Popular unrest in the mid-17th century. Popular uprisings of the 17th century. What we learned

The struggle for the throne, famine, weakening of the central government, deteriorating economic situation, intervention - all these are the reasons for popular movements in Russia in the 17th century. The ruined peasants rebelled. In 1606, under the leadership of Bolotnikov, the peasant war began. Historians cite Shuisky’s attempt to return all taxes canceled by False Dmitry 1 as its reason. The nobility of the southern Russian districts, led by Lyapunov and Sumbulov, also joined the peasant war. Later, the population of the Volga region and the southwestern regions of the country also joined the uprising. Kashira and Kaluga were taken. But, near Moscow, Bolotnikov faced a brutal defeat. It is worth noting that of the noble detachments, only Telyatevsky and Shakhovskoy retained loyalty to Bolotnikov. The rest went over to Shuisky.

The remnants of Bolotnikov's army retreated to Kaluga, and then to Tula with the help of the Terek Cossacks. Bolotnikov agreed to surrender only after a four-month siege. Shuisky promised to save everyone’s lives if the city was surrendered. But, as often happens, the promise was not fulfilled. Severe punishment awaited all participants in the uprising. Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, where he was secretly blinded and drowned. One of the main reasons for the defeat, according to scientists, was the lack of discipline in the army and a clear program of action.

Popular uprisings in the 17th century only emphasized the deepening crisis in the country. The next notable uprising was the Salt Riot of 1648. The replacement of the previously adopted single tax with a salt tax led to a sharp increase in its cost. The rise in price of bread in Novgorod in 1650 also led to popular unrest.

The fall in the value of copper money (due to the large number of copper coins issued) caused extreme impoverishment of the poorest segments of the population of Moscow. This led to a riot in the summer of 1662, called Medny. As a result copper coins withdrawn from circulation.

The situation of the peasants, already difficult, became even more difficult after the adoption of the Council Code of 1649. More and more peasants fled to the Don. The rule “No extradition from Don” was still in effect. But the only source of existence for the Don Cossacks remained, after their departure from Azov in 1642, military booty.

Cossack Stepan Razin, having gathered a small detachment, set out on a campaign “for zipuns” in 1667. Returning with rich booty, he gained the reputation of a successful chieftain. In 1670, Razin was able to seize power in the Lower Volga region, promising the people who joined him a fair Cossack life and the absence of any taxes or taxes. Numerous detachments of Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians, and Mari joined the rapidly growing army. Having captured Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn, Razin moved up the Volga and, on September 4, 1670, besieged Simbirsk. On October 3, sixty thousand royal troops came to the aid of the city. Razin, having lost the battle, retreated to the Don. The entire region between the Don and Volga was now in rebellion. Only in the spring of 1671 was Stepan Razin captured and handed over to the Tsar. Historians consider the reasons for the defeat of this uprising to be weak discipline of the troops, poor weapons, and serious contradictions between the social groups of the rebels.

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Causes and consequences of popular riots and uprisings in the 17th century. Socio-economic and political prerequisites for the aggravation of social contradictions that led to uprisings. Leaders: Cotton Kosolap, I.I. Bolotnikov, S.T. Razin and their place in history.

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Popular riots and uprisings of the 17th century

The 17th century was very difficult for Russia. Due to the difficult situation at the beginning of the 17th century, or more precisely in 1603, a rebellion of slaves broke out, called the “Cotton Rebellion”, since the leader was Cotton Crooked.

Cotton Rebellion

The main task of the king and his advisers was to overcome economic devastation. Having given some benefits to the boyars and townspeople, the government continued to enslave the peasants. And naturally this caused discontent among the people.

The situation in the country became even more aggravated due to crop failure. In 1601, the entire harvest was lost, as severe frosts set in in mid-August and even snow fell, all of which led to higher prices and speculation in grain. In 1602, the disaster repeated itself and the harvest was lost again. Prices have increased 100 times. Things in the country were truly catastrophic, people ate dogs, cats, tree bark, and mass epidemics began. There were even cases of cannibalism reported in Moscow.

Boris Godunov takes measures and organizes government work, he attracted Muscovites and refugees to construction, and he also distributed bread from state reserves. Boris Godunov allowed the slaves to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But, unfortunately, all his measures were unsuccessful. Which, therefore, led to the rebellion of Cottonpaw. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and the slave himself was executed in Moscow in 1604.

By the summer of 1606, Vasily Shuisky managed to gain a foothold in Moscow, but the outskirts of the country continued to seethe. The people, having finally lost faith in improving their situation, again opposed the authorities. In 1606, an uprising broke out under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov.

Uprising I.I. Bolotnikova

Ivan Bolotnikov was the military slave of Prince Telyatevsky. Support I.I. Bolotnikova became Komaritsa volost. Here, in the area of the city of Kromy, many Cossacks gathered, supporting False Dmitry I, who freed this region from taxes for 10 years. Having become the head of the Cossack detachments, Bolotnikov from Krom moved to Moscow in the summer of 1606. Soon the small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, city residents and even detachments of nobles and Cossacks.

