New requirements for housing construction, including private housing, are pushing developers to use innovative technologies, for example, building a foundation using Tise technology - which means ensuring the reliability of the building, savings on construction, a solid foundation and easier installation of the foundation of the house.
The abbreviation TISE stands for “technology of individual construction and ecology”, and its principles are implemented in the countries of the former CIS. First of all, the technological process concerns specifically individual construction, since all construction operations are designed to be performed with one’s own hands, but with the help of specialized tools and equipment, the authorship of which is confirmed in the name of Yakovlev R.
Construction technology of a TISE columnar foundation with a grillage
The main principle when using TISE is the construction of a grillage resting on the supporting pillars of the foundation with an expansion of the lower end (sole). The pillars for such a foundation cannot be considered full-fledged piles, although wells for them are drilled according to the same principle - the supports for the TISE foundation base are immersed to a shallower depth, and the usual piles do not have a widening in the lower part.
A distinctive feature of TISE is a columnar grillage. In practice, the foundation of the tise provides complete leveling of heaving forces that try to put pressure on the foundation in the off-season and during freezing/thawing of the soil. What else makes this structure stand out among foundations with similar functionality:
- Piles (pillars, supports) are immersed below the soil freezing level in the region;
- Minimum area of contact between the support and the ground along the side surfaces;
- Heaving soils are replaced with gravel or crushed stone on the house construction area and beyond it by 1.5-2 meters (at the distance of drainage and blind area);
Another advantage that the chise pile foundation has: supports with an extension at the lower end (heel) can be made using traditional technology, and when deepening the pile (support) it is much easier to drill a well wider than the diameter of the support. A heel is poured into the well, onto which a tubular formwork with a diameter smaller than the sole is installed.
The free space in the well is filled with bulk materials to create drainage around the support. If you use ordinary piles (without an expanded base), then the drilling depth will have to be increased, plunging the pillars below the freezing level of the soil by at least 1 meter, so that the pushing forces of heaving soil cannot affect the base of the pile.
The support must be reinforced from the inside, which will give the foundation additional strength. Thus, a DIY TISE foundation for a one-story frame house can have only 2-3 TISE piles instead of 10-15 conventional submersible piles, which are driven in every 1-1.5 on all lines of load-bearing walls.
For an individual developer, the construction of such an innovative foundation presents one difficulty: how to expand the bottom of the well? Buying one specially designed for this purpose is very expensive for a one-time job, and this is the only drawback of the author’s method, since you will have to build a homemade drill from available building materials.
Construction site preparation
Even on an uneven or sloping site, it is not necessary to carry out work to level and clear the site, and this is the great advantage of all individual pile or columnar foundations. Also, to install columnar supports, you will not need to install drainage next to the foundation walls or insulate the blind area and base. When supporting a building on a suspended columnar grillage, the structure area must have at least three load axes for each of the load-bearing walls of the house:
- In the center of the support pillars for drilling a well;
- Along the outer border of the concrete grillage for arranging the formwork;
- On the inside of the grillage.
For step-by-step marking of the site you need:
- Make pegs with a strip nailed on top - cast-offs. You need two of them for each side of the foundation;
- Place the cast-offs at a distance of 1.5 m from the corners of the house perimeter and stretch the cords between them.
Important! The pegs should be such a length that the horizontal planks extend 2-5 cm above the level of the grillage, and the total length of all planks is 10 cm greater than the width of the grillage tape. This condition is met so that the cord can be pulled over the same pegs many times.
The sequence of drilling and placement of wells and piles is as follows:
- According to the author's technology, the universal foundation of the Tise technology should have so-called leader holes - these are small depressions (10-20 cm) made with a shovel at the site of drilling wells for supports;
- Manual drilling is a simple process: the plow needs to be removed from the drill, or fixed vertically using a special stopper so that it does not interfere with soil excavation. After a few turns of the drill, it must be removed and the soil receptacle freed from the soil;
- The expansion (widening) of the heel is done in this way: when the drill plunges to the designed depth, there is no longer any need to put pressure on it, and then the freed or installed plow will loosen the soil with the expansion of the dome. Also, after several turns of the drill, the soil must be removed from the receiver.
The drilling of each well should be controlled by level; when drilling hard ground rocks, the well should be watered, large fragments of stones should be crushed with a crowbar to a size of 5 cm so that they fit into the soil receiver.
When calculating the Tise foundation, one should not forget about the reinforcement of the supports. Subsequently, the piles are reinforced according to the requirements of SP 52.105. When arranging a reinforced frame inside a pile, you cannot use scraps of pipes and other rolled products, you cannot embed metal mesh and pieces of steel sheets into the frame - only reinforcing bars Ø 8-12 mm are allowed to be used:
- Piles (supports, pillars) must have reinforcement protruding above the surface of the formwork up to 40 cm high;
- Piles must also be reinforced in the transverse direction with smooth reinforcement Ø 6-8 mm. Transverse frames can be made square or round, the step between the belts is up to 0.6 m.
