Word from Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky) of Leningrad and Novogorod during the Liturgy in the Cathedral of the Epiphany.
Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky) of Leningrad and Novgorod
The patriotism of the Russian person is known to the whole world. According to the special properties of the Russian people, it bears the special character of the deepest, ardent love for the homeland. This love can only be compared with love for a mother, with the most tender care for her. It seems that in no other language is the word “mother” placed next to the word “motherland”, like ours.
We say not just homeland, but mother - homeland; and how much deep meaning there is in this combination of the two most precious words for a person!
A Russian person is endlessly attached to his fatherland, which is dearer to him than all the countries in the world. He is especially characterized by longing for his homeland, about which he has a constant thought, a constant dream. When the homeland is in danger, then this love especially flares up in the heart of a Russian person. He is ready to give all his strength to protect her; he rushes into battle for her honor, integrity and integrity and shows selfless courage and complete contempt for death. Not only does he look at the matter of protecting her as a duty, a sacred duty, but it is an irresistible dictate of the heart, an impulse of love that he is unable to stop, which he must completely exhaust.
Prince Dimitry Donskoy
Countless examples from our native history illustrate this feeling of love for the homeland of the Russian people. I remember the difficult time of the Tatar yoke, which weighed heavily on Russia for about three hundred years. Rus' is destroyed. Its main centers have been destroyed. Batu crushed Ryazan; Vladimir burned to ashes on the Klyazma; smashed Russian army on the City River and went to Kyiv. With difficulty, the prudent leaders - the Russian princes - restrained the impulse of the people, not accustomed to slavery and eager to free themselves from the chains. The time has not come yet. But one of Batu’s successors, the fierce Mamai, with ever-increasing cruelty, is trying to finally crush the Russian land. The time has come for a final and decisive struggle. Prince Dimitri Donskoy goes to the Trinity Monastery to St. Sergius (of Radonezh) for advice and blessing. And the Monk Sergius gives him not only firm advice, but also a blessing to go against Mamai, predicting success in his cause, and releases two monks with him - Peresvet and Oslyabya, two heroes, to help the soldiers. We know from history with what selfless love for the suffering homeland the Russian people went to battle. And in the famous Battle of Kulikovo, although with enormous casualties, Mamai was defeated, and the liberation of Rus' from the Tatar yoke began. Thus, the invincible power of love of the Russian people for their homeland, their universal irresistible will to see Rus' free, defeated a strong and cruel enemy who seemed invincible.
Prince Alexander Nevsky
The same features of the general non-native upsurge marked the struggle and victory of St. Alexander Nevsky over the Swedes near Ladoga, over the German dog knights in the famous Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipus, when the Teutonic army was completely defeated. Finally, a famous era in Russian history Patriotic War with Napoleon, who dreamed of the conquest of all peoples and dared to encroach on the Russian state. By God's providence he was allowed to reach Moscow itself, to strike the heart of Russia, as if only to show the whole world what the Russian people are capable of when the fatherland is in danger and when almost superhuman strength is needed to save it. We know only a very few names of these countless patriotic heroes who gave all their blood, to the last drop, for the fatherland.
At that time there was not a single corner of the Russian land from which help did not come to the motherland. And the defeat of the brilliant commander was the beginning of his complete fall and the destruction of all his bloodthirsty plans.
One can find an analogy between the historical situation of that time and the present one. And now the Russian people, in unparalleled unity and with an exceptional impulse of patriotism, are fighting against a strong enemy who dreams of crushing the whole world and barbarously sweeping away in its path everything valuable that the world has created over centuries of progressive work of all mankind.
This struggle is not only a struggle for one’s homeland, which is in great danger, but, one might say, for the entire civilized world, over which the sword of destruction is raised. And just as then, in the era of Napoleon, it was the Russian people who were destined to liberate the world from the madness of the tyrant, so now our people have the high mission of liberating humanity from the excesses of fascism, returning freedom to enslaved countries and establishing peace everywhere, so brazenly violated by fascism. The Russian people are moving towards this holy goal with complete selflessness. Daily<…>There are news about the successes of Russian weapons and about the gradual disintegration in the fascist camp. This success is achieved through indescribable tension and unprecedented feats of our amazing defenders amid the incessant roar of guns, among the terrible whistle of hellish shells, the alarming, insidious sounds of which no one who heard them will forget, in an atmosphere where death hovers, where everything speaks of the suffering of living human souls.
But victory is forged not only at the front, it originates in the rear, among civilians. And here we see an extraordinary uplift and the will to win, an unshakable confidence in the triumph of truth, in the fact that “God is not in power, but in truth,” as St. Alexander Nevskiy.
In the rear, which under the current conditions of war is almost the same front, old people, women, and even teenage children are all actively participating in the defense of their native country.
One can point to countless cases where people who seem completely uninvolved in war and hostilities show themselves to be the most ardent accomplices of the belligerents. I'll point out a few examples. An air raid alert has been declared in the city. Disregarding the danger, not only men, but also women and teenagers rush to take part in protecting their homes from bombs. They cannot be kept in the house, they cannot be driven into a shelter. In my presence, one 12-year-old schoolboy, when asked by his mother not to go to the roof during an air raid, told her with conviction that he could extinguish bombs better than an adult, that his father was protecting his homeland, and he must protect his home and his mother. And in fact, this young patriot was ahead of many adults and put out four bombs in a few days. There are so many examples when young and, conversely, older people try to hide their years so that they can be enrolled as volunteers in the Red Army. One old man cried bitter tears in front of me because he was denied entry as a volunteer and was thus deprived of the opportunity to contribute his share in the defense of the fatherland. This is the will to win, which is the key to victory itself. And here is another case from life itself. A man comes out of the temple and gives alms to an old beggar. She tells him: “Thank you, father, I will pray for you and for God to help defeat the bloody enemy - Hitler.” Isn't this also the will to win?
But here is a mother who accompanied her son, a pilot, to the Southern Front and then learned that it was on this front that there were hot battles. She is sure that her son died, but she subordinates the feeling of maternal grief to the feeling of love for her homeland and, having cried out her grief in the temple of God, she says almost with joy: “God helped me to contribute my share of helping my homeland.” I know more than one case when people with the most insignificant means put aside a ruble to contribute to defense needs. One very old man sold his only valuable thing - his watch - in order to make a sacrifice for the defense.
All these are facts, randomly taken from life, but how much they say about the feeling of love for the homeland, about the will to win! And there are many such cases that can be cited, each of us has them before our eyes, and louder than any words they speak about the invincible power of patriotism that has gripped the entire Russian people in these days of testing. They say that truly the entire people both effectively and spiritually rose up against the enemy. And when all the people rose up, they were invincible.
As in the time of Demetrius Donskoy, St. Alexander Nevsky, as in the era of the struggle of the Russian people with Napoleon, the victory of the Russian people was due not only to the patriotism of the Russian people, but also to their deep faith in God’s help to a just cause; just as then both the Russian army and the entire Russian people fell under the cover of the Mounted Voivode, the Mother of God, and was accompanied by the blessing of the saints of God, so now we believe: the whole heavenly army is with us. It is not for any of our merits before God that we are worthy of this heavenly help, but for those exploits, for the suffering that every Russian patriot bears in his heart for his beloved motherland.
We believe that even now the great intercessor for the Russian land, Sergius, extends his help and his blessing to the Russian soldiers. And this faith gives us all new inexhaustible strength for persistent and tireless struggle. And no matter what horrors befall us in this struggle, we will be unshakable in our faith in the final victory of truth over lies and evil, in the final victory over the enemy. We see an example of this faith in the ultimate triumph of truth, not in words, but in deeds, in the unparalleled exploits of our valiant defenders-soldiers who fight and die for our homeland. They seem to be telling us all: we were entrusted with a great task, we courageously took it upon ourselves and preserved our loyalty to our homeland to the end. Among all the trials, among all the horrors of war, which have not happened since the world stood, we did not waver in our souls. We stood for the honor and happiness of our native land and fearlessly gave our lives for it. And, dying, we send you a covenant to also love your homeland more than life and, when someone’s turn comes, to also stand up for it and defend it to the end.