Acting as the governor of Dmitry Ivanovich, rumors of whose salvation were again expected during the reign of Vasily Shuisky, Bolotnikov defeated government troops near Yelets, captured Kaluga, Tula and Serpukhov.

In October 1606 Bolotnikov's army besieged Moscow and settled near the village of Kolomenskoye. At this time, more than 70 cities were on the side of the rebels. The siege of Moscow lasted two months. At the decisive moment, the betrayal of the noble detachments who went over to Shuisky’s side led to the defeat of Ivan Bolotnikov’s army.

Ivan Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by tsarist troops. With the help of the insurgent army of the so-called “Tsarevich Peter” (servant Ilya Gorchakov - Ileyka Muromets), Ivan Bolotnikov escaped from the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. After Shuisky promised to save the lives of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula to him. The Tsar brutally dealt with the rebels, and Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol. Ileika Muromets was executed in Moscow.

People from different social strata took part in Bolotnikov’s uprising - peasants, serfs, townspeople, nobles, Cossacks, who played important role at all stages. The peasants and Cossacks saw the goal of the uprising as a return to the old, communal order.

Mid-century urban uprisings

riot uprising razin

Uprisings broke out in 30 Russian cities, such as Veliky Ustyug, Novgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Vladimir, Pskov, and Siberian cities. One of the largest riots was the Salt Riot in Moscow in 1648.

Tax burden has increased. The country's treasury was in need of money, both for the maintenance of the government apparatus and in connection with the active foreign policy. The government of Alexei Mikhailovich increased indirect taxes, raising in 1646.

The price of salt is 4 times. However, the increase in the salt tax did not lead to replenishment of the treasury, since the solvency of the population was undermined. The salt tax was abolished the very next year, 1647. It was decided to collect arrears for three last year. The entire amount of the tax fell on the population of the “black” settlements, which naturally caused discontent among the townspeople. In 1648 it resulted in an open uprising in Moscow.

At the beginning of June 1648, Alexei Mikhailovich received a petition from the Moscow population demanding that the most selfish representatives of the tsarist administration be punished. However, the demands were not met, and they began to destroy merchants' and boyars' houses. Several major dignitaries were killed. The tsar was forced to expel boyar B.I. Morozov, who headed the government, from Moscow. With the help of bribed archers, whose salaries were increased, the uprising was suppressed. The uprising in Moscow was called the "Salt Riot".

Copper Riot of 1662

The grueling wars waged in the middle of the 17th century. Russia has depleted the treasury. The pestilence of 1654-1655 hit the country's economy painfully, claiming tens of thousands of lives. In search of a way out of the difficult financial situation, the Russian government began minting copper coins instead of silver coins at the same price (1654). Over the course of eight years, so much copper money (including counterfeit money) was issued that it became completely worthless. The government collected taxes in silver, while the population had to sell and buy products with copper money. Salaries were also paid in copper money. The high cost of bread and other products that arose under these conditions led to famine. Driven to despair, the Moscow people rose in rebellion. Summer 1662

Several thousand Muscovites moved to the Tsar's country residence - the village of Kolomenskoye. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich went out onto the porch of the Kolomna Palace and tried to calm the crowd, which demanded that the most hated boyars be handed over for execution. While negotiations were ongoing, boyar I.N. Khovansky, sent by the tsar, secretly brought rifle regiments loyal to the government to Kolomenskoye. Entering the royal residence through the rear utility gate of Kolomenskoye, the archers brutally dealt with the rebels. More than 7 thousand Muscovites died. However, the government was forced to take measures to calm the masses; the minting of copper money was stopped, which was again replaced by silver. The uprising in Moscow in 1662 was one of the harbingers of a new peasant war.

Rebellion 1670-1671

In the spring of 1670 S.T. Razin began a new campaign against the Volga. This campaign was openly anti-government in nature. It was attended by serfs, Cossacks, townspeople, small service people, barge haulers, and working people. Along with Russians and Ukrainians, many representatives of the peoples of the Volga region took part in the campaign: Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Mordovians, etc.

Letters from S.T. were distributed among the people. Razin, which set out the demands of the rebels: to exterminate the governors, boyars, nobles, and officials. As one foreigner, a contemporary of the events, wrote, S.T. Razin “promised everywhere the abolition of slavery, liberation from the yoke of “...boyars or nobles...” Among the rebels, naive monarchism was strong. The peasants believed in a good king. In the spring of 1670, S.T. Razin took possession of Tsaritsyn. To secure his rear, in the summer of the same The Razins occupied Astrakhan, the rebel army moved up the Volga, and Saratov and Samara surrendered without a fight.

It should be noted that the Razins, in the spirit of that time, did not spare their opponents - torture, cruel executions, and violence “accompanied” their actions during the campaigns. The period of the protracted siege of Simbirsk saw the highest rise in the movement. The uprising covered a vast territory - from the lower reaches of the Volga to Nizhny Novgorod and from Slobodskaya Ukraine to the Volga region. In the fall of 1670, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich reviewed the noble militia, and a 30,000-strong army moved to suppress the uprising. In October 1670, the siege of Simbirsk was lifted, the 20,000-strong army of S.T. Razin was defeated, and the leader of the uprising himself, seriously wounded, was taken to the Kagalnitsky town. Wealthy Cossacks captured S.T. by deception. Razin and handed him over to the government. In the summer of 1671, S.T., who courageously held his ground during torture. Razin was executed on Red Square in Moscow. Individual detachments of rebels fought with the tsarist troops until the fall of 1671. Having suppressed the uprising, the government forced the Don Cossacks to take an oath that they would not give shelter to the tsar’s enemies; Uprising S.T. Razin forced the government to look for ways to strengthen the existing system. The power of local governors was strengthened, a reform of the tax system was carried out, and the process of spreading serfdom to the southern outskirts of the country intensified.

