The role of outdated words in the modern world. The concept of archaisms. The cultural value of ancient vocabulary

Obsolete words are a special group of words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.

Historicisms

These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in the modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is boyar, voivode, petitioner, estate. They do not have synonyms in modern language, and you can only find out their meaning from an explanatory dictionary. Basically, such outdated words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.

So, for example, petitioning is: 1) bowing with the forehead touching the ground; or 2) written request. Stolnik is a courtier, one degree lower than a boyar, who usually served at the boyar or royal table.

Most outdated historicism words are found among names related to military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, arquebus, valley, prosak, armyak, seeder, camisole.

Here are some example sentences containing obsolete words. “Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governors, and said that they were taking away their estates and then giving them away; nobles, stewards and boyars’ children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks and archers also came to the tsar, bringing petitions , asked for grain and cash wages."

Currently, one of the numerous groups of historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budyonnovets, educational program, committee of the poor, NEP, lichenets, NEPman, Makhnovets, food surplus.

Archaisms

Obsolete languages ​​are classified into another broad group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that have fallen out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common words used today. Here are the cheeks, right hand, loins, verses, tightness, ramen. Accordingly, their modern analogues are cheeks, right arm, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.

There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:

a) lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant);

b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);

c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);

In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words.

And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; industrialists and wealthy merchants also lived there, courtyards, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”

In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the sense of household), shop (trading enterprise), nameless. It is easy to notice that there are also historicisms here: okolnichy, boyar.

Outdated words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity and make the literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always consult an explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not ultimately turn into nonsense.

MBOU "Bryansk City Lyceum No. 2 named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov"

on the topic: “Archaisms”

Student Mitsuk M.R.

Physics and mathematics group

Teacher Voronina N.B.

Bryansk, 2013

Introduction

Archaisms (from the Latinized ancient Greek. ἀ ρχα ῖ ος - « ancient") are words, phrases, some grammatical forms and syntactic structures denoting objects, phenomena, actions that have fallen out of active use due to their replacement by new ones, but have synonyms in modern speech. Archaisms should not be confused with historicisms. Historicisms are words or stable phrases denoting the names of objects that once existed but disappeared, have completely gone out of circulation, and have no analogues in the Russian language. Archaisms, in contrast to historicisms, are outdated names of objects used in modern life, and historicisms are names of outdated objects or phenomena. Archaisms are also called “relics” of antiquity. There are many archaisms in the Russian language, but they are used quite rarely in colloquial speech. From the point of view of life, archaisms are something that has lost its meaning or changed its meaning. Archaisms are directly related to traditions: everything that tradition refuses to hold is archaic. At the same time, tradition does not remain constant, and its change can turn archaism into completely natural meanings.

Chapter 1. Why did archaisms appear?

The main reason for the appearance of archaisms is the development of language: some words are replaced by others, filled with new, more modern meaning. The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing and continuously enriched. Some words live for centuries, others die out before they are born, or find another use, another meaning of existence. Language is a living organism; it itself regulates the set of words needed by a given generation at a given time. It is not possible to artificially change the set of words in a language.

Chapter 2. Types of archaisms

In the Russian language there are 2 groups of archaisms. They are similar in that they have already left everyday communication, but continue to remain in the language itself in one form or another. A group of lexical and grammatical archaisms.

· Lexical archaisms are outdated words that have completely changed their structure, but have a corresponding synonym in modern speech. Lexical archaisms, in turn, are divided into 3 subgroups:

Semantic archaisms are words that have been preserved in modern language, but are used in an outdated meaning (belly - in the meaning of “life”; shame - in the meaning of “spectacle”; existent - in the meaning of “existing”).

Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words that have retained their meaning, but have a different pronunciation instead of the obsolete one (glad - hunger;

piit - poet; mirror - mirror).

Lexico-word-formative archaisms are words that have retained their meaning, but have a different word structure instead of the outdated one (action - disaster; answer - answer; shepherd - shepherd).

· Grammatical archaisms are words that are not part of the modern language system, but are preserved only in certain set expressions. Let's look at this using the example of the expression “talk of the town.” The form “pagans” is not explainable from the point of view of modern types of declension. This is a frozen form of the word “language” or “tongues”, preserved due to the stability of the expression itself. The impossibility of replacing it with a corresponding modern form is determined by the specific meaning of the entire phrase, the semantic archaism of the words included in it.

Chapter 3. Why are archaisms needed?

