When organizing timber transportation, the density of the tree is an important indicator when selecting a timber truck and calculating the cost of transportation. This will help avoid overloading, which will consequently prevent you from being fined.
The density of the material plays a special role in the weight of m3 of wood; accordingly, for the right decision Given the questions posed, it is necessary to determine the value of the density. There are two types of density: volume weight(density of the structured physical body) and specific gravity(density of wood substance).
Volumetric weight of wood
The weight of a cubic meter of wood depends on the type of wood and humidity.Calculator for calculating the volumetric weight of wood.
Tree White Acacia Birch Beech Elm Oak Hornbeam Spruce Maple Linden Larch Alder Walnut Aspen Siberian Fir Caucasian Fir Scots Pine Cedar Pine Poplar Common Ash
Volume, m3:
Specific gravity of wood
Wood substance is a mass of solid wood materials without natural voids. This type of density is measured in laboratory conditions, since it requires additional measurements that are impossible under normal conditions. For each wood of all types and species of trees, this value is constant and amounts to 1540 kg/m3. However, wood has a multicellular fibrous structure complex type. Walls made of wood substance play the role of a frame in the structure of wood. Accordingly, for each tree species and species, the cellular structures, shapes and sizes of cells vary, as a result of which the specific gravity of the tree will be different, as well as the different weight of m3 of the tree.
Also, humidity plays a big role in changing the specific gravity of wood. Thanks to the structure of this material, with increasing humidity, the density of wood also increases. However, the density of wood substance this rule does not apply.
| № | Wood species | Humidity percentage, % | ||||||||||
| 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 100 | Fresh* | ||
| 1 | Larch | 670 | 690 | 700 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1100 | 940 |
| 2 | Poplar | 460 | 470 | 480 | 500 | 540 | 570 | 610 | 650 | 690 | 760 | 700 |
| 3 | Beech | 680 | 690 | 710 | 720 | 780 | 830 | 890 | 950 | 1000 | 1110 | 960 |
| 4 | Elm | 660 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1100 | 940 |
| 5 | Oak | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1160 | 990 |
| 6 | Hornbeam | 810 | 830 | 840 | 860 | 930 | 990 | 1060 | 1130 | 1190 | 1330 | 1060 |
| 7 | Norway spruce | 450 | 460 | 470 | 490 | 520 | 560 | 600 | 640 | 670 | 750 | 740 |
| 8 | Walnut | 600 | 610 | 630 | 650 | 700 | 750 | 800 | 850 | 900 | 1000 | 910 |
| 9 | Linden | 500 | 530 | 540 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 830 | 760 |
| 10 | White acacia | 810 | 830 | 840 | 860 | 930 | 990 | 1060 | 1190 | 1300 | 1330 | 1030 |
| 11 | Alder | 530 | 540 | 560 | 570 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 750 | 790 | 880 | 810 |
| 12 | Maple | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1160 | 870 |
| 13 | Common ash | 690 | 710 | 730 | 740 | 800 | 860 | 920 | 930 | 1030 | 1150 | 960 |
| 14 | Siberian fir | 380 | 390 | 400 | 410 | 440 | 470 | 510 | 540 | 570 | 630 | 680 |
| 15 | Scots pine | 510 | 520 | 540 | 550 | 590 | 640 | 680 | 720 | 760 | 850 | 820 |
| 16 | Caucasian fir | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 730 | 720 |
| 17 | Cedar pine | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 730 | 760 |
| 18 | Birch | 640 | 650 | 670 | 680 | 730 | 790 | 840 | 890 | 940 | 1050 | 870 |
| 19 | Aspen | 500 | 510 | 530 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 830 | 760 |
* Fresh. - Freshly cut tree
WEIGHT OF 1 CUBIC METER (VOLUMERIUM WEIGHT) OF BEAM, BOARDS AND LOODS
The weight of lumber (timbers, boards, logs), moldings (linings, platbands, baseboards, etc.) and other wood products depends mainly on the moisture content of the wood and its species.The table shows the weight of 1 cubic meter of wood (volume weight) depending on the type of wood and its moisture content.