Moscow uprising of 1682

According to tradition, Fyodor was to be succeeded by his brother Ivan. However, the 15-year-old prince was sickly, frail, half-blind and unsuited to the role of king. Patriarch Joachim and the boyars who gathered in the palace decided that the son of the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich N.K. should be proclaimed king. Naryshkina, ten-year-old Peter, who, unlike Ivan, was a healthy, strong and intelligent boy. Relying on the archers, the Miloslavsky group, among which Ivan’s sister Sophia was the most active and decisive, waged a decisive struggle for power. The Sagittarius not only carried military service, but also actively engaged economic activity. At the end of the 17th century. In connection with the creation of regiments of the new system, the role of the archers fell, they lost many of their privileges. The obligation to pay taxes and duties on trades and shops, frequent delays in salaries, the arbitrariness of the Streltsy colonels, and the growth of property inequality among the Streltsy themselves caused their sharp discontent. A rumor was spread around Moscow that Ivan had been strangled. With the beating of drums, armed riflemen entered the Kremlin. Mother of Peter N.K. Naryshkina led both princes - Peter and Ivan - onto the palace porch. However, this did not calm the archers. The uprising raged for three days, power in Moscow was in the hands of the Streltsy. In honor of their performance, the archers erected a pillar on Red Square. On cast-iron boards nailed to the pillar, the merits of the archers and the names of the boyars executed by them were listed. At the request of the archers, Ivan was proclaimed the first tsar, Peter the second, and until they came of age, a regent, Princess Sophia, was appointed. In the Kremlin Armory, a two-seat throne for young kings with a small window in the back was preserved, through which Sophia and her entourage told them how to behave and what to say during palace ceremonies.

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In the second half of the 17th century, serfdom was at the end of its existence. Uncontrollably large numbers of peasants fled to the periphery of the country.

The government launched a search for fugitives everywhere and returned them to the landowners. Contemporaries called their age “rebellious.”

At the beginning of the century, the state was agitated by the first Peasant War. The leader of the peasants and poor people was Bolotnikov. The suppression of this movement was followed by an attack by the peasant Balash, followed by discontent in the Smolensk troops, about 20 uprisings that took place in different cities of the country, the “Copper Riot”, and of course, the war of Stepan Razin. The country was literally in a fever from widespread upheaval.

Salt Riot:

At the very beginning of the 17th century, there was a terrible famine in the country. For several years there was a crop failure due to weather conditions, the king made attempts to help: he distributed bread and money, reduced the price, organized work, but this was not enough. Subsequently, pestilence came from the disease, and times passed that were terrifying.

In 1648, Moscow replaced the single duty with a tax on salt. Naturally, this prompted its price increase. This performance involved the lower strata of the population (slaves, archers). Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, returning from a service, was surrounded by petitioners (envoys from the people) asking him to intercede for the people before the boyars who issued this decree. There were no positive actions on the part of the king. The queen dispersed the people, many were arrested.

The next fact was the insubordination of the archers, who beat the boyars. Officials had complete freedom of action. On the third day, participants in the salt riot destroyed many noble houses. The initiator of the introduction of the salt tax was hacked to pieces by the “rabble”. To distract people from the riot, a massive fire was set in Moscow. The authorities compromised: the archers were given 8 rubles each, debtors were spared from extorting money, and judges were replaced. The riot subsided, but the instigators among the slaves were captured and then executed.

Before and after the Salt Riot, unrest broke out in more than 30 cities.

"Copper" riot:

In 1662, a collapse of copper coins occurred in Moscow due to their mass production. There was a depreciation of money, an increase in the price of products, speculation, and counterfeiting of copper coins. The government decided to collect extraordinary taxes from the people, which caused great discontent.

The rebellious townspeople and soldiers (about 5 thousand people) submitted a petition to the king, insisting on reducing the tax rate and the price of bread. The merchants were defeated, the royal palace was surrounded with demands for the extradition of government leaders. The rebels refused to disperse; after the suppression of the uprising, more than 1 thousand people were executed and up to 8 thousand were exiled. The king put forward a decree banning copper money. An attempt to improve monetary reform ended in failure.

The uprising of Stepan Razin:

In 1667, Stepan Razin stood at the head of the people, who recruited a detachment from poor Cossacks, runaway peasants, and offended archers. He came up with the idea because he wanted to distribute the spoils to the poor, give bread to the hungry, and clothes to the naked. People came to Razin from everywhere: both from the Volga and from the Don. The detachment grew to 2000 people.

