The manual contains the basic concepts and terms of one of the main disciplines of the subject block “Technical Mechanics”. This discipline includes such sections as “Theoretical Mechanics”, “Strength of Materials”, “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines”.
The methodological manual is intended to assist students in self-studying the course “Technical Mechanics”.
Theoretical mechanics 4
I. Statics 4
1. Basic concepts and axioms of statics 4
2. System of converging forces 6
3. Flat system of arbitrarily located forces 9
4. The concept of a farm. Truss calculation 11
5. Spatial system of forces 11
II. Kinematics of a point and a rigid body 13
1. Basic concepts of kinematics 13
2. Translational and rotational motions of a rigid body 15
3. Plane-parallel motion of a rigid body 16
III. Dynamics of point 21
1. Basic concepts and definitions. Laws of dynamics 21
2. General theorems for the dynamics of a point 21
Strength of materials22
1. Basic concepts 22
2. External and internal forces. Section method 22
3. The concept of voltage 24
4. Tension and compression of straight timber 25
5. Shear and crushing 27
6. Torsion 28
7. Transverse bend 29
8. Longitudinal bending. The essence of the phenomenon of longitudinal bending. Euler's formula. Critical voltage 32
Theory of mechanisms and machines 34
1. Structural analysis of mechanisms 34
2. Classification of flat mechanisms 36
3. Kinematic study of flat mechanisms 37
4. Cam mechanisms 38
5. Gear mechanisms 40
6. Dynamics of mechanisms and machines 43
Bibliography45
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
I. Statics
1. Basic concepts and axioms of statics
The science of the general laws of motion and equilibrium of material bodies and the resulting interactions between bodies is called theoretical mechanics.
Static is a branch of mechanics that sets out the general doctrine of forces and studies the conditions of equilibrium of material bodies under the influence of forces.
Absolutely solid body A body is called the distance between any two points of which always remains constant.
A quantity that is a quantitative measure of the mechanical interaction of material bodies is called by force.
Scalar quantities- these are those that are completely characterized by their numerical value.
Vector quantities – These are those that, in addition to their numerical value, are also characterized by direction in space.
Force is a vector quantity(Fig. 1).
Strength is characterized by:
– direction;
– numerical value or module;
– point of application.
Straight DE, along which the force is directed, is called line of action of force.
The set of forces acting on any solid body is called system of forces.
A body that is not attached to other bodies, to which any movement in space can be imparted from a given position, is called free.
If one system of forces acting on a free rigid body can be replaced by another system without changing the state of rest or motion in which the body is located, then such two systems of forces are called equivalent.
The system of forces under the influence of which a free rigid body can be at rest is called balanced or equivalent to zero.
Resultant – this is the force that alone replaces the action of a given system of forces on a solid body.
A force equal to the resultant in magnitude, directly opposite to it in direction and acting along the same straight line is called balancing force.
External are the forces acting on the particles of a given body from other material bodies.
Internal are the forces with which the particles of a given body act on each other.
A force applied to a body at any one point is called concentrated.
Forces acting on all points of a given volume or a given part of the surface of a body are called distributed.
Axiom 1. If two forces act on a free absolutely rigid body, then the body can be in equilibrium if and only if these forces are equal in magnitude and directed along the same straight line in opposite directions (Fig. 2).
Axiom 2. The action of one system of forces on an absolutely rigid body will not change if a balanced system of forces is added to it or subtracted from it.
Corollary of the 1st and 2nd axioms. The action of a force on an absolutely rigid body will not change if the point of application of the force is moved along its line of action to any other point of the body.
Axiom 3 (parallelogram of forces axiom). Two forces applied to a body at one point have a resultant applied at the same point and represented by the diagonal of a parallelogram built on these forces, as on the sides (Fig. 3).
R = F 1 + F 2
Vector R, equal to the diagonal of a parallelogram built on vectors F 1 and F 2, called geometric sum of vectors.
Axiom 4. With any action of one material body on another, there is a reaction of the same magnitude, but opposite in direction.
Axiom 5(hardening principle). The equilibrium of a changing (deformable) body under the influence of a given system of forces will not be disturbed if the body is considered hardened (absolutely solid).
A body that is not attached to other bodies and can make any movement in space from a given position is called free.
A body whose movements in space are prevented by some other bodies fastened or in contact with it is called unfree.
Everything that limits the movement of a given body in space is called communication.