Weight table 1 cu. m (volume weight) timber, boards, linings made of wood of various species and humidity
Depending on the moisture content, measured as a percentage of the mass of water contained in the wood to the mass of dry wood, wood is divided into the following moisture categories:
Dry wood (humidity 10-18%) is wood that has undergone technological drying or has been stored for a long time in a warm, dry room;
Air-dry wood (humidity 19-23%) is wood with equilibrium moisture content, when the moisture content of the wood itself is balanced with the humidity of the surrounding air. This level of humidity is achieved at long-term storage wood in natural conditions, i.e. without the use of special drying technologies;
Green wood (humidity 24-45%) is wood that is in the process of drying from a freshly cut state to equilibrium;
Freshly cut and wet wood (moisture content greater than 45%) is wood that has been recently cut or has been in water for a long time.
WEIGHT OF ONE BEAM, ONE EDGED AND FLOORBOARD, LINING
The weight of one beam, board or any molded product also depends on the moisture content of the wood from which they are made and its species. The table shows data for the wood most used in construction - pine with damp moisture for timber and edged boards and air-dry moisture for floorboards and lining.Weight table for one beam, one board and lining
NUMBER OF BOOTS, BOARDS AND LINING IN 1 CUBIC. M
The number of pieces of any lumber or molded product in 1 cubic meter depends on its dimensions: width, thickness and length. Data on the quantity of lumber in 1 kb. m are presented in the table.One of the tasks when developing a project technological regulations The process of handling construction and demolition waste involves calculating the mass and volume of logging residues generated during the cutting down of green spaces (tree removal) in the construction or demolition zone.
The official methodology for calculating the mass and volume of logging residues for these purposes in Russian Federation No. The initial data for such calculations is information about the trees being cut down (species, height and thickness at a height of 1.3 m) and shrubs (young trees), given in the count sheet from the composition project documentation to the construction (demolition) site.
This article presents a method for calculating the mass and volume of logging residues developed in our company. As the basis for its development, tabular data from the All-Union standards for forest taxation, approved by Order of the USSR State Forestry Committee of February 28, 1989 No. 38, was used.
1) Data from Table 17 “Trunk volumes (in bark) in young trees by height and diameter at a height of 1.3 m” - to determine the volume of trunks of young growth and shrubs. As a result of processing the given data to determine the average ratio between the diameter (D), height (h) and volume (V) of one trunk, the calculated shape coefficient (Kp from Table 1) was determined, which with an accuracy of +/- 10% allows you to determine the volume of the trunk by formula Vst=Кn*h*пD2/4.
2) Data from tables 18 and 19 “Volumes of trunks (in bark) of tree species by height and diameter at a height of 1.3 m with an average shape coefficient” - to determine the volume of trunks of various tree species. As a result of processing the given data to determine the average ratio between the diameter (D), height (h) and volume (Vst) of one trunk, calculated coefficients were determined for some of the tree species listed in the table, which with an accuracy of +/-10% allows us to determine the volume of the trunk according to the formula Vst=Кn*h*пD2/4. The calculated form factors are given in Table 1
3) Data from table 185 “Weight of 1 cubic meter. m and the volume of 1 ton of wood of different species" - to determine the mass of wood, the values of the mass of one cubic meter of the corresponding type of wood from the column “freshly cut”, or from the column “dry” - for dead wood, were used.
4) Data from table 206 “Volume of bark, twigs, stumps and roots” to determine the volume of twigs and branches, as well as stumps and roots as a percentage of the volume of trunks. For the calculation, average values from the interval given in the tables were used. The volume of twigs and branches is 7% of the volume of trunks, the volume of stumps and roots is 23% of the volume of trunks.
5) Data from Table 187 “Fully wooded brushwood and cottonwood coefficients” - to determine the folded volume of twigs and branches from the full wooded volume using a conversion factor of 10.