On the Volga, the rebels captured a caravan, the Cossacks replenished their supply of weapons and food. With new strength, the leader moved on. There were clashes with government troops. In all battles he showed courage. Many people were added to the Cossacks. Battles took place in various cities of Persia, where they went to free Russian prisoners. The Razins defeated the Persian Shah, but they had significant losses.

During the 17th century, there were many popular uprisings, the cause of which lay in government policies. The authorities saw the residents only as a source of income, which caused discontent among the lower masses.

People's movements in the 17th century.

Contemporaries called the 17th century rebellious. A characteristic feature of this time was uprisings in cities and on the outskirts of the state.

Reasons for popular protests:
The increase in military spending, which forces the government of Alexei Mikhailovich to introduce more and more new forms of taxes.
General strengthening of state control over society. Enslavement of the peasants.
Church reform. Many popular uprisings became part of the schismatic movement.

In the mid-1640s. A high duty on salt was introduced, which caused the price to rise sharply. In 1647, the government abandoned the salt duty; however, in 1648, the “Salt Riot” broke out, directed against the initiators of its introduction: boyar Morozov, city mayor Shaklovity, Duma deacon Chisty, guest (merchant engaged in foreign trade) Vasily Shorin and others. The revolt was supported by the archers, who also suffered from rising salt prices and had not received a salary for a long time.

Taken by surprise, the government extradited or executed most of the figures hated by the crowd.

In 1650, an uprising began in Pskov. It was suppressed by one of Alexei Mikhailovich’s comrades, boyar A.L. Ordin-Nashchekin.

In 1662, the government, experiencing an acute shortage of precious metals, tried to replace silver coin copper. It made all its payments in copper money, and collected taxes in silver. This policy became the cause of the “Copper Riot.” In July 1662, an excited crowd broke into the village of Kolomenskoye, the summer residence of Alexei Mikhailovich, and the archers had difficulty coping with the rebels. The authorities temporarily refused to issue copper coins.

From the middle of the 17th century. , in connection with the search for fugitive peasants in the southern regions, the government's relations with the Don Cossacks became complicated. Constant conflicts between them led to the Cossack uprising of Stepan Razin.

At the first stage of the uprising (1669-1670 - the so-called Zipun Campaign) - Razin made predatory campaigns in Persia and attacked trade caravans. Having plundered the western coast of the Caspian Sea, Razin returned to Astrakhan with great booty and the glory of an invincible leader.

In the spring of 1670, the second stage of the uprising began. Razin openly opposed the tsarist government. The participation of peasants in his army gave the campaign an anti-serfdom character, so with reservations it can be called a peasant war. Having captured Tsaritsyn in April, Razin returned to Astrakhan in June and proclaimed his power here. In the summer of 1670, Saratov and Samara went over to Razin’s side, and peasant unrest thus covered a vast territory. Only near Simbirsk a large but poorly trained and armed peasant army was defeated. Razin fled to the Don where he was captured and handed over to the authorities by rich (household) Cossacks. In 1671, Stepan Razin was executed in Moscow.

Another popular uprising was the Solovetsky Uprising of 1667-1676. – one of the brightest pages in the history of the Schism. The uprising, which was purely anti-reform in nature, was suppressed only after the betrayal of one of the defenders of the Solovetsky Monastery.

In the western direction, the core of foreign policy was Russia’s relations with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. When characterizing this trend, special attention should be paid to the anti-Polish liberation movement led by Bohdan Khmelnitsky. The applicant must show the significance of the annexation of Left Bank Ukraine to Russia.

In the southern direction, Russia dealt with the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.

When studying the issue of annexing Eastern Siberia to Russia, it is necessary to pay attention to the facts related to the development of Siberia in the 17th century, to emphasize the important role of Russian “explorers” in the discovery and settlement of new lands, in introducing the peoples of Siberia to Russian culture.

Brief summary on the topic of popular uprisings in the 17th century urgently please help please

Answers:

The 17th century is remembered in the history of Russia as a period of mass uprisings that arose due to the difficult economic and political state of the country. At this time, famine, dispersion of power, and civil strife for the royal throne raged. In the second half of the 17th century, serfdom was at the end of its existence. Uncontrollably large numbers of peasants fled to the periphery of the country. The government launched a search for fugitives everywhere and returned them to the landowners. Contemporaries called their age “rebellious.” At the beginning of the century, the state was agitated by the first Peasant War. The leader of the peasants and poor people was Bolotnikov. The suppression of this movement was followed by an attack by the peasant Balash, followed by discontent in the Smolensk troops, about 20 uprisings that took place in different cities of the country, the “Copper Riot”, and of course, the war of Stepan Razin. The country was literally in a fever from widespread upheaval.

