for the crossword:
Runs without legs
Burns without fire
No teeth, but bites. (Electricity)
The pear is hanging - you can’t eat it. (bulb)
Which hands should you not touch electrical appliances with? (wet)
What should you not stand under during a thunderstorm? (tree)
What should you not do during a thunderstorm? (bathe)
What is the current like if you make him angry? (wicked)
Individual work. Testing. Perform an electrical test. Check yourself. (slide 16) (Appendix 4)
Grading for the lesson.
Lesson summary.
What will you tell your parents about at home? What have you done before that you won't do after this lesson?
Homework
Draw a rule for electrical safety.
Tell parents about electrical safety rules. (Appendix 5)
Reflection
Guys who have learned the rules well and will not break them, attach a warning sign “Caution - electricity” to the picture of a thunderstorm (Appendix 6)
Bibliography
Electrical safety rules of JSC Belgorodenergo “On electricity for children.”
Materials of the competition of video lessons on the prevention of electrical injuries “The best lesson in electrical safety.”
Website of OJSC "Altaienergo".
This lesson development is intended for students in grades 4-6. Can be used by life safety teachers, primary school teachers and class teachers when reviewing electrical safety rules before the holidays. The proposed material helps to update students' knowledge about electricity, rules for handling electrical household appliances, and rules of behavior near power facilities during a thunderstorm.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY LESSON SCRIPT
Audience: 1-4 grades.
Authors: Executive Office, Arkhenergo branch of IDGC of the North-West OJSC
INTRODUCTION
Let's imagine what will happen if there is no electricity. And not in a few houses, but throughout the whole city, and not for a couple of hours, but for a week.
We conclude that electricity is necessary and useful for us. Electricity is coziness, convenience, comfort, and without it modern life is impossible today. Without electricity there would be no computers, radio and television, and man would not fly into space. Thanks to the electric discharge, the headlights and control devices of cars work. It will not be an exaggeration if we say that electricity is the engine of civilization.
The current is created by electrons - small, small particles. Electrons love to push, and have learned to push each other even at great distances. The closer one electron comes to another, the more strongly they repel each other: they will jump towards each other, push off and scatter again in different directions. When there are a lot of such free electrons collected in some object, they rush around it, looking for a way to run away, and, if a path is found, they run along it, headlong, like a stream downhill. You've seen electron paths like this many times: it's a wire. On top he is dressed in a rubber shirt, and under it is a bundle of thin, small wires. It is through these wires that the current enters the sockets, and then into electrical appliances.
Some of the guys join hands and pretend to be a wire. On one edge there is a child with a fork and a tee, on the other - with a flashlight. When a plug is plugged into a socket, electrons run around the wire, the children send out an electrical wave, and the flashlight lights up. When we turn it off, the flashlight goes out. We say that you ran fast, and the electrons ran millions of times faster, so fast that they created a river of invisible fire - an electric current. Why fire? Three palms - your palms get warmer. And the electrons are so fast that their running makes the electric current become an invisible fire.
Electricity can be not only a useful friend to us, but also a very dangerous enemy if handled incorrectly. When you are sitting by the fire (who sat by the fire?) or sitting in the kitchen by gas stove, no one would even think of putting their hand into the fire, right? And electrons are like invisible fire. However, people are so used to electricity that they often forget about the dangers. More than 40 thousand people worldwide die from electric shock every year. This is a fifth of the population of Novgorod. Any electrical appliances and equipment - from an electric kettle to a substation in the yard can be killers. And the worst thing is that the danger cannot be seen, because... can we see the electricity? Taste it? Can you smell it? No. The fact that we see light, hear the hum of a device and even sometimes smell a burning wire is just the result of the work that electricity does. Electricity is a serious thing and you can’t joke with it!
That's why we came to you to tell you about this danger and warn against mishandling electricity and tell you how to behave with it so that electricity becomes your friend.
Let's watch a short film.
Film The Mystery of the Yellow Triangle 7 min.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY AT HOME
Now you guys are real experts when it comes to electricity. Can you help us?
Look at the room where we are. Which one of you is the most attentive? Now show me on the map - how many outlets are there in this room? How many electrical appliances? (check your attentiveness on the slide)
And who has a problem finding mistakes in photographs? What electrical safety rules are violated here?
- Danger signals: loose sockets, dirty and sparking sockets. Wires with damaged plastic winding.
- Pampering with electrical appliances. All pranks with electricity end with the doctor.
- Please note - the boy is just hammering a nail. Who knows why this is dangerous? There are also wires in the wall under the wallpaper. And if you hammer a nail into a wire, it can cause a serious electric shock. Electricians have a special device that helps to hear the electric current - where the wire runs in the wall
- Fire hazardous devices. Why do you think these devices can cause a fire? This device is placed near things that can easily catch fire. This device has been left unattended. The owner has left, the device is working, heating up, if something goes wrong, there will be no one to turn it off - a mess. When we leave the room, we turn off everything for ourselves and our friend.
- Broken electrical appliances. Such a device can cause a strong electric shock and cause a fire. It’s easy to identify a broken device: if after turning it on it starts to smoke, get hot, smell burning or spark - this is a danger signal. The most difficult thing is when the device is turned on, but it does not work. It seems nothing dangerous: it doesn’t work, oh well. And this is the most serious signal. Electricity flows into the device through a wire, but it does not turn on, which means the wiring inside could have broken, and electricity begins to flow into the body of the device, (slide) so that if a person touches it, he will receive a strong electric shock. What to do? Unplug the appliance as quickly as possible and call an adult
- Water near electrical appliances. Puddles, wet hands.