Function of archaismsExamples1. The use of archaisms helps to convey the era of a certain historical period in works of art. To know history, you need to know the words of that time. One of the examples of the use of archaisms is a line from A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prophet”: “Arise, prophet, and see, and listen...”. In this case, the word “see” has a synonym in modern speech - “look”, and the word “listen” means “listen”.2. Archaisms enrich our speech, they make it brighter. After all, these words were passed down by many people from generation to generation. Many sayings using archaisms that carry an instructive meaning are still used. “Take care like the apple of your eye” - this expression is a phraseological unit, but it is based on the archaisms “apple” and “eye”. If we translate this phrase into modern Russian, it will sound like this: “Take care of the pupil of the eye.” It’s not difficult to guess that “apple” = pupil, and “eye” = eye.

Also, a huge number of people, especially those who have lived a long life, use outdated words in their speech, without knowing it. What we now call archaisms are the most common words for them. These people use archaisms out of habit; for them they are irreplaceable. 3 pages

archaism word obsolete

Completion

Many people find archaisms in literature and understand that it is quite appropriate to use them in modern speech. However, most often archaisms acquire the status of final extinction. I think that language should follow a natural path, and archaisms should not be revived. It is worth paying tribute to traditions, but living in the past is not permissible; we need to look for new ways of development. This applies to both language and people’s speech. I believe that in a few decades, the words we use now will also become archaisms for people of future generations.

Note

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837) - Russian poet, playwright and prose writer. Author of many works valued all over the world.

References

1.Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia.

TSB (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) - 3rd edition, work in 30 volumes, 1970.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov (1900-1964) - 22nd edition.

Nurullaev Rubin and Duysenova Dinara.

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

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Regional scientific and practical conference “Step into the future”

Research work on Russian language

on this topic

"Using Outdated Words in Everyday Life"

The work was completed by 10th grade students

MKOU "Osypnobugorskaya Secondary School"

Privolzhsky district, village. Osypnoy Hill

Nurullaev Rubin and

Duisenova Dinara.

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko

Svetlana Georgievna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

2013

Routing

The topic of the scientific work is “The use of obsolete words in everyday life”

School: MKOU "Osypnobugorsk Secondary School"

Information about scientific supervisors – Svetlana Georgievna Kirichenko

Information about the submitted work:

Type of work – abstract and research

Presence in the introduction of an object, subject, goals, objectives of the study - +

Availability of a work plan - +

Number of sources in the bibliographic list –

Preliminary testing of work - school conference

Study period: October-January

Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko S.G.

Head of the institution: G. A. Khalmetova

Research plan

1. Research plan. page 3
2. Introduction. page 5
3. Purpose of work p.5
4. Hypothesis.p. 5
5. Relevance and significance of the work.p. 5
6. Tasks p.5
7. Introduction. page 6.
8. Chapter I “Historical information of the Volga region.” page 6.

Chapter II “Why are there so many different languages?” page 7.

1. Chapter II “Outdated words.” page 8.
2. Sociological survey. page 11
3. Knowledge of outdated words. Page 12
4. Usage of words taking into account different age categories. p. 13
5. Dependence of the use of words taking into account age characteristics.p. 15
6. Lists of people by recognition category.p. 16
7. .List of words with other meanings.p. 17
8. Competition “The best expert on obsolete words.” p. 19
9. Conclusion. page 20
10. Bibliography. page 21
11. Appendix.page 22

Introduction

Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that acquired new meanings over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.

Goal of the work: Find out how outdated words are used in everyday life.

Hypothesis: We assumed that the words are used, but less every year.

Relevance and significance of the work:Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.

Novelty of the work: preserving obsolete words as history, memory of one’s small homeland.

Tasks: 1) Study the literature on this topic.

2) Conduct a sociological survey.

3) Find out the degree of use of words in the form of graphs and

Table

Introduction. Historical information of the Volga region

Privolzhsky district - a municipal entity in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionRussia.

Privolzhsky district is located in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionin the delta of the Volga River and borders on the north withNarimanovsky And Krasnoyarsk districts, in the east with Volodarsky districtand the city areaAstrakhan. The area of ​​the district is 840.9 km².

Based on the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Volga region in the Astrakhan region” datedThe 20th of October1980- Privolzhsky district was formed in the Astrakhan region, with the center in the villageNachalovo, due to part of the territoryNarimanovsky districtAstrakhan region. 39 rural settlements.

The population is 40.1 thousand people.

Why are there so many different languages?