In the future, the vertical reinforcement will need to be connected to the grillage reinforcement. To do this, the pile rods are bent at an angle of 90 0 at the level of the grillage reinforcement and connected to its reinforcement with knitting wire. Before pouring concrete, the internal reinforcement of the support is protected from contact with the walls of the pile by placing special plastic washers on the rods. The supports themselves can be cast using inexpensive materials:
- You need to measure a piece of tape from a roll of roofing felt and roll it into a cylinder, fasten it with wire or a stapler, then tie it with wire;
- An asbestos cement pipe will be stiffer, but it allows moisture to pass through, so it needs to be waterproofed (bitumen, tar, mastics);
- PVC pipes are not afraid of moisture and corrosion, but their thickness must be at least 0.5 cm.
Due to the small diameter of the formwork, it is inconvenient to lay the mortar into it, and the reinforcement inside the pile does not add convenience. Therefore, it is recommended to pour the solution through a homemade funnel, for example, from the same roofing material or thick waterproof cardboard. When building a universal foundation, Tise technology takes into account the following features of this stage:
- The formwork is only half filled with mortar so that the concrete can be compacted and the air released from it;
- You can compact concrete manually (with a crowbar or a thick rod), or using an electric deep vibrator;
- After compaction, the support is completely filled and compacted again;
- Exposed concrete must be protected from rapid drying with film, sawdust, or simply covered with a thin layer of soil for 2-3 days;
- During these 2-3 days, water the support every 5-6 hours so that the concrete sets and hardens evenly throughout the entire depth of the pile.
If there is a basement in the house project, the distance between the supports is allowed to be increased so that doors or gates can be installed. A foundation with a grillage must always be covered with factory-made reinforced concrete slabs or reinforced concrete beams, so it is impossible to install a floor on the ground.
How the grillage formwork is arranged
The zero cycle (excavation work) can be significantly reduced if you start making grillage formwork after pouring concrete inside the piles. To do this quickly and without loss of quality, two cords are pulled on the pegs without a middle one. The following operations:
- Deck panels are made from available materials (boards, thick plywood, chipboard, OSB) and protected with a layer of waterproofing, for example, polyethylene or tarpaulin. This is necessary for possible reusable use of the formwork;
- The formwork is mounted as follows: first, holes are made in the panels for supports, the panels are put on piles and secured with H-shaped cross members at a distance of 0.5-0.7 m;
- The side formwork is mounted as follows: wooden panels are installed at the level of the stretched cords and attached to the bottom panel with nails or self-tapping screws.
In order not to complicate the design of the formwork by making a wooden bottom panel, it can be replaced with a sand cushion with a layer of up to 40 cm (depending on the characteristics of the soil). The pillow is moistened and compacted. Also, the lower formwork shield can be made from extruded polystyrene foam, although this will be a little more expensive;
If a sand cushion is being made, then the sand must be covered with waterproofing material (polyethylene, tarpaulin, roofing felt) so that the solution does not leak onto the ground. The waterproofing material will need to be removed from under the grillage as soon as the concrete reaches its design strength. The easiest way to do this is with shovels. If you leave the waterproofing material inside, then possible heaving of the soil can tear the grillage away from the pile supports; heaving forces cannot be resisted due to the fact that the area of contact with the soil is too small.
Extruded polystyrene foam is a non-removable formwork; the brand can be chosen with the lowest density, for example, PSB. Even if the soil swells, the heaving force will deform such insulation, but will not crush the grillage. And after the increased soil moisture subsides, the heaving is leveled out, and the polystyrene foam will be restored. This process can happen as many times as you like.
It is impossible to evenly distribute local loads from load-bearing walls, partitions, heavy equipment or furniture concentrated in one place over a grillage arranged on a columnar-pile foundation. This grillage should not be in contact with the ground, so that during heaving it will be separated from the piles. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce the grillage, and it is also necessary to strengthen the reinforced frame at the points of connection with the walls using anchors or other connections. For this:
- Vertical reinforcing bars are bent at an angle of 90 0, while the rods are distributed between the levels of the lower and upper chords;
- The grillage formwork inside is also reinforced with a reinforcing belt consisting of longitudinal corrugated rods Ø 8-12 mm, and vertical transverse rods Ø 6-8 mm. The fittings can be replaced with metal clamps;
- From the outside, the corners of the reinforced frame are attached to the grillage with metal clamps or plates;
- The lower deck of the formwork must be protected from moisture penetration.
It is much easier to build a pile-column grillage for a foundation using TISE technology than to build it for a strip foundation, so to strengthen the structure you need to fill the entire formwork along the perimeter of the base with mortar. Then the concrete is compacted, and all that remains is to wait 21-28 days until it completely hardens.
Do-it-yourself chise foundation updated: February 26, 2018 by: zoomfund
Nowadays, the chise foundation is widely used in the construction of private houses. Thanks to its extraordinary design, this base has many important advantages. The main feature of this technology is its low price, and such a foundation can be built without much difficulty with your own hands.