Who of you will show me how to properly insert a plug into a socket?
There is also a rule of courtesy when working with sockets.
We only plug one plug into one outlet. After all, every electrical appliance is powered by electricity. Previously, in the country, when building houses, electrical wiring was done on the basis that several light bulbs were on in the house, a refrigerator, a TV and a vacuum cleaner were working. Nowadays our houses are filled with electrical appliances. How do you know if you've overloaded your network with electrical appliances? Many people have surge protectors. A computer, printer, monitor, TV, fan can be connected to it. If all this works at the same time, and the surge protector is warm, then you have already overloaded the network, and you need to turn off something.
Question to the experts: why is the winding on the wire rubber and not iron?
Because rubber does not conduct electricity.
Imagine throwing a handful of stones onto a hill. The stones will slide down. What if in the sand? They will fall and get stuck. Likewise, electricity flows easily through some materials, but not at all through others.
Some objects can freeze, stop our little electrons. They protect us from electricity. (lay out cards with a volunteer) This is wood, air, rubber, plastic - electricity gets stuck in them and no current flows through them. That’s why linemen’s helmets are made of plastic, the handles of screwdrivers and other iron equipment are made of rubber, and linemen are also protected by gloves and boots made of thick rubber. Such objects are called insulators - because they isolate, separate everything that can be shocked by electricity from a person, making it safe.
What objects enhance the effect of electricity? These are water, earth and metal - along them it rushes with redoubled force, like stones on an ice slide. If electricity flows through these objects, we do not touch them or approach them under any circumstances! These objects are called "conductors" because they easily conduct electricity.
Therefore, the wires and plugs of sockets are made of metal so that the current flows through them faster and nothing interferes with it. The plug is made of rubber, the socket is made of plastic, the wires are enclosed in a plastic winding. All this protects us from electric shock. Therefore, when we insert a plug into a socket, we never touch the metal parts or insert anything inside.
Talking ball (toss to the person who has to finish the sentence)
What happens to those who do not follow these rules? Let's warm up and play a little! We have a talking ball. We start the phrase, the one who catches the ball finishes it!
One two three four -
Who has a fire (in the apartment)
Smoke suddenly rose in a column.
Who didn't turn off the iron?
A red glow ran.
Who with the rosette (played)
Remember every citizen is a number (zero one)
I saw smoke - don’t yawn and call the firefighters (call)
So as not to end in disaster, the current cannot be extinguished.. (with water.)
Remember, young friend:
Tok doesn't like wet hands.
Before turning on the device,
You need to (wipe your hands)
You guys are great. Everything they said was correct. A burning electrical appliance should never be extinguished with water. Usually a fire is extinguished with water, but not in this case. After all, water conducts electricity. The electricity will spread through the stream of water to the would-be fireman - and you won’t be able to save the iron, and you yourself will be lost.
Never try to put out a fire yourself; call an adult with a fire extinguisher!
What if adults don’t have a fire extinguisher? What then should you use to extinguish an electrical appliance? Give them a hint. It is best to first turn off the device from the network - pull out the plug so that the electricity no longer flows. Then you can stew with anything. But it’s scary to touch the wire of a burning device, and it’s not always possible.
You can smother the fire, cut off its oxygen. Then the fire will suffocate. For example, cover the burning device with a thick cloth, such as a quilted pad. But there is a risk here - if the fabric is not dense enough, it will flare up even more.
Therefore, if an electrical appliance suddenly catches fire, we DO NOT TRY TO PUT IT OUT, we don’t touch anything, but we call adults to put out the fire with a special fire extinguisher or call the fire department.
What other conductors did we name? ? (water, metal, earth)
Right. Therefore, when you want to touch an electrical appliance, see if your hands are dry, wipe off the water on the table next to the appliance, and move away from the battery. Only pour water into an electric kettle when it is unplugged. You cannot use electrical appliances in the bathroom, not even a hairdryer. Dry your hair in the room or in the hallway. Do not go outside with electrical appliances.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY OUTDOORS
Well, at home we know everything about electricity. Are we moving outside?
Who remembers what sign is placed at power facilities to warn passersby that there is strong electricity inside? Guys, have you seen the yellow triangles? Is there one in your entrance, at school, in the yard? Are there transformer substations nearby? Have you seen a high voltage substation in your area?
You can show photos of violations, and let the children determine what is wrong.
- If there are poles with wires, switchboards and substations near you. You need to be especially careful in these places!
- If the door of a switchboard or substation is open or there is no yellow triangle, this is a disgrace, because someone can look inside and be exposed to voltage. If you see this, ask adults to call the energy company and complain.
- If children are playing at energy facilities, do not pass by - try to save them! If you see kids climbing on a support, what do you tell them?
- If people without uniforms and without helmets do something at energy facilities, these are energy thieves! They steal wires and equipment and can leave the entire city, hospitals, schools without electricity. You need to call the police urgently! This way you will not only save the city from a power outage, but also save the would-be thieves themselves.