The force with which a given connection acts on a body, preventing one or another of its movements, is called bond reaction force or communication reaction.
The communication reaction is directed in the direction opposite to the one where the connection prevents the body from moving.
Axiom of connections. Any unfree body can be considered as free if we discard the connections and replace their action with the reactions of these connections.
2. System of converging forces
Converging forces are called whose lines of action intersect at one point (Fig. 4a).
The system of converging forces has resultant, equal to the geometric sum (principal vector) of these forces and applied at the point of their intersection.
Geometric sum, or main vector several forces, is depicted by the closing side of a force polygon constructed from these forces (Fig. 4b).
2.1. Projection of force onto the axis and onto the plane
Projection of force onto the axis is a scalar quantity equal to the length of the segment taken with the appropriate sign, enclosed between the projections of the beginning and end of the force. The projection has a plus sign if the movement from its beginning to the end occurs in the positive direction of the axis, and a minus sign if in the negative direction (Fig. 5).
Projection of force on the axis is equal to the product of the modulus of the force and the cosine of the angle between the direction of the force and the positive direction of the axis:
F X = F cos.
Projection of force onto a plane is called the vector enclosed between the projections of the beginning and end of the force onto this plane (Fig. 6).
F xy = F cos Q
F x = F xy cos= F cos Q cos
F y = F xy cos= F cos Q cos
Projection of the sum vector on any axis is equal to the algebraic sum of the projections of the summands of the vectors onto the same axis (Fig. 7).
R = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + F 4
R x = ∑F ix R y = ∑F iy
To balance a system of converging forces It is necessary and sufficient that the force polygon constructed from these forces be closed - this is a geometric equilibrium condition.
Analytical equilibrium condition. For the system of converging forces to be in equilibrium, it is necessary and sufficient that the sum of the projections of these forces on each of the two coordinate axes be equal to zero.
∑F ix = 0 ∑F iy = 0 R =
2.2. Three Forces Theorem
If a free solid body is in equilibrium under the action of three non-parallel forces lying in the same plane, then the lines of action of these forces intersect at one point (Fig. 8).
2.3. Moment of force relative to the center (point)
Moment of force relative to the center is called a quantity equal to taken with the corresponding sign, the product of the force modulus and the length h(Fig. 9).
M = ± F· h
Perpendicular h, lowered from the center ABOUT to the line of action of the force F, called force arm F relative to the center ABOUT.
The moment has a plus sign, if the force tends to rotate the body around the center ABOUT counterclockwise, and minus sign- if clockwise. Educational - methodical allowanceBook >> Philosophy
Educational allowance includes 10 ... create a completely new science - classical mechanics. Classical Mechanics– the science of the laws of motion... of optoelectronic devices, the field of scientific and technical use). 8.What technologies are used in...
Technical operation of vehicles in agriculture
Study Guide >> Transport... : Yu.G. Korepanov T38 Technical exploitation vehicles in agriculture: educationally-methodical allowance/ Yu.G. Korepanov. ... mechanics. The purpose of the course project: To deepen and consolidate theoretical and practical knowledge in the subject " Technical ...
Production technical infrastructure of TMO service enterprises
Course work >> TransportFor relax; masters room ( mechanics); smoking rooms For storing technological clothes... Educational-methodical allowance. – Tyumen: TyumGNGU, 1996. – 245 p. Napolsky G. M. Technological design of motor transport enterprises and stations technical ...
Educational-introductory practice at KamchatSTU
Practice report >> PedagogyShip power plants, navigation, theoretical Mechanics, Physical Culture, refrigeration machines and... methodological and other works of department staff. Preparation of textbooks, educational benefits and other manuals. Propaganda of scientific and technical ...
Technical mechanics. Vereina L.I., Krasnov M.M.
8th ed. - M.: 2014.- 352 p.
The textbook is intended for studying the subject “Technical Mechanics” and is part of the educational and methodological set for disciplines of the general professional cycle for technical specialties. The fundamentals of theoretical mechanics, strength of materials, parts and machine mechanisms are outlined; Examples of calculations are given. Information is provided on the main methods of changing the mechanical properties of materials and trends in the development of machine and mechanism designs. The textbook can be used in the study of the general professional discipline OP.02 “Technical Mechanics” in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Professional Education in technical specialties. For students of secondary vocational education institutions.
Format: pdf(2014, 352 pp.)
Size: 17.3 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
Format: pdf(2013, 352 pp.)