FKKO-2014 contains codes for the following waste:
1 52 110 01 21 5 Waste of twigs, branches, tips from logging
1 52 110 02 21 5 Stump uprooting waste
1 54 110 01 21 5 Low-value wood waste (brushwood, dead wood, trunk fragments).
Therefore, the calculation of the mass and volume of logging residues must be calculated by type of waste:
- trunks of trees, young growth and shrubs cut down according to the accounting list can be classified as waste of low-value wood (brushwood, dead wood, fragments of trunks);
- twigs and branches - to waste of twigs, branches, tips from logging;
- stumps and roots - waste from stump uprooting.
For the technological regulations of the Process of handling construction and demolition waste, it is necessary to calculate the mass of waste, but for temporary storage in storage bins and their removal from the construction site, it is necessary to estimate the volume of logging residues, and in the storage volume.
The calculation is made using the Excel application. An example of an Excel page table header is shown in Table 2.
The calculation was carried out in the following order:
1) Filling out the initial data according to the accounting sheet;
column 2 - line number of the accounting sheet;
column 3 - wood type;
column 4 - number of trees;
column 5 - minimum trunk diameter from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 6 - the only value of the trunk diameter indicated in the counting sheet;
column 7 - maximum trunk diameter from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 8 - minimum height trunk from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 9 is the only value of the trunk height indicated in the counting sheet;
column 10 - maximum trunk height from the interval specified in the counting sheet;
column 11 - additional number of trunks - if in the column “characteristics of the state of green spaces” n trunks for one tree are indicated, then in column 11 it is indicated (<значение графы 11>= (n-1)*<значение графы 4>.
2) Calculation of the average value of the trunk diameter if there is an interval:<среднее значение диаметра ствола (графа 6)> = (<значение минимального диаметра (графа 5)>+<максимальное значение диметра (графа 7)>)/2;
3) Determination of the volume of one trunk<объем ствола (графа 12)>is made according to Vst = Kn*h*pD2/4, where Kn is the corresponding shape coefficient from Table 1, D is the average trunk diameter, h is the average trunk height. Calculation of the volume of one trunk:<объем ствола в куб.м (графа 12)>=Кn* π*(<диаметр ствола в см (графа 6>/100)* (<диаметр ствола в см (графа 6>/100)*< высота ствола в м (графа 9)>/ 4);
4) Calculation of the dense measure of trunk volume Vpl=Vst*nst, where nst is the total number of trunks:<плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)> = <средний объем ствола в куб.м (графа 12)>*(<число деревьев или кустов (графа 4)>+<число дополнительных стволов (графы 11)>). For one bush, the number of additional trunks is taken to be 5;
5) Calculation of folding measures (when storing or transporting, it is necessary to take into account the average volume of space occupied by tree trunks or bushes:<складочная мера объема стволов (графа 14)>= <плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)>*4/p;
6) Calculation of the volume of twigs and branches depending on the volume of the trunk is carried out in accordance with paragraph d) of this article:<объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)> = <плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)> *<переводной коэффициент (графа 15=0,007)>. In folding measure - according to paragraph e) of this article:<объем сучьев и ветвей в складочной мере (графа 18)> = <объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)>*<переводной коэффициент (графа 17=10)>;
7) Calculation of the volume of stumps and roots from the volume of the trunk is carried out in accordance with paragraph d) of this article:<объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)> = < плотная мера объема стволов (графа 13)>*<переводной коэффициент (графа 19=0,23)>. In the fold measure, the volume of stumps and roots is assumed to be double volume:<объем пней и корней в складочной мере (графа 21)> =<объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)>*2.
8) Calculation of the total volume of wood in a dense measure:<полный объем (графа 22)> = <объем стволов в плотной мере (графа 13)>+<объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)>+< объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)>;
9) Calculation of the total volume of wood in a folded measure (this indicator most objectively allows us to assess the need for the capacity of bodies (containers) of vehicles for removal of logging residues):<полный объем древесины в складочной мере (графа 23)> = <складочная мера объема стволов (графа 14)>+ <объем сучьев и ветвей в складочной мере (графа 18)>+ <объем пней и корней в складочной мере (графа 21)>
10) The volumetric weight of wood in a dense measure (density in t/m3) is recorded in column 24 in accordance with paragraph c) of this article, for species not listed in table 185 - in accordance with Appendix 3 to SNiP II-25-80 (Density of wood and plywood ).