- If you see broken wire, a sagging wire, some object on the wire - you need to urgently sound the alarm. The electric current continues to flow not only along the broken wire, but also everything that hangs on the wires itself becomes a conductor of electricity. For example, a kite wound around a wire, a ball, plein air, wire. You can’t let alone try to remove them - even approaching them is dangerous
What to do if you notice a danger signal? In no case should you rush to correct any electrical hazard noticed - for this we have electricians in their special uniform with special equipment! Our task is to report the danger: tell adults, call 112 or call the power company. Talking about the danger is a very important thing. This way you save the life of someone who may not know or not notice the danger.
Now let's imagine the situation. A thunderstorm has passed, you went out into the yard to get some fresh air... And you see that a tree has fallen on the wires and cut them off; the torn wires are touching the ground. Do you think this is dangerous? What are you going to do?
If the wire breaks and falls, the current continues to flow through it, but it goes into the ground, and an electric puddle spills over it. The puddle is invisible, but very dangerous. The puddle is invisible, but very dangerous. As soon as a person takes a step inside the invisible circle, he falls under the influence of very strong electricity. At the edge of the circle, a person will faint, and closer to the center, he may die on the spot. Therefore, under no circumstances should you come closer to the wire or move it out of the way - on the contrary, you need to move as far away as possible.
(motor activity: children stand in a chain, arms outstretched, measure the human chain until it reaches a length of 8 m) Let's all stand up. In turn, first, second... we need one more... Stop! Here's how far to move away from the downed wire.
There is one more secret. You cannot walk around the wire in a normal step. When electricity flows through the earth, the wider a person walks, the more electric shock he will receive. And why? Remember, we said that electrons push around randomly and as soon as they find a path, they all rush there. They lay such a path along a person’s legs: electricity enters one leg and exits through the other. It is very painful, more painful than boiling water. Our task is to prevent electricity from jumping between your legs. But how can you deceive the current? We need to pretend that we have one leg.
How to do it? You can jump on one leg. But if we lose our balance and touch the ground with our other foot or hand, we will receive an inevitable electric shock, because electricity will immediately create a path through our body.
You need to go around with a special step. With this step, spies penetrate secret facilities protected by electricity. You need to walk single file, in small, small steps, without lifting your feet from the ground and from each other. We place our legs tightly so that there is no gap between them - as if we have one leg - and it is rooted to the ground. Therefore, the most reliable way is to bypass the wire with a special step.
(motor activity: we all walk together in single file, correcting those who are doing it wrong).
ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN THUNDERSTORMS
We talked about electricity in wires, but there is also other electricity that arises from friction. It is also called static. For example, when you shoot knitted sweater, a crash is heard, and even sparks are visible in the darkness. It was so? Or when, wearing a woolen sweater, you touch metal and receive a gentle electric shock - as if a spark jumps from your finger to the iron? These are the electrons that live in us that become stronger from friction with wool. They can be fun to play with! (experiment with a ball) You need to rub the ball on your hair and apply it to the wall with the side you rubbed it with. He became electric and therefore was drawn to the wall. And the hair is electrified and moves after the ball .(experience with a butterfly) Take the plastic sticks from the tray and touch the paper butterflies. What do you see? Now we will charge the sticks with electricity. Take a piece of wool and rub it on a plastic stick. Like this (show). Slowly bring the stick to the butterfly and slowly lift it up. What happened to the butterfly?
Do you know what we did now? A real mini-thunderstorm.
Lightning in clouds occurs according to the same principle. Only instead of a sweater, pieces of ice are rubbing against each other inside the cloud. Such a powerful charge is formed in the cloud that electrons begin to jump between it and the ground, between it and another cloud - an electrical discharge occurs, so hot that it heats up the air, an explosion occurs, and we hear thunder.
By the way, what comes first - lightning or thunder? Who thinks it's lightning? Who thinks it's thunder? We always see lightning first, because electricity is very fast, much faster than sound. An electrical explosion occurs in the clouds - we see a flash, but the sound of the explosion is late. When you see lightning, you can count down the seconds to thunder - the more there are, the farther away the thunderstorm is from you. And when a thunderstorm is directly above you, lightning and thunder roar at the same time. For example, we see a flash of lightning, we count - 1,2,3,4,5 - thunder. the thunderstorm is still five kilometers away from us, you don’t have to be afraid and look for shelter. Lightning - 1,2,3 - thunder. The storm is approaching, you have to be careful! Finally, lightning and thunder strike at the same time - a thunderstorm is directly above us, very dangerous! Again, 2, 5, 7, 10 seconds pass between lightning and thunder - this means the thunderstorm is leaving, the danger has passed!
We must remember that lightning is not only very beautiful, but also very dangerous. It rarely hits a person, but it happens, so there are simple rules for behavior in a thunderstorm.
The best and driest place to hide from a thunderstorm is at home. Close windows and doors and be sure to unplug electrical appliances. Let's figure it out. Why do you need to turn off electrical appliances? Lightning is strong electricity. If it gets into the house and you have the TV on, the electricity in the wires can suddenly increase and the TV will burn out from the inside. Why do you think you need to close the windows? How many of you have heard about ball lightning? This is the same lightning that is in the sky, only in the form of a flying clot of energy, an electric ball. Ball lightning reacts to movement. Ball lightning is motion sensitive - it chases and burns anything that moves, so there is no point in running away from it. If ball lightning flies into your room, it is best to freeze in place, not move and try not to breathe - it will slowly circle and fly out the window or door and go into the socket. But fear not, ball lightning is a very, very rare phenomenon.