The development of language as a means of communication is regulated by two opposing trends: divergence (divergence)

convergence (convergence). These trends are closely related to each other and each individual segment of the historical development of language gives way to each other in the conditions of communication. This is manifested in the fact that the collapse of a once unified linguistic community causes linguistic divergence: new linguistic features that appear in the speech of one of the separated tribes do not spread to the language of the remaining separated groups, and this leads to the accumulation of linguistic differences between them. This is how dialects are formed, varieties of a once common language.

A dialect is the smallest unit of dialect division of a language. In all dialects, the linguistic landscape is considered. Dialects are combined into adverbs, larger territorial units.

Unfamiliar words, but each locality has its own, special words. These are regional or dialect words. They are not part of the national language, but are used only in dialects, and not everywhere, but only in a certain territory. That is why all modern languages ​​in different territories of their distribution are represented by local dialects (in our time - only in rural areas), reflecting the ancient fragmentation of the population of different regions.

Over a long period of isolated development, so many differences can accumulate that different dialects can develop into different languages. On the contrary, in the case of a unification of tribes, integration of dialects inevitably begins, which is expressed in the smoothing out of linguistic differences, the spread of new linguistic features to the speech of all population groups included in such a union. Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

For example: trouble - very, trouble - hard, difficult.

Bereznik - birch forest, bereznik - boletus mushroom.

A lyapa is a slow person, a lyapa is to leave quickly, a lyapa is a small fish.

Outdated words

The words in our vocabulary can be very different in terms of the time of their appearance in the language. The overwhelming majority of old words are included in the active vocabulary, are used by us often and, due to their constant functioning in speech, are not recognized by the old (cf. the words of proto-Slavic origin father, white, carry, when, himself, house, sky, etc.) . Moreover, they form the basis of modern modern vocabulary, although it is replenished with new words very intensively. At the same time, among words that are old in terms of their appearance (even relatively recent), there is also a generally very significant group of words that are used rarely, under certain conditions, in other words, are outdated.

Outdated wordscan be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) - these are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. For example:

"Now they were petitioners..."

The highlighted word is historicism. It has no synonyms in modern Russian. The meaning can only be explained by resorting to an encyclopedic description. This is exactly how they are presented in explanatory dictionaries:

1. Petition, -I, cf. 1. In ancient Rus': bow to the ground with the forehead touching the ground. 2. In ancient Rus': a written request.
2. Petitioner, -a, m. In ancient Rus': the one who filed a petition. Petition, oh, and. In ancient Rus': petition (in 2nd meaning), Stolnik, -a, m. In ancient Rus': a courtier, a degree lower than a boyar, originally a courtier who served at the princely or royal table).

The reason for the appearance of historicisms in the language is the change in life, customs, and the development of technology, science, and culture. One things and relationships are replaced by others. For example, with the disappearance of such types of clothing as the armyak, camisole, caftan, the names of these types of clothing disappeared from the Russian language; they can now only be found in historical descriptions. Gone forever are the words: serf, quitrent, corvee and others associated with serfdom in Russia, along with the corresponding concepts.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement by new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in various ways: a different lexical meaning(guest - merchant, belly - life), different grammatical design(perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), with a different morphemic composition(friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features(Gishpanish - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. To clarify the meaning of such words when working with the text of a work of art, it is necessary to use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words. This will help avoid mistakes in interpreting the text.

The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in the updating of its vocabulary: one words are replaced by others.

Words that are forced out of use do not disappear without a trace: they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic flavor of the era.

Sometimes outdated words begin to be used in a new meaning. Thus, the word has returned to the modern Russian language dynasty . Previously, it could only be combined with such definitions as royal, monarchical. Now they talk and write about working dynasties, miner dynasties, meaning families with an “inherited” profession.

We became interested in the population living on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, since during the study of the material it turned out that outdated words are made up of dialects of different peoples, their customs, way of life, and with the development of technology. And this is due to the appearance of historicisms and archaisms in the language.

Having studied the nationalities of the population of our village, we displayed our research in a diagram:

From this diagram it can be seen that people of different nationalities live on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, which amounts to 3,140 people. The Tatars occupy the largest number. From this it can be assumed that the obsolete words that were and are used in this territory were formed due to the merging and smoothing of linguistic differences, and the spread of new linguistic features that formed new words.

Sociological survey

The next stage of the research work was a sociological survey among residents of the village of Osypnoy Bugor, belonging to different age groups.

3 groups were identified. A total of 100 people were interviewed.

We included people under 11 years of age (4th grade) in the first group. A total of 53 people.It was interesting to find out whether the proposed words are used by this age category, because Basically, everything modern is valuable to them.