If you have no experience in construction, then you can use step-by-step instructions. The Tise pile foundation has increased strength, even if the soil is unstable and has a negative impact on the foundation, the structure remains motionless. To increase strength, a reinforced concrete grillage is fixed to the columnar foundation of the tise.
Carrying out marking
Use geodesic thread for marking Before building the foundation of the tise, it is necessary to carry out high-quality markings. To easily complete this stage of work, you will need tools such as:
- medium-sized boards or slats;
- stakes;
- geodesic thread;
- long tape measure;
- aluminum level;
In order to correctly mark the foundation using Tise technology, you should follow the step-by-step instructions, example :
It is important to remember that during the period of execution using the chise technology, clear rules of equality must be observed, otherwise the base will be unequal. Due to this, gross discrepancies will appear during the installation of the roof structure.
Each pile must be placed at a certain distance from each other. The required step is in the project documentation. It should be remembered that an individual calculation is drawn up for each residential building project.
Step-by-step instructions for constructing a base
Construction of the TISE foundation
In most cases, people who do not have good experience in constructing buildings plan to carry out the construction of country buildings. For this reason, you should follow step-by-step instructions, which include the following steps:
- preparatory work to clear the construction site of debris and topsoil;
- a soil sample is taken for analysis; before construction it is important to know the result;
- The foundation is calculated, after which the type of pile is determined. Based on the data obtained, the foundation is marked, which includes the installation of castoffs along the entire perimeter of the future structure. The pitch between the supports is calculated, after which each area where the piles will be installed is marked with stakes;
- using a foundation drill, holes are made into which the piles will be installed. The depth level of the supports should be located much lower than the underground types of water. It is important to remember that the level of freezing of the soil structure in each region may have different depths. To make it easier to determine its value, you can use a special table in which you can find the required region.
It is important to be extremely careful when drilling, as hard soil may be encountered in the path of the drill. When using a hand drill, you must clear the path for it yourself. If a mechanical foundation drill is used, then problems will not arise during a collision with hard rocks.
Final procedures
After carrying out the above procedures, we proceed to refining the well, reinforcing and laying waterproofing. For more information about building a foundation using TISE technology, watch this video:
To do this, we take into account the following points:
Features of reinforced concrete structure
With all its shortcomings, the tise foundation is considered reliable and durable in operation. This foundation on reinforced concrete supports can withstand not only the load of a small-sized structure, but also a large-scale building. After installing the structure of the house as a whole, the base does not shrink.
During the construction period, the environment is not disturbed, since all materials used in the construction of supports are environmentally friendly. The construction of the presented foundation is considered not expensive, so anyone can build it.
The Technology of Individual Construction and Ecology (TISE) is patented in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, and has its own protective hologram and trademark. The author of the method, R. Yakovlev, created it with the expectation that all operations would be performed in TISE with his own hands, but with a special tool, which is subject to his copyright.
The essence of the TISE foundation is the construction of a grillage for the house along the heads of pillars that have a widened base. Therefore, some individual developers consider them to be piles, since wells are drilled by analogy with bored structures. However, the depth of the supports of a columnar foundation is always less; there are no widenings on piles.
The creator of the TISE technology installed a columnar grillage in it to eliminate the impact of heaving forces on the foundation:
- deepening the piles below the seasonal freezing of the region;
- small contact area with the ground of the side surface of the racks;
- replacement of heaving soil with crushed stone in the building area and beyond its perimeter by 1.5 - 2 m, if necessary.
Yakovlev received a patent for the original design of the TISE foundation, combining the advantages of piles and pillars:
- using the classical method, you can make pillars with a widened heel by drilling a hole of a larger diameter, filling the base and installing smaller tubular formwork on it;
A column with a widened heel in a well of obviously larger diameter.
- however, in this case, you will have to fill the boreholes with non-metallic material, creating with your own hands a technogenic zone with high drainage properties, in which perched water will inevitably accumulate, and the calculated resistance of the soil adjacent to the body of the pile and, accordingly, the bearing capacity of the structure will sharply decrease;
- when using a standard pile without widening the base, it will be necessary to increase the depth, since the reinforced concrete pillar must rest on the bearing layer, which is usually located much deeper than 2 m, which is already enough to pass the freezing mark and eliminate the buoyancy forces of clay soils from below the base;
At the same time, vertical reinforcement is preserved inside the rack, so calculations of the load-bearing capacity show that a one-story frame house can easily rest on 2 - 3 TISE racks. This provides a multiple margin of safety for the building.
The only problem when choosing a house construction technology is the lack of equipment that can be used to expand the bottom of the well. An original TISE drill costs from 3.5 – 5 thousand depending on the diameter; many individual developers prefer to save money and construct from scrap materials.
Original TISE drill designed by Yakovlev.
Site preparation
Pile and columnar grillages make it possible to do without territory planning. However, it will be necessary to demolish the buildings and foundations that interfere with the construction of the home, and uproot stumps and trees whose roots are dangerous to underground structures.