“When visiting one of the schools, I noticed a student reading a book about pioneer heroes. It’s good that the book was preserved, and the students read it with pleasure. After talking with the girl, I noted to myself that she knows about young heroes not from this book, but also from others felt joyful for the child who came into contact with the great and heroic history of her people, who imitated the actions of her peers-heroes. I am sure that she was filled with pride for her country, for her ancestors, and most importantly, she realized that she was also involved in a glorious tribe. winners."
In modern conditions, patriotism and the educational functions of domestic history are given a special, special, unifying role in solving the most important problems of society and the state, in protecting the national interests of the Fatherland. This has always been the case when there was a need to exert spiritual strength in the name of the Motherland.
The holy feeling of patriotism, truly is the source of the spiritual strength of the Russian person, encourages each of us to prepare ourselves for the defense of the Fatherland, starting from school; involves the formation, first of all, of the younger generation, in whom the future of the country lies, of high moral, moral, psychological and ethical qualities, civil and military duty, responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland.
So what is patriotism? What is the meaning of this concept? Patriotism in Russia was formed over many centuries of struggle against numerous external enemies. It contains a bright reflection of the fate of the Fatherland. The essence of patriotism, i.e. a deep, internally stable connection of an individual with his people, with his homeland, manifests itself in attachment to his native places, native language, nature, to those social relations, traditions, spiritual culture that function at different social levels, starting with the family, home .
Occurs concept patriotism, from the Greek "patris" - homeland, fatherland. Patriotism means a person’s love for his Motherland, for his people, pride in him, excitement, worry for his successes and sorrows, for victories and defeats, willingness to make efforts to prosper and ensure the independence of the Fatherland.
Patriotism personifies love for one's Fatherland, involvement in its history, culture, and achievements.
Patriotism is the highest spiritual state of a person as an individual; it develops and is filled with content based on the value orientations that have been formed in him since childhood. And it is formed in schoolchildren from an attitude towards the history of the Fatherland as personal dignity and honor. If this is not the case, then there will be no patriotism.
What do we mean by the concept of Motherland, Fatherland? The Motherland is the territory, the geographical space where a person was born, the social and spiritual environment in which he grew up, lives and is brought up. Conventionally, a big and a small Motherland are distinguished. By the big Motherland we mean the country where a person grew up, lives and which sent relatives and friends for him. Small Motherland is the place of birth and formation of a person as an individual.
Love for the Fatherland, Motherland is comparable only with love for one’s own parents, father and mother. The loss of the Motherland means a person’s loss of personal dignity and happiness. A. S. Pushkin said this beautifully and eternally:
Two wonderful feelings are close to us
The heart finds food in them
Love for fathers' coffins,
Always on them, from century to century,
By the will of God himself
Self-sufficiency of Man,
The key to his greatness!
These words resonate in a special, relevant way today.
Love for the Motherland probably arises in different ways. At first this happens unconsciously: just as a plant reaches out to the sun, a child reaches out to his father and mother. Growing up, he begins to feel attached to friends, to his native street, to the village, to the city. And only as he grows up, gaining experience and knowledge, he gradually realizes the greatest truth, his belonging to his mother-Fatherland, responsibility for it. This is how a patriotic citizen is born.
The patriotism of a Russian person is a unique, peculiar phenomenon, so great, deep and selfless is his love for the Fatherland. Many Western values and guidelines have not taken root in Russia and, apparently, will not take root. Russian patriotism is characterized by its spiritual fullness. What are its features? What and how does it manifest itself?
Firstly, he is characterized by a deeply conscious national character, high responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, and its reliable defense. Numerous historical facts indicate that literally all classes selflessly defended the independence of Rus' and its national unity.
Let us recall the appeal of Peter the Great to the Russian army before Battle of Poltava(1709). This patriotic idea is simply and succinctly formulated in it. “Warriors,” the address said, “the hour has come that will decide the fate of the Fatherland. And so you should not think that you are fighting for Peter, but for the state entrusted to Peter, for your family, for the Fatherland: And about Peter know that his life is not precious to him, as long as Russia lives in bliss and glory, for your well-being.”
Secondly, it reflects the historical fact that for most of its history Russia was a great state, the stronghold of which was the army. The sovereign character of Russian patriotism predetermined among Russians a feeling of great national pride in the great Russia, high responsibility for the fate of peace on the planet.
Thirdly, it is international in nature. People of different religions and cultures rightfully call themselves Russians, because they have one homeland - Russia. History convincingly confirms that the peoples of Russia have always unanimously and selflessly defended their united Motherland. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky in 1612 consisted of representatives of different nationalities and peoples. In the Patriotic War of 1812, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kalmyk cavalry, and military formations of the peoples of the Caucasus took part. Famous military leaders N.B. Barclay - de Tolly, I.V. Gurko, I.I. considered themselves honored to be called Russian officers. Dibich - Zabalkansky, R.D. Radko - Dmitriev, P.I. Bagration, N.O. Essen and many others.
The international character of patriotism manifested itself most clearly during the Great Patriotic War. The Brest Fortress was defended by wars of more than 30 nationalities. In the battles near Moscow, soldiers from various parts of our Motherland fought in I.V. Panfilov’s division. The peoples of the former Soviet republics of the USSR still jointly celebrate Victory Day over German fascism.
Fourthly, it always acts as a powerful spiritual factor in solving practical problems of social development. This feeling is especially evident when defending the Fatherland. The history of our Motherland knows many examples when a Russian soldier reliably defended the Fatherland, demonstrating steadfastness, courage and military skill. Russian resistance in extreme conditions increases many times over, and its basis is patriotism. Russian historian and writer N.M. Karamzin noted: “Ancient and new story nations presents us with nothing more touching than this heroic patriotism. Military glory was the cradle of the Russian people, and victory was the harbinger of their existence."
The rise of patriotism dates back to the historical victories of Alexander Nevsky over the Swedes (1240) and Germans (1242). During the period of civil strife, he managed to attract the best Russians to himself and revive the moral unity of the people and the authorities.
The country rose through the army led by Dmitry Donskoy with the blessing of Sergius of Radonezh - one of the greatest images of Russian holiness.
The reforms of Peter I strengthened the love of Russians for their Motherland, increased interest in the Fatherland, its development and pride in their deeds and actions. The unconscious consciousness that “now we are no worse than others” raised people’s pride and love for Russia. Peter the Great ensured that Russia finally had an army whose fearlessness was supported by well-deserved pride. Over twenty years of continuous military action, a national Russian military generation has developed.
A.V. Suvorov fought with particular strength and intransigence for the preservation of the national order. This was a struggle not only for the Russian national military art, but also for the moral and psychological qualities of the Russian soldier. The entire Russian army, which set a worthy example of patriotism for society. As a follower of A.V. Suvorov, the talented military leader M.I. Kutuzov, who called for the unity of the Russian people in the fight against foreign invaders, made a lot of efforts to instill patriotism, high morale, and the necessary fighting qualities in the troops.
The heroic, gigantic rise of the people's spirit and military patriotism in 1812, the victory over the best army in the world, which was considered the French army under the leadership of Napoleon, confirmed in our compatriots a sense of pride in their country, their people, and instilled confidence in their own strength and importance.
The 19th century in the history of Russia is full of significant events for it.
A wealth of experience in patriotic education, taking into account class interests, was accumulated in our country during the period of “Soviet patriotism” - after October 1917. Until the end of the 80s of the twentieth century. Soviet patriotism grew and was formed on the basis of Russian patriotism, and it chose the best from it. In public and individual consciousness there was a process of continuity in the development of ideas of patriotism.