The second age category included people from 12 to 15 (grades 6 – 9) years. Total 33 people. A feature of this age is the transition of children's views to a more serious understanding of life.

The third age category included people 16-17 years old (grades 10-11). There are 17 people in total.At this age, people increasingly begin to appreciate the customs and traditions of their ancestors. More and more often they remember their past, assessing their actions with a new look.

Questionnaire questions were asked.

Questions:

1) Do they know the words presented?

2) What words are used?

3) How did you find out about them?

We gave each group different words.

See Appendix 1

Knowledge of obsolete words

Table 1

Usage of words taking into account different age categories.

table 2

Using the table, you can distribute the use of words in this way. 65% know words under 11 years of age

They know these words because...

1) We heard them from our parents.

2) Remember them.

55% of words are not used.

12 - 15 years old, 75% actually do not use because... the words are old, but now it’s fashionable to use Western words: cool, awesome, super, O.K. etc., and old words are forgotten.

50% of 16-17 year olds know, heard from relatives and began to use these words. But they have a peculiar pronunciation. Rarely used.

Dependence of the use of words on age characteristics

The graph shows that the percentage of words used is decreasing and it can be assumed that the next generation will completely stop using these words, because they are not studied and are spoken quite rarely. Thus, a large layer of the cultural life of the village may disappear.

Lists of people by recognition category

Conclusion: The table shows that most people know the words from relatives. There are people who know words from books. A small percentage of people learned the words from village residents.

List of words with other meanings

During the study, we examined additional information on this list of words. It turned out that these words have different meanings. It depends on the territory and the cultural characteristics of the population and the area.

Bajit 1. Predict.

ObrosikhaIlyinsk.

2. Drive in the game.

MusonkinoKarag.

Say 1. Move. Interpret, narrate, tell something. Plishkari El.

2.Convene.

Berezovka Us.

Z. Scold.

N. Zalesnaya Os.

Wheatear 1. Blackberry.

VilvaSol.

2. A weed with regular yellow small flowers and bitter and sour juice, used as a medicinal product; celandine.

OsokinoSol.

Orel Us R. Romanovo Us.

Z.About a retarded young man.

RakinoCherd.

Lesson 1. Work assigned for a certain period. Gubdor Krasnov.

SvalovaSol.

2.Tax

Lensk Kungur..

In our village, many words have the same meaning and pronunciation. This suggests that the traditions and customs of the population of this territory are very closely intertwined. This also applies to language features.

Each village of the Volga region has its own highlight. In this case, these are words that were used only in our village.

Competition “The best expert on obsolete words”

To preserve outdated words, we held a competition for the title of “The best expert on outdated words” that were used on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council.

Conclusion: not all students were interested in the competition. And since the younger generation is not interested in the past, the problem of communication between generations arises.

Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn from the research work:

1) The formation of the linguistic characteristics of village residents has gone through a long historical path.

2) The formation of traditions, customs and rituals occurred thanks to the development of several archaeological cultures in this territory.

H) The formation of modern peoples is the result of the political and economic unification of tribes or population groups.

4) Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.

5) The pronunciation and meaning of words are passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Less commonly learned from books.

6) Depending on age, the use of these words decreases.

We believe that it is necessary to know the outdated words of our area, because this is our culture, our history.

The result of the work was the book “Outdated Words in Pictures”

Suggested methods for saving words:

1) Opening of a linguistic club at the school.

2) Holding school holidays using outdated words.

3) Holding events in the museum using antiques.

Bibliography

1.G.N.Chagin “Peoples and cultures of Astrakhan in the 19th - 20th centuries. "Astrakhan, 1986"

2. I.S. Kaptsugovich “Book for reading on the history of Astrakhan” Astrakhan book publishing house, 1992

3. Textbook “Modern Russian Language” Publishing House “Prosveshchenie” 2005

4. Internet resources.

5. Dictionary of dialects p. Scree Hill.

Application

Appendix 1. Sociological survey.

Vocabulary for 4th grade

Chest of drawers - a low cabinet with drawers for linen or small items,

Azure - light blue color, blue,

To convey from mouth to mouth - to communicate something to another person,

Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass,

Buried - hid,

If only - if

At the Lukomorye - at the sea bay,

Bright purple - red,

He's shivering - someone is shivering from the cold,

Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with printed drawings, letters,

Biryuk is a beast, a bear,

Tenetnik - cobweb, spider.