11) Calculation of the weight of the trunks:<вес стволов (графа 22)> = <объем стволов в плотной мере (графа 13)>*<объемный вес древесины (графа 21)>;
12) Calculation of the weight of twigs and branches:<вес сучьев и ветвей (графа 26)> = <объем сучьев и ветвей в плотной мере (графа 16)>*< объемный вес древесины (графа 24)>;
13) Calculation of the weight of stumps and roots:<вес пней и корней (графа 27)> = <объем пней и корней в плотной мере (графа 20)>*< объемный вес древесины (графа 24)>;
14) Total weight of removed waste (logging residues):<вес вывозимого отхода (графа 28)> = <вес стволов (графа 25)> + <вес сучьев и ветвей (графа 26)>+<вес пней и корней (графа 27)>
Thus, the proposed methodology allows you to calculate the volume (both full and folded) and weight of logging residues, differentiated by type of waste based on the initial data of the counting sheet, as well as estimate the required volume of storage bins or vehicle bodies and the number of vehicle trips for their removal.
When starting to build a house or make renovations, sometimes you have to face questions that seem simple at first glance, but you can’t answer them right away. It seems awkward to approach specialists with such a question, but you need to know for sure. For those who can turn to the Internet, it’s easier - type in a search engine “How much does a cube of wood weigh” and in half a minute received a comprehensive result. By the way, really, how much?
The effect of humidity on the weight of wood
The weight of wood does not always have the same value. What does it depend on? First of all, from the moisture content of the wood. If we compare, for example, oak and birch, it turns out that a cubic meter of oak weighs 700 kg, and a birch weighs 600 kg. But it could be different. Weighing a cubic meter of birch, we get 900 kg, and oak will show the same 700. Or in both cases it will be 700 kg. Why do things turn out like this? different numbers? In this case, the moisture content of the wood plays a role.
There are four degrees of humidity: dry (10-18%), air-dry (19-23%), damp (24-45%) and wet (above 45%). Thus, it turns out that different rocks with the same humidity have different weights, as in the first example above. If the humidity is not the same, then the weight may fluctuate in one direction or another. The standard humidity is 12%.
Different density - different weight
Another factor that affects the weight of wood is its density. The highest density is found in iron and ebony wood - from 1100 to 1330 kg/m3. Boxwood and bog oak are close to them - 950-1100. For ordinary oak, beech, acacia, pear, and hornbeam, the density is about 700 kg/m3. It is even lower for pine, alder, and bamboo - 500 kg/m3. And the lowest is for cork wood, only 140 kg/m3.
Why do you need to know the weight of a cubic meter of wood?
Having knowledge in this area is sometimes very important. By purchasing construction material, its quantity is impossible for a non-specialist to determine by eye. Knowing the dimensions of the timber or lining, the material from which they are made and its moisture content, simple calculations allow you to determine the weight of the purchased product. How much does a cube of wood weigh? In this case, the answer to this question will help you figure out whether the seller sent you the goods correctly.
Heat transfer from wood
In addition, there is another indicator - heat transfer. It will come to the aid of those who use wood as firewood for heating. The higher the hardness, i.e. The density of the wood species, the higher its calorific value. Of course, no one will heat a room with boxwood, but when choosing between linden and pine or birch and acacia, you can get much more heat if you know which of these species is the hardest. Information about the density of each tree can be gleaned from the tables, since all this information is systematized for ease of use.