Salt riot: At the very beginning of the 17th century, there was a terrible famine in the country. For several years there was a crop failure due to weather conditions, the king made attempts to help: he distributed bread and money, reduced the price, organized work, but this was not enough. Subsequently, pestilence came from the disease, and times passed that were terrifying. In 1648, Moscow replaced the single duty with a tax on salt. Naturally, this prompted its price increase. This performance involved the lower strata of the population (slaves, archers). Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, returning from a service, was surrounded by petitioners (envoys from the people) asking him to intercede for the people before the boyars who issued this decree. There were no positive actions on the part of the king. The queen dispersed the people, many were arrested. The next fact was the insubordination of the archers, who beat the boyars. Officials had complete freedom of action. On the third day, participants in the salt riot destroyed many noble houses. The initiator of the introduction of the salt tax was hacked to pieces by the “rabble”. To distract people from the riot, a massive fire was set in Moscow. The authorities compromised: the archers were given 8 rubles each, debtors were spared from extorting money, and judges were replaced. The riot subsided, but the instigators among the slaves were captured and then executed. Before and after the Salt Riot, unrest broke out in more than 30 cities. “Copper” riot: In 1662, a collapse of copper coins occurred in Moscow due to their mass production. There was a depreciation of money, an increase in the price of products, speculation, and counterfeiting of copper coins. The government decided to collect extraordinary taxes from the people, which caused great discontent. The rebellious townspeople and soldiers (about 5 thousand people) submitted a petition to the king, insisting on reducing the tax rate and the price of bread. The merchants were defeated, the royal palace was surrounded with demands for the extradition of government leaders. The rebels refused to disperse; after the suppression of the uprising, more than 1 thousand people were executed and up to 8 thousand were exiled. The king put forward a decree banning copper money. An attempt to improve monetary reform ended in failure. The uprising of Stepan Razin: In 1667, Stepan Razin stood at the head of the people, who recruited a detachment from poor Cossacks, runaway peasants, and offended archers. He came up with the idea because he wanted to distribute the spoils to the poor, give bread to the hungry, and clothes to the naked. People came to Razin from everywhere: both from the Volga and from the Don. The detachment grew to 2000 people. On the Volga, the rebels captured a caravan, the Cossacks replenished their supply of weapons and food. With new strength, the leader moved on. There were clashes with government troops. In all battles he showed courage. Many people were added to the Cossacks. Battles took place in various cities of Persia, where they went to free Russian prisoners. The Razins defeated the Persian Shah, but they had significant losses.

The southern governors reported Razin’s independence and his plans for trouble, which alarmed the government. In 1670, a messenger from Tsar Evdokimov came to the leader, whom the Cossacks drowned. The rebel army grows to 7,000 and advances to Tsaritsyn, capturing it, as well as Astrakhan, Samara and Saratov. Near Simbirsk, the seriously wounded Razin is defeated and then executed in Moscow. During the 17th century, there were many popular uprisings, the cause of which lay in government policies. The authorities saw the residents only as a source of income, which caused discontent among the lower masses.

Name of the uprising	Salt riot	Copper Riot	Uprising led by Stepan Razin
When			1667-1671
Where	Moscow	Moscow, Moscow region – Kolomna	Don and Volga region
Participants	Citizens, visitors	Posad people, archers, soldiers, reiters	Cossacks, fugitive peasants
Reasons and goals	1. Increasing tax pressure 2. Introduction of duties on salt 3. Dissatisfaction with the authorities 4. Demand for new laws	1. High taxes 2. Copper money 3. Bribery	1. Non-payment of salaries to the Cossacks 2. Tightening of serfdom 3. Increasing tax oppression
Results	1. Execution of boyars 2. Abolition of “white settlements” 3. Indefinite search for fugitive peasants - 1649	Stopping the minting of copper money	1. Defeat. 2. Strengthening serfdom

Conclusion: the 17th century is called "rebellious" due to the large number of popular uprisings caused by increased popular oppression, the final enslavement of the peasants in 1649

12. Reasons for the defeat of popular uprisings:

- Unprofessionalism, uprisings were suppressed by a professional army

Lack of clear leadership, no clear plan.

The struggle for power among the rebels, betrayal (betrayal of leaders).

Belief in a "good" king

End of work -

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Strife in Rus'
1. Reasons for strife: - lack of a clear order of succession to the throne - there was no person capable of holding the lands - development of the cities of Rus' - intervention

Crusade to the steppe
1. When: 1111 2. Participants: Russian princes against the Dnieper (Khan Bonyak) and Don (Khan Sharukan) Polovtsians 3. Reasons: - protection of the southern Russian lands from the Polovtsians

Feudalism. Words
1. Boyars - in the 9th-17th centuries the highest class of feudal lords, descendants of the tribal nobility. 2. Feudal lords - Landowners of the era of feudalism. 3.

Centers of feudal fragmentation
Questions Novgorod land Galicia-Volyn principality Vladimir-Suzdal principality 1.Location

Mongol tactics
“Scorched earth” tactics - The conquered territories were subjected to complete devastation, the population was exterminated. Continuous siege - siege cities for several

Reasons for the victory and defeat of the Mongols
Reasons for the victory of the Mongols Reasons for the defeat of the Mongols 1. Huge state of the Mongols 2. Large population 3. Strong central

Battle of Kulikovo
When: September 8, 1380 Where: on the Kulikovo field - the interfluve of the Volga, Don, Nepryadva. participants: Mongolsk

Prerequisites and problems of formation of RCH
Prerequisites Problems 1. Management system and tax system created by the Mongols, used by the Russians. Strengthening the role of princes. Pad

Collection of Russian lands
Collection method Which lands were annexed 1. Military annexation 1. Novgorod - 1478, Tver - 1485