If the house is planned on an undermined area (a fresh embankment prone to soil subsidence), you can replace part of the soil with crushed stone or other non-metallic material. On the other hand, piles do not require wall drainage or insulation of the blind area or foundation.
Marking
Since the house rests on a columnar hanging grillage, it is necessary to place three axes for each load-bearing wall in the building area:
- in the center of the piles - to drill wells;
- along the outer and inner edges of the grillage - for installation of formwork panels.
In a foundation with a grillage, the amount of excavation work is minimal; site leveling is required only in complex terrain to correct large differences in relief. However, a thrifty owner can remove the entire fertile layer (usually 0.4 m deep) to use it in beds or in landscaping. In any case, it is done in stages:
- cast-offs are made (2 pieces for each wall) - vertical pegs with a horizontal bar;
- cast-offs are mounted 1.5 m from the corners of the building - the horizontal planks are aligned at the same level, 3 cords are attached to each of them, which can be removed at any time, then installed back according to the marks.
Installation of castoffs for the TISE foundation.
The main facade is usually located parallel to the street or at right angles to it. After marking the building site, it is necessary to measure the diagonals and ensure that they completely coincide with each other.
Important! The length of the cast-off posts should ensure that the horizontal crossbar is located 2–5 cm above the design mark of the top edge of the grillage. The length of the lintel is 10 cm greater than the width of the grillage.
This is necessary to secure the cast-offs once, and to be able to pull the cord multiple times.
Production of wells
With a significant safety margin of the foundation, it becomes possible to adjust the location of an individual pile in each row. For example, if a stone is encountered while drilling, the hole in the ground can be moved in a convenient direction without a general loss of the load-bearing capacity of the foundation of the house. The sequence of operations is as follows:
- leader-holes - the creator of the method recommends making pits to a depth of 0.2 - 0.4 m with a bayonet shovel to immerse the entire drilling bit;
- drilling - the plow is removed from the tool or fixed in a vertical position with a special stopper, after 2 - 5 rotations of the drill clockwise, depending on the composition of the soil, the receiver is filled with rock, it is removed and the earth is shaken out to the surface;
- widening of the heel - when the design mark is reached, the plow is released at the face, rotation is carried out without vertical pressure, the knife breaks out the rock in a dome-shaped manner, the tool is periodically pulled to the surface for shaking out.
Technology of drilling a well with expansion at the bottom.
The depth of the well is controlled by the length of the rod and additional extension pipes. The vertical is controlled by a bubble level, which is especially important on slopes. It is recommended to soak hard rocks with water, and crush large stones to a fraction of 5 cm, which the drill can handle on its own - they fit into the hole to capture the soil.
Advice! When making a dome-shaped widening, you cannot change the direction of rotation. For light buildings, 40–50 cm is enough; for heavy cottages, you should use all the capabilities of the drill and make a widening of 60 cm.
When passing through hard rocks, you can tilt the rod alternately in different directions or use a drill with a smaller plow diameter first.
Formwork and reinforcement
So that the house receives the maximum possible resource, using the technologies given in. The use of rolled metal scraps (pipe, I-beam, channel), chain-link mesh and sheet iron is not allowed. Piles must have:
- vertical reinforcement – bars of periodic profile (“corrugated”) 8–14 mm thick, protruding 40 cm above the edge of the formwork;
- transverse reinforcement - frames made of smooth reinforcing bars with a diameter of 6 - 8 mm, square or ring-shaped with a vertical frequency of 40 - 60 cm.
The vertical rods will later be bent at right angles at the level of the lower and upper armored belt of the grillage, and tied to them with wire twists. When placing reinforcement inside concrete, it is necessary to take care of a protective layer that will prevent corrosion of the metal when the structural material gets wet.
Therefore, formwork is first installed in the well, and then reinforcement cages are mounted, onto the rods of which plastic washers are attached to prevent metal contact with the inner wall of the formwork.
Foundation piles are cast in several types of formwork, depending on the construction budget:
- roofing felt - a piece of the required length is cut from the roll, rolled into a cylinder, the edges are fastened with a stapler, then the formwork is wrapped with knitting wire;
- asbestos-cement pipe – adds rigidity to the structure, but is not a waterproofing material and can be destroyed in groundwater;
- polymer pipe - most often polyethylene, which is not afraid of solar ultraviolet radiation, less often, red PVC sewer pipe for outdoor work.
Important! Manufacturers of polymer pipes produce a limited number of diameters, which must be taken into account when designing a columnar foundation and checking the availability of the required range on construction markets in the region.
The height of the formwork should be slightly higher than the base of the grillage, but below its lower reinforced belt. Typically, rack piles are launched into the body of the grillage by 5 - 7 cm.
Concrete laying and maintenance
Due to the small diameter of the formwork, it is very difficult to place the mixture into it - the concrete partially spills out. The problem is added by the vertical reinforcement of the foundation pile of the house; protruding frame rods do not allow the installation of a funnel. Therefore, a funnel can be built from a piece of roofing felt or cardboard on site, connecting the edges with wire or staples. The main nuances at this stage are:
- filling the formwork halfway with concrete;
- seal with the tip of a deep-well vibrator;
- filling to the design level;
- repeated compaction with the same tool or bayonet reinforcement with a rod.