Soviet patriotism on a Russian basis is a new spiritual state of man. In historical publications about the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. Soviet patriotism is seen as an invincible force. This is a unique phenomenon in the spiritual and moral history of mankind.
Currently, the creative development of patriotism using the experience of military history is of particular significance and relevance. The chronicles of our Motherland contain many examples of the steadfastness and courage of Russian soldiers, the basis of which was patriotism.
And our main task is to enrich our children with rich historical experience and knowledge, to cultivate patriotic and international feelings, love for neighbors, native land, Motherland.
After all. It’s not for nothing that they say: “The well-being of the entire people depends on the proper upbringing of children” (Locke)
"Russia did not begin with a sword"
Russia did not begin with a sword.
It began with a scythe and a plow.
Not because the blood isn't hot.
But because the Russian shoulder
I have never been touched by anger in my life.
And arrows ringing battles
They only interrupted her constant work.
It is not for nothing that the horse of the mighty Ilya
Saddled was the master of the arable land,
In cheerful hands, only from labor,
In good nature, sometimes not immediately,
Retribution was rising, yes!
But there was never a thirst for blood.
But only meanness, I rejoiced in vain,
With a hero, jokes do not last long!
Yes, you can dip the hero,
But to win, that’s a piece of cake.
After all, it would be just as funny
As we say, fight with the sun or the moon.
This is the guarantee of Lake Peipus,
Nepryadva and Borodino rivers.
And if the darkness of the Teutons and Batu
We found the end in my homeland!
That is the present, proud Russia!
100 times even more beautiful and sweeter!
And in the battle with the fiercest war
She even managed to overcome hell
That's the city's guarantee - heroes
In the fireworks on a festive night.
And my country is forever proud of it!
That she didn’t humiliate anyone, anywhere.
After all, kindness is stronger than war,
How selflessness is more effective - stings.
The dawn rises, bright and hot
And it will be so forever indestructible
Russia did not begin with a sword,
And that's why. She is invincible.
Bibliography
- Magazine "Preschool Education" 2006
- E. Asadov “Don’t pass by love” M. 2001
On the night of June 24, 1812, French troops crossed the border river Neman. The Patriotic War began in Russia...
Having, like all wars, been a continuation of the policies of the ruling class, the Patriotic War of 1812 truly became a people's war, an example of a war of national liberation.
Today, people sometimes compare the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War, noting that there were no communists in 1812, but the people stood up to defend their Fatherland and won, and therefore are above all ideologies and class contradictions.
On the other hand, the fact that the modern Russian government uses the patriotic nature of both wars in its propaganda, obviously trying to demonstrate its patriotism and thereby achieve, if not people’s love, then at least loyalty, causes some to have a negative attitude towards both the word and the concept of “patriotism”, and those who call themselves patriots are presented as either nationalists or supporters of bourgeois power.
In fact, patriotism underlies all national liberation movements, national liberation wars, and such movements and wars are considered in Marxist-Leninist theory as progressive phenomena. More often, patriotism manifests itself in the fight against the enemies of the Fatherland, but it cannot come from nowhere at a critical moment, therefore, of course, in the words of Lenin, this feeling is consolidated in isolated fatherlands for centuries and millennia.
However, it should be remembered that Marxist dialectics considers all phenomena in interconnection and constant movement. In his work “On the Junius Pamphlet” Lenin wrote: “All facets in nature and in society are conditional and mobile, [...] there is not a single phenomenon that could not, under certain conditions, turn into its opposite. A national war can turn into an imperialist war and back.”
And in the same work, Lenin cites the era of the Napoleonic wars as an example: “The wars of the great French revolution began as national ones and were such. These wars were revolutionary: the defense of a great revolution against a coalition of counter-revolutionary monarchies. And when Napoleon created the French empire with the enslavement of a number of long-established, large, viable, national states of Europe, then the national French wars turned into imperialist ones, which in turn gave rise to national liberation wars against Napoleon’s imperialism.”
The Patriotic War of 1812 was the most significant of these wars generated by Napoleon's imperialism. According to Engels, “the destruction of Napoleon’s huge army during the retreat from Moscow served as a signal for a general uprising against French rule in the West.”
No one denies that one of the most important reasons for Napoleon’s defeat in his Russian campaign was the rise of patriotism of the entire people of Russia. This is confirmed by numerous facts: both the active partisan movement and the unparalleled heroism of the people's militias. This is enshrined in the works of literature and art of that time.
The oppressed people of feudal-serf Russia rose up against Napoleonic army, against bourgeois France. Nothing but patriotism could lift the people. The patriotism of backward Russia turned out to be more progressive than the imperial, aggressive ambitions of Napoleon.
However, the Patriotic War ended, Napoleon was expelled from Russia, his Grand Army was almost completely destroyed. The foreign campaign of the Russian army began, which provided enormous assistance to the peoples of Europe in their liberation from Napoleonic rule.
The final defeat of Napoleon raised Russia's international prestige to unprecedented heights and strengthened its power in Europe. But what was this power? The fact is that Russia played a decisive role in the union of European monarchies that sought to restore the feudal-absolutist system in Europe liberated from Napoleon. In addition, Russia went beyond its natural borders - by the decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-15. Part of Poland became part of Russia, and the Russian Emperor Alexander I became the Polish king. Engels noted: “If in relation to the conquests of Catherine, Russian chauvinism still had some excuses - I don’t want to say justifying - pretexts, then regarding the conquests of Alexander there can be no question of this. Finland is inhabited by Finns and Swedes, Bessarabia by Romanians, Congress Poland by Poles. Here there is no need to talk about the reunification of scattered related tribes bearing Russian name“, here we are dealing with an undisguised violent conquest of someone else’s territory, with simple robbery.”
This is how, in Engels’ definition, Russian patriotism turned into Russian chauvinism. And this is not a special attitude of the classic towards Russia. According to Marx, “all wars of independence that were fought against France are characterized by a combination of the spirit of revival and the spirit of reaction.” Reactionary as well as aggressive goals were pursued by the ruling circles of all the allied powers that fought against Napoleon. Ultimately, their victory meant victory over the French Revolution.
So what happens - fueled by Russian patriotism, the progressive, fair, national liberation War of 1812 ultimately led to reactionary results? If we remember the conditionality and mobility of all facets in nature and society, it turns out like this. In addition, the victory over Napoleon, in fact, did not give the people of Russia anything - the socio-economic structure did not change, serfdom continued to exist, and even the hopes of the peasant militias that after returning from the fronts they would receive freedom were not justified - after After the defeat of Napoleon, the serfs were distributed to their landowners.
What, then, is the positive role of popular patriotism in the history of our fatherland, if it easily develops into chauvinism and is used by the exploiting class in its own interests? Perhaps the Patriotic War of 1812 can serve as the most striking example of the fact that patriotism still plays a role vital role in the progressive development of peoples and societies.
It is known that it was the victory in 1812, achieved thanks to the rise of the national spirit, that aroused in Russia the desire for free-thinking; under its influence, the ideology of the noble revolutionaries - the Decembrists, who in 1825 began to form an uprising. And although the uprising was suppressed, as Lenin noted, “the Decembrists woke up Herzen. Herzen launched revolutionary agitation. It was picked up, expanded, strengthened, and strengthened by the raznochintsy revolutionaries...” Then a storm began, as Lenin clarified, “the movement of the masses themselves.” The first onslaught of the storm occurred in 1905. The subsequent ones are also well known to everyone.
A. A. Bestuzhev wrote to Nicholas I from the Peter and Paul Fortress: “... Napoleon invaded Russia, and then the Russian people first felt their strength; It was then that a feeling of independence, first political, and subsequently popular, awakened in all hearts. This is the beginning of free thought in Russia.” And according to Herzen, “the true history of Russia is revealed only by 1812; everything that came before was just a preface.”