Creating a new image of Rus'
Means Meaning 1.Dynastic marriage with Sophia Palaeologus, niece of the Byzantine emperor. 1. Continuity of power

Creation of the RCG. Words
1.Ivan III - creator of the RCH (1462-1505), collector of Russian lands. 2. Vasily II the Dark (1425-1453) - Moscow prince, feudal war 3. Sophia Paleolog - wife of Ivan III, nephew

Oprichnina
1.When: 1564-1572 2.Goal: - to break the resistance of the boyars - to strengthen the power of the king (autocracy) - to eliminate the appanage principalities (New

Foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible
Politics in the West: Livonian War. 1.When: 1558-1583 2.Participants: Russia and Livonia, since 1563 Denmark Sweden, Poland 3.

Politics in the East
Goal: Expansion of territories Contents: State Year Value 1.Ka

Results of the reign of Ivan IV
Contents Positive Negative Foreign policy 1. Policy in the West: Livonian War (1558-1583)

Non-Russian peoples within Russia in the 16th century
1. Characteristics of peoples. Peoples Territory of residence Occupations Karelians North-West Ry

16th century culture
1. Features1.Completion of the formation of the RCH 2.Strengthening ties with Europe 3.Formation of a single Russian nationality 4.Multinational

Ivan IV. Terminology
1. The elected Rada - the council under the Tsar, the closest friends of Ivan IV, who carried out reforms in the mid-16th century. 2. The Tsar is the head of state in the mid-16th century (the first Tsar in 1547 was Ivan IV). 3.

Main events of the Troubles
Years Main events Result 1598-1605 Reign of Boris Godunov Failures in internal politics

People's militias
Questions First militia Second militia 1. When 2. Where was it formed

Russia at the beginning of the 17th century
Consequences of the Troubles Problems Solution 1. New dynasty. 1. Restoration of autocracy

Political system and management system in the 17th century
A). Form of government - monarchy: Tsar (Head of State) Boyar Duma (Advisory body under the Tsar: boyars, Duma clerks, okolnichy)

The process of enslavement of peasants in Russia
Year Document Contents of the document Meaning Code of Law of Ivan the Third Restriction

Russian foreign policy in the 17th century
a).Tasks of Russia: 1.Coming out of international isolation 2.Strengthening borders 3.Returning lost territories b). Content:

Reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676)
Direction of activity Examples 1. Drawing up uniform all-Russian laws 1. Assembly Code of 1649 - Consolidation of rules

Culture XVII
Features: - Secular character - Dissemination of knowledge - Lagging behind Europe - Rapprochement of Russian and European cultures - Expansion

Russia in the 17th century. Dates
1.1598-1605 - the reign of Boris Godunov 2. 1603 - the uprising of Khlopok 3. 1605-1606 - the reign of False Dmitry the First 4. 1606-1607 - the uprising of I. Bolotnikov 5

Russia in the 17th century. Names
Politicians: Boris Godunov - 1598-1605 elected tsar, founder of the Godunov dynasty. False Dmitry I -1605-1606 tsar, impostor, posing as Tsarevich Dmitry

Russia at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries
- weakening of international authority, international isolation - Russia’s economic lag behind Europe - decline in the combat effectiveness of the army, threat of loss of independence.

Public administration reforms of Peter I
1. The need for reforms: - ineffectiveness of previous governing bodies - improvement of management under autocracy - centralization of power at the level

Reforms of Peter I and their significance
Reforms Contents Result

Assessment of Peter's reforms
Period Historians Contents Pre-Soviet Westerners: V. Tatishchev, M. Lomo-nosov, S. Soloviev Reforms

Peter the Great. Terminology
1. Franz Lefort, Alexander Menshikov, Shafirov, P. Tolstoy - “chicks of Petrov’s nest”, associates of Peter I. 2. “Great Embassy” - 1697, Peter I’s journey abroad. 3.Redoubts

Russo-Turkish War
When: 1768-1774 Participants: Russia and Turkey Russia's goals: access to the Black Sea, southern lands. Major battles

Enlightened absolutism
Main ideas of Catherine the Second Result 1. Interests of the people, mitigation of social tension. 2.Striving for “community”

Reforms of Catherine II
Year of reform Contents of reform Result 1775 Provincial reform 1. Increase in hours

The crisis of socio-economic development in Russia at the end of the 18th century
Signs of capitalism Feudal remnants 1. Growth of commodity-money relations, destruction of the natural economy. 2.Increasing quantities

Reign of Paul the First
A). Domestic policy. Goal Contents Result 1.Strengthening the power of the king. 1.Recovery

18th century culture
1. Features1. Europeanization of culture (+ and -) 2. Serves the needs of reforms 3. The idea of Russian statehood 4. Limited spread of cult

Social and political thought of Russia in the 18th century
Author Work Main idea 1. Pososhkov “Book of poverty and wealth” Approval of Pe reforms

Architecture
A. Features:1.European style 2.Construction of St. Petersburg 3.Secular character ( civil buildings) 4.Baroque, classicism

Painting
A. Features: 1.Portrait painting 2.The inner world of a person is the main goal. Author Work

The era of palace coups (1725-1726). Terminology
1. The era of palace coups is a period of Russian history from 1725 to 1762, which is characterized by a change of power as a result of palace coups based on the guard. 2.Capitalist baptism

Century, names
Public and political figures 1. Lefort 2. M. Golovin 3. A. Menshikov 4.