What if suddenly there was a thunderstorm outside? Look at the slide - where can you hide in a thunderstorm, and where not? (we interview a couple of people).
Lightning strikes those objects that seem tasty to it. She loves everything big and tall, because the closer it is to the sky, the easier it is to get there. These are trees, towers, canopies, power line supports. Lightning also loves everything iron - buildings, greenhouses, water towers, sheds. Lightning loves water - rivers, lakes, everything wet. Moreover, lightning senses water and metal not only on the ground, but also underground. In the old days, the location of the lightning discharge into the ground indicated where the treasure was buried and where it was better to dig wells - after all, lightning is attracted by metal treasures hidden underground and hidden water.
Therefore, there is no need to hide under a separate tree or in a river, there is no need to climb a tree or stand under a canopy. In the forest, it is best to hide in the bushes from a thunderstorm. Well, the safest thing to do during a thunderstorm is in a car. The inside is lined with materials that do not allow electricity to pass through. Therefore, lightning that strikes the car will descend through streams of water into the ground, and those sitting inside will not feel anything.
But the man in the field is the highest point, appetizing for lightning. How to hide from a thunderstorm in a field? It's best to climb into a bush. If there are no bushes, squat down, group and become as small and inconspicuous as possible, close your legs tightly. Let's not forget to take off everything that is iron and move away from the bicycle or umbrella - they are both made of iron and attract lightning. And you definitely need to turn off your mobile phone - it studies the electromagnetic field, which also attracts lightning.
Let's try together to practice behavior in a thunderstorm! (physical activity) Children walk around the room. At some point the presenter says: “Lightning!” You need to sit down and group. Those who didn’t have time become thunder and help the leader by knocking on the drum. One can be assigned to ball lightning. When he runs out, everyone needs to freeze. Play 3-4 sessions.
HELPING THE VICTIM
So you know how to avoid getting into trouble. But what if your friends are in trouble? How can I help them?
Electrical shocks are one of the most severe types of injuries. The fact is that the human body is 80% water. And water, as we said, conducts current well. When a person is struck by current, the discharge passes through the person’s body, burning out all organs along the way. The strength of the electric shock depends on many things: from what you are wearing to what the weather is like outside. Looking at a broken wire, you cannot tell how strong the electricity is in it. Therefore, always act as if the danger is greatest.
But you can immediately tell when a person is receiving a strong electric shock. What do you think it looks like from the outside? It seems that the person will cry and immediately let go of the wire that is hitting him. But quite the opposite happens. My inattentive friend picked up the terrible broken wire, and something was wrong with her. She holds on to him with all her might, is silent and shaking. Nightmare! She was electrocuted. Do you know what happens when you serve your leg? She stops listening to you. Same with electric current. Strong electricity jams a person's hand, it squeezes around the wire and simply cannot let go. Such a person will not be able to call for help or cry, because electrical charges pass through his body and it does not listen.. If the electricity is even stronger, the person simply falls unconscious.
What to do? We must act very quickly. If trouble happened on the street: a person was walking and walking and fell, do not run up to him. First, look to see if there is a broken wire lying on the ground, if it is touching the wires, roof, or trees. If a person falls because he was exposed to electricity, there is no need to approach him. It's too dangerous. The electricity here is too strong, no available means can help cope with it. Call 112 and call adults for help.
And if trouble happens at home, we can help. How? I want to rush in and help. But under no circumstances should this be done. As soon as you touch a person, the current will spread to the rescuer, both will stick to the wire, as in the fairy tale about the tar barrel bull. Remember - you cannot help such a person until he is torn away from the wire. Ask an adult to turn off the electricity to the entire apartment or floor. If you can’t turn off the electricity, you need to open the invisible electrical circuit that holds the person. Here our assistant is a tree. You need to throw a wooden chair at a person to get him unhooked from the wire. The chair must be made of wood, not iron, because we remember that iron only makes electricity stronger. This is an extreme measure, because a chair can seriously hurt you, break your arm, or give you a concussion. This should be done if and only if a person is in mortal danger. Better to heal a broken arm than die, right?
Hurray, we saved a forgetful friend! How can I help her further? You should definitely tell an adult about the electric shock and call an ambulance. Even if you are afraid that they will scold you. Even if everything seems to be fine, you should definitely show the victim to a doctor. Electrical current is bad for the heart and may cause serious problems, even if the person feels good at first.
Every year in Russia, due to ignorance of safety rules, personal negligence and attempts to steal wires and non-ferrous metals, about 70 people die and 130 are injured from exposure to electric current. Think about these numbers - these people were victims of their own carelessness, violating the rules of basic safety. Summer is ahead, and on the eve of the holidays, schoolchildren need to remember the rules that everyone should know. We continue our series of lessons on electrical safety.
How dangerous is electricity?
Electrical appliances that you use at home and at school, electrical networks and substations that you pass by in the yard and on the street are safe during normal operation. The power engineers took care to prevent accidental contact with live parts. All electrical installations are fenced, have warning signs and safety posters and are locked. However, with various damage to insulation, broken wires, climbing onto supports, penetration into substations and electrical panels, a real threat to life arises.
The higher the voltage the person is under, the greater the current.
A voltage of 12 volts is considered safe. The most widespread in industry, agriculture and everyday life are electrical networks with voltages of 220 and 380 volts: the first - for lighting and household appliances, the second - for three-phase electric motors of machines and mechanisms. This voltage is economically beneficial, but very dangerous for humans.