Size: 9.6 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
CONTENT
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Theoretical mechanics 8
1.1. Basic concepts and axioms of statics 8
1.2. Connections and their reactions 11
1.3. Flat force system 15
1.4. Elements of friction theory 23
1.5. Spatial force system 26
1.6. Determining the center of gravity 32
1.7. Kinematics of point 39
1.8. The simplest movements of a rigid body 45
1.9. Complex point movement 54
1.10. Addition of two rotational movements 58
1.11. Laws of dynamics, equations of motion of a material point. D'Alembert's principle 66
1.12. Forces acting on points of a mechanical system 70
1.13. Theorem on the motion of the center of mass of a mechanical system 72
1.14. Work of force 75
1.15. Power 80
1.16. Efficiency 81
1.17. Moments of inertia of a rigid body 82
1.18. Theorems on the change in momentum of a material point and a mechanical system 84
1.19. Theorem on the change in angular momentum of a material point 90
1.20. Theorem on the change in the kinetic moment of a mechanical system 92
1.21. Theorem on the change in kinetic energy of a material point 94
1.22. Differential equations of translational motion of a rigid body 96
1.23. Differential equation of rotational motion of a rigid body around a fixed axis 96
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Strength of Materials 99
2.1. Basic Concepts 99
2.2, Tension and Compression 101
2.3, Basic mechanical characteristics of materials 108
2.4. Tensile and compressive strength calculations 110
2.5. Shear and crush 111
2.6. Torsion 114
2.7. Straight transverse bend 120
2.8. Determination of bending displacements 144
2.9. Theory of limiting stress states - 150
2.10. Concept of fatigue resistance 160
2.11. Strength under dynamic loads 168
2.12. Stability under axial loading of the rod 170
2.13. Revealing the static indetermination of rod systems 180
Chapter 3, Machine parts and mechanisms 191
3.1. Machines and their main elements 191
3.2. Basic criteria for performance and calculation of machine parts 194
3.3. Engineering materials 202
3.4. Rotary parts 207
3.5. Housing parts 208
3.6. Springs and springs 211
3.7. Permanent connections of parts 213
3.8. Detachable connections of parts 233
3.9. Plain bearings 247
3.10. Rolling bearings 253
3.11. Clutches 256
3.12. Friction gears - 260
3.13. Belt drives 261
3.14. Gears 270
3.15. Worm gears 288
3.16. Chain drives 300
3.17. Sliding screw nut 308
3.18. Screw-nut 312
3.19. Rack and pinion gears 314
3.20. Crank mechanisms 316
3.21. Rocker mechanisms 317
3.22. Cam mechanisms 319
3.23. General information about gearboxes 320
Chapter 4. Changes in the mechanical properties of materials 325
4.1. Basic methods of changing mechanical properties 325
4.2. Strengthening treatment by plastic deformation 326
4.3. Increasing the wear resistance of surface layers 328
4.4. Surface Coatings 329
4.5. Strengthening of surface layers by chemical-thermal treatment 331
4.6. Strengthening lead screws 332
Applications 334
References 347
5th ed., rev. - M.: 2002. - 336 p.
The manual contains systematically selected typical problems throughout the course, general guidelines and tips for solving problems. Problem solving is accompanied by detailed explanations. Many problems are solved in several ways.
For students of mechanical engineering specialties of secondary specialized educational institutions. May be useful for students of technical universities.
Format: djvu (2002 , 5th ed., revised, 336 pp.)
Size: 6.2 MB
Download: yandex.disk
Format: pdf(1976 , 3rd ed., revised, 288 pp.)
Size: 20.5 MB
Download: yandex.disk
Content
Preface
Chapter I. Operations on vectors
§ 1-1. Vector addition. Rules for parallelogram, triangle and polygon
§ 2-1. Decomposition of a vector into two components. Vector difference
§ 3-1. Addition and decomposition of vectors in a graphic-analytical way
§ 4-1. Projection method. Projection of a vector onto an axis. Projections of a vector onto two mutually perpendicular axes. Determination of a vector sum by the projection method
Section one Statics
Chapter II. Plane system of converging forces.