To make the house durable, concrete care is necessary in the first three days:
- backfilling the column that is beginning to harden with sand or sawdust;
- moistening with a watering can as needed.
It is impossible to cover the upper edges of the racks with film, since the reinforcement cages interfere with this.
If the house has a basement, the piles can be extended to install gates and doors. On top of foundations with a grillage, only beam-based floors or factory-made PC slabs are used. It is impossible to fill the floor on the ground. Therefore, on external walls the load from the beams is less, since the beams rest on them at one end. For interior walls, it is advisable to reduce the pitch between the posts, since two beams rest on them at once.
Location of TISE piles
Grillage formwork
To reduce the time of the zero cycle, the construction of grillage formwork begins immediately after concreting the supports. To do this, the side cords are tightened again on the cast-offs; the middle string is not needed, since it will interfere with leveling the concrete surface with a trowel or trowel.
The formwork technology for a hanging grillage is as follows:
- production of decks - knocked together from edged boards or constructed from plywood, OSB, wrapped in polyethylene so that these materials can be reused in partitions, rafter system or sheathing;
- installation of decks - holes for piles are made in the panels, then they are put on the bodies of underground structures protruding from the ground, fixed at a given level with H-shaped posts at intervals of 0.5 - 0.7 m;
Installation of grillage on the lower deck posts.
- side formwork - since the cords are stretched above the design level in a single horizontal level, vertical panels are installed flush along them, fixed on the lower deck with self-tapping screws;
Important! At this stage, there is no need to tighten the side panels with pins and attach internal struts. These operations are carried out after laying the reinforcement cages.
Unlike MZLF, the height of the grillage is usually smaller. Therefore, it is prohibited to manufacture ventilation ducts and communications input units inside it, which weaken the foundation structure.
The lower formwork panel can be replaced with the following structures:
- a layer of non-metallic material - usually sand 0.2 - 0.4 m thick with compaction of 10 cm layers with a vibrating plate (there is no need to spill water, but it is necessary to moisten it from a watering can);
- extruded polystyrene foam - additionally insulates the structure, but is expensive;
Fixed polystyrene foam lower grillage deck.
The sand is covered with a waterproofing material, which prevents the leakage of cement laitance into a layer with high drainage characteristics. After the grillage has gained strength, the material is removed from under it with shovels so that when the clay soil beneath it swells, the grillage does not tear away from the posts, which are not affected by heaving forces due to the small contact surface of the side walls.
Expanded polystyrene is a non-removable formwork, so it is necessary to choose low-density PSB material. If swelling occurs, the soil will crush the insulation sheets without causing damage to the grillage. In spring, the heaving will disappear and the material will return to its original position until the next frost.
Beam reinforcement
The installation of a grillage on a columnar foundation makes it possible to distribute uneven loads of individual sections of the building (partitions, concentration of furniture and equipment). Unlike a strip foundation, the grillage should not have contact with the soil to prevent it from being torn off from the pillars. The grillages are reinforced with frames, reinforced at the junctions of the walls with L-shaped or U-shaped anchors according to the technology:
- the vertical rods of the racks bend at right angles - part at the level of the lower chord, the other at the level of the upper chord;
- frames are laid inside the formwork, in which longitudinal rods of corrugated reinforcement with a diameter of 8–12 mm are tied with transverse and vertical jumpers or rectangular clamps bent from smooth reinforcement 6–8 mm thick;
- external corners are anchored with U-shaped or L-shaped elements; it is strictly forbidden to overlap the bars of adjacent walls, as this will break the reinforcement;
- To provide a protective layer, the frames are laid on the lower deck through polymer or concrete pads.
If necessary (for example, for log houses and buildings made of timber), additional embedded elements (bolts, studs) are installed.
Concreting and maintenance
The construction of a grillage is much simpler than a strip foundation, so the entire formwork is filled with the mixture in a circle. After which, the concrete is compacted by bayonet or the attachment of a deep vibrator. The air must leave the mixture completely, cement laitance forms on the surface and all crushed stones are buried in the thickness of the concrete.
The care is standard - the surface should be covered with a film to prevent excess dehydration or a wet compress should be provided in the first 3 days with sawdust watered from a watering can.
Waterproofing
Regardless of the type of soil on the site, the accessible surfaces of all reinforced concrete foundation structures should be protected with waterproofing material:
- built-up roll with a bitumen layer;
- painting from epoxy, polymer or bitumen mastic;
- plastering from special waterproof mixtures;
In severe geological conditions (clayey or wet soil), this will provide protection from getting wet and the foundation will last longer.
Removing the grillage
The default hanging grillage device provides an underground space in the house, which should be protected from excessive ventilation, animal access and moisture accumulation. This space is not a full-fledged basement, but for example, on slopes it can be made usable by making a gate or door in the back.