Rules for handling electricity at home
1. You cannot use electrical appliances without adult permission.
2. You should not replace light bulbs and fuses, repair electrical wiring and household appliances, open the back covers of televisions and radios, install bells, switches and sockets. Let an adult or an electrician do this.
3. Do not use switches, sockets, plugs, bell buttons with broken covers, as well as household appliances with damaged, charred or twisted cords. And do not ignore such facts, especially do not break the covers of switches, bells, plug sockets out of mischief, damaging the electrical wiring. By doing so, you are committing an offense equal to a crime, since this can lead to the death of people.
4. Do not use faulty electrical appliances. If there is a smell of burnt rubber coming from your TV, refrigerator or vacuum cleaner, or if sparks are visible, you should immediately unplug the device and tell an adult about the faulty device.
5. When turning off an electrical appliance, do not pull the cord. You need to grasp the plug and smoothly remove it from the socket.
6. Remember: electricity does not tolerate proximity to water (to avoid getting an electric shock, do not touch turned on electrical appliances with wet hands or wipe electrical appliances with a damp cloth).
Rules of conduct near power facilities
Energy facilities are overhead and cable power lines, substations, transformer substations, distribution points.
Overhead power lines with voltages of 35, 110 kilovolts and higher are responsible for power supply to cities and towns. Overhead and cable power lines with voltages of 6 and 10 kilovolts are responsible for power supply within cities and towns, as well as rural settlements. Power lines with a voltage of 380 volts provide electricity to multi-apartment residential buildings, and 220 volts to individual apartments.
Substations are designed to reduce voltage in the network alternating current and for power distribution. Transformer substations are located in every locality and, due to their ubiquity, pose a particular danger to the population!
1. Under no circumstances should you touch or even approach broken wires hanging or lying on the ground.
2. It is mortally dangerous to climb onto the supports of high-voltage power lines, play under them, make fires, break insulators on the supports, throw wires and other objects on the wires, and fly kites under the wires.
3. Under no circumstances should you open staircase electrical panels located in the entrances of houses, climb onto the roofs of houses and buildings where electrical wires run nearby, enter transformer booths, electrical switchboards and other electrical rooms, or touch electrical equipment and wires with your hands.
4. If you see a broken wire, open or damaged doors of transformer booths or electrical panels, do not touch anything and immediately tell an adult.
5. In the summer, when going hiking or fishing, it is dangerous to stop for rest near overhead power lines or substations and fish under the power line wires.
What is step voltage?
An electric shock can occur even a few meters away from a broken wire lying on the ground or sagging, due to the step voltage. Therefore, let's agree to consider any wire or electrical appliance to be energized! Even if two dozen people touched it before you. What if, at the very moment when you picked up the wire, someone several kilometers away from you turned on the switch or pressed the switch!
If, nevertheless, a person finds himself in the zone of “step voltage”, one cannot tear the soles off the surface of the earth. You should move away from the wire in a “goose step” - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is placed against the toe of the other leg. Remember, if you see a broken wire lying on the ground, under no circumstances approach it at a distance closer than 8 meters.
How does electric current affect the human body?
The danger of electric current is that without special devices it is impossible to feel whether a given part of the electrical installation is energized or not: electricity has no taste, no smell and operates silently. Therefore, people often do not realize the danger and do not take the necessary protective measures.
A person touching live parts of electrical installations and bare live wires becomes connected to an electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts the normal functioning of the body. The most unfavorable outcome of the injury will be in cases where the touch occurred with wet hands in a damp or hot room. In addition, it matters which path the current takes in the human body, whether it touches the heart, chest, brain and spinal cord.
The immediate causes of death in a person struck by electric current are cessation of cardiac function, respiratory arrest due to paralysis of the chest muscles, and electric shock.
Why are electrical injuries one of the most severe types of injury?
Electrical shocks are one of the most severe types of injuries. The human body is 80% water. And it conducts current well. Damage from electric current is determined by the strength of the current and the duration of its effect. The lower the resistance of the human body, the higher the current. Resistance decreases under the influence of the following factors:
High voltage;
Skin moisture;
Long exposure time;
Decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the air: in the mountains, in poorly ventilated areas, a person becomes significantly more vulnerable;
Increased carbon dioxide content in the air;
High air temperature;
Carelessness, mental unpreparedness for a possible electric shock.
The central part suffers the most from the action of electric current. nervous system. Due to its damage, breathing and cardiac activity are impaired.
Electrical burns are much more difficult to heal than conventional thermal burns. Some consequences of electrical injury may appear after several hours, days, or months. The victim must live in a “gentle” mode for a long time and be under the supervision of specialists.
CHECK YOURSELF!
Problem 1
You went fishing in a pond. There is a power line nearby. The distance from where you are is 7 - 10 meters. How long should a fishing rod be so that fishing does not end in electric shock, considering that the fishing rod is made of carbon fiber - a conductor of electric current, and there is high humidity near the reservoir?
Answer: The length of the fishing rod and fishing line should be such that it does not accidentally touch the wires. Otherwise, fatal injury cannot be avoided.
Problem 2
You were playing with a friend at home and he suddenly got electrocuted. He is having convulsions, but he cannot detach himself from the wire. What are your actions?