1. "Salt Riot"

The 17th century in Russian history gained a reputation as “rebellious.” And indeed, it began with the Troubles, the middle of it was marked by urban uprisings, the last third - by the uprising of Stepan Razin.

The most important reasons for this unprecedented scale of social conflicts in Russia were the development of serfdom and the strengthening of state taxes and duties.

In 1646, a duty on salt was introduced, significantly increasing its price. Meanwhile, salt in the 17th century. It was one of the most important products - the main preservative that made it possible to store meat and fish. Following salt, these products themselves have risen in price. Their sales fell, and unsold goods began to deteriorate. This caused discontent among both consumers and traders. The growth of government revenues was less than expected as the smuggling trade in salt developed. Already at the end of 1647, the “salt” tax was abolished. In an effort to compensate for losses, the government cut the salaries of service people “on the instrument”, that is, archers and gunners. General discontent continued to grow.

On June 1, 1648, the so-called “salt” riot took place in Moscow. The crowd stopped the carriage of the Tsar, who was returning from a pilgrimage, and demanded that the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, be replaced. Pleshcheev's servants tried to disperse the crowd, which only provoked even greater anger. On June 2, pogroms of boyar estates began in Moscow. The clerk Nazariy Chistoy, whom Muscovites considered the mastermind of the salt tax, was killed. The rebels demanded that the tsar's closest associate, boyar Morozov, who actually led the entire state apparatus, and the head of the Pushkarsky order, boyar Trakhaniotov, be handed over for execution. Not having the strength to suppress the uprising, in which, along with the townspeople, the "regular" servicemen participated, the tsar gave in, ordering the extradition of Pleshcheev and Trakhaniotov, who were immediately killed. Morozov, his tutor and brother-in-law (the Tsar and Morozov were married to sisters) were “begged” by Alexei Mikhailovich from the rebels and sent into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.

The government announced an end to the collection of arrears, convened a Zemsky Sobor, at which the most important demands of the townspeople for a ban on moving to the “white settlements” and of the nobles for the introduction of an indefinite search for fugitives were satisfied (for more details, see topic 24). Thus, the government satisfied all the demands of the rebels, which indicates the comparative weakness of the state apparatus (primarily repressive) at that time.

2. Uprisings in other cities

Following the Salt Riot, urban uprisings swept through other cities: Ustyug Veliky, Kursk, Kozlov, Pskov, Novgorod.

The most powerful uprisings were in Pskov and Novgorod, caused by the rise in price of bread due to its supplies to Sweden. The urban poor, threatened by famine, expelled the governors, destroyed the courts of wealthy merchants and seized power. In the summer of 1650, both uprisings were suppressed by government troops, although they managed to enter Pskov only due to discord among the rebels.

3. "Copper Riot"

In 1662, there was again a major uprising in Moscow, which went down in history as the “Copper Riot.” It was caused by the government's attempt to replenish the treasury, devastated by the long and difficult war with Poland (1654-1667) and Sweden (1656-58). In order to compensate for the enormous costs, the government issued copper money into circulation, making it equal in price to silver. At the same time, taxes were collected in silver coins, and goods were ordered to be sold in copper money. The salaries of servicemen were also paid in copper. Copper money was not trusted, especially since it was often counterfeited. Not wanting to trade with copper money, peasants stopped bringing food to Moscow, which caused prices to soar. Copper money depreciated: if in 1661 two copper rubles were given for a silver ruble, then in 1662 - 8.

On July 25, 1662, a riot followed. Some of the townspeople rushed to destroy the boyars' estates, while others moved to the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, where the tsar was staying those days. Alexey Mikhailovich promised the rebels to come to Moscow and sort things out. The crowd seemed to calm down. But in the meantime, new groups of rebels appeared in Kolomenskoye - those who had previously broken up the courtyards of the boyars in the capital. The tsar was demanded to hand over the boyars most hated by the people and threatened that if the tsar “does not give them back those boyars”, then they “will begin to take it themselves, according to their custom.”

However, during the negotiations, archers called by the tsar had already arrived in Kolomenskoye, who attacked the unarmed crowd and drove them to the river. Over 100 people drowned, many were hacked to death or captured, and the rest fled. By order of the tsar, 150 rebels were hanged, the rest were beaten with a whip and branded with iron.

Unlike the “salt”, the “copper” revolt was brutally suppressed, since the government managed to keep the archers on its side and use them against the townspeople.

4. The uprising of Stepan Razin

The largest popular performance of the second half of the 17th century. happened on the Don and Volga.

The population of the Don was Cossacks. The Cossacks did not engage in agriculture. Their main activities were hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and raids on the possessions of neighboring Turkey, Crimea and Persia. For guard service protecting the southern borders of the state, the Cossacks received a royal salary in bread, money and gunpowder. The government also tolerated the fact that fugitive peasants and townspeople found shelter on the Don. The principle “there is no extradition from the Don” was in effect.