Dictionary for grades 6-9

Bayat - talk, talk,

Golik - broom,

Kamenka - a stove in a bathhouse,

Zenitsa - eye, pupil,

Alcohol - hunger

The shooter is a fidget, naughty,

Dol is the same as valley,

Bajit - to predict,

Altyn - a three-kopeck coin,

Arshin – measure of length (0.71 m)

Evening - evening,

Vya - neck,

Right hand - right hand,

Yesen - autumn

Otkul - from where,

Saden is pain,

Tyn - hedge,

Shaber is a neighbor.

Dictionary for grades 10-11

Knickers - trousers,

Bajit - to predict.

To talk - to talk, to talk.

Venge - cry.

Veres - juniper.

Gasnik - lace.

Golik is a broom.

Yes - yes.

Kamenka is a stove in a bathhouse.

Swing - swing.

Nozem - manure.

Window - window.

Uglan is a boy

Run away - run away

Lesson - damage, evil eye.

Faishonka - headscarf,

Seine is a large fishing net,

Incense is a pleasant, aromatic smell.

Words that have ceased to be actively used in a language do not disappear from it immediately. For some time they are still understandable to speakers of a given language, they are known from fiction, although everyday speech practice no longer needs them. Such words make up the passive vocabulary and are listed in explanatory dictionaries with the mark obsolete.
The process of archaization of part of the vocabulary of a language, as a rule, occurs gradually, therefore, among the obsolete words there are those that have a very significant “experience” (for example, child, vorog, reche, scarlet, therefore, this); others are removed from the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, since they belong to the Old Russian period of its development. Some words become obsolete in a very short period of time, having appeared in the language and disappeared in the modern period; cf.: shkrab - in the 20s replaced the word teacher, rabkrin - Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate; NKVD officer - NKVD employee. Such nominations do not always have corresponding marks in explanatory dictionaries, since the process of archaization of a particular word may be perceived as not yet completed.
The reasons for the archaization of vocabulary are different: they can be extralinguistic (extralinguistic) in nature, if the refusal to use the word is associated with social transformations in the life of society, but they can also be determined by linguistic laws. For example, the adverbs oshyu, odesnu (left, right) disappeared from the active dictionary because the producing nouns shuytsa - “left hand” and desnitsa - “right hand” were archaized. In such cases, the systemic relationships of lexical units played a decisive role. Thus, the word shuytsa fell out of use, and the semantic connection of words united by this historical root also disintegrated (for example, the word shulga did not survive in the language in the meaning “left-handed” and remained only as a surname, going back to a nickname). Antonymous pairs (shuytsa - right hand, oshyu - right hand), synonymous connections (oshyu, left) have been destroyed. However, the word right hand, despite the archaization of words associated with it through systemic relations, remained in the language for some time. In Pushkin's era, for example, it was used in the “high syllable” of poetic speech; cf: And the sting of the wise snake was put into my frozen mouth by the bloody right hand (P.), while Oshaya was only an echo of dilapidated archaism, and its use was possible only in a satirical context: Oshayu here sits with me the eighth wonder of the world (Bat .)
In its origin, the outdated vocabulary is heterogeneous: it contains many native Russian words (lzya, so that, this, semo), Old Slavonicisms (glad, kiss, loins), borrowings from other languages ​​(abshid - “retirement”, voyage - “travel”, polites - politeness).
There are known cases of the revival of obsolete words, their return to the active vocabulary. Thus, in modern Russian, such nouns as soldier, officer, ensign, minister and a number of others are actively used, which after October became archaic, giving way to new ones: Red Army soldier, chief division, people's commissar, etc. In the 20s, from the passive vocabulary, the word leader was extracted, which even in the Pushkin era was perceived as outdated and was listed in the dictionaries of that time with the corresponding stylistic marking. Now it is being archaized again. Relatively recently, the Old Church Slavonic word parasite has lost its archaic connotation.
However, the return of some obsolete words to the active vocabulary is possible only in special cases and is always due to extralinguistic factors. If the archaization of a word is dictated by linguistic laws and is reflected in the systemic connections of vocabulary, then its revival is excluded.

Would you please, sirs and madams, to taste the fruits of learning your native language? This arrangement of words in a sentence is unusual and attracts attention with its originality, doesn’t it? But in the past, such a statement was common and did not surprise anyone. In this article we will talk about lexical units that have lost their relevance.

In contact with

Classmates

The concept of archaism

The Russian language has an “outdated stock” of words - veterans who have served their time and out of use, these are archaisms. But they did not disappear, but became a passive language stock. You can use such words if you understand their meaning.