§ 5-2. Addition of two forces
§ 7-2. Polygon of forces. Determination of the resultant of converging forces
§ 8-2. Equilibrium of Converging Forces
§ 9-2. Equilibrium of three non-parallel forces
Chapter III. Arbitrary flat system of forces
§ 10-3. Moment of a couple of forces. Addition of force pairs. Equilibrium of force pairs
§ 11-3. Moment of force about a point
§ 12-3. Determination of the resultant arbitrary plane system of forces
§ 13-3. Varignon's theorem
§ 14-3. Equilibrium of an arbitrary plane system of forces
§ 15-3. Equilibrium taking into account friction forces
§ 16-3. Articulated systems
§ 17-3. Statically definable trusses. Methods for cutting nodes and through sections
Chapter IV. Spatial system of forces
§ 18-4. Force parallelepiped rule
§ 19-4. Projection of force onto three mutually perpendicular axes. Determination of the resultant system of spatial forces applied to a point
§ 20-4. Equilibrium of a spatial system of converging forces
§ 21-4. Moment of force about the axis
§ 22-4. Equilibrium of an arbitrary spatial system of forces
Chapter V. Center of gravity........................
§ 23-5. Determining the position of the center of gravity of a body composed of thin homogeneous rods
§ 24-5. Determining the position of the center of gravity of figures composed of plates
§ 25-5. Determination of the position of the center of gravity of sections composed of standard rolled profiles
§ 26-5. Determining the position of the center of gravity of a body composed of parts having a simple geometric shape
Section two Kinematics
Chapter VI. Kinematics of a point
§ 27-6. Uniform rectilinear movement points
§ 28-6. Uniform curvilinear movement of a point
§ 29-6. Uniform motion of a point
§ 30-6. Uneven movement of a point along any trajectory
§ 31-6. Determination of the trajectory, speed and acceleration of a point if the law of its motion is given in coordinate form
§ 32-6. Kinematic method for determining the radius of curvature of a trajectory
Chapter VII. Rotational motion of a rigid body
§ 33-7. Uniform rotational movement
§ 34-7. Equally alternating rotational motion
§ 35-7. Uneven rotational movement
Chapter VIII. Complex movement of point and body
§ 36-8. Addition of the movements of a point, when the portable and relative movements are directed along the same straight line
§ 37-8. Addition of the movements of a point when the portable and relative movements are directed at an angle to each other
§ 38-8. Plane-parallel body motion
Chapter IX. Elements of kinematics of mechanisms
§ 39-9. Determination of gear ratios of various gears
§ 40-9. Determination of gear ratios of the simplest planetary and differential gears
Section three Dynamics
Chapter X. Motion of a material point
§ 41-10. Basic law of point dynamics
§ 42-10. Application of d'Alembert's principle to solving problems involving the rectilinear motion of a point
§ 43-10. Application of d'Alembert's principle to solving problems involving the curvilinear motion of a point
Chapter XI. Work and power. Efficiency
§ 44-11. Work and power in forward motion
§ 45-11. Rotational work and power
Chapter XII. Basic theorems of dynamics
§ 46-12. Problems involving translational movement of the body
§ 47-12. Problems involving rotational movement of the body
Arkusha A.I. Guide to solving problems in theoretical mechanics, 1971
(8.5Mb) - Download
Arkusha A.I., Frolov M.I. Technical mechanics, 1983
(130Mb) - Download
Bat M.I., Dzhanelidze G.Yu., Kelzon A.S. Theoretical mechanics in examples and problems,
Vol.1 - Statics and kinematics, 1967 (7 MB) - Download
Vol.2-Dynamics, 1966 (7.1 MB) - Download
Berezova O.A., Drushlyak G.E., Solodovnkov R.V. Theoretical mechanics,
Collection of problems, 1980. (7.2 MB) - Download
Butenin N.V., Lunts Ya.L., Merkin D.R. Theoretical mechanics course,
Vol.1 - Statics and kinematics, 1979 (2.8 MB) - Download
Gernet M.M. Theoretical mechanics course, 1973
(5.6Mb) - Download
Dievsky V.A., Malysheva I.A. Theoretical mechanics. Collection of tasks, 2009
(25Mb) - Download
Ishlinsky A.Yu. Theoretical mechanics. Letter designations quantities, 1980
(0.3Mb) - Download
Kepe O.E. Collection of short problems on theoretical mechanics, 1989
(8MB) - Download
Kirsanov M.N. Reshebnik. Theoretical mechanics, 2002
(2.8Mb) - Download
, 1986 and later years of publication.