Weight of a dense cubic meter, kg
| Breed | Humidity, % | |||||||||||
| 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | |
| Beech | 670 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 720 | 780 | 830 | 890 | 950 | 1000 | 1060 | 1110 |
| Spruce | 440 | 450 | 460 | 470 | 490 | 520 | 560 | 600 | 640 | 670 | 710 | 750 |
| Larch | 660 | 670 | 690 | 700 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 |
| Aspen | 490 | 500 | 510 | 530 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 790 | 830 |
| Birch: | ||||||||||||
| - fluffy | 630 | 640 | 650 | 670 | 680 | 730 | 790 | 840 | 890 | 940 | 1000 | 1050 |
| - ribbed | 680 | 690 | 700 | 720 | 730 | 790 | 850 | 900 | 960 | 1020 | 1070 | 1130 |
| - Daurian | 720 | 730 | 740 | 760 | 780 | 840 | 900 | 960 | 1020 | 1080 | 1140 | 1190 |
| - iron | 960 | 980 | 1000 | 1020 | 1040 | 1120 | 1200 | 1280 | — | — | — | — |
| Oak: | ||||||||||||
| - petiolate | 680 | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1110 | 1160 |
| - eastern | 690 | 710 | 730 | 750 | 770 | 830 | 880 | 940 | 1000 | 1060 | 1120 | 1180 |
| — Georgian | 770 | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 920 | 980 | 1050 | 1120 | 1180 | 1250 | 1310 |
| - Araksinian | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 870 | 940 | 1010 | 1080 | 1150 | 1210 | 1280 | 1350 |
| Pine: | ||||||||||||
| - cedar | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 410 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
| - Siberian | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 410 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
| - ordinary | 500 | 510 | 520 | 540 | 550 | 590 | 640 | 680 | 720 | 760 | 810 | 850 |
| Fir: | ||||||||||||
| - Siberian | 370 | 380 | 390 | 400 | 410 | 440 | 470 | 510 | 540 | 570 | 600 | 630 |
| - white-haired | 390 | 400 | 410 | 420 | 430 | 470 | 500 | 530 | 570 | 600 | 630 | 660 |
| - whole leaf | 390 | 400 | 410 | 420 | 430 | 470 | 500 | 530 | 570 | 600 | 630 | 660 |
| - white | 420 | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 500 | 540 | 570 | 610 | 640 | 680 | 710 |
| - Caucasian | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
| Ash: | ||||||||||||
| - Manchurian | 640 | 660 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 |
| - ordinary | 670 | 690 | 710 | 730 | 740 | 800 | 860 | 920 | 980 | 1030 | 1090 | 1150 |
| - acute-fruited | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 870 | 940 | 1010 | 1080 | 1150 | 1210 | 1280 | 1350 |
The table shows average mass values. Possible maximum and minimum value masses are 1.3 and 0.7 respectively from its average value
How much does 1 cube of bushes and small forests weigh (mass of a cubic meter, mass of a cubic meter, mass of 1 liter and mass of 1 bucket). Volumetric mass and density of small forests and bushes.People often ask - are shrubs and shrubs trees? A shrub is a perennial woody plant that reaches a height of 0.7 - 6 meters and differs from trees not only in size, but also because it does not have a tree trunk in the usual sense of the term. If we compare bushes and trees, then from the point of view of the volumetric weight of this woody material, bushes are very similar to tree branches. The practical use and application of bushes in everyday life is approximately the same as that of tree branches. The bushes and branches are very similar in their physical properties: bulk density, specific gravity. Most often, bushes and tree branches are considered waste or garbage suitable for use as household fuel. For example: bushes and branches are used for heating private houses, for which they are burned in special boilers or burned in furnaces. The bushes are predominantly deciduous and lose their leaves in the fall. For landscape design They use beautiful ornamental varieties of shrubs, including evergreen tree-shrubs. Crushed wood from bushes and shrubs is used to make sawdust concrete, wood concrete, and wood concrete.