Basement siding, brickwork or sheet materials covered with flexible tiles. To do this, you need to make purlins along the vertical elements of the foundation and attach the cladding to them, leaving ventilation vents measuring 1/400 of the underground perimeter.
The perimeter of the building is a vulnerable place for collecting storm and melt water. To protect foundation elements from getting wet, a blind area is used:
- it must be attached to the intake through a damper tape;
- make roof overhangs 10 cm wider;
- give a slope of 4 - 7 degrees outward;
- Build storm water inlets for roof drainage pipes and stormwater gutters into the outer perimeter.
Scheme of the foundation blind area using TISE technology.
Thus, the TISE foundation has practically no restrictions on the geological conditions and topography of the site, and the wall materials of the cottage. The design is available for manufacturing in-house, but only with a special TISE drill with a folding plow.
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TISE is the abbreviated name of a company specializing in the development of new simple and cheap technologies in individual construction. In 1996, this company invented a new type of drill (TISE-F) with a folding plow. This device helped to significantly reduce the cost of creating supports and eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional method. The base is suitable for buildings of any type made of wood, brick, panels or foam blocks, even in areas with high seismic activity, on slopes, heaving soils and in the conditions of the Far North (permafrost). Species for which it is unsuitable are quicksand (saturated with water), weak soils.
The technique is based on the use of simple equipment, with which you can quickly and cheaply install the foundation yourself, even without any experience in construction.
Types of bases
Depending on the permissible load, one of three types of TISE is selected:
- Columnar - without grillage. The cheapest option, suitable only for light one-story buildings. The height of the piles above the ground is 200-300 mm, the depth of laying is 1600 mm.
- Columnar-tape - with a grillage, suitable for buildings up to three floors high. Standard (for wooden structures): height of piles above the ground - 10-20 cm, depth of wells - 160 cm, distance between pillars - 160-190 cm, turnkey price - from 4250 rubles/linear. m (including work). Type Reinforced (for brick buildings): height of pillars above the soil - 10-20 cm, depth of wells - 185 cm, distance between supports - 120-140 cm, concrete M350 and above, cost of a turnkey foundation - from 5000 rubles/linear. m.
- With a basement - no restrictions on number of floors. It is mounted using removable TISE formwork.
The essence of the technology is similar to the conventional method of installing a bored foundation with your own hands. Holes are drilled with a heel in the lower part - an expansion of a hemispherical shape with a diameter of up to 600 mm. The heel increases the load-bearing capacity of the pile several times and prevents the supports from being pushed out of the soil under the influence of frost heaving. AIII reinforcement and roofing felt formwork are placed in the holes and concrete is poured.
Roofing felt is also waterproofing. Then a grillage (frame) made of reinforced concrete is installed. This is a lattice that unites all the piles into a single structure. It must be suspended above the ground. This helps prevent frozen soil from pressing on the foundation of the building. The absence of direct contact with the soil reduces heat loss, exposure to groundwater on the floor, and reduces vibration (if the building is located next to a highway or railroad).
Materials and tools:
- sand;
- crushed stone;
- cement;
- fittings;
- TISE-F drill or TISE driller.
If electricity is available, you can use a concrete mixer, construction mixer, vibrator, or electric drill.
DIY instructions
1. Draw up a diagram of the location of the piles.
2. Apply markings to the area.
3. Remove the plow from TISE-F.
4. Rotating the drill clockwise, drill a cylindrical part of the hole with a diameter of about 250 mm. A mark is made on the rod to control the depth. The well must end below the freezing level of the soil. If the soil is hard and rough, then add a small amount of water to the hole. The soil receiver is emptied as it is filled.
5. Place the plow on the bar.
6. Lower the drill with the plow into the hole and begin to rotate counterclockwise. As a result, there will be an expansion at the bottom.
7. Clear the well of clods of soil. There is no need to fill the sand.
8. Using a level or hydraulic level, set a mark for the lower edge of the grillage.
9. Install a metal frame of 4 reinforcement rods with a diameter of 10-14 mm in each hole. If the soil in the area is heaving, then the rods are made of such a height that they can be connected to the grillage’s reinforcing mesh.
10. Prepare a solution with a strength grade of at least M300.
11. Pour concrete into the pile extensions.
12. Place a shirt made of roofing felt or roofing felt. It should reach the harness.
13. Fill the well completely to the top of the jacket.
14. Mount formwork for a grillage from wooden boards on top of the dried piles. Its width depends on the thickness of the building walls, its height is no more than 50 cm. The bottom is made of bulk soil, on which roofing felt or roofing felt is laid. The walls are also covered with waterproofing material.
15. Place reinforcing bars inside the formwork in two rows of four pieces each and tie them with wire. The frame should not move; before filling with mortar, polyethylene pipes are inserted into the formwork, to which communications will be connected.
16. Pour concrete. It is advisable to do this in one day, without interruption.
17. After the solution has hardened, remove the soil from under the piping.
When making it yourself, the cost per linear meter is 1.5-2 thousand rubles.