(6MB) - Download
Meshchersky I.V. Collection of problems on theoretical mechanics, 1975
(9Mb) - Download
Loytsyansky L.G., Lurie A.I. Theoretical mechanics course,
Vol.1 - Statics and kinematics, 1982 (10.3 MB) - Download
Vol.2-Dynamics, 1983 (12.9 MB) - Download
Novozhilov I.M., Zatsepin M.F. Typical computer-based calculations for theoretical mechanics.,
1986 (2.2 MB) - Download
Olofinskaya V.P. Technical mechanics, 2007
(10Mb) - Download
Setkov V.I. Collection of problems on technical mechanics., 2003
(7Mb) - Download
Starzhinsky V.M. Theoretical mechanics. Short course on the full program of technical colleges, 1980
(0.8Mb) - Download
Targ S.M. Short course in theoretical mechanics, 1986
(6.5Mb) - Download
Theoretical mechanics. Guidelines and control tasks for part-time students of construction, transport, mechanical engineering and instrument-making specialties of higher educational institutions. Ed. Targa S.M. , ed. 3, 1982
(1.9Mb) - Download
Theoretical mechanics: Guidelines and test assignments for part-time students of thermal power, mining, metallurgical, electrical instrument making and automation and technological specialties, as well as specialties of geological, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and automation, chemical technology and engineering economic higher educational institutions. Ed. Targa S.M. , ed. 3, 1983
(2.8Mb) - Download
Theoretical mechanics: Guidelines and test assignments for part-time students of energy, mining, metallurgical, electrical instrument making and automation, technological specialties, as well as geological, electrical, electronic engineering and automation, chemical-technological and engineering-economic specialties of universities. Ed. Targa S.M. , ed. 4, 1988
(1.1Mb) -
1. Arkusha. A.I. Technical mechanics. Theoretical mechanics and strength of materials: Textbook. for medium specials textbook establishments/A. I. Arkusha. - 4th ed., rev. - M.: Higher. school., 2002. - 352 pp.:
2. Arkusha A.I. Guide to solving problems in theoretical mechanics.
– M.: graduate School, 2002
Perm State Technical University
Department of General Physics
Physics
Guidelines and control tasks
for correspondence students.
Part I
MECHANICS
MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Perm 2002
UDC 53(07):378
UMD plan 2001/2002 academic year.
Physics: Guidelines and test assignments for correspondence students. Part I. Mechanics. Molecular physics and thermodynamics / Perm State Technical University, Perm, 2002. - 71 p.
Compiled by: Zverev O.M.., Ph.D., Loschilova V.A.., Chernoivanova T.M.., Shchitsina Yu.K.. Under general editorship Tsaplina A.I., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor.
General recommendations on the application of physical laws and formulas to solving problems, rounding rules, a work program, a list of references, examples of solving problems on the topics "Mechanics. Molecular Physics. Thermodynamics", training problems with answers, a verification test and tasks for completing two tests are provided. . Tables are given with option numbers and task numbers for each option, as well as reference tables.
Reviewer: Bayandin D.V., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
The publication is stereotypical. Approved at a department meeting.
ã Perm State
Technical University, 2002
Introduction........................................................ ............................................ 4
Bibliography................................................ ............................ 4
1. Brief guidelines for independent
studying the course................................................... .................................. 5
2. Guidelines for solving problems.................................................... 5
3. About approximate calculations................................................... ............ 7
4. Basic formulas. Kinematics. Oscillations and waves. Dynamics. 9
4.1. Examples of problem solving........................................................ ............. 15
4.2. Training tasks......................................................... ............... thirty
4.3. Verification test................................................... ....................... 33
4.4. Test № 1............................................................ 36
5. Basic formulas. Molecular physics. Thermodynamics........ 45
5.1. Examples of problem solving........................................................ ................. 49
5.2. Training tasks......................................................... ................... 57
5.3. Test No. 2................................................... .................... 59
6. Questions to prepare for the exam.................................................... ..... 67
7. Reference tables............................................................. ........................... 69
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this publication is to provide part-time students with a work program and control tasks in the course of general physics.
All educational material of the course program is divided into three parts:
1. "Mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics."
2. "Electrostatics. D.C. Electromagnetism".
3. "Optics. Physics of the atom and atomic nucleus."
Each part contains: work program, list educational literature, examples of problem solving, training tasks, test tasks, reference tables.
The distribution of the volume of classes and types of academic work when studying physics for part-time students of all specialties is given in Table. 1.
Table 1
The main form of studying the discipline is independent work student over the recommended literature. It is advisable to work through the material using examples of problem solving, training tasks, test tasks, and reference tables.