What is low forest - is it a shrub? Not exactly, the things are similar in appearance, but there is no need to confuse shrubs and small forests. Small woodland is a small forest that does not have business or industrial significance, or ordinary tree species. Small trees often grow in cleared areas, burnt areas, and previously cleared but abandoned areas of forest. When clearing the area of small forests and cutting down small forests, it is convenient to count small trees according to the standards as shrubs. In terms of its volumetric density and specific gravity, chopped small forests are considered analogous to bushes and are considered as shrubs. Small timber and small trees are not considered commercial timber or timber products. Small woodland is not used in the woodworking industry or carpentry. Like shrubs, small forests are considered waste, garbage forest, and can be used for decorative purposes, for decoration and design. Small wood is used as domestic fuel for heating private houses, country houses. After processing (cutting, chopping, sawing), small forests in the form of firewood are burned in furnace boilers, stoves, fireplaces and home hearths. Crushed wood from small forests and small forests is used for the production of sawdust concrete, wood concrete, and wood concrete.
Tree branches or woody twigs are material similar in their physical properties to bushes and small forests. The branches, like small forests, have no business or industrial significance. However, beautiful twigs can be used for crafts, making DIY products, decorating rooms, decorating and designing rooms, gazebos, and interiors. The volumetric weight and density of branches is slightly different from the volumetric density and specific gravity of shrubs (small woodland). However, the differences in the mass of 1 cube (1 cubic meter, 1 cubic meter) are insignificant. The main uses for branches are the same as for wood waste and logging waste - firewood, household fuel, raw materials for processing. Crushed wood branches are used to make sawdust concrete, wood concrete, and wood concrete.
In some cases, the volumetric weight of a grapevine is calculated in such a way that the volumetric density of shrubs and small forests is taken as the density of the vine. Visually, if we judge only by the thickness (diameter) of the grapevine trunk, then it really reminds us of a bush or small forest (especially an old perennial vine). In fact, the specific gravity of the vine is less than that of the branches, since the vine consists not only of woody material, but also includes a large number of pores with air. Therefore, the volumetric weight of the vine is less than that of bushes, small forests, branches, twigs, bushes and small forests. Unlike small forests, grapevine is extremely rarely considered as fuel, since it does not have a high calorific value. Typically, grapevine is used as an ornamental material and raw material for the production of wicker furniture and wicker furniture. In addition, the grapevine is processed into compound feed.
A convenient option for determining the volumetric weight of shrubs, branches, small forests, knots, cuttings and other similar small woody materials can be the example of brushwood. In its physical properties, brushwood is very similar to shrubs and small forests, however, for brushwood, you can indicate the volumetric mass in the case of collecting and storing dry brushwood and wet brushwood. By the way, brushwood is a household fuel. Brushwood, twigs, small damp wood, and standing shrubs, especially shell grass, common willow, and broom. Chop brushwood into wattle fences. Hoop brushwood, hazel, aspen, oak. Brushwood is dry branches and spruce branches lying around in the forest. Brushwood is dry branches and sticks scattered by windbreaks in the forest. Brushwood is fallen tree branches used as fuel and for construction. The branches of brushwood are brittle and do not need to be cut. Brushwood burns well and quickly, it is convenient for quick cooking and heating a home oven. BRUSHWOOD - dry wood, dried wood, dry wood, diseased from the tree, shriveled twigs, branches, crunch, squabble.
While discussing the volumetric weight and density of branches, bushes, small woods, brushwood, vines, bushes and small woods, we forgot to touch coniferous trees. Felled branches of coniferous trees have their own name - spruce branches. The spruce branches are called coniferous - this is the common name. But in some cases clarification is necessary. Then they distinguish pine spruce branches, spruce spruce branches, fir spruce branches, larch spruce branches, etc. The volumetric weight and density of spruce branches are higher than those of the materials discussed above, since spruce branches are always associated with a large number of needles (pine needles).
Table 4. Volumetric weight of shrubs and small forests (weight of a cubic meter, weight of a cubic meter, weight of 1 liter and weight of 1 bucket). Small wood, branches - bulk density and bulk weight of the material. Branches, grapevine, coniferous spruce branches, dry brushwood and wet brushwood, dead wood, pine needles, tree bark.