Answer: If a person comes under the influence of an electric current, it is necessary, first of all, to quickly (every second counts!) to free the victim from the action of the electric current, since a person under voltage cannot, due to convulsions or loss of consciousness, independently tear himself away from the wire , device housing. If this happens indoors, disconnect the cord or appliance by turning off the switch, unplugging the plug, turning off circuit breakers at the electric meter by unscrewing the fuses at the electric meter. But in real conditions this is quite difficult to do. It would be better if adults or energy specialists do this. Call them for help!
Problem 3
Bad weather has arrived. Thunder rumbles and lightning flashes are visible. How do you know how close a thunderstorm is to where you are?
Answer: The speed of light is higher than the speed of sound. Therefore, we often see a flash of lightning, and only a few seconds later we hear peals of thunder. It is known that sound travels in air at a speed of 330 m/s. Therefore, it is enough to multiply this figure by the seconds by which the sound “lags behind” the flash of light - and you will get the distance to the epicenter of the thunderstorm.
IMPORTANT!
How is theft from energy facilities punished?
The theft of a wire from a line or equipment from a substation is a criminal offense, and adults, in order to avoid punishment, invite children to take part in the theft of non-ferrous metals from energy facilities. As a result, children suffer serious burns and injuries.
Remember that it is mortally dangerous to agree to illegal actions to steal equipment from energy facilities, which adults or even friends may push you to do. In addition, theft of power equipment entails punishment under Part 2 of Art. 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - “Theft of someone else’s property” in the form of imprisonment for up to 5 years and compensation for material damage caused.”
The day before summer holidays We hope that our electrical safety lesson will be useful in the work of counselors and teachers of children's health and school camps. Send us stories and photo reports about the most interesting lessons at the address: 454091, Chelyabinsk, st. Krasnaya, 4, office 606.
We are turning to you guys! Remember: electricity is dangerous! Don't forget about simple rules safety that can save the lives of you, your friends and loved ones!
Lesson on electrical safety
in 1st grade B
"In the world of electricity"
During the classes
I.Organizing time
Teacher's opening speech.
Guys, listen carefully to the riddle and guess it:
I run along the paths
I can’t live without paths.
Where am I, guys, no?
The lights in the house won't come on. ( electricity)
Do you think humans need electric current? Yes.
What benefits does electricity bring to humans? Refrigerators, washing machines, kettles, computers, televisions, and trolleybuses run on electricity.
Without electricity, doctors, accountants, teachers, installers, and trolleybus drivers will not be able to work. Because many devices needed by humans run on electricity. Without electric current, a dentist will not be able to treat a tooth, a trolleybus driver will not be able to transport passengers, and an assembler will not be able to turn a part on a machine.
Conclusion:But every person must remember - electric current is needed, but it is not safe for life.
(Knock on the door. Forest animals enter the classroom: a hare and a fox)
Hare: Oh, trouble, oh, trouble
Help us friends!
Teacher: What's happened? What's happened?
Scene (the squirrel strokes the ribbons)
Fox: Squirrel Anyuta stroked the ribbon
And I saw my friends through the window,
And I completely forgot about the iron.
Hare: This is no joke!
That's what three minutes means,
There is no tape, there is a fuss all around,
There was almost a fire.
Teacher: Guys, why did the squirrel almost start a fire?
(Children's answers). The squirrel threw the turned-on iron on the ribbon.
Teacher: How to be? What should we do?
How to help the animals?
Teacher: I know one secret.
So that there are no more troubles,
We will invite all animals
Get to class quickly.
The forest dwellers come by and sit down with the guys.
II . Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
The topic of our lesson is “In the world of electricity”.
Game: “What can be dangerous”
Now we are going to play a game. I will name objects, and if you hear something dangerous, raise your hand.
(electric stove, book, electrical outlet, soccer ball, washing machine, table, plate, vacuum cleaner, iron)
III. Learning new material A
Today we will talk about electric current and the rules for using electrical appliances.
Teacher: Guys, what do you know about electric current? Where is he located?
(Children's answers) In the wires of the TV, refrigerator, computer, sockets.
Teacher: Electricity is also “pipes”, only through them energy flows into our house. And just as water finds a hole in a pipe and an accident occurs, electricity also becomes dangerous if the wires are faulty.
A person may accidentally touch a wire with their bare hand and receive an electric shock. The wires may become connected and cause a short circuit (the lights go out), or even a fire may occur. Therefore, if you see a bare wire, faulty switch or socket, you should immediately tell an adult about it!
The history of electricity dates back to 550 BC.
The phenomena now called electrical were first noticed in ancient China, India, and later in ancient Greece.
Surviving legends say that the ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus already knew the properties of amber rubbed with fur or wool, attract scraps of paper, fluff and other light bodies.
And I think, more than once, you have observed that a fountain pen or a comb rubbed on your hair attracts pieces of paper.
Let's do this experience with you. You have fountain pens and small pieces of paper on your desk. They took the pens, rubbed them on their hair and brought them to the pieces of paper. What are you observing? Yes, pieces of paper are attracted to the pen. This phenomenon is called electrification.
But where to our house is the electricity coming? (children's answers)
Electricity comes through wires.
Teacher: Electricity enters the house through wires, and it comes to the wires from power plants.
The very first power plants were wind power plants. (slide 2-3)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/573/images/image003_74.jpg" width="250" height="178 src=">
Then they started building solar power plants. (slide 5)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/573/images/image005_49.jpg" width="214" height="141 src="> 
and nuclear power plants
III.Physical education minute.
Tili - boom! Tili - boom!