It is unknown what the consequences would have been and how Russian patriotism would have developed if Napoleon's Russian campaign had been more successful. Only one thing seems certain - and in this case, popular patriotism would be needed in order to “digest” the “freedom” brought by a foreigner. Perhaps history would have gone differently, but without popular patriotism, it would definitely have gone without the participation of the country, which to this day bears the name Russia.
Yes, of course, patriotism in an exploitative society is contradictory. Or rather, not patriotism itself, but its concept. It is only important to understand that it exists and its rise plays a progressive role to a much greater extent than a reactionary one. The fact is that the exploitative government is only capable of using people's patriotism for its own purposes and manipulating it more or less successfully. And only among the masses themselves can patriotism give birth to a progressive storm. As long as fatherlands exist, this storm simply won’t come from anywhere else.
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10 comments
Sidor the Reaper 24.06.2012 11:06
> It is known that it was the victory in 1812, achieved thanks to the rise of the national spirit, that aroused in Russia the desire for free-thinking, under its influence the ideology of the noble revolutionaries - the Decembrists, who in 1825 began to form an uprising.
> Leo Tolstoy, who, according to Lenin, is “the mirror of the Russian revolution,” in “War and Peace” gave Decembrism a somewhat simplified, but much more witty explanation: “A society may not be secret if the government allows it. Not only is it not hostile to the government, but it is a society of true conservatives. A society of gentlemen in the full sense of the word. We are only so that tomorrow Pugachev does not come to slaughter both my and your children and so that Arakcheev does not send me to a military settlement - we only join hand in hand for this purpose, with one goal of the common good and common security.”
The ideology of the Decembrists was formed under the influence of the ideas of the French Enlightenment (which arose long before Napoleon, and penetrated into Russia long before Napoleon, and even before the French Revolution) and... local practice (in fact, the “European-minded” nobility was between the hammer of tsarist terror [“Arakcheev "] and the anvil of peasant revenge ["Pugachev"]). The War of 1812 gave them combat experience (absolutely invaluable, of course) - but to say that this war created the ideology of Decembrism would be a big mistake.
> Yes, of course, patriotism in an exploitative society is contradictory.
In an exploitative society, PATRIOTISM (love for “one’s” state, which should be distinguished from natural human love for the Motherland) is not contradictory, but quite reactionary in nature. Moreover, this applies both to the top (although what kind of “patriotism” do they have...) and to the bottom (there is absolutely nothing good in the readiness to “sacrifice oneself” for the sake of the bourgeois “Fatherland”; and if war time this may still have some positive significance [or it may not have] - then in a peaceful time such readiness only helps the reactionaries to pursue a policy of “tightening their belts”, “for the sake of the Fatherland”). By the way, an indicative example is the so-called “Soviet patriotism”, which consists in the fact that some intellectuals now not only TRANSFER their (quite correct) attitude towards the Soviet Union to PRESENT (bourgeois) Russia, but also advise the working people to do the same; Such patriotism is the basis of “anti-Orangeism,” which poisons the consciousness of not only Kurginyan’s followers, but also very, very many representatives of the left-wing public.
Of course, there are no rules without exceptions. Even in an exploitative society, patriotism can SOMETIMES have a positive impact, causing people to want to fight for the “improvement” of their beloved state (even to the point of turning it into a proletarian dictatorship).
> And only among the masses themselves can patriotism give birth to a progressive storm. As long as fatherlands exist, this storm simply won’t come from anywhere else.
In general, such storms are usually born out of the indignation of the masses against the oppression under which they find themselves. This indignation often has nothing to do with patriotism; moreover, patriotic feelings are often used to make workers forget about their oppression and “tighten their belts for the sake of the Fatherland.”
+100 25.06.2012 11:07
for Sidor the Reaper You yourself understand what you are writing??? On June 24, 1812, did the French attack the Motherland or the state? What should the people have done from your point of view: to defend the Motherland or not to defend the state - to surrender to the French, since the means of production are in the hands of the exploiters?
Vasily, Gorky 25.06.2012 17:30
Sidor the Reaper was ahead of me.
“The proletarians have no homeland,” Marx said about the bourgeois state. “We are defeatists,” said Comrade Lenin about the position of the Bolsheviks before October revolution. Yes, the losing side suffers more losses than the winning side, including in manpower. But the defeat in the war of Tsarist Russia undermined the autocracy, and these sacrifices fell on the altar of the victory of the revolution (they fall in even greater numbers in times of peace, but extended over decades). That’s why Lenin’s next call came: “Let’s turn the Imperialist war into a Civil war, peace to huts - war to palaces.”
What colossal sacrifices have the working people of Russia made over the past 20 years, according to various estimates, 15-25 million people, and how many more will they suffer because of the fear of revolutionary blood. There is blood, not without excesses, but the longer this abscess brews, the greater the likelihood of excesses.
Sidor the Reaper 27.06.2012 11:17
100
> for Sidor the Reaper You yourself understood what you were writing???
To the state, of course. Or is there evidence that they were going to burn all our birches, ban the use of the Russian language and send all Russians to concentration camps?
> What should the people have done from your point of view: to defend the Motherland or not to defend the state - to surrender to the French, since the means of production are in the hands of the exploiters?
What does this have to do with it?))) The opportunity to take away the means of production from the ELE-ELE exploiters appeared in 1917; in 1812 it did not exist.
The French should have surrendered if they had brought with them the abolition of serfdom and the destruction of the autocracy. Since they were not going to abolish serfdom, they were going to replace the Russian autocracy with the French one - that is, the Russian peasants faced the prospect of finding themselves under double oppression - then they had to act as the Russians did, i.e. drive the French out of their land. But, of course, then it was necessary not to go to “liberate Europe” (it is not clear from what), but to overthrow the autocracy. The people did not do this - and this was their big mistake)
+100 27.06.2012 15:02
for Sidor the Reaper.. To the state, of course. Or there is evidence that they were going to burn all our birches, ban the use of the Russian language and send all Russians to concentration camps... The homeland is not only birches and concentration camps - it is churches, houses, families, relatives, friends, the Orthodox faith. If bandits attack your house, you won’t ask them about their ideological views, will you? you just go and protect it because it is your home. And if they promised to abolish serfdom and destroy the autocracy, would it be possible to give up? NATO members “promised” to liberate Iraq from Hussein’s dictatorship and establish true democracy in the country, and at first the local population greeted them with flowers - as liberators, what the “liberators” brought is known to everyone... In an exploitative society, PATRIOTISM (love for “one’s” state, which should be distinguished from natural human love for the Motherland) is not contradictory, but quite reactionary in nature... ...such patriotism is the basis of “anti-Orangeism”, which poisons the consciousness of not only Kurginyan’s followers, but also very, very many representatives of the left-wing public... - this is your opinion , and there is another opinion different from yours.: ...All people, regardless of their civic views and political orientations, need to understand: “non-violent resistance”, the protest movement of non-systemic opposition is new form overthrow of power. This is a modern form of war, pursuing the same goals as the wars of previous times - the destruction of enemy power and the establishment of one’s own. Now enemy soldiers are citizens of the victim country. Inspired by abstract goals, they, like cancer cells, must destroy their own state system, sabotage the army and police, destroy the economy - they themselves must kill their country... Participation in any actions of the non-systemic, orange opposition - attending their rallies and processions, wearing protest symbols, campaigning for these actions, etc. - this is not only an expression of personal civic position - it is an active participation in the destruction of the country. The war now has these forms and every orange demonstrator is an accomplice of the enemy occupation... .h_ttp://moskprf.ru/stati/eto-voyna.html And there is irrefutable evidence of the correctness of this particular point of view, and not yours.