In the middle of the 17th century. There was no longer equality among the Cossacks. The elite of the wealthy ("home-loving") Cossacks stood out, who owned the best fisheries, herds of horses, who received a better share of the spoils and the royal salary. Poor (“golutvennye”) Cossacks worked for house-suckers.

In the 40s XVII century The Cossacks lost access to the Azov and Black Seas, as the Turks strengthened the Azov fortress. This prompted the Cossacks to move their campaigns for booty to the Volga and the Caspian Sea. The robbery of Russian and Persian merchant kravans caused great damage to trade with Persia and the entire economy of the Lower Volga region. Simultaneously with the influx of fugitives from Russia, the hostility of the Cossacks towards the Moscow boyars and officials grew.

Already in 1666, a detachment of Cossacks under the command of Ataman Vasily Us invaded Russia from the Upper Don, reached almost Tula, destroying noble estates on its way. Only the threat of a meeting with a large government army forced Us to turn back. Numerous serfs who joined him also went to the Don with him. The speech of Vasily Us showed that the Cossacks are ready at any moment to oppose the existing order and authorities.

In 1667, a detachment of a thousand Cossacks set off to the Caspian Sea on a campaign “for zipuns,” that is, for booty. At the head of this detachment was Ataman Stepan Timofeevich Razin - a native of the homely Cossacks, strong-willed, intelligent and mercilessly cruel. Razin's detachment during 1667-1669. robbed Russian and Persian merchant caravans, attacked coastal Persian cities. With rich booty, the Razins returned to Astrakhan, and from there to the Don. The “hike for zipuns” was purely predatory. However, its meaning is broader. It was in this campaign that the core of Razin’s army was formed, and the generous distribution of alms to the common people brought the ataman unprecedented popularity.

In the spring of 1670, Razin began a new campaign. This time he decided to go against the “traitor boyars”. Tsaritsyn was captured without resistance, whose residents happily opened the gates to the Cossacks. The archers sent against Razin from Astrakhan went over to his side. The rest of the Astrakhan garrison followed their example. The resisting governors and Astrakhan nobles were killed.

After this, Razin headed up the Volga. Along the way, he sent out “charming letters”, calling on the common people to beat the boyars, governors, nobles and clerks. To attract supporters, Razin spread a rumor that Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich (in fact, already deceased) and Patriarch Nikon were in his army. The main participants in the uprising were Cossacks, peasants, serfs, townspeople and working people. The cities of the Volga region surrendered without resistance. In all the captured cities, Razin introduced administration on the model of the Cossack circle.

Failure awaited Razin only near Simbirsk, the siege of which dragged on. Meanwhile, the government sent 60,000 troops to suppress the uprising. On October 3, 1670, near Simbirsk, the government army under the command of governor Yuri Baryatinsky inflicted a severe defeat on the Razins. Razin was wounded and fled to the Don, to the town of Kagalnitsky, from which he began his campaign a year ago. He hoped to gather his supporters again. However, the homely Cossacks, led by military ataman Kornila Yakovlev, realizing that Razin’s actions could bring the tsar’s wrath on all the Cossacks, captured him and handed him over to the government governors.

Razin was tortured and executed in the summer of 1671 on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow along with his brother Frol. Participants in the uprising were subjected to brutal persecution and execution.

The main reasons for the defeat of Razin's uprising were its spontaneity and low organization, the fragmented actions of the peasants, which, as a rule, were limited to the destruction of the estate of their own master, and the lack of clearly understood goals for the rebels. Even if the Razinites managed to win and capture Moscow (this did not happen in Russia, but in other countries, for example, in China, rebel peasants managed to take power several times), they would not be able to create a new just society. After all, the only example of such a fair society in their minds was the Cossack circle. But the entire country cannot exist by seizing and dividing other people's property. Any state needs a management system, an army, and taxes. Therefore, the victory of the rebels would inevitably be followed by new social differentiation. The victory of the unorganized peasant and Cossack masses would inevitably lead to great casualties and would cause significant damage to Russian culture and the development of the Russian state

In historical science there is no unity on the question of whether to consider Razin’s uprising a peasant-Cossack uprising or a peasant war. In Soviet times, the name “peasant war” was used; in the pre-revolutionary period, it was about an uprising. In recent years, the term “uprising” has once again become dominant.

What to pay attention to when answering:

Reasons for the "rebellion" of the 17th century. - the formation of serfdom and the growth of state duties, caused by numerous wars and the increase in the state apparatus in connection with the completion of centralization and the gradual formation of absolutism.

All the uprisings of the 17th century. were spontaneous. The participants in the events acted under the influence of desperation and the desire to seize prey. It should be noted that there was a fundamental difference in the outcome of the Salt and Copper riots, caused by the strengthening of power between 1648 and 1662.

Speaking about Razin's uprising, it should be noted that most of the major uprisings began on the outskirts, since, on the one hand, many fugitives accumulated there, not burdened with large households and ready for decisive action, and on the other hand, the power there was much weaker than in center of the country.

This topic also includes the uprising in the Solovetsky Monastery (1667-1676), which is discussed in topic 28 in connection with the church schism.

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