Foundation drill TISE-F
TISE is a device consisting of two rods and a soil receiver with a loosening-cutting edge at the bottom. The difference from a conventional garden auger is the presence of a folding, removable plow, with the help of which it is much easier to make an expansion at the base of the wells for the piles. The plow is easily rearranged, firmly fixed in intermediate positions, and lowers under its own weight. The work can be done by one person. It is recommended to use gloves made of lightweight fabric.
The maximum drilling depth is 2 m. If necessary, you can purchase a rod extension, which can be used to make deeper holes. To dig the cylindrical part of the well, a motor drill or a gas drill is also used, but for making the heel, TISE-F is most convenient. This device is not only used individually, it is also used by professional construction crews.
Overview of options (depending on the diameter of the cylindrical part):
- TISE-F200 (diameter 200 mm) - for installation of fences, fences, foundations, structures of the smallest weight (garages, bathhouses, gazebos, light outbuildings) price 5,000 rubles;
- TISE-F250 (diameter 250 mm) - for constructing the foundation of frame buildings, made of timber, panels, foam blocks, price 5,500 rubles;
- TISE-F300 (diameter 300 mm) - for the construction of a foundation with tying piles above ground level with a monolithic grillage, price 5,700 rubles.
The diameter is affected by the width of the pile heel. The larger this size, the higher the load-bearing capacity. The drill is suitable not only for installing a new foundation, but also for strengthening or replacing the old one under a standing house. The weight of the device, depending on the diameter, is up to 12 kg, the dimensions are compact, and transportation in public transport is possible.
Another device for wells is the TISE driller. It differs from the drill in the increased volume of the soil receiver and the reinforced design of the plow. Available in three diameters - 200, 250 and 300 mm.
Reviews
“The house has been standing on the TISE foundation for 4 years. I haven’t noticed any shortcomings, nothing cracks or shrinks. We don’t live there yet, but the load is already normal: there is a screed, heating, water supply, sewerage. I read the reviews for a long time and thought about it before settling on the technology, but the winner was that the product had a large margin in terms of load-bearing capacity, and it required 4 times less concrete. Drilling wells yourself is not easy, especially expansion ones. It seemed inconvenient that the gap under the grillage could not be closed. But 2 years ago we had a flood, and water just flowed under my house and the draft dried the soil within three days.”
Ivan, Yekaterinburg.
“I am a builder myself, it is advisable to select any foundation individually, after the designer’s calculations. TISE can be erected only on soils with a density of at least 2-2.5 kg/cm2 and only for walls of lightweight construction and low-rise buildings. I have installed more than ten such systems. I live in a house on poles, but I always choose this option carefully.”
Kirill, Moscow.
“TISE foundation is applicable only on dense soils. In weak ones, the hole trunk is damaged when removing the drill and installing reinforcement. The soil crumbles to the bottom of the well, and a good, high-quality pile design cannot be achieved. The pillar actually stands on bulk soil.”
Peter, Nizhny Novgorod.
“My house is located on TISE, in principle everything is fine. The disadvantage is that this foundation is really only beneficial for self-construction.”
Pavel, St. Petersburg.
Tise pile-grillage foundation
Natural forces often have a significant impact on objects built on the soil surface. Sometimes the magnitude of such loads leads to partial or complete destruction of the foundation and the impossibility of further operation of the structure. To reduce this impact, the Tise pile-grillage foundation was invented. The features of its design and manufacturing technology will be discussed further.
Getting to know the foundation of TISE
As noted above, the foundation with the incomprehensible name TISE belongs to the pile-grillage group. Their feature is the successful combination of concrete foundations. At the same time, there is a significant saving in concrete and production time.
The Tise columnar foundation, in contrast to the traditional pile foundation, has one significant feature - its supports are almost impossible to squeeze out of the soil by the forces of off-season heaving. Thanks to this, this foundation has a number of positive qualities:
- It can be used on almost 97% of all types of soil available in our country. Thus, the chise foundation can be fully considered universal.
- Unlike traditional strip and pile foundations, which require mandatory loading in the winter, the described type of foundation can remain unloaded. This property is indispensable in individual construction, especially in the absence of the required amount of funds for the entire scope of work.
All of the above is connected with one feature of tise piles - they have a significant expansion in the lower part, the so-called sole. It is thanks to it that the total load on the foundation is distributed over a large area of soil, and the extrusion of piles is also prevented.
Technologically, it is impossible to obtain a well of the required shape using traditional screw drills, manual and mechanical. For the foundation of the chise, you will need to purchase a special tool of a rather complex design. Due to great demand, it is not difficult to buy it in any city; in addition, there is also the possibility of renting it.
Chise pillars are often supplemented with a special concrete banding, which in construction is called a grillage. Thanks to it, it is possible to use a fairly large list of wall materials when constructing structures on similar types of foundations.
In recent years, foundation slabs using the TISE system are often found under houses.
Until now, it has not been possible to obtain an ideal type of foundation. Each of them has both positive and negative aspects. Tise technology has its pros and cons. However, there are few negative aspects. The main one is to limit the load, which does not allow the use of foundations under multi-storey buildings and buildings made of brick and concrete.