The cat's house is on fire!
The cat's house caught fire
There's a column of smoke coming out!
A chicken runs with a bucket
Flood the cat's house
And the horse with the lantern,
And the dog with the broom.
Once! Once! Once! Once!
And the fire went out!
IV.Continuation of work on new material.
Teacher: Guys, what should every person know to prevent such a disaster as a cat’s from happening? (children's answers)
What safety rules for electrical appliances do you know?
(children's answers)
VPracticing the rules for safe handling of electrical appliances
Now we will solve riddles and explain in what cases things can be dangerous.
1. There is a button on the head,
There is a sieve in the nose,
One hand
Yes, and the one on the back. (Kettle.)
- When Is the kettle dangerous?
(When the electric kettle is turned on,without pouring pour water into it, plug a plug into a faulty socket, touch a working electric kettle with wet hands; they forget to turn off an ordinary kettle after it has boiledwater, etc.)
2. The steamer is coming -
Back and forth
And behind him there is such a smooth surface -
Not a wrinkle to be seen ( Iron.)
In what cases do people take risks when using this necessary device?
(An electric iron is left on unattended, handled with wet hands, etc.)
3. Masha got her jacket dirty.
But I didn’t wash it by hand.
There is a special car -
He does laundry for us from the heart. (Washing machine.)
Guys, when does this irreplaceable thing for any housewife become dangerous for children? (When it is turned on without the permission of the parents, they take the electrical plug with wet hands, open the lid during operation, etc.)
Well done! And remember: you can’t stick your hand into the washing machine while it’s running, trying to pull something out of it. The hand can be pulled in and crippled. On most modern models, the hatch is blocked during operation, but if not, be vigilant yourself.
4. This is the house, one window.
Every day there is a movie in the window. (TV.)
(Children and teacher discuss rules for using TV.)
-Summary: So, all these things belong to the group of dangerous things - electrical devices. They pose a threat for two reasons:
Firstly, these items can cause a fire.
Secondly, an electric current passes through them, which can shock.
Teacher: Let us summarize our statements. What are the basic safety rules with electrical appliances:
VI.Work with proverbs about dangerous situations.
It’s not for nothing that people have put together such proverbs:
"Fear is half of salvation"
"Beware of troubles while they're gone"
How do you understand the meaning of these proverbs?
(Student answers: you need to be careful, know and follow the rules of safe behavior so as not to get into difficult situations)
VII. View the presentation “Electrical Safety Rules”
at home and on the street »
Presentation. Rules for handling electrical appliances.
1. First rule (slide)
Never enter transformer substations.
THIS IS VERY DANGEROUS TO LIFE!
2. Second rule (slide)
You cannot use electrical appliances in bathrooms, baths, swimming pools and saunas.
3. Third rule
Do not insert the plug into the socket with wet hands.
4. Fourth rule (slide)
 |
Under no circumstances should you approach or touch a bare wire. May cause electric shock.
5. Fifth rule (slide)
When unplugging the plug from the socket, never pull the electrical wire with your hands, as a short circuit may occur.
6. Sixth rule
Never wipe switched-on appliances with a damp cloth.
7. Seventh rule
Do not extinguish fires in electrical appliances with water.
Household appliances" href="/text/category/bitovaya_tehnika/" rel="bookmark">household appliances that run on electric current. And electrical appliances help a person in everyday life. But in order to avoid becoming a victim of fire, you must handle electrical appliances at home correctly, at school, at work. Electric current is a person’s faithful friend and assistant. And we must treat electricity with care and attention. And we have already talked about the dangers of handling electrical appliances.
Student: Everyone knows that an iron is
A kind but serious friend.
Anyone who is familiar with the iron
Doesn't play with the iron.
Student: Who studies science?
So the devices do not include:
Overheated outlet
It lights up often.
Teacher: Very often we plug several electrical appliances into an outlet at once. For example: TV, iron, washing machine, refrigerator, computer. But this cannot be done. Because an overheated outlet can also cause a fire or short circuit.
VI.Summing up the lesson.
Teacher: Well done boys! You did a good job in class today. I think our forest guests learned what electric current is and how dangerous it is to life, where electricity comes from to our house, and became familiar with the rules for safe handling of electrical appliances.
Hare: Oh, trouble, oh, trouble
Help us friends!
Fox: Squirrel Anyuta stroked the ribbon
And I saw my friends through the window,
I was only distracted for three minutes.
And I completely forgot about the iron.
Hare: This is no joke!
That's what three minutes means,
There is no tape, there is a fuss all around,
There was almost a fire.
There's a booth in Sasha's yard
There is a drawing on the door
If you want to be healthy -
Don't go into this booth!
Electricity is useful
Electricity is great
But if you climb onto the pole -
Electricity is dangerous!
If you see - the wire is broken -
Step aside:
After all, electric charge
Dangerous for a child!
Know that the wire is exposed
Not a toy at all
Almost died once
Our neighbor Andryushka!
You can brush your teeth in the bathroom
You can wash your hair
But we are unlikely to be there
Dry your hair with a hairdryer.
Student: We'd be shaking from the cold,
Without him it would be dark.
We didn't know a lot
Well, of course it would be bad.
Student: We wouldn't know about TV
Neither eat nor drink,
We wouldn’t play “Dandy” either,
In general, it would be a bad life.
Student: Everyone knows that an iron is
A kind but serious friend.