+100 27.06.2012 16:40
about the atrocities of the French: ... “Napoleon committed atrocities on our land no less than Hitler. He just had less time, only six months. The phrase of this herald of European values is well known: “For victory it is necessary that a simple soldier not only hate his opponents, but also despise them.” To Napoleon’s soldiers, officers retold propaganda about the barbarity of the Slavic peoples. It was from then on that the idea of Russians as a second-rate, savage nation was consciously entrenched in the minds of Europeans. Monasteries were destroyed and architectural monuments were blown up. The altars of Moscow churches were deliberately turned into stables and latrines. Priests who did not hand over church shrines were brutally killed, nuns were raped, and stoves were melted with ancient icons. At the same time, the soldiers knew for sure that they had come to a barbaric wild country and that they were bringing to it the best culture in the world - European. The banal robbery began from the distant approaches to Moscow. In Belarus and Lithuania, soldiers destroyed gardens and vegetable gardens, killed livestock, and destroyed crops. Moreover, there was no military need for this, these were simply acts of intimidation. As Evgeniy Tarle wrote: “The devastation of the peasants by the passing army of the conqueror, by countless marauders and simply robber French deserters was so great that hatred of the enemy grew every day.”
The real robbery and horror began on September 3, 1812 - the day after entering Moscow, when it was officially, by order, allowed to plunder the city. Numerous Moscow monasteries were completely destroyed. The soldiers tore off the silver frames from the icons and collected lamps and crosses. For ease of viewing, they blew up the Church of John the Baptist, which stood next to the Novodevichy Convent. In the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery, the occupiers set up a slaughterhouse, and the cathedral church was turned into a butcher shop. The entire monastery graveyard was covered with caked blood, and in the cathedral, pieces of meat and animal entrails hung on chandeliers and on nails driven into the iconostasis. In the Andronievsky, Pokrovsky, and Znamensky monasteries, French soldiers chopped icons for firewood and used the faces of saints as shooting targets. In the Chudov Monastery, the French, putting on miters and clergy vestments on themselves and their horses, rode around and laughed a lot. In the Danilov Monastery, they tore off the shrine of Prince Daniil and tore off the clothes from the thrones. In the Mozhaisk Luzhetsky Monastery, the icon of St. John the Baptist kept here has marks from a knife - the French used it as a cutting board and chopped meat on it. Almost nothing remains of the historical relics of the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich located on the territory of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's bed was burned, expensive armchairs were torn, mirrors were broken, stoves were broken, rare portraits of Peter the Great and Princess Sophia were stolen.
Hieromonk Pavel of the Znamensky Monastery and priest of the St. George Monastery John Alekseev were killed. The priest of the Church of the Forty Saints, Peter Velmyaninov, was beaten with rifle butts, stabbed with bayonets and sabers because he did not give them the keys to the temple. He lay on the street all night, bleeding, and in the morning a French officer passing by mercifully shot Father Peter. The monks of the Novospassky Monastery buried the priest, but the French then dug up his grave three times: when they saw fresh soil, they thought that they had buried a treasure in this place. In the Epiphany Monastery, the treasurer of the monastery Aaron, the French pulled his hair, pulled out his beard and then carried loads on it, harnessing in the cart. These are just touches on the behavior of the occupiers. The whole truth is even worse. What the already doomed invaders did as they retreated defies common sense at all. Depraved French officers forced peasant women to have oral sex, which for many girls and women was then worse than death. Those who disagreed with the rules of the French kiss were killed; some deliberately went to their death, gnawing their teeth into the flesh of the invaders. Good Russian man. Sometimes even too much. Apparently, this is why a huge part of Napoleon’s army remained in Russia simply to live. For different reasons. For Christ's sake, the Russian people helped most by picking them up frostbitten and hungry. Since then, the word “sharomyzhnik” appeared in Rus' - from the French “cher ami” (dear friend). They became janitors and doormen. The educated became French teachers. We remember them well from the numerous uncles and tutors who appeared in Russian literature after 1812. They took root in Russia completely, became completely Russian, being the founders of many famous families like Lurie, Masherov (from mon cher - my dear ), Mashanovs, Zhanbrovs. The Bergs and Schmidts with their numerous children were also mostly Napoleonic German soldiers. The fate of Nikolai Andreevich Savin, or Jean Baptiste Savin, a former lieutenant of the 2nd Guards Regiment of the 3rd Corps of Marshal Ney’s army, a participant in the Egyptian campaigns, Austerlitz, is interesting and at the same time typical. The last soldier of that Great Army. He died surrounded by numerous offspring in 1894, having lived 126 years. He taught at the Saratov gymnasium for more than 60 years. Until the end of his days, he retained clarity of mind and remembered that one of his students was none other than Nikolai Chernyshevsky. He recalled a very characteristic episode, how he was captured by Platov’s Cossacks. The heated Platov immediately punched him in the face, then ordered him to drink vodka so that he would not freeze, feed him and send him to a warm convoy so that the prisoner would not catch a cold. And then he constantly inquired about his health. This was the attitude in Rus' towards the defeated enemy. That’s why they remained in Russia in tens of thousands...
N.T. 27.06.2012 18:13
Did you know that Napoleon was thinking about abolishing serfdom in Russia? And most likely, this would have happened if he had captured Russia. After all, in Europe there was no longer any serfdom. By the way, Russian soldiers, having passed through Europe on their overseas campaign, saw all this...
athlete 31.10.2013 03:50
The article is disgusting! As soon as the attempt at explanation begins historical events from the point of view of Marxism, then the lies immediately begin. Napoleonic Wars were aggressive from the very beginning. And Napoleon was defeated in Russia. The military events of 1813-14 represented only the finishing off of Napoleon - including at Waterloo, when not only the German but also the forty-thousand-strong Russian corps rushed to the aid of the British.
athlete 31.10.2013 04:05
Russophobes seek to downplay Russia's role in the victory over Napoleon, including on the Echo of Moscow radio, when the military events of 1813-14 are declared a victory of joint forces over Napoleon, Napoleon was defeated in Russia. Then he was only finished off by so-called joint efforts.
Russian patriotism... Lately it has served as an inexhaustible topic for disputes, discussions, and round tables. Representatives from various walks of life, including the military, are trying to uncover the meaning of this concept. The word "patriotism" comes from the Greek patrio - homeland, fatherland. IN explanatory dictionary Vl. Dahl points out that “a patriot is a lover of the fatherland, a zealot for its good...” The problems of patriotism began to be addressed more and more often Russian politicians. Their speech emphasizes the need to strengthen the Russian state and recognizes the fact that the reforms being carried out in the country require a clear ideological justification. And it can only be based on patriotism.
Without instilling love for the Fatherland and promoting historical traditions, it is impossible to strengthen the spiritual strength of the people and revive the new strong state. Without an emphasis on protecting Russia's interests, it is unthinkable to develop any fruitful and independent foreign and domestic policy. Without instilling in young people a sense of respect for the history of Russia, for the deeds and traditions of previous generations, it is impossible to build a strong army.
Given the relevance of the topic, in my project I wanted to show the continuity of Russian patriotism using the example of two Patriotic Wars.
Over more than a thousand years of history, Russia has experienced many attacks by foreign armies, which, as a rule, ended in the defeat and death of the aggressors. The independence of their homeland was defended by the broad masses of the people, deciding the outcome of the armed struggle. The highest manifestation of patriotism marked the last two wars of liberation - 1812 and 1941-1945. The people who rose up to defend their land, both in the person of their army, and in the person of civilians, who burned their houses and little property so that nothing would fall to the enemy, and who joined the partisans, and in the person of their military leaders, who led the difficult defense against the superior forces of the conquerors , - for everyone, for all of Russia, these wars were fair, truly Patriotic, people's. They showed the continuity of the patriotism of our people and the traditions of our army.