Technologically, building a foundation using Tise technology with your own hands is quite affordable. To give an idea of the process, below we will consider its main stages.
DIY TISE foundation. Design
Work should begin outside the construction site. It is necessary to carry out a foundation design using Tise technology using the design bureau, professional builders, or independently. It is first necessary to design the house itself, select its number of storeys, the material of the walls and ceilings, the type of roof and the type of roofing material.
Errors at this stage of work are fraught with the futility of all subsequent actions. An incorrect design will either lead to unjustified costs for the construction of an overly reinforced TISE foundation, or, more dangerously, to a foundation that will not be able to withstand the load applied to it. We recommend that you turn to professionals at this stage.
Preparation and marking of the site
Directly at the site of the future construction of the foundation using the Tise technology, one should begin with leveling the site. In addition, professionals recommend removing the top layer of soil to a depth of about 250 mm. This can be done either manually using a shovel or bayonet shovel, or using special equipment.
Next, markings are made according to which the piles will be located using the Tise technology. The outer and inner perimeters of the walls of the house are preliminarily outlined. In the middle between them there will be a line on which the drilling points are located. It is easy to calculate the number of supports for the TISE foundation by dividing the expected weight of the structure by the load-bearing capacity of each pile. The distance between the wells is calculated by dividing the perimeter of the walls by the required number of holes in the ground.
Drilling of the wells
Each stage of manufacturing a TISE foundation is important for the overall result. Wells must be drilled strictly vertically to the required depth. The load-bearing capacity of a chise pile depends on its length and diameter. In private housing construction, supports with a width of 200 mm are mainly used, therefore, the main variable is the length of the concrete rod.
If it is necessary to complete this stage in a short time, it is better to use the services of professional drillers and specialized construction equipment on automobile chassis. If the construction budget is limited, you will have to perform this difficult operation manually.
A special feature of the TISE foundation drill is the presence of an additional deflecting knife that can move away from the body of the tool at a certain depth. Thanks to this, the well, which is cylindrical throughout its entire length, acquires an expansion at the base with a diameter of 600 mm. As a rule, this value is sufficient to achieve the desired result. To obtain piles of the required length, the drill is equipped with additional rods. To make the process easier, you can use a rented motor drill.
Formwork and concreting
To obtain a foundation with the required characteristics, it is mandatory to install formwork in the wells. To do this, you can select ready-made plastic or asbestos-cement pipes, or use sheets of roofing felt. Keeping in mind the limited construction budget, we will dwell in detail on the cheapest option.
Having drilled holes for the pile of tiss of the required depth, a sheet of roofing material of slightly greater length is cut from the roll. Then it is rolled lengthwise and lowered into a hole in the ground. After this, the roofing material is straightened inside so that it is adjacent to the walls of the well.
To obtain high-strength concrete, it is necessary to reinforce the chise pile. For this purpose, class AIII steel reinforcement with a diameter of 10 or 12 mm is used. As a rule, four long rods are lowered into each well. On the soil surface, the rods must first be connected with jumpers made of similar or less thick reinforcement. To do this, use soft knitting wire or welding.
After completing the formwork and reinforcement, the foundation of the tise is poured with concrete. Moreover, for the subsequent installation of a grillage - an airy concrete strip raised above the ground, the head of each pile must be located at a certain height relative to the soil level. You can mix concrete either in a concrete mixer or buy it ready-made for delivery using an automixer.
Making a grillage
When using timber or lumber as wall building materials, it is possible to make a foundation without a grillage. For other cases, it is necessary to make a concrete frame. It is a rectangular strip hanging on stilts above the ground.
To obtain a high-quality foundation, formwork for the grillage is installed. It is a wooden box installed along the entire length of future walls. To avoid subsidence under the entire formwork, temporary sand bedding is carried out to the height of the installation of the strapping. The formwork should be positioned in such a way that the protruding parts of the chise pile rods are located inside.
Having installed and strengthened the formwork, we begin to reinforce the grillage. Similar to reinforcing piles, pre-connected reinforcing bars are placed inside the formwork. Using vertical jumpers, a gap to the bottom plane of the grillage is reached at least 5 cm. A similar distance of the armored belt must be maintained to the side and top edges.
When reinforcing the TISE foundation grillage, special attention should be paid to the corners and junctions of the partitions. Here the rods, previously bent at a right angle, must overlap each other by at least 1 meter. This will provide the required strength to the grillage. You can also strengthen the concrete strip by using reinforcement of a larger diameter.
Having installed the reinforcing frame, it is filled with concrete, prepared directly at the work site or purchased at a concrete plant. To compact the mass and remove air, the mixture is treated with a construction vibrator. After this, the surface of the grillage is covered with burlap and left.
In order for the foundation to gain maximum strength, it is necessary to moisten the covering material during the first few weeks. This is especially true in the case of hot, dry weather conditions. After curing for several months, you can begin further work. It is better to install the lower floors on several rows of masonry, since it is impractical to make a floor on a foundation due to high heat losses in the future.