Something new always appears in place of the old, and so it is in this case. Lexical elements that have gone out of use have been replaced by new words-synonyms (equivalents) that have the same meaning.

Examples of archaisms should be given to make the conversation more substantive: cheeks(cheeks), neck(neck), hand(palm), listen(listen). We see that some of them would not be clear on their own without explanation. There are archaisms that are understandable, their meaning is more open and lies in the associative connection with modern languages, for example, eyes(eyes), hope(hope), etc.

Dictionaries

Not only the word can be considered archaic. Explanatory dictionaries provide several definitions for this phenomenon. In Ushakov's dictionary it is a word or concept that has fallen out of use. The dictionary of linguistic terms talks about the archaic, which has acquired a new, modern meaning. The dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language calls outdated expressions - archaisms - neologisms. Ozhegov also talks about “relics of the past” and the obsolescence of a word or lexical form.

Types of archaisms

There is a division of archaisms into the following types:

• lexical;
• grammatical;
• lexical - word-formative;
• lexical-semantic;
• lexical-phonetic.

Lexical those that have an obsolete root are considered ( in vain- in vain). They are completely outdated and are no longer found in modern speech (only in literature): so that, hope, fasting, fasting.

Grammar can be considered one of the most ancient. These are words that were previously used in the vocative case (the seventh case of the Russian language, abolished): father, maiden, man! This also includes forms of speech that were formed differently. Example: at the ball(at the ball).

Derivational archaisms are distinguished by the fact that they contain parts of the word: suffixes, prefixes, endings, which participate in the creation of a new form of the word. Examples: coffee- coffee, assistance- assistance.

In lexical-semantic old meanings of words have disappeared ( guest- overseas merchant thief- state traitor, stomach- life, sail- sail), new ones came instead. “Not sparing your belly” - this is how they swore to faithful service to the Tsar and the Fatherland. The word “people” has now lost some of its old meanings (house servants, workers).

Religious texts almost entirely consist of semantic archaisms. They are difficult to perceive by ear. Moreover, many words that have fallen out of use originally had a different meaning than in our time. Enemy- devil (demon), sly- the same thing: devil or demon, lovely - temptation (demonic charm), etc.

Lexico-phonetic have undergone replacement of letters within the word: numbers- numbers, just- only, mirror- mirror, project- project, string- lace. This also includes words in which the sound “е” is changed to “e” when pronounced: confused, upo new, distant, kneeling (kneeling). Poets are very fond of phonetic archaisms, since they (archaisms) contain a certain musicality and rhythmic pattern.

World of Art

The world of art, and in particular literature, is archaic in many ways. This is especially true for poetry and Russian classics. Historical works They also convey well the linguistic atmosphere of the past. You can imagine how people spoke, how sublime, pathetic and somewhat florid the language was. But it sounded very nice!

Archaisms were used by writers and poets, to give meaning to the text, embedded in the work itself, conveys the character of the heroes. A.P. Chekhov used them for a special comic shade characteristic of many of his works. M.E. SAltykov-Shchedrin used archaisms in satirical works. There are many examples of classics.

A. S. Pushkin, V. A. Zhukovsky and other poets of the late 18th - early 19th centuries used words - archaisms to embody rhythmic meter. Especially for poetic works, abbreviated (outdated, incomplete) forms of some words are “convenient” - breg, hail, gold etc.

Archaisms were also used earlier and are now used to add sublimity to poetry and festivity. This is how odes, epigrams, poems, sonnets were (and are) written.

Historicisms

A type of archaism is a group of words and lexical constructions of the language that denote those objects or phenomena that do not exist or are no longer used, have fallen out of use. This occurs in the process of development of human society and linguistic transformations; these phenomena exist historically in parallel.

Here are examples of historicisms:

• cloth: zipun, shushun, kokoshnik, caftan, onuchi etc.;
• titles: boyar, prince, king;
• positions: constable, mayor, mayor, canteen, clerk, solicitor, etc..;
• weapon: mortar, arquebus, club, whip;
• territories: volost, district, district, district.

The use of archaisms in the speech of our contemporaries is a frequent occurrence. Many people try to insert something like “for”, “sir”, “very grateful” into the story in order to make a “speakable word”. This technique makes speech more colorful and emotional, encourages the listener to communicate.

You can also often find archaism; it is not necessary to know the meaning of the word; it sometimes becomes clear from the context of the phrase. For example: “I’m spinning aki bee". The word "aki" means "like".

The Russian language is colorful and many-sided. The word formation process goes on in it tirelessly, and the old is not forgotten.