The wars of 1812 and 1941-1945, which were called patriotic in Russia, are separated not only by 130 years. Russia early XIX centuries is a country of noble landowners and serfs, a stronghold of Orthodoxy. Soviet Russia of the 40s of the 20th century is a country with a completely different socio-economic structure under the complete dominance of communist ideology. What unites these two wars? Firstly, the armies of unprecedented size, collected by invaders from all over Europe, and secondly, the highest fortitude shown by Russian soldiers in bloody battles with the enemy. But the main thing is that these were “people’s wars,” that is, wars where the aggressor was opposed not only by the regular army, but by the entire people, the entire country. The Patriotic Wars caused an unprecedented growth in national self-awareness. A nationwide patriotic movement arose aimed at expelling the hated enemy from their native land. The traditional slogan of the Russian army is “for God, the Tsar and the Fatherland!” was replaced during the Great Patriotic War by the slogan “For the Motherland, for Stalin!”, but the main thing for which Russian soldiers went to die at all times was the Fatherland and Motherland. And one can understand the feelings of the Russian patriot, the former White Guard commander in the south of Russia during the years Civil War, General Anton Denikin, who was in exile during the Great Patriotic War in German-occupied France.
Denikin in his message to veterans white movement in November 1944 he wrote: “The enemy has been expelled from the borders of the fatherland. We - and in this inevitability the tragedy of our situation - are not participants, but only witnesses to the events that shook our homeland for last years. We could only follow with deep sorrow the suffering of our people, with pride - the greatness of their feat. We experienced pain in the days of the defeat of the army, although it is called “Red” and not Russian, and joy in the days of its victories. And now that World War is not yet finished, we with all our hearts wish for its victorious completion, which will protect our country from arrogant encroachments from the outside.”
In my essay I used a lot of literature on the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. I would like to briefly talk about some books.
The book “1812 in memories, correspondence and stories of contemporaries” is compiled from memories, memoirs, correspondence, stories of participants and witnesses of the Patriotic War of 1812. Its value lies in the fact that the reader gets to know first-hand the precious information of contemporaries about the historical drama of the Russian people almost two hundred years ago.
In the album “1812. Borodino Panorama" presents portraits, battle compositions, fragments of a panorama from the extensive collection of the "Battle of Borodino" panorama museum. Scenes of battles and episodes of partisan warfare by famous Russian and foreign artists give a vivid idea of the feat of the Russian people during the Patriotic War of 1812. Compiled by I.A. Nikolaeva, N.A. Kolosov, P.M. Volodin.
Poet-hussar, poet-partisan, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Denis Vasilyevich Davydov became a legend during his lifetime. He was amazingly talented. In everything he did: he fought, he loved, he wrote poetry and prose, he made friends, he was an active and charming person. The collection “Hussar Feast” includes poems by D. Davydov and military notes.
Anniversary edition “Borodino. 1812." released for the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino. A large number of color illustrations and a popular text allow you to clearly and visibly present the history of the Patriotic War of 1812 and literally follow the course of the grandiose Battle of Borodino, literally hour by hour.
The widely known book of the Four Times Hero Soviet Union Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov’s “Memories and Reflections” was first published in 1969 and has since gone through twelve editions. All these years, the book has always enjoyed great popularity among readers of different generations. The new edition (2002) is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow and the 105th anniversary of the birth of G.K. Zhukov.
The book uses photographic documents from the personal archive of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, the Central State Archive of Film and Photo Documents, the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the photo archive of the magazine "Soviet Warrior", the photo library of the APN, TASS photo chronicles, the Zhukovsky People's Military History Museum, as well as photographs of Soviet military photojournalists.
The first volume tells about Zhukov's life, from childhood to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, to the fight for Leningrad.
The second volume included: the Battle of Moscow, the strategic defeat of the enemy in the Stalingrad area, the defeat of fascist troops at the Kursk Bulge, the liberation of Belarus and Ukraine, the Berlin operation and the Potsdam Conference.
Brief historical reference book “The Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. Events. People. Documents" is dedicated to one of the most heroic and difficult periods in the history of our country and people. The “Chronicle of Events” section shows a long and difficult path Soviet army from the tragic initial period of the Patriotic War to the great Victory Day over fascism. The book also contains brief biographical information about party and government officials during the Patriotic War, military leaders, particularly distinguished soldiers and commanders of the Soviet Army, partisans and underground fighters, scientists and designers of defense equipment and others. Documents from the Patriotic War are published. The reference book is richly illustrated and contains maps.
By the beginning of 1944, the German Wehrmacht had completely lost its strategic initiative, but the Germans still occupied vast territories of the Soviet Union, but all attempts by the German command to retain what they had gained ended in defeat. The Wehrmacht failed to carry out a single operation on the Eastern Front in 1944. offensive operation neither strategic nor operational scale. The agony of the Third Reich was inexorably approaching. Hitler tried in vain to create an impregnable defense of Germany, and German soldiers, officers and generals continued to fight and die, although many of them understood that the war was lost. The outstanding German historian Alex Buchner in his book “1944. Collapse on the Eastern Front" comprehensively examines the military causes of the Wehrmacht's defeats in six major defensive battles and draws interesting conclusions based on numerous military historical studies and eyewitness accounts. Many details of the 1944 operations and military documents become available to the domestic reader for the first time thanks to this book.
A lot has been written about the battle of Moscow; this topic is inexhaustible. And yet, the book “Moscow on the Front Line” stands out in particular. 1941-1942. Archival documents and materials”, designed for a wide range of readers.
It was in the battle near our capital that the Nazi troops suffered their first strategic defeat in the Great Patriotic War, and the myth of the invincibility of the German army was dispelled. This is where the beginning of the Great Victory in 1945 began. The value of the book is that for the first time, based on unique documents, memories, photographs from the largest archives of Moscow, as well as museums, it is shown everyday life wartime capitals. A lot of materials are devoted to the Moscow region. The documents tell about the first difficult months of the struggle against a strong enemy, about the perseverance, courage and patriotism of our grandfathers and fathers, who drove and defeated the Nazis.
Without a doubt, about 400 documents and over 400 illustrations, most of which are published for the first time, will not leave anyone indifferent. " Soviet soldiers“, partisans and home front workers gave everything to protect their capital,” emphasized Marshal G.K. Zhukov, speaking at a scientific conference dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the defeat of the Nazi invaders near Moscow. - In the fierce, bloody battles for Moscow, all our units, formations of all types of troops showed exceptional tenacity and perseverance. From beginning to end, Soviet soldiers honorably fulfilled their sacred duty to their Motherland, showed massive heroism, sparing neither their strength nor their very lives to defend Moscow.”
Patriotism of the Russian people on the Borodino field
On the night of June 24, 1812, after extensive and thorough preparation, the French army, called the “Great,” began crossing the Neman River. The total number of the “Great Army” exceeded 600 thousand people. Armies of similar strength world history I didn't know yet. Napoleon was opposed by Russian troops stationed along the border with a total number of only 230 thousand people. Avoiding defeat individually, the 1st and 2nd Russian armies retreated into the interior of the country, fighting stubborn battles.
There was no unity in the Russian army regarding further actions. Barclay de Tolly believed that in order to preserve the army it was necessary to continue the retreat, and the ardent Bagration demanded that he go on the offensive, accusing Barclay of lack of patriotism. To avoid a split in the army, Alexander I appointed 67-year-old Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, a student of Suvorov, who was well known and trusted by the people and the army, and who enjoyed a reputation as an intelligent and cautious commander, as commander-in-chief. “I had,” the emperor wrote, “to choose the one to whom the general voice pointed.”
This is exactly the kind of leader needed for a people's war. Kutuzov knew: Napoleon would be destroyed not just by space and excessively extended lines of communication, but by the desert into which the Russian people would turn their country in order to destroy the invading enemy. Gradually, the “campaign of 1812” turned into a people’s war, the Patriotic War. All segments of the population took part in the defense of the fatherland. Merchants and nobility donated money, young people enlisted in the militia, peasants armed themselves and attacked the French.
The Battle of Borodino in 1812 is a rare example in the history of wars of a general battle, the outcome of which both sides immediately announced and to this day celebrate as their victory, with good reason.
On August 26 (September 7), 1812, in the area of the village of Borodino, a general battle took place between the Russian (120 thousand people, 640 guns) and French (130-135 thousand people, 587 guns) armies during the Patriotic War of 1812. The battle began at dawn on August 26.
Delzon's division suddenly attacked and captured the village of Borodino, in which the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment was located.
Almost simultaneously, Napoleon delivered the main blow to the Russian left flank, to the Semenov (Bagration) flushes. Fierce fighting in this direction lasted almost until noon. Tens of thousands of people, with the endless roar of 800 guns, fought in bloody single combat. With faces black from gunpowder, in a single desire to defeat the enemy, Russian infantrymen, artillerymen, and cavalry repelled several attacks. After Bagration was wounded, the troops of the Great Army managed to occupy three flashes, which were advanced artillery fortifications common system defense of the left flank in the area of the village of Semenovskaya. Napoleon, obsessed with the desire to break through the defense of the left flank of the Russian troops at all costs, launches the cavalry corps of Latour-Mabourg and Nansouty into the attack. General D.S. arrived to replace the wounded Bagration. Dokhturov, who managed to organize the defense of Semenovsky Heights in a timely and competent manner. The village of Semenovskoye was in the hands of the enemy, but attempts to break through the defense of the left flank were never successful.
The center of the Russian position is Raevsky’s battery (“fatal redoubt”). The attacks on this fortification, launched by E. Beauharnais's corps and Davout's infantry divisions in the first half of the day, were drowned out by the fierce resistance of the Russian army. Death was flying everywhere.
In the battles for the Utitsky Kurgan on the left flank of the troops of the corps N.A. Tuchkov courageously held back Poniatowski’s corps, not allowing themselves to be outflanked. The troops of Tuchkov 1st showed extraordinary courage and perseverance in fulfilling their military duty.
In the middle of the day F.P. Uvarov, commanding the cavalry corps, and Ataman M.I. Platov, at the head of a Cossack detachment, carried out an unprecedented raid on the enemy’s left flank. This “sabotage” alerted Napoleon and distracted part of the forces of his army, giving a temporary respite to the left flank of the Russian army, exhausted from enemy attacks.
In the afternoon, the Raevsky battery again became the epicenter of events. The cavalry of General O. Caulaincourt fell with all its might onto the central heights. Trying to build on their success, the cavalrymen attacked the Russian infantrymen east of the captured battery behind the Ognik stream. But Russian dragoons and cuirassiers, including the Life Guards Cavalry and Cavalry Regiments, overthrew the French.
Endless gunfire, screams of commanders, screams of the wounded, groans of the dying, neighing horses - everything was mixed up in this grandiose theater of military operations, horrifying with bloodshed. It seemed as if the sun had faded into black powder smoke and nothing living could survive in this monstrous inferno.
Night fell over the battlefield, thousands of dead remained lying in places where they died with weapons in their hands. The losses of each side amounted to 40 thousand killed, wounded and missing.
Russian soldiers covered themselves with unfading glory in the Battle of Borodino! Is it possible to list all those who distinguished themselves on the battlefield? These are the brave defenders of Bagration's flushes and Raevsky's battery, and brave and skillful artillerymen, and desperate and dashing cavalrymen and Cossacks, and courageous and persistent army and guards infantrymen. Yes, it’s scary to go into a wall-to-wall bayonet attack, but how much courage do you need to have to stand for several hours in a completely open place under the terrifying fire of enemy artillery located literally six hundred paces away, and not flinch, not become cowardly, not retreat?! So, rooted to the spot, the Lithuanian and Izmailovsky regiments of the Life Guards stood on the left flank of the Russian army. Each volley of enemy artillery mercilessly mowed down their orderly ranks, and when the cannon fire died down, Napoleon’s “iron men,” as the French emperor called his cuirassiers, rushed towards the guards like an avalanche. Sparkling their cuirass in the sun, Napoleon's armored men flew at the guards' squares bristling with bayonets and rolled back, unable to overcome the courage of the Russian guard. And again a hail of cannonballs and grapeshot fell on the Lithuanians and Izmailovites. The artillery fire was so strong that the Russians were impatiently waiting for the next cavalry attack in order to at least get some rest from the hellish bombardment. While repelling another attack by Napoleon's heavy cavalry, the guards along the way also managed to capture the cuirassiers, who were placed in the middle of the square. Moreover, after the third attack by the French cavalry, which was also repulsed by the guards, the Lithuanian regiment itself launched an offensive, in which it was successful. Repeatedly and later, the guards infantry, experiencing the most destructive fire of the enemy for six hours, suffering huge losses, again and again rushed into a bayonet attack on the infantry and cavalry of the enemy, sometimes six times superior to it, and put him to flight! Aren't these true examples of valor, glory and patriotism! Reporting to M.I. Kutuzov about the battle of Borodino, Lieutenant General P.P. Konovnitsyn wrote: “I cannot speak with satisfied praise to Your Lordship about the exemplary fearlessness shown on this day by the Lithuanian and Izmailovsky Life Guards regiments. Having arrived on the left flank, they unshakably withstood the heaviest fire of enemy artillery; their ranks, showered with grapeshot, despite the loss, remained in place. the best device, and all ranks from the first to the last, one before the other, showed their zeal to die before yielding to the enemy. Three large cavalry attacks by enemy cuirassiers and horse grenadiers on both regiments were repelled with incredible success, for despite the fact that the squares built by these regiments were completely surrounded, the enemy was driven away with extreme damage by fire and bayonets... In a word, the Izmailovsky regiments and Lithuanian in the memorable battle of August 26 covered themselves with undeniable glory in view of the entire army...” Unable to develop their success, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions, and the Russian army retreated to Moscow.
“There are very few battles in world history,” wrote the Soviet historian Academician Tarle, “that could be compared with the Battle of Borodino in terms of previously unheard-of bloodshed, and in terms of cruelty, and in terms of enormous consequences. Napoleon destroyed almost half of the Russian army in this battle and a few days later entered Moscow, and despite this, he not only did not break the spirit of the surviving part of the Russian army, but did not frighten the Russian people, who, precisely after Borodin and after the death of Moscow, strengthened fierce resistance to the enemy."1
Napoleon himself gave a very accurate assessment of the results of the Battle of Borodino. “Of the fifty battles I have given, the battle of Moscow expressed the most
valor and achieved the least success." “The battle of Borodino was one of those where extraordinary efforts had the most unsatisfactory results.” “The most terrible of all my battles is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible.”
Place of work, position: - MBOU "V(S)OSH No. 1", Almetyevsk, teacher of history and social studies
Region: — Republic of Tatarstan
Characteristics of the lesson (session) Level of education: - basic general education
Target audience: — Teacher (teacher)
Grade(s): – 8th grade
Subject(s): - History
The purpose of the lesson: -
Recall the main events of the Patriotic War of 1812;
. talk about the patriotism of the Russian people during the war, find out what its national character was;
. to cultivate a sense of pride and love for the Motherland through examples of the exploits of the Russian people;
. consolidate students' knowledge with a verification test;
. further mastery by students of the artistic and expressive properties of language.
Lesson type: — Lesson on studying and initially consolidating new knowledge
Students in class (auditorium): - 17
Equipment used: -
multimedia projector
Used DSOs: —
presentation on the topic "Russian patriotism in the Patriotic War of 1812"
Brief description: — The lesson used a presentation on the topic “Russian patriotism in the Patriotic War of 1812.” The teacher tells students about the deep feeling of love for the homeland, its people, culture, readiness to serve their country, to protect it from invaders. That in the Patriotic War of 1812 not only liberating soldiers and career officers took part, but also ordinary citizens, peasants, women and children.
Russian patriotism in the years
Patriotic War of 1812
The purpose of the lesson:
- recall the main events of the Patriotic War of 1812;
- talk about the patriotism of the Russian people during the war, find out what its national character was;
- to cultivate a sense of pride and love for the Motherland through examples of the exploits of the Russian people;
- consolidate students' knowledge with a verification test;
- further mastery by students of the artistic and expressive properties of language.
Lesson type: lesson on learning new material
Basic methods: conversation and discussion. The work consists of methodological development lessons and applications (tests)
Lesson plan:
New terms and dates:
1812, Patriotic War, August 26, 1812 - Battle of Borodino, partisans, militia, flashes, redoubt, battery, forage.
Equipment:
Using a multimedia installation, presentation, tests
Preliminary preparation:
Individual students prepare short reports about partisans and commanders.
During the classes:
Conversation with students about the coming year - the year of Russian history.
What is patriotism? (the answer to the question is written on the first three slides)
Answers on questions:
(Napoleon’s army consisted only half of the French. The other half consisted of the wars of the conquered peoples of Europe, i.e. the army of “two to ten languages”. Recruited according to the compulsory principle - the thirst for fame and money, it lost its reliability in the event of serious failures. In France there was universal conscription, i.e. all men of military age served in the army. This made it possible to quickly replenish the troops with people already trained in the basics of military affairs. The Russian army was recruited, i.e., only one of a certain number of men served in the army. Consequently, the majority of the country's male population were not trained in military affairs.)
Teacher: Not only those who were supposed to defend the state from external invasions, i.e., stood up to defend the Motherland. military - officers, generals, soldiers, but also ordinary people. And today we will talk about those who defended Russia during the Patriotic War of 1812. Let's talk about how Russian patriotism manifested itself in different social strata: among the nobles and ordinary people. And the first one we will talk about is a hereditary nobleman, a Russian commander - Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky.
A story about General Nikolai Raevsky(students tell).
(Raevsky is a Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general. For thirty years of impeccable service, he participated in many of the largest battles of the era, including the Patriotic War of 1812. Raevsky headed the 7th Infantry Corps of the 2nd western army General P.I. Bagration. On the morning of July 23, a fierce battle began near the village of Saltanovka (11 km along the Dnieper from Mogilev). Raevsky's corps fought for ten hours with five divisions of Davout's corps. The battle went on with varying degrees of success. At a critical moment, Raevsky personally led the Smolensk regiment into the attack with the words: Soldiers! My children and I will open the path to glory for you! Forward for the Tsar and the Fatherland!
Raevsky himself was wounded in the chest by buckshot, but his heroic behavior brought the soldiers out of confusion, and they, rushing forward, put the enemy to flight. According to legend, his sons were walking next to Nikolai Nikolaevich at that moment: 17-year-old Alexander and 11-year-old Nikolai.
At the moment of the decisive attack on the French batteries, he took them with him at the head of the column of the Smolensk regiment, and he led the smaller one, Nicholas, by the hand, and Alexander, grabbing the banner that lay next to our ensign killed in the previous attacks, carried it in front of the troops. The heroic example of the commander and his children inspired the troops to the point of frenzy.
However, Raevsky himself later objected that although his sons were with him that morning, they did not go on the attack. However, after the battle of Saltanovka, the name of Raevsky became known to the entire army. He became one of the most beloved generals by soldiers and all the people.)
Definition of terms:
Flashes - field and long-term strengthening in the form of an obtuse angle;
Redoubt - a closed rectangular, polygonal field fortification, prepared for all-round defense, with an external ditch and an earthen embankment on the outside of the trench;
Battery - an artillery unit consisting of several guns, as well as the position occupied by such a unit;
Cavalry - horse army;
Infantry - foot army. In the 19th century - infantry;
Artillery - 1. Firearms (guns, howitzers); 2. Branch of troops with such weapons.
Messages from the guys about the partisans Denis Davydov, Vasilisa Kozhina and Gerasim Kurin.
(Denis Davydov came from an old noble family, which dates back to the noble Tatar Murza Minchak. Since childhood, he dreamed of being a military man and, at the end of his term, in 1801 he was enrolled, not without difficulty due to his small stature, in the Cavalry Regiment estandard-junker. In parallel with military studies, literary exercises took place, and the young poet’s muse took on a satirical direction. Denis Davydov took part in the war with Prussia and Turkey.
When the Patriotic War of 1812 began, Denis Davydov turned to Bagration with a request to enlist him in the ranks of the Akhtyn Hussar Regiment and on April 8 he was promoted to colonel and participated in various battles near Mir, Katanya, Popovka and Pokrov.
But Davydov was burdened by the position of an ordinary hussar officer and turned to Bagration with a letter in which he asked permission to personally explain to him his views on guerrilla warfare, a thought about which had been wandering in his head for a long time. On August 21, in a barn at the Kolotsky monastery, Davydov explained in detail to the prince his view of the state of affairs and the significance of the partisan and people's war, which, according to his assumption, was supposed to arise behind enemy lines. Bagration listened to him with great attention and promised to immediately submit the whole matter to the discretion of the commander-in-chief.
Teacher's explanation:
(Kutuzov agreed, as an experience, to give Davydov 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks to act on enemy communications. A time had come in Davydov’s life, which he later recalled with particular affection. Left to his own devices, he was the author of a fruitful idea about partisan warfare." “cut down”, in his own words, his name in this formidable era, and the memory of the Patriotic War is inextricably linked with the memory of Denis Davydov. The tactics that Davydov decided to stick to was to fly at them, avoiding open skirmishes with enemy troops. by surprise, to recapture the convoys, provisions and military supplies. If the attack failed, the entire party immediately scattered in different directions and gathered in a pre-agreed place, Davydov armed the peasants with the weapons taken from the enemy, teaching them how to act against the common enemy.
One of Davydov’s outstanding feats during this time was the case near Lyakhov, where he, along with other partisans, captured General Augereau’s two-thousand-strong detachment; then, near the city of Kopys, he destroyed the French cavalry depot, scattered the enemy detachment near Belynichi and, continuing the search to the Neman, occupied Grodno).
— Which partisans do you still know?
- Vasilisa Kozhina. (During the French invasion in 1812, Vasilisa Kozhina organized a partisan detachment of teenagers and women from the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province. All the weapons of the partisans were pitchforks, spears and scythes. During the retreat of Napoleonic troops from Moscow, the partisans attacked French detachments and captured prisoners and then handed them over to Russian troops. For this feat, Vasilisa Kozhina was awarded a medal and financial allowance).
_ (Another partisan - Kurin Gerasim Matveevich - the leader of a peasant partisan detachment operating in the Vokhonsky volost (a region of the present city of Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow region). Thanks to the historian Alexander Mikhailovsky_Danilevsky, wide public attention was attracted to Kurin’s detachment. He was awarded the St. George Cross, first class. In 1962, a street in Moscow was named after Gerasim Kurin. Gerasim Kurin was a man of personal charm and quick intelligence, an outstanding commander of the peasant uprising. And - most importantly - for some reason everyone obeyed him, although he was almost a serf (Although this is strange, because in the village of Pavlovsk, it seems, there were no serfs),
To summarize our lesson, I would like to remind you once again about the patriotism of the Russian people, without whom it would have been difficult to win the war. Despite the fact that the war lasted less than a year, its significance was great. The Russian people rallied, defended the national independence and state independence of Russia. The war had great international significance, marking the beginning of the liberation of peoples in Central and Western Europe.
On January 6, 1813, Alexander 1 issues a manifesto ending the war. In honor of the winners, the Triumphal Arch was built in Moscow as a monument to the participants in the Patriotic War of 1812.
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