Anyone who is familiar with the iron
Doesn't play with the iron.
Student: Who studies science?
So the devices do not include:
Overheated outlet
It lights up often.
Children are the flowers of life. And if we want the flowers to grow beautiful and healthy, we need to care for and protect them, preventing any negative impact. It's unbearably painful when flowers die...
So the company where I work does not like anything to happen to the “flowers”, trying to monitor not only the condition of its production facilities, but also the educational component of the population. To this end, for the third year now, a program to prevent children's electrical injuries has been implemented in Yakutka.
How does this happen? The company has adopted a whole program of events that take place in the spring, closer to summer, because according to statistics, the level of electrical injuries in children increases in the summer.
For events, our press service, together with the design studio “Pilgrim”, developed various samples of handouts: reminder books, lesson schedules, posters.
During the period of events, a list of schools in Yakutsk is compiled, which are distributed according to areas of responsibility. Each zone is assigned a group of workers who will be required to conduct several lessons on the prevention of electrical injuries to children. This is not an amateur activity, because the program of classes has been agreed upon with the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
In general, we also got into this program Oley . The boss called. I set a task. Neither give nor take, do not bread.
Let's go get a handout, a list of school phone numbers, and start getting ready. We were also given a presentation on which to teach the lesson. Those. everything was already prepared, and all we had to do was agree on a time to arrive at the school and conduct the lesson itself.
Olya sorts handouts
We arrived and were greeted warmly. The venue was an assembly hall, with a projector screen installed on the stage. When we entered, students from grades 1 to 8 had already gathered and were making as loud a noise as they could. We walked in, took the microphone and..: “Hello, children!” - and immediately more than a dozen eyes turned their gaze to us. The lesson has begun.
We did not try to immediately bombard the children with information that everything was bad, but started from afar - the first question after the greeting was: “Who knows what electricity is?” And now, for sure, even those who came just to sit and didn’t bother where they took him began to look at us with interest. A couple of seconds after the question was asked, one little girl hesitantly reached out her hand... “Electricity is what makes my laptop work...” she said hesitantly. "Right! Who else knows what electricity is?” - after this question, there were already significantly more hands.
- Who knows where electricity comes from?
- Well... Electricity comes from wires... - answered one of the children.
- Right. Where does electricity get into the wires?
- ...
- Let me tell you then... Tell me?
- Yes!!!
So we moved on to the next part of our lesson. They told the children, albeit in a primitive, but still, we think, educational form, how and where electricity is produced. What stations exist that produce electricity? The principle of their operation and features were explained in a simplified manner.
What is a hydroelectric power station?
How does a hydroelectric power station work?
Then they smoothly moved on to the topic that electricity is not only a friend, but also a source of danger for humans. And most importantly, electricity has no color, taste or smell- therefore, you should be careful when near electrical installations. In particular:
You cannot play near energy facilities;
- do not climb on power transmission line supports;
- you can’t touch someone hanging or lying down electrical wire, approach him closer than 8 meters;
- you cannot enter the territory of substations, open the doors of electrical installations and electrical panels;
- do not break insulators or throw foreign objects onto the wires;
- you cannot fish near power lines;
- you cannot make fires under wires; be near power lines during a thunderstorm;
- do not pull the plug from the socket by the wire;
- do not handle the wires of household electrical appliances with wet hands;
- you cannot use faulty electrical appliances and disassemble them while they are on;
- You must not approach or touch people who have received an electric shock. If you see a person who has received an electric shock, you should immediately report him to an adult.
We not only said what not to do, we tried to explain in an understandable way to the children why they shouldn’t do this, using simple examples, so that no unnecessary questions would arise, and they would immediately grasp the essence. It is important.
And also, communicating with the audience in the form of dialogue with elements of the game, we tried not only to verify, but also to consolidate in the minds of the children the information we told.
At the very end of the lesson, we distributed posters and memory books to everyone.
Well, at the very end of the lesson, we showed the children a couple of cartoons on electrical safety, which were made at the request of the company.
Apparently, the children liked it, because the teachers had to persuade the children to leave the assembly hall, everyone wanted to come up to us and tell us what they remembered and what else they know about electrical safety;)
If we talk about the atmosphere, it’s always something new when you work with children - they are always different and you just radiate from them positive energy. And this, oddly enough, is the problem. Every time you need to quickly look for something that can attract their attention, some method, approach that will interest them. If found with them mutual language- they will watch your every action. For example, how can you explain to a child that “current” is deadly, given that not many of them fully understand what death is? You need to give some example, say that something will be taken away from them, something that is important to them. In our lesson we said this: “If someone puts their fingers in a socket, they will no longer go for a walk. Never". It was clear from the eyes that this struck many to the core.
Or here's another nuance. These are children, they love to show off to each other and be the center of attention. Therefore, the best thing is to organize a talk show with their participation. When asking a question, be sure to approach the child, ask his name and give him the opportunity to talk into the microphone. And at this moment the whole hall will look at the one who answers, holding their breath. And as soon as the respondent finishes his little speech, the tension immediately increases - everyone wants to be in his place. In order not to be boring for children, you need to constantly talk to them. And if you need to explain something, then you can insert a mini-fairy tale into your narrative, about a specific incident or an example from life. Children love fairy tales. They remember them best.
If we talk about whether it is difficult to work for a large audience if there is contact, it is absolutely not difficult.
Well, as a bonus, a couple of pages from the reminder book:
