And others sat between Pripyat and Dvina. East Slavs. About the early history of the Slavs and Varangians in Rus'

3. EASTERN SLAVS IN THE VI-IX CENTURIES Features of the development of Slavic society in the VI-IX centuries. In the history of Europe, the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. was a period of great historical changes. The movements of the tribes and their struggle with the Roman Empire within its western borders ended.

Page 1

The ancestors of the Slavs (Proto-Slavs) can presumably be found among the Bronze Age tribes that inhabited the basins of the Odra, Vistula, and Dnieper rivers (Central and Eastern Europe). The neighbors of the Proto-Slavs were the ancestors of the Germanic tribes in the northwest, the ancestors of the Baltic tribes in the north, and the Proto-Iranian (Scythian) tribes in the south and southeast. From time to time, the Proto-Slavs came into contact with the northeastern Finno-Ugric tribes and in the southwest with the Thracian ones.

In terms of their language, the Proto-Slavs belonged to a large family of so-called Indo-European peoples who inhabited Europe and part of Asia up to and including India. During the 1st millennium BC. The Proto-Slavs settled in different directions from their historical “ancestral home,” which subsequently predetermined not only their separation from the vast Indo-European massif, but also the later division into East Slavic, West Slavic and South Slavic branches.

In the first centuries of our era, probably several hundred Slavic agricultural tribes already lived on the vast forest and forest-steppe lands of Eastern Europe. Ancient authors I - VI centuries. AD, later Byzantine and Arab sources call these tribes Wends, Antes and Slavs themselves. From written references and the rich archaeological heritage, today quite a lot is known about the way of life of the Eastern Slavs, their social system, way of life and beliefs.

VI-IX centuries in the history of East Slavic tribes following B.A. Rybakov can certainly be defined as the period of the third rise. In its depths the prerequisites for the emergence of a powerful early feudal state - Kievan Rus, which united half of the East Slavic tribes - matured.

Just like all Slavic tribes, the Eastern Slavs in the VI-IX centuries. were at the stage of transformation of communal relations into early feudal ones. This process was strengthened by the powerful migration processes of the preceding period of the Great Migration, as a result of which the contacts of the Eastern Slavs with the tribes, peoples and states surrounding them strengthened; there was interpenetration and mutual enrichment of different cultures.

The main written source that tells us about the final period of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs is the Tale of Bygone Years. This is how Nestor presents it, emphasizing in every possible way the ethnic community of the Slavic world.

After a long time, writes Nestor, the Slavs settled along the Danube, where now the land is Hungarian and Bulgarian. From those Slavs the Slavs spread throughout the land and were called by their names from the places where they sat. So some, having come, sat down on the river in the name of Morava and were called Moravians, while others called themselves Czechs. And here are the same Slavs: white Croats and Serbs and Horutans. When the Volochs attacked the Danube Slavs and settled among them and oppressed them, these Slavs came and sat on the Vistula and were called Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles, other Poles - Luticians, others - Mazovshans, others - Pomeranians.

Also, these Slavs came and settled along the Dnieper and were called Polyans, and others - Drevlyans, because they settled in the forests, and still others settled between Pripyat and Dvina and were called Dregovichs. Others settled along the Dvina and were called Polotsk residents, after the river flowing into the Dvina, named Polota, from which they received the name Polotsk residents.

The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs, and built a city and called it Novgorod. And others sat along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Sula, and were called northerners. And so the Slavic people dispersed, and after their name the letter was called “Slavic”.

As we can see, the chronicler very accurately defines the area of ​​settlement of the Eastern Slavs, indicating the territories inhabited by individual tribes, or rather, tribal unions (Drevlyans, Polyans, Dregovichs, Polotsk). Nestor's information was generally confirmed by subsequent archaeological and linguistic research. Each of the tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs had elements of statehood in the form of princely power.

But these were not yet principalities, but proto-state formations under the authority of tribal leaders. Some of the names of tribal unions, as we see, reflect the geographical and natural features of the territories they inhabit. The glades lived in the fields, the Drevlyans lived in the forests, the northerners lived in the northeast of the glades, etc.

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It should be noted that the period of feudal fragmentation is a completely natural stage in the development of a feudalizing society. Already at the end of the 11th century. the tendency of the boyars and princes towards separatism began to be traced. This is due to the further development of feudalism in Rus', since the spread of feudal land ownership led to an increase in the number of dependent...

“After a long time, the Slavs settled along the Danube, where the land is now Hungarian and Bulgarian. From those Slavs, the Slavs dispersed throughout the land and were called by their names from the places where they sat. So some sat on the river by the name of Morava and were called Moravians, while others called themselves Czechs. And here are the same Slavs: white Croats, and Serbs, and Horutans. When the Volochs attacked the Danube Slavs, and settled among them, and oppressed them, then these Slavs came and sat on the Vistula and were called Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles , other Poles are Lutichs, others are Mazovshans, others are Pomeranians.
Also, these Slavs came and settled along the Dnieper and were called Polyans, and others - Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, and still others sat between Pripyat and Dvina and were called Dregovichs, others sat along the Dvina and were called Polochans, after the river flowing into the Dvina , named Polota, from her the Polotsk people got their name.
The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen called themselves by their own name - Slavs, and built a city and called it Novgorod. And others sat along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Sula, and called themselves the north. And so the Slavic people dispersed, and after their name the letter was called “Slavic”. When the glades lived separately in these mountains, there was a path from the Varangians to the Greeks and from the Greeks along the Dnieper, and in the upper reaches of the Dnieper - a drag to Lovot, you can enter Ilmen, the great lake; The Volkhov flows from the same lake and flows into the Great Lake Nevo, and the mouth of that lake flows into the Varangian Sea. And along this sea you can sail to Rome, and from Rome you can sail along the same sea to Constantinople, and from Constantinople you can sail to the Sea of ​​Pontus, into which the Dnieper River flows. The Dnieper flows from the Okovsky forest and flows to the south, and the Dvina from the same forest flows and heads north, and flows into the Varangian Sea. From the same forest the Volga flows to the east and flows through seventy mouths into the Khvalisskoye Sea. So from Rus' you can sail along the Volga to the Bolgars and Khvalis, and further east to the inheritance of Sima, and along the Dvina to the land of the Varangians, from the Varangians to Rome, from Rome to the tribe of Ham."

Let's start with an obvious logical paradox, which for some reason has not been noticed by official researchers. The author of “The Tale of Bygone Years” lists the names of the Slavic tribes: Polyans, Drevlyans, Polochans, Dregovichi, Sever... Not the Northerners, but the North. The word “north” is not Slavic in origin and in Russian, along with the word “midnight”, has traditionally meant a geographical concept. This suggests that the tribe or territory “north” is the northern part, the extremity of a certain tribal area in pre-Slavic times. Regarding whom, in earlier times, Chernihiv region, Kursk region - Seversk land, was really northern? Regarding the Scythian-Sarmatians!
Perhaps the name “north” actually dates back to pre-Slavic times? In his comments to PVL, the famous Soviet historian of the traditional school O.V. Tvorogov writes: “There is a hypothesis that “north” is the name of the tribal union of the Eastern Slavs, from which the Polyans, Drevlyans, Dregovichs, etc. subsequently emerged. It goes back to the name of the territory in which the Sarmato-Alan association of the same name lived, displaced Slavs to the southeast at the beginning of the 8th century AD. e."
The Sarmatians have been known to history since the 6th century BC. e. Then one of the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes, the Massagetae (Greek name), lived in Central Asia. In 530 BC. e. the great Persian king Cyrus died in a battle with the Massagetae while trying to conquer them. In the 320s BC. e. The Massagetae fought successfully during the defense of Sogdiana from the troops of Alexander the Great.
Maybe the Slavs came to Europe from Siberia or Central Asia?
“Sarmatians” is the Greek name for a large number of ethnically related tribes of Aryan origin that did not even form a tribal union. It is unlikely that these tribes suspected that someone was calling them that way. Each tribe and some groups of tribes had their own names: Alans, Yases (Yazygs), Roxolans, Sirmatians, Aorsi, etc. The Sarmatians did not have a common center, and there were also civil strife. Social stratification among the Sarmatians was less than among the Scythians. No one can clearly explain how the Sarmatians differed from the Scythians ethnically. Maybe the Roxolani and other tribes of the second wave of Sarmatian migration (2nd century BC) are just the remnants of the Scythian-Sakas defeated by the Huns? The “civilized” Greeks and Romans considered the Sarmatians to be barbarians. According to the testimony of their enemies, the customs of the Sarmatians were distinguished not only by cruelty, but also by their love of freedom. As for their savagery, there are interesting objections to this. According to the Greeks, already in the 2nd century BC the Sarmatians of the Northern Black Sea region had heavy cavalry. The Sarmatian warrior was armed with a heavy long spear, a long sword (it was this type of sword that became widespread throughout Europe by the beginning of the Middle Ages), and was protected by an iron helmet and armor. The armor also protected the horses. The use of such weapons also implies the presence of quite advanced horse gear, in particular the presence of stirrups. The acquaintance of Europeans, especially the Romans, with the weapons and tactics of the Sarmatian cavalry led to great changes in the military affairs of Europe.
The armored Sarmatian cavalry numbered tens of thousands of warriors. The Greeks called them “cataphracts,” as they later called their heavily armed horsemen. In this regard, it is not entirely clear how the “Slavs,” armed with javelins and light bows, operating in loose formation, “displaced” the well-armed and organized Sarmatian cavalry, and even in steppe conditions?

The Sarmatian cavalry attacked the enemy, forming a wedge. Does this remind the reader of anything? Right. This is precisely the formation and similar weapons that medieval German knights had. But in Europe and Byzantium, which had heavy cavalry, there were large cities, crafts had long ago separated from agriculture and developed to the guild level. The large cities of the Sarmatians are not known to traditional science, but who then armed the Sarmatian army with such a perfect weapon? After all, Sarmatians are nomads!?
In the 12th century, the Arab geographer al-Idrisi wrote his essay in which he described the Northern Black Sea region, including the Kuban region, where, according to his ideas, ... Alans (!) lived in numerous and densely populated villages and three large trading cities. The Kuban River was named “Rusiya”. And very close by, apparently on the site of Kerch (Korchev), was the city of ar-Rusiyya! Modern researchers of al-Idrisi’s work do not pay much attention to this error (the remnants of the Alans lived far from the 4th century in the mountains of the North Caucasus), but are sure that the Arabs copied this information from the works of Ptolemy (2nd century AD, a contemporary of the real Alans and (What the hell isn’t he kidding?, Sarmatians-Russians!) Can we even consider tribes that had cities, engaged in agriculture, professional trade, and had mass craft production as classical nomads? But Ptolemy had no information about the Sarmatian territories more distant from the sea! In this connection, one should be wary of the statements of the Greeks and Romans about the savagery of the Scythians and Sarmatians.
According to Greek legend, the Sarmatians (Sauromatians) descended from the Scythians and the Amazons who found themselves on the shores of the Meotian swamp (Sea of ​​Azov). The Greeks explained this legend in an unusual way important role women in the social structure of the Sarmatians. Sarmatian women (only before marriage) participated in wars on an equal basis with men. Scythian female military burials are also known. The mention in Russian epics of “heroic polyanits” probably refers to this phenomenon. Until the 7th century, the Byzantines noted the participation of Slavic women in battles.

Sometimes ancient authors even called the Sarmatians “woman-governing.” An example of this is “The Tale of Bygone Years” itself. Its author will soon retell an ancient source, according to which the women of the “Gilii,” a Scythian-Sarmatian tribe, behaved simply defiantly freely.
According to Adam of Bremen and Ibrahim Ibn-Yakub, certain Amazons lived on the eastern coast of the Baltic at the beginning of the Middle Ages. Their habitat geographically coincided with the territory of the so-called “Turkic Russia”, that is, with the territory where part of the Roxalans who moved here after the Hun invasion lived.
An ancient semblance of a geographical map, the Peutinger Tables (I-III centuries AD), the population who lived where autochthonist historians are looking for the ancestral home of the Slavs are called Lugians-Sarmatians, Venets, Veneto-Sarmatians, Sarmatians. Of these names, only the word “Sarmatians” does not raise doubts about who exactly in the ethnic sense it means. It is clear that the double names of the tribes mean the evidence of the ancient geographer about the mixing of the Sarmatians with other tribes (Balts, Thracians, Celts?).
Actually, about the Wends, the Roman writer of the 1st century AD, Tacitus, wrote: “The Wends borrowed much from the customs of the Sarmatians, for they (Sarmatians - L.Yu.) extend their warlike campaigns to all the forests and mountains that rise between the Pevkinni and Fennas (that is, from the lands Finno-Ugric to the north-eastern Roman borders - L.Yu.)... However, they can rather be classified as Germans, because they build houses for themselves, carry shields and move on foot...”
In the 6th-7th centuries, the names of the majority of Slavic princes, known from Byzantine sources, bore traces of the very “Iranian language” inherited by the Slavic nobility from their Aryan ancestors: Akamir, Ardagast, Idariziy, Kelagast, Musokii, Piragast, Khatson.
According to A.G. Kuzmin, even in the middle of the 10th century, a significant part of the Slavic nobility bore “Iranian” names, which can be seen in the example of the ambassadors of Prince Igor to Byzantium (Sfandros, Istres, Prasten, Froutan) and is “an undoubted fact of the participation of the Scythians and other ethnic groups usually attributed to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European population, in the composition of the ancient Russian civilization and even the anthropological type of Slavic-Russians.”
Procopius of Caesarea wrote in the 6th century that the life of the Slavs was similar to the life of the “Massagetians” (as the Byzantines often called all Sarmatians). The Byzantine writer of the turn of the 9th-10th centuries Leo VI the Wise, relying on more ancient sources, argued that the Slavs once lived as nomads.
Arab travelers of the 10th century Masudi and Ibrahim ibn-Yakub in the lands of the Czechs and Bodrichi recorded a legend about the existence in ancient times of a single union of Slavic tribes led by the Valian (Alans?) tribe. According to this legend, the Valian tribe was held in high esteem by the Slavs until they quarreled among themselves.
“Migration historians” - supporters of the version of the origin of the Slavs from the alien “Iranian-speaking” nomads and semi-nomads, believe that the Sarmatians, having come to the Northern Black Sea region, did not destroy, but subjugated the Scythians, gradually merging with them into a single Scythian-Sarmatian, Proto-Slavic ethnos.
Traditional history categorically denies the possibility of such a course of events. The ancient Slavic languages ​​should have been much more similar to the “Alan-Iranian” languages ​​if the Slavs turned out to be direct descendants of the Scythian-Sarmatians.

Annex 1

According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the chronicler Nestor talks about the following East Slavic tribal unions:

• glades who settled in the fields in the Middle Dnieper region and therefore were called that;
• the Drevlyans, who lived northwest of them in dense forests;
• northerners who lived to the east and northeast of the glades along the Desna, Sula and Seversky Donets rivers;
• Dregovichi occupied lands between Pripyat and Western Dvina;
• Polochans - in the river basin Floors;
• Krivichi - in the upper reaches of the Volga and Dnieper;
• Radimichi and Vyatichi, according to the chronicle, descended from the family of Poles (Poles), and were most likely brought by their elders Radim, who came and sat on the river. Sozhe (tributary of the Dnieper) and Vyatko - on the river. Oke;
• Ilmen Slovenes lived in the north in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the river. Volkhov;
• Buzhans or Dulebs (from the 10th century they were called Volynians) occupied lands in the upper reaches of the Bug;
• white Croats - in the Carpathian region;
• Ulichs and Tivertsy between the Dniester and Danube.

Appendix 2

"The Tale of Bygone Years" about the origin and settlement of the Eastern Slavs.

“(...) And God mixed up the nations, and divided them into seventy and two nations, and scattered them throughout all the earth. From these same seventy-two languages ​​(in ancient times the word “language” meant “people.” Note by the authors-compilers) the Slavic people originated. The Slavs settled along the Danube, where now the land is Hungarian and Bulgarian. From those Slavs the Slavs spread throughout the land and were called by their names from the places where they sat. So some sat down on the river in the name of Morava and were called Moravas, while others called themselves Czechs. And here are the Slavs: white Croats, Serbs and Horutans (one of the Slavic tribes, a Slavic people now living in Slovenia. Note by the authors-compilers.) The Slavs settled on the Vistula and were called Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles. Also, these Slavs came and settled along the Dnieper and called themselves Polyans, and others - Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, and still others sat between Pripyat and Dvina and called themselves Dregovichs, others sat along the Dvina and called Polochans along the Polota River. The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs (The Slavs who settled around Lake Ilmen did not have their own tribal name. This can be explained by the fact that people from different Slavic lands and tribes lived here, therefore, Slavs - a common name that distinguished them from the neighboring non-Slavic population (Chudi, Vesi, etc. Note by the authors - compilers.), and they built a city and called it Novgorod. And others settled along the Desna and the Seim and called themselves northerners. And so the Slavic spread people. When the glades lived separately in these mountains, there was a path from the Varangians to the Greeks and from the Greeks along the Dnieper, and in the upper reaches of the Dnieper - a drag to Lovot, and along Lovot you can enter Ilmen, a great lake; from the same lake flows the Volkhov and flows into the Great Lake Nevo (Lake Ladoga. Note by the authors-compilers), and the mouth of that lake flows into the Varangian Sea (i.e. the Baltic. Note by the authors-compilers). And the Dnieper flows at its mouth into the Pontic Sea (i.e. . Black. Notes from the authors-compilers); this sea is reputed to be Russian.

The Polyans lived separately in those days and built the town of Kyiv. And the Drevlyans had their own reign, and the Dregovichi had theirs, and the Slavs had theirs in Novgorod, and another on the Polota River, where the Polotsk people were. From these latter came the Krivichi, who sit in the upper reaches of the Volga, and in the upper reaches of the Dvina, and in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, and their city is Smolensk. The northerners also come from them.

The Polyans... were from a Slavic family and only later were called Polyans, and the Drevlyans descended from the same Slavs and were also not immediately called Drevlyans; Radimichi and Vyatichi are from the family of Poles (Poles - author's note). The Poles had two brothers - Radim, and the other - Vyatko; and they came and sat down: Radim on Sozh, from him they were called Radimichi, and Vyatko sat down with his family on the Oka, from him the Vyatichi got their name. And the Polyans, Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi, Vyatichi and Croats lived in peace among themselves. The Dulebs lived along the Bug, where the Volynians are now, and the Ulichi and Tivertsy sat along the Dniester and neighboring the Danube. There were many of them; They used to sit along the Dniester all the way to the sea, and their cities have survived to this day; that’s why the Greeks called them “Great Scythia” (...)"

See: Reader on national history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.8-9.

Appendix 3

Byzantine treatise “Strategikon” (the turn of the 6th-7th centuries) on the military art and military customs of the Slavs.

“(...) The Slavic tribes are numerous, hardy, and easily tolerate heat, cold, rain, nakedness, and lack of food. They treat foreigners who come to them kindly and, showing them signs of their affection, protect them.

They do not hold those in captivity in slavery, like other tribes, for an unlimited time, but, limiting (the period of slavery) to a certain time, they offer them a choice: whether they want to return home for a certain ransom or remain there in their position free?

They have a large variety of livestock and fruits of the earth lying in heaps, especially millet and wheat.

The modesty of their women exceeds all human nature, so that most of them consider the death of their husband to be their death and voluntarily strangle themselves, not counting being a widow for life.

They settle in forests, near impassable rivers, swamps and lakes, and arrange many exits in their homes due to the dangers that befall them. They bury the things they need in secret places, do not openly own anything unnecessary, and lead a wandering life.

They love to fight their enemies in places covered with dense forest, in gorges, on cliffs; They take advantage of (ambushes), surprise attacks, tricks, both day and night.

They are also experienced in crossing rivers, surpassing all people in this regard. They courageously withstand their stay in the water, so that often some of those remaining at home, being caught by a sudden attack, plunge into the abyss of the waters. At the same time, they hold in their mouths specially made reeds hollowed out inside, reaching the surface of the water, and themselves, lying supine at the bottom (of the river), breathe with the help of them; and they can do this for many hours, so that it is absolutely impossible to guess about their (presence), and if it happens that the reeds are visible from the outside, inexperienced people consider them to be growing in water, while those familiar (with this trick) and those who recognize the reeds by their edge and (their) position, pull out the reeds and thereby force (those lying) to emerge from the water, since they are no longer able to remain in the water any longer.

Having no leader over them and being at odds with each other, they do not recognize the military system, are not able to fight in a proper battle, or show themselves in open and level places. If it happens that they dare to go to battle, then during it they move slightly forward with a shout, and if the opponents cannot withstand their shout, then they advance strongly; otherwise they flee. Having great help in the forests, they head towards them, since among the gorges they know how to fight well. But attacks on the Slavs should be carried out mainly in winter time; then the trees stand naked and you cannot hide behind them as comfortably as in the summer.(...)"

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.12-13.

Appendix 4

Nestor in The Tale of Bygone Years about the calling of the Varangians and the beginning of Russian statehood.

“(...) The Glades lived separately in those days and were governed by their own clans, and each was governed independently. And there were three brothers: one named Kiy, the other - Shchek and the third - Khoriv, ​​and their sister was Lybid. And they built a town in the name of their elder brother and called it Kyiv. And after the death of these brothers, their descendants began to reign in the glades, and the Drevlyans had their own reign, and the Dregovichi had theirs, and the Slavs in Novgorod had theirs. All these tribes had their own customs, the laws of their fathers, and legends, and each had their own character. The Varangians from overseas collected tribute from the Chuds, and from the Slavs, and from the Meri, and from all the Krivichi. In the year 6370 (862) they drove the Varangians overseas, and did not give them tribute, and began to control themselves, and there was no truth among them, and generation after generation arose, and they had strife, and began to fight with each other. And they said to themselves: “Let’s look for a prince who would rule over us and judge us by right.” And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and other Normans and Angles. The Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and all said to Rus': “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers were chosen with their clans, and took all of Rus' with them, and the eldest, Rurik, came and sat down in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Beloozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed. Novgorodians are those people from the Varangian family, and before that they were Slavs. Two years later, Sineus and his brother Truvor died. And Rurik alone took possession of all power and began to distribute cities to his husbands - to this Polotsk, to this Rostov. The Varangians in these cities are the Nakhodniki, and the indigenous population in Novgorod are the Slavs, in Polotsk the Krivichi, and in Rostov the Merya. And Rurik ruled over them all. (...).”

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.14.

Appendix 5

N.M. Karamzin in “History of the Russian State” about the calling of the Varangians to Rus'.

“(...) The beginning of Russian history presents us with an amazing and almost unprecedented case in the chronicles: the Slavs voluntarily destroy their ancient popular rule and demand sovereigns from the Varangians, who were their enemies. Everywhere the sword of the strong or the cunning of the ambitious introduced autocracy (for the people wanted laws, but were afraid of bondage): in Russia it was established with the general consent of the citizens: this is how our chronicler tells - and the scattered Slavic tribes founded a state that now borders ancient Dacia and the lands of the North America, with Sweden and with China, connecting three parts of the world within their borders. Great nations, like great men, have their infancy and should not be ashamed of it: our fatherland, weak, divided into small regions until 862, according to Nestor’s chronology, owes its greatness to the happy introduction of monarchical power.

We think that the Varangians, who captured the countries of the Chuds and Slavs several years before that time, ruled them without oppression and violence, took light tribute and observed justice. Dominating the seas, having relations with the South and West of Europe in the 9th century, the Varangians, or Normans, were supposed to be more educated than the Slavs and Finns, confined in the wild reaches of the North, and could provide them with some benefits of the new industry and trade, beneficial for the people. The Slavic boyars, dissatisfied with the power of the conquerors, which destroyed their own, perhaps outraged this frivolous people, seduced them in the name of their former independence, armed them against the Normans and drove them out; but personal strife turned freedom into misfortune, they failed to restore the ancient laws and plunged the fatherland into the abyss of civil strife. Then the citizens remembered, perhaps, the beneficial and calm Norman rule: the need for improvement and silence told them to forget the people's pride; and the Slavs, convinced - so says legend - by the advice of the Novgorod elder Gostomysl, demanded rulers from the Varangians.

Brothers named Rurik, Sineus and Truvor, famous either by birth or deeds, agreed to take power over people who, although they knew how to fight for freedom, did not know how to use it. The power of three rulers from Beloozero extended only to Estonia and the Slavic Keys, where we see the remains of ancient Izborsk. This part of the present St. Petersburg, Estland, Novgorod and Pskov provinces was then called Russia, after the Varangian-Russian princes.

Two of the Rurik natives, named Askold and Dir, perhaps dissatisfied with this prince, went with their comrades from Novgorod to Constantinople to seek their fortune; They saw a small town on the high bank of the Dnieper and asked: whose is it? They were told that its builders, three brothers, had died long ago and that the peace-loving inhabitants were paying tribute to the Khazars. This town was Kyiv: Askold and Dir took possession of it; they annexed many Varangians from Novgorod; began to rule under the name of Russians as sovereigns in Kyiv. Thus, the Varangians founded two autocratic regions in Russia: Rurik in the North, Askold and Dir in the South.

Rurik reigned solely after the death of Sineus and Truvor for 15 years in Novgorod and died in 879, entrusting the reign and his young son, Igor, to his relative Oleg. (...)"

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.15-16.

Appendix 6

Historiography of the question of the emergence of Kievan Rus.

“(...) Both earlier and now there are debates about the history of the emergence of the Old Russian state. This is a problem of constant political speculation. An analysis of historical research shows that M.N. Pokrovsky was probably right when he defined history as “politics thrown back into the past.”

In historical science, passions have been running high on the issue of state formation among the Eastern Slavs since the 18th century. In the 30s - 60s of the 18th century. German scientists Johann Gottfried Bayer and Gerard Friedrich Miller, who worked at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, in their scientific works for the first time tried to prove that the Old Russian state was created by the Varangians. They laid the foundation for the Norman theory of the origin of the Russian state. An extreme manifestation of the concept is the assertion that the Slavs, due to their inferiority, could not create a state, and then, without foreign leadership, were unable to govern it.

This theory was strongly opposed by M.V. Lomonosov, who was commissioned by Empress Elizabeth I to write the history of Russia. Since then, the struggle between Normanists and anti-Normanists has not subsided.

The Normanists are unanimous on two fundamental issues. Firstly, they believe that the Normans achieved dominance over the Eastern Slavs through external military conquest or through peaceful conquest (an invitation to reign); secondly, they believe that the word “Rus” is of Norman origin.

(...) The emergence of Kievan Rus chronologically fits into the process of state formation that took place in the 9th-10th centuries. in the territories of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. In the first half of the 9th century. The Great Moravian Principality was formed, at the turn of the 9th - 10th centuries - the Czech Principality. In the middle of the 9th century. There was a unification of Polish tribes in the second half of the 10th century. The Old Polish state was created. In the 9th century. Statehood was established in Croatia and Serbian lands. The 9th century was the time of the emergence of the united Anglo-Saxon kingdom, and the 10th century was the time of the Danish kingdom.

However, in historical science there are still ongoing discussions on the question of whether the Kiev state was the first state of the Eastern Slavs or did it have historical predecessors?

Arab historians al-Istarkhi and al-Balkhi at the beginning of the 10th century named three such associations in the 8th century: Kuyaba (Kiev land), Slavia (Novogorod land) and Artania or Artsania. Some historians (V.V. Mavrodin) tend to see Ryazan in Artania, others (Kh. Lovmyansky, A.P. Novoseltsev) - Rostov the Great, others (V.L. Yanin) - the Taman Peninsula. Even earlier formations led by God and Majan, which took place in the 6th and even 4th centuries, are described.

(...) The issue of the Kiev state under Dir and Askold remains controversial. There is an opinion that Dir and Askold are Varangians who captured in 860 or 862. Kyiv, in which there was no prince. In 866 they launched a bold raid on Constantinople and captured it.

Two years after the raid, Askold makes peace with the Greeks and decides to introduce Christianity. Patriarch Photius of Constantinople writes on this occasion: “Not only the Bulgarian people changed their former wickedness to faith in Christ, but also that people about whom many people talk and which surpasses all peoples in cruelty and bloodshed, this said Russia... However, now it has changed the pagan and godless teaching... on the pure and right Christian Faith”... Despite all the disputes and ambiguities, one thing remains certain: in the 9th century. Statehood among the Eastern Slavs already existed. The unification of lands around Kyiv was certainly a state (...)

In the literature, there are different opinions about the basis of the origin of the state.

In the 18th century V. N. Tatishchev believed the development state power from the family. And in the future, both Normanists and Slavophiles adhered to this concept. But, according to V.N. Paranin, such a course of state building on such a vast territory and with a great variety of multilingual peoples seems very doubtful. I.V. Kireevsky considered statehood to be a natural development of national life. In his opinion, small rural communities merged into large ones - regional, tribal, etc. And from them one general agreement of the Russian land was already formed.

Unlike all the followers of I. Ya. Froyanov puts forward the concept according to which Rus', at least until the end of the 10th century, remains not a state, but a tribal union, that is, a transitional form to state organization, corresponding to the stage of military democracy. He views tribute not as a type of feudal rent, but as a military indemnity imposed on conquered tribes in favor of state power or its agents, without in any way relating it to the class exploitation of the working population. The state itself (from the second half of the 11th - 12th centuries) grows on a communal basis and takes the communal form of “city volosts - states”; princes and nobility (both those associated with the princes and the zemstvo) in their political activities express, to a large extent, the interests and needs of free members of society in such states (i.e., free citizens and free peasants), and the community unions in these state entities are headed by the trade and craft community of the main city. Vassalage (princely, boyar) and immunity are pre-feudal in nature.

L.V. Cherepnin proposed the concept of state feudalism in Kievan Rus. He proceeded from the fact that tribute was collected from the peasant population as feudal rent. The fact that there were no feudal estates was compensated by the distribution of tribute among the warriors, as the total ruling class. (...)"

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.10-11.

Appendix 7

Academician B.A. Rybakov in his work “The World of History” (M., 1984, pp. 56-63) about the role of the Varangians in the creation of the Russian state.

“(...) The Varangians were used in Rus' in the 10th-11th centuries as hired military force. The Varangians were hired by Svyatoslav and his son Vladimir. The Varangians were hired for dirty murders: the Varangians killed Prince Gleb. The Russian Pravda was directed against the outrages of the hired Varangians in Novgorod, putting the offending Varangian in a disadvantageous position compared to the offended Novgorodian: the court took the Novgorodian at his word, and the foreigner had to present two witnesses. If we recognize the Varangians as the creators of statehood for the Slavs, it is difficult to explain the fact that the state language of Rus' was not Swedish, but Russian. Treaties with Byzantium in the 10th century were written in Greek and Russian. When checking the biased arguments selected by the Normanists, it should be noted that bias appeared in our very sources, dating back to Nestor’s “Tale of Bygone Years.”

As the excellent expert on Russian chronicles A.A. proved in his time. Shakhmatov, Nestor’s historical work has undergone revision. Nestor was a Kyivian resident and based his research on issues related to the Slavic south, Kiev and the Dnieper region. Its editor was Prince Mstislav, the grandson of the English king, the son-in-law of the Swedish king, raised by the Novgorod boyars (and who married a Novgorod boyar for his second marriage). For him, epic legends about the calling of princes were a familiar plot applied to the history of various northern kingdoms. For him, Novgorod and the Varangian North were a natural living environment, and the Kiev boyars were a hostile force. Remaking Russian history in his own way, Prince Mstislav artificially put Novgorod in first place, overshadowing Kyiv, wrongfully transferred the birth of Russian statehood to the north and wove Varangian conquerors and Varangian organizers into the narrative. In bringing to Russian history the legend of the voluntary calling of the Varangians by the Slavic-Finnish tribes, one cannot help but see an echo of the events of 1113, when Mstislav’s father Vladimir Monomakh was invited to Kyiv during the rebellion. The “Normanist” editor distorted a lot in Nestor’s text and introduced many crude insertions into his “Tale.” This is how the absurd identification of the Varangians with Russia arose, which meant nothing else except that if the Varangians found themselves in the capital of Rus', in Kyiv, if they entered Russian service, then they were considered Russia.

(...) The Kyiv princes (like the Byzantine emperors) widely used Varangian mercenary detachments, specially sending for them to the Northern Baltic states - “overseas.” At the same time as the Varangians, the Pechenegs were also hired. Part of the Varangian nobility joined the Russian boyars. Some Varangians, like Sveneld, achieved high positions, but were extremely cruel to the Slavic population. Throughout the 9th and first half of the 10th centuries, the same process of formation and strengthening took place. state principle Rus'. The raids of the Varangians or the attacks of the Pechenegs could neither stop nor significantly modify the course of this process. (...)"

Note: Rybakov Boris Alexandrovich (1908-2001)– a famous Russian historian, ethnographer, specialist in the field of cultural history and religion of ancient and early medieval Rus'.

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.16.

Appendix 8

Historiography of the question of the origin of the name “Rus”.

“(...) Anti-Normanists believe that the term “Rus” is of pre-Varang origin and goes back to very ancient times. There are places in The Tale of Bygone Years that contradict the legend about the calling of three brothers to reign. For the year 852 there is an indication that during the reign of Michael in Byzantium there was already Russian land. In the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles it is said that all northern tribes, including Rus', invited the Varangians to reign. Soviet researchers M.N. Tikhomirov, D.S. Likhachev believe that the record of the calling of the Varangian princes appeared in the chronicle later in order to contrast two states - Kievan Rus and Byzantium. For this, the author of the chronicle needed to indicate the foreign origin of the princely dynasty. According to the research of A. A. Shakhmatov, the Varangian squads began to be called Russia after they moved to the south. And in Scandinavia, it is impossible to find out about any Rus tribe from any sources.

(...) In addition, there are other opinions. V. A. Moshin proves the Greek origin of the name “Rus”. About the existence of Rus' as the Tmutarakan principality in the 9th century. write A. N. Nasonov, M. V. Levchenko, A. L. Mongait. Archpriest Lev Lebedev writes: “...in the IV-VII centuries. The formation of the first Russian statehood, known to us, took place - the cultural and political unification of tribal unions of the Polyans and Northerners under the common leadership of the “Rus” tribe with the princely dynasty of the Krivichi.” This conclusion is interesting because the root “kriv” corresponds to today’s name “Russian” among the Krivichi-Latvian neighbors.

The scientific results of two centuries of discussions are that none of the schools can clearly explain what “Rus” is: if it is an ethnicity, then where it was localized, for what reasons it strengthened at a certain stage and where it subsequently disappeared. (...)"

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.10.

Appendix 9

Academician B.A. Rybakov in his work “The World of History” (M., 1984. P. 63-64) about the origin of the name “Rus”

“(...) The name of the people “RUS” or “ROS” appears in sources for the first time in the middle of the 6th century, at the very height of the great Slavic settlement. One of the authors (Jordan) recalls the “Russian men” (Rosomons) who were at enmity with the Gothic prince Germanaric in the 370s. Another author, writing in Syria, listing the steppe nomads of the Black Sea region, mentioned the ROS people, who lived in the northwest of the Amazons, that is, in the Middle Dnieper region (the legendary Amazons were placed near Meotida - the Sea of ​​​​Azov). Two forms of the name of the people (ROS and RUS) have existed since ancient times: the Byzantines used the ROS form, and the Arab-Persian authors used the RUS form. In Russian medieval writing, both forms were used: “Russian land” and “Rosskaya Pravda”. Both forms have survived to this day: we say RUSSIA, but we call its inhabitants RUSSIAN.

“Rus”, “Rus”, “Rus” were called both the Slavs and those foreigners who found themselves in Kyiv or served the Kyiv prince. The Varangians, who appeared in Kyiv 300 years after the first mention of the “people of ROS”, also began to be called Rus. Probably, the tribe of the Ros-Russ was located on the Ros and the name of this river is associated with the name of the tribe... ...Having recognized the concept of the editors of The Tale of Bygone Years as artificial, we must answer the question: what was the real role of the Varangians in the early history of Rus'? Varangian troops were attracted to Russian lands by information about the lively trade of Rus' with the countries of the East. The Varangians in the second half of the 9th century began to raid and take tribute from the northern Slavic and Finnish tribes. In the 870s, the Kyiv princes took a number of serious measures (campaigns against the Krivichi and Polotsk people) to counter the Varangians. Probably at the same time, strongholds such as Rusa and Novgorod were built in the north. For a long time, Novgorod paid tribute to the Varangians in order to avoid new raids. Byzantium paid the same tribute to the Russians “dividing the world.” (...)"

See: Reader on Russian history from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century. M. Publishing house MPEI..2007.P.16-17.

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y TsIM pMEZ, LOSCB CH LYECHE, NYT YNES UP CHUENY UFTBOBNY. y RTYYMB PUEOSH, y CHURPNOYM pMEZ LPOS UCHPEZP, LPFPTPZP LPZDB-FP RPUFBCHYM LPTNYFSH, TEYCH OYLPZDB ABOUT OEZP OE UBDIFSHUS. yVP LPZDB-FP URTBYCHBM ON CHPMICHR R LKhDEUOILPC: "pF YuEZP S KHNTKH?" th ULBBM ENKH PDYO LKHDEUOIL: "LOSSH! pF LPOS FChPEZP MAVYNPZP, ABOUT LPFPTPN FSH EDYYSH, 1 PF OEZP FEVE Y KHNETEFSH!" ъББРБМИ УПЧБ ьФИ Х ДХИХ ПМЭЗХ, й УЛБББМ по: "ОйЛПЗДБ OE USDХ О ОКП ОП ОКХЧИЦХ ЭЗП ВПМШИ ". th RPCHEMEM LPTNYFSH EZP Y OE CHPDYFSH EZP LO OENKH, Y RTPTSYM OEULPMSHLP MEF, OE CHYDS EZP, RPLB OE RPYEM ABOUT ZTELPCH. b LPZDB CHETOKHMUS CH LYECH Y RTPYMP YuEFSHTE ZPDB,1 ABOUT RSFSHCHK ZPD RPNSOKHM ON UCHPEZP LPOS, PF LPFPTPZP LPZDB-FP CHPMICHSH RTEDULBBMY ENKH UNETFSH. th RTYJCHBM BY UFBTEKYOKH LPOAIPCH Y ULBBM: "Where is LPOSH NPK, LPFTPTPZP RTYLBYBM WITH LPTNYFSH Y VETEYUSH?" fPF CE PFCHEFIM: "xNO". pMEZ TSE RPUNESMUS Y KHLPTYM FPZP LKHDEUOILB, ULBBICH: "oe RTBChP ZPCHPTSF CHPMICHSHCH, OP CHUE FP MPTSSH: LPOSH KHNET, B S CYCH." th RTYLBYBM PUEDMBFSH UEVE LPOS: "dB KHCHYTSKH LPUFY EZP." y RTYEIBM ABOUT FP NEUFP, ZHE METSBMY EZP ZPMSCHE LPUFY y Yueter ZPMSHK, UMEYU LPOS, RPUNESMUS y ULBBBM: "pF bfpzp MY Yueterb UNETFSH NOE RTYOSFSH?" y UFKhRYM ON OPZPA ABOUT YUETER, y CHSHCHRPMMB yYUETERB UNES y KhTSBMYMB EZP CH OPZKH. th PF FPZP TBVPMEMUS Y HNET PO. PRMBLYCHBMY EZP CHUE MADI RMBUEN CHEMILINE, Y RPOEUMY EZP, Y RPIPPTPOYMY ABOUT ZPTE, OBSCHCHBENPA EELPCHYGB; EUFSH CE NPZYMB EZP Y DPOSHCHOE, UMSHCHEF NPZYMPK pMEZPCHPK. y VSHMP CHUEI MEF LOTSEOYS EZP FTYDGBFSH y FTY<...>

h ZPD 6453 (945). h FPF ZPD ULBJBMB DTHTSYOB yZPTA: "pFTPLY UCHEOEMSHDB YPDEMYUSH PTHTSYEN Y PDETSDPK, B NSCH OZZY. rPKDEN, LOSSH, U OBNY UB DBOSHA, Y UEVE DPVKhDEYSH Y OBN." y RPUMKHYBM yi yZPTSH 1 RPYEM L DTECHMSOBN ЪB DBOSHA y RTYVBCHYM L RTETSOEK DBOY OPCHHA, y FCHPTYMY OBUIMYE OBD OINY NHTSY EZP. hQSCH DBOSH, RPYEM ON CH UCHPK ZPTPD. lPZDB TSE YEM PO OBBD, 1 RPTBNSHUMYCH, ULBJBM UCHPEK DTHTSYOE: "IDYFE U DBOSHA DPNPK, B S CHPTBEKHUSH Y RPUPVYTBA EEE." th PFRKHUFYM DTHTSYOH UCHPA DPNPK, B UBN U NBMPK YUBUFSHA DTHTSYOSCH CHETOKHMUS, TsEMBS VPMSHYEZP VPZBFUFCHB. dTECHMSOE TSE, KHUMSHCHYBCH, YuFP YDEF UOPCHB, DETSBMY UPCHEF U LOSYEN UCHPYN nBMPN: "eUMY RPCHBDYFUS CHPML L PCHGBN, FP CHSHCHOEUEF CHUE UFBDP, RPLB OE KHVSHAF EZP; FBL Y LFPF: EU MY OE KHVSHEN EZP, FP CHUEI OBU RPZHVYF." th RPUMBMY L OENKH, ZPChPTS: "BUYEN YDEYSH PRSFSH? BVTBM HTSE CHUA DBOSH". y OE RPUMKHYBM YI yZPTSH; Y DTECHMSOE, CHSHKDS YЪ ZPTPDB yULPTPUFEOS, KHVYMY yZPTS Y DTHTSYOH EZP, FBL LBL VSHMP ITS NBMP. y RPZTEVEO VSHM yZPTSH, y EUFSH NPZYMB EZP X yULPTPUFEOS CH DETECHULPK YENME y DP UEZP CHTENEY.

pMSHZB TSE VSHMB CH LYECH U USCHOPN UCHPYN, TEVEOLPN UCHSFPUMBCHPN, Y LPTNYMEG EZP VSHM BUNKhD, B CHPECHPDB UCHEOEMSHD 1 PFEG NUFYYY. ULBUBMY TSE DTECHMSOE: "chPF KHVYMY LOS NSCH THUULPZP; CHPYSHNEN TSEOH EZP pMSHZKH UB LOSJS OBIZP NBMB Y UCHSFPUMBCHB CHPYSHNEN Y UDEMBEN ENKH, YuFP ЪBIPFYN." y RPUMBMY DTECHMSOE MHYUYI NHTSEK UCHPYI, YUYUMPN DCHBDGBFSH, CH MBDSHE L PMSHZE, TH RTYUFBMY CH MBDSHE RPD vPTYUECHSHCHN RPDYAENPN. CHEDSH CHPDB FPZDB FELMB CHPЪME LYECHULPK ZPTSH, B MADI UYDEMY OE ABOUT RPDPM, OP ABOUT ZPTE. ZPTPD TST Lyech VSHM FBN, in the house of the dchpt ZPTSFSHSHSHPHPTB, B Loszelek dchpt VDMM CPTPDDDE, HOUSE ICHPT CCTPFFIUMBCHB YUHDILB DMS RFMB Choye ZPTPDBPDB; VSHHM CHOE ZPTPDB Y DTHZPK DCHPT, ZDE UFPYF UEKYBU DCHPT KHUFBCHEYLB RPBDY GETLCY UCHSFPK vPZPTPDYGSH DEUSFYOOPK; OBD ZPTPA VShchM Fetenopk DChPT 1 VShchM FBN LBNEOOSCHK FETENE. y RPCHEDBMY pMSHZE, YFP RTYYMY DTECHMSOE, y RTYYCHBMB YI pmSHZB L UEVE Y ULBBMB YN: "zPUFY DPVTSCHE RTYYMY". th PFCHEFYMY DTECHMSOE: "rTYYMY, LOSZYOS." th ULBUBMB YN pMSHZB: "zPCHPTYFE, BUYEN RTYYMYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYAM UADB? pFCHEFYMY CE DTECHMSOE: "rPUMBMB OBU DETECHULBS YENMS U FBLYYY UMPCHBNY: "nHTSB FCHPEZP NSCH HVYMY, FBL LBL NCC FChPK, LBL ChPML, TBUIEBM Y ZTBVYM, B OBIY LOSSHS IPTPYE, R PFPNKH YuFP CHCHEMY RPTSDPL CH DETECHULPK ЪENME,1 RPKDY ЪBNХЦ ЪБ ЛОСЪС OBEZP ЪБ НБМБ". вШЧМП CHEDSH YNS ENKH, LOSYA DTECHMSOULPNH, 1 nBM. УЛБЪБМБ Це ИН ПМШЗБ: "мAVEOBNOye TEYUSH CHBYB, 1 NHTSB NPEZP NOE HCE OE CHULTEUYFSH; OP IYUKH CHPDBFSH CHBN ЪBCHFTB YuEUFSH RETED MADSHNY UCHPYNY; OSHCHOE TSE YDYFE L UCHPEK MBDSHE Y MPTSYFEUSH CH MBDSHA, CHEMYUBSUSH, B KHFTPN S RPIMA ЪB CHBNY, B CHSHCH ZPCHPTYFE: "OE EDEN ABOUT LPOSI, OH REY OE RPKDEN, OP RPOEUYFE OBU CH MBDSHE", 1st PE "JOEUHF CHBU CH MBDSHE", Y PFRKHUFYMB YI L MBDSHE. pMSHZB TSE RTYLBYBMB CHSHLPRBFSH SNKH CHEMILHA Y ZMKHVPLHA ABOUT FETENOPN DCHPTE, CHOE ZTBDB.about UMEDHAEE HFTP, UIDS CH FETENE, RPUMBMB pmSHZB ЪB Z PUFSNY, Y RTYYMYY LOYN Y ULBUBMY: "'PCHEF CHBU pMSHZB DMS YUEUFY CHEMILPK". sing TSE PFCHEFYMY: "o EDEN OH ABOUT LPOSI, OH ABOUT CHPBI TH REY OE YDEN, OP RPOEUFE OBUC CH MBDSHE." LOSSH OBY HVYF, B LOSZYOS OBYB IPUEF ЪB CHBYEZP LOS”, 1st RPOEUMY YI CH MBDSH. sing TSE KHUEMYUSH, CHEMYUBSUSH, YЪVPYUEOYCHYUSH Y CH CHEMILYI OZTHDOSHI VMSIBI. YI OB DCHPT L pMSHZE Y LBL OEUMY, FBL Y UVTPUYMY YI CHNEUFE U MBDSHEK CH SNKH.y, RTYOILOHCHL SNE, URPTPUYMB YI pMSHZB: "iPTPIB MY CHBN YUEUFSH?" SHRBMY YI.

th RPUMBMB pMSHZB L DTECHMSOBN Y ULBBMB YN: "eUMY CHRTBCHDH NEOS RTPUYFE, FP RTYYMYFE MKHYUYI NHTSEC, YUFPVSH U CHEMILPK YUEUFSHA RPKFY ЪB CHBYEZP LOSJS, YOBYUE OE RKHUFSF NE OS LIECHULJE MADY." KHUMSHCHYBCH PV LFPN, DTECHMSOE YЪVTBMY MHYUYI NHTSEK, KHRTBCHMSCHYI DETECHULPA YENMEA, Y RTYUMBMY ЪB OEK. lPZDB CE DTECHMSOE RTYYMY, pMSHZB RTYLBJBMB RTYZPFPCHYFSH VBOA, ZPCHPTS YN FBL: "CHCHNSCHCHYUSH, RTYDIFE LP NOE." y TBPTsZMY VBOA, y Chpymy Ch OEE DTECHMSOE y UFBMY NSCHFSHUS; Y ЪBRETMY ЪБ OYNY VBOA, Y RPCHEMEMB pMShZB ЪBTSEYUSH ITS PF DCHETY, Y UZPTEMY CHUE.

th RPUMBMB L DTECHMSOBN UP UMPCHBNY: "chPF HCE YDH L CHBN, RTYZPFPCHSHFE NEDSH NOPZIE X FPZP ZPTPDB, ZDE KHVYMY NHTSB NPEZP, DB RPRMBYUKHUSH ABOUT NPZYME EZP Y UPFChPTA FTYЪOH RP U CHPEN NKHTSE". SING TSE, KHUMSHCHYBCH PV LFPN, UCHEMY NOPTSEUFCHP NEPCH Y EBCHBTYMY YI. pMSHZB CE, CHSCCH U UPVPA NBMHA DTHTSYOH, PFRTBCHYMBUSH OBMEZLE, RTYYMB L NPZYME UCHPEZP NHTSB Y PRMBLBMB EZP. y RPCHEMEMB MADSN UCHPYN OBUSCHRBFSH CHEMILKHA NPZYMKH Y, LPZDB OBUSCHRBMY, RTYLBYBMB UPCHETYBFSH FTYOKH. rPUME FPZP UEMY DTECHMSOE RYFSH, Y RTYLBJBMB pMSHZB PFTPLBN UCHPYN RTYUMKHTSYCHBFSH YN. th ULBUBMY DTECHMSOE pMSHZE: "Where is DTHTSYOB OBYB, LPFPTHA RPUMBMY ЪB FPVPK?" pOB CE PFCHEFIMB: "yDHF ЪB NOPA U DTHTSYOPA NHTSB NPEZP". th LPZDB PRSHSOEMY DTECHMSOE, CHEMEMB PFTPLBN UCHPYN RYFSH ЪB YI YUEUFSH, B UBNB PFPYMB RTPYUSH Y RTYLBYBMB DTHTSYOE THVYFSH DTECHMSO, Y YUUELMY YI RSFSH FSHUSYU. b pMSHZB CHETOKHMBUSH CH LYECH Y UPVTTBMB CHPKULP.

oYUBMP LOTSEOYS UCHSFPUMBCHB, USCHOB yZPTECHB. h ZPD 6454 (946). pMSHZB U USCHOPN UCHPYN UCHSFPUMBCHPN UPVTBMB NOPZP ITBVTSCHI CHPYOPCH Y RPYMB ABOUT DETECHULHA YENMA. th CHCHYMY DTECHMSOE RTPFPYCH OEE. y LPZDB UPYMYUSH PVB ChPKULB DMS UICHBFLY, uchsfpumbch VTPUYM LPRSHEN CH DTECHMSO, y LPRSHE RTPMEFEMP NETSDH KHYEK LPOS y KHRBMP LPOA RPD OPZY, YVP VShchM uchsfpumbch EEE TEVEOPL. y ULBUBMY ucheoemshd y BUNKHD: "lOSSH HTSE OBYUBM; RPUMEDKHEN, DTHTSYOB, UB LOSYEN." th RPVEDIMY DTECHMSO. dTECHMSOE CE RPVETSBMY Y ЪBFCHPTYMYUSH CH UCHPYI ZPTPDBI. PMSHZB TSE KHUFTENYMBUSH U USCHOPN UCHPYN L ZPTPDH yULPTPUFEOA, FBL LBL TSYFEMY EZP KHVYMYY EE NHTSB, Y UFBMB U USCHOPN UCHPYN PLPMP ZPTPDB, B DTECHMSOE ЪBFCHPTYMYUSH CH ZPTPDDE Y LTERLP VPTPMYUSH YZ ZPTPDB, YVP OBMY, YuFP, KhVYCH LOSJS, OE ABOUT YuFP YN OBDESFSHUS RPUME UDBUY. th UFPSMB pMSHZB CHUE MEFP Y OE NPZMB ChЪSFSH ZPTPDB Y ЪBNSHUMYMB FBL: RPUMBMB POB L ZPTPDH UP UMPCHBNY: "dP YuEZP IPFYFE DPUIDEFSHUS? CHEDSH CHUE CHBY ZPTPDB HCE UDBMYU SHNOE Y PVSBBMYUSH CHSHHRMBYYCHBFSH DBOSH Y HCE CHPDEMSHCHBAF UCHPY OYCHSHCHY YENMY; B CHSHCH, PFLBISHCHBSUSH RMBFYFSH DBOSH, UPVYTBEFEUSH KHNETEFSH U ZPMPDB." dTECHMSOE CE PFCHEFYMY: "nsch VSCH TBDSCH RMBFYFSH DBOSH, OP CHEDSH FSH IPUYYSH NUFYFSH ЪB NHTSB UCHPEZP." ULBJBMB TSE YN PMSHZB, YuFP-DE "S HCE NUFYMB ЪB PVYDH UCHPEZP NHCB, LPZDB RTYIPDYMY CHSHL LYECHH RETCHSHCHK TBY PE CHFPTPC, B Ch FTEFYK TB1LPZDB KHUFTPIMB FTY ЪОХ РП UCHPEN NHTSE. vPMSHYE HTSE OE IPYUH NUFYFSH, 1IPYUH FPMSHLP CHЪSFSH U CHBU OEVPMSHYKHA DBOSH Y, ЪBLMAYUYCH U CHBNY NYT, KHKDH RTPYUSH". dTECHMSOE TSE URTPUIMY: "YuFP IYUEYSH PF OBU? NSH TBDSCH DBFSH FEVE NED Y NEIB." POB TSE ULBJBMB: "oEF KH CHBU FERTSH OH NEDKH, OH NIPCH, RPPFPNH RTPTYKH CHBU OENOPZP: DBKFE NOE PF LBTSDPZP DChPTB RP FTY ZPMHVS DB RP FTY ChPTPVShS. with CHEDSH OE IYUH CHPTMPTSYF Sh ABOUT CHBU FSCLPC DBOY, LBL NCC NPK, RPFPNH- FP Y RTPYKH CHBU NBM. dTECHMSOE TSE, PVTBDPCHBCHIYUSH, UPVTBMY PF DCHPTB RP FTY ZPMHVS Y RP FTY CHPTPVSHS Y RPUMBMY L pMSHZE U RPLMPOPN. pMShZB TSE ULBJBMB YN: "chPF CHSHCH Y RPLPTYMYUSH HTSEN NOE Y NPENH DYFSFY,1YDYFE CH ZPTPD, B S ЪBCHFTB PFUFHRMA PF OEZP Y RPKDH CH UCHPK ZPTPD." dTECHMSOE CE U TBDPUFSH CHPYMY CH ZPTPD Y RPCHEDBMY PVP CHUEN MADSN, Y PVTBDPCHBMYUSH MADI CH ZPTPDE. PMSHZB TSE, TBBDBC CHPYOBN 1 LPNKH RP ZPMHVA, LPNKH RP CHPTPVSHA, RTYLBJBMB RTYCHSSHCHBFSH LBTSDPNKH ZPMKHVA Y ChPTPVSH FTHF, ЪBCHETFSHCHBS EZP CH OEVPMSHYE RMBFP YULY Y RTYLTERMSS OYFLPK L LBTSDPK RFYGE. y, LPZDB UFBMP UNETLBFSHUS, RTYLBYBMB pMSHZB UCHPYN CHPYOBN RKHUFYFSH ZPMHVEK Y CHPTPVSHECH. zPMHVY TSE Y ChPTPVSHY RPMEFEMY CH UCHPY ZOEDB: ZPMHVY CH ZPMHVSFOY, B CHPTPVSHY RPD UFTEYIY, Y FBL ЪBZPTEMYUSH 1 ZDE ZPMKHVSFOY, ZDE LMEFY, ZDE UBTBY Y UEOPCHBMSHCH, Y OE VSHMP DCHPTB, ZDE VSH OE ZPTEMP, Y OEMSHЪS VSHMP ZBUIFSH, FBL LBL UTBH ЪBZPTEMYUSH CHUE DCHPTSH. y RPVETSBMY MADI y ZPTPDB, y RTYLBYBMB pmShZB ChPYOBN UCHPYN ICHBFBFSH YI. th FBL CHЪSMB ZPTPD Y UPTsZMB EZP, ZPTPDULYI TSE UFBTEKYO ЪBVTBMB Ch RMEO, B DTHZYI MADEK KHVYMB, FTEFSHYI PFDBMB Ch TBVUFChP NHTSBN UCHPYN, B PUFBMSHOSHI PUFBCHYMB RM BFYFSH DBOS<...>

h ZPD 6472 (964). lPZDB UCHSFPUMBCH CHShTPU Y CHPNHTSBM, UFBM ON UPVYTBFSH NOPZP CHPYOPCH ITBVTSCHI, Y MEZLP IPDYM CH RPIPDBI, LBL RBTDKHU, Y NOPZP CHPECHBM. h RPIPDBI TSE OE CHPYM ЪB UPVPA OH CHPЪPCH, OH LPFMPCH, OE CHBTYM NSUB, OP, FPOLP OBTEEBCH LPOIOKH, YMY ЪCHETYOH, YMY ZPCHSDYOH Y OBTSBTYCH ABOUT HZMSI, FBL EM; OE YNEM PO YYBFTB, OP URBM, RPUFYMBS RPFOIL U UEDMPN CH ZPMPCHBI, 1 FBLYNY TSE VSHCHMY Y CHUE RTPYUYE EZP CHPIOSCH. th RPUSCHMBM CH YOSCHE YENMY UP UMPCHBNY: "iPYUKH ABOUT CHBU YDFY". th RPYEM ABOUT pLH TELH Y ABOUT CHPMZH, Y CHUFTEFYM CHSFYUEK, Y ULBUBM CHSFYUBN: "lPNH DBOSH DBEFE?" Sing TSE PFCHEFYMY: "iBBBTBN 1 RP EEMSZH U UPIY DBEN."

h ZPD 6473 (965). LET'S LEARN ABOUT IBBT. Khumshybch Ts, ibbtsh Cheshmi altogether emergency chief UPPIN LOSYNEN LBZBOPN I Vopymyush Vyfshus, si vifchah igsfpumba ibbt yi ufpmigh yi vemkh Chskh ChSM. th RPVEDM SUPCH th LBUPZHR<...>

h ZPD 6476 (968). rTYYMYY CHRECHCHESH REYUEEOZY ABOUT TKHULHA YENMA, B UCHSPUMBCH VSHM FPZDB CH RETESUMBCHGE, Y OBRETMBUSH PMSHZB UP UCHPYNYY CHOHLBNY 1 sTPRPMLPN, pMEZPN Y ChMBDYNYYTPN CH ZPTP DE LJECHE. th PUBDYMY REYUEEOZY ZPTPD UYMPA CHEMYLPK: VSHMP YI VEUUYUMEOOPE NOPTSEUFChP CHPLTHZ ZPTPDB, Y OEMSH'S VSHMP OH CHSHKFY YJ ZPTPDB, OH CHEUFY RPUMBFSH, Y YYOENPZMY MADI PF Z PMPDB Y TsBTDSCH. y UPVTBMYUSH MADI FPK UFPTPOSCH DOERTB CH MBDSHSI y UFPSMY ABOUT FPN VETEZKH, y OEMSH'S VSHMP OH FEN RTPVTBFSHUS CH LYECH, OH LFYN YY ZPTPDB LOYN. th UFBMY FHTSYFSH MADI CH ZPTPDE Y ULBUBMY: "oEF MY LPZP, LFP VSH UNPZ RETEVTBFSHUS ABOUT FH UFPTPOKH Y ULBJBFSH YN: EUMY OE RPDUFKHRYFE KhFTPN L ZPTPDH,1 UBDYNUS REYU EOEZBN". y ULBUBM PDYO PFTPL: "with RTPVETHUSH", y PFCHEFYMY ENKH: "yDY". BY TSE CHCHYEM YJ ZPTPDB, DETSB KHDEYULH, Y RPVETSBM YUETE UFPSOLKH REYUEEOZPCH, URTBYCHBS YI: "OE CHYDEM MY LFP-OYVHDSH LPOS?" yVP OBBM ON RP-REYUEOTSULY, y EZP RTYOINBMY ЪB UCHPEZP. th LPZDB RTYVMYYMUS ON L TELE, FP, ULYOKHCH PDETSDH, VTPUYMUS CH DOERT Y RPRMSHHM. KhCHYDECH LFP, REYOOEZY LYOHMYUSH EB OIN, UFTEMSMY CH OEZP, OP OE UNPZMY ENKH OYUESP UDEMBFSH. about FPN VETEZKH ЪBNEFYMY LFP, RPDYAEIBMY L OENKH CH MBDSHE, CHЪSMY EZP CH MBDSHA Y RTYCHEMY EZP L DTHTSYOE. th ULBBM YN PFTPL: "eUMY OE RPDPCDEFE ЪBCHFTB L ZPTPDH, FP MADI UDBDHFUS REYUEOEZBN." chPECHPDB TSE YI, RP YNEOY rTEFYU, ULBUBM ABOUT FFP: "rPKDEN ЪBCHFTB CH MBDSHSI Y, ЪBICHBFYCH LOSZYOA Y LOSTSYUEK, KHNYUN ABOUT LFPF VETEZ. EUMY CE OE UDEMBEN LFPP, FP R PZHVYF OBU uChSFPUMBCH". y ABOUT UMEDHAEE KhFTP, VMYЪLP L TBUUCHEFKH, UEMY CH MBDSHI R ZTPNLP ЪBFTKHVYMY, B MADI CH ZPTPDE ЪBLTYYUBMY. REYUEOEZBN TSE RPLBBMPUSH, YuFP RTYYEM UBN LOSSH, Y RPVETSBMY PF ZPTPDB CHTBUUSCHROKHA. th CHSHCHYMB pMSHZB U CHOHLBNYY MADSHNY L MBDSHSN. REYEOETSULYK TSE LOSSH, KHCHYDECH LFP, CHPCHTBFYMUS PDYO Y PVTBFYMUS L CHPECHPDE rTEFYUH: "lFP LFP RTYYEM?" b FPF PFCHEFYM ENKH: "maDY FPK UFPTPOSCH (DOERTB)". REYEOETSULYK LOSSH UOPCHB URTPUM: "b FSH OE LOSSH MY KhTs?" rTEFYU CE PFCHEFYM: "with NHTS EZP, RTYYYEM U RETEDPCHSHCHN PFTSDPN, B ЪB NOPA YDEF CHPKULP U UBNYN LOSYEN: VEUYUYUMEOOPE YI NOPTSEUFChP." fBL ULBBM PO, YuFPVSH YI RTYRKHZOKHFSH. Losh Tse Reyueoetsulik Ulbubm rTEFYUKH: "VKhDSH NOE DTHZPN". fPF PFCHEFIM: "fBL Y UDEMBA". y RPDBMY SING DTKHZ DTKHZKH THLY, y DBM REYUEOTSULYK LOSSH rTEFYUKH LPOS, UBVMA y UFTEMSH. fPF TSE DBM ENKH LPMSHYUHZH, EIF Y NEY. y PFUFKHRYMY REYOOEOZY PF ZPTPDB, TH OEMSHЪS VSHMP CHSHCHEUFY LPOS OBRPIFSH: UFPSMY REYOOEOZY ABOUT mSHVEDY. y RPUMBMY LYECHMSOE L uchsfpumbchh UP UMPCHBNY: "fsch, LOSS, YEEYSH YUKhTSPK ENMY Y P OEK ЪBVPFYYSHUS, B UCHPA RPLYOKHM, B OBU YUHFSH VSHMP OE CHSMY REYUEEOZY NBFSH FCHPA Y DEFEC FChPYI. FBLY OBU. OEHTSEMY OE TsBMSH FEVE UCHPEK PFUYOSCH, UFBTPK NBFETY, DEFEC UCHPYI?" KHUMSCHYBCH LFP, UCHSFPUMBCH U DTHTSYOPA VSHUFTP UEM O LPOEK Y CHETOHMUS H LYECH; RTYCHEFUFChPCHBM NBFSH UCHPA Y DEFEC Y UPLTHYBMUS P FPN, UFP UMHYUMPUSH U OYNY PF REYUEOEZPCH.y UPVTBM CHPYOPCH, Y RTPZOBM REYOOEZPCH CH RPME, Y OBUFHRIM NYT.

h ZPD 6477 (969). ULBBM UCHSFPUMBCH NBFETY UCHPEK Y VPSTBN UCHPYN: "oe MAVP NOE UIDEFSH CH LYECHE, IPUKH TSYFSH CH RETESUMBCHGE ABOUT DHOBA 1 FBN UETEDYOB YENMY NPEC, FHDB UFELBAFUS CHUE VMBZB: YЪ ZTEYUEULPK ENMY 1 ЪPMPFP, RBCHPMPLY, CHIOB, TBMYUOSCH RMPDSH, YYYYYYYYYYYY CHEOZTYY UETEVTP R LPOY, YЪ tKHY TSE NEIB Y CHPUL, NED Y TSHCHVSH." pFCHYUBMB ENKH pMSHZB: "chYDYYSH 1 S VPMSHOB; LHDB IPUEYSH HKFY PF NEOS?" 1 YVP POB HCE TBVPMEMBUSH. th RTDPDPMTSBMB: "lPZDB RPIPPTPOYYSH NEOS,1 PFRTBCHMSKUS LHDB ЪBIPUEYSH". yuete FTY DOS pMSHZB KHNETMB, Y RMBLBMY RP OEK RMBUEN CHEMILINE USCHO EE, Y CHOHLY EE, Y CHUE MADI, Y RPOEUMY, Y RPIPTPOUMYY HER ABOUT PFLTSCHFPN NEUFE. pMShZB TSE ЪBCHEEEBMB OE UPCHETYBFSH RP OEK FTYOSCH, FBL LBL YNEMB RTY UEVE UCHSEOOILB 1 FPF Y RPIPTPPOYM VMBTSEOOHA pMSHZH<...>

h ZPD 6478 (970). UCHSFPUMBCH RPUBDYM sTPRPMLB CH LYECH, B pMEZB X DTECHMSO. h FP CHTENS RTYYMY OPCHZPTPDGSH, RTPUS UEVE LOS: "eUMY OE RPKDEFE L OBN, FP UBNY DPVKhDEN UEVE LOS." th ULBBM YN UCHSFPUMBCH: "b LFP VSC RPIYEM L ChBN?" y PFLBBMYUSH sTPRPML y pMEZ. th ULBUBM dPVTSCHOS: "rTPUYFE chMBDYNYTB". chMBDYNYT CE VSHM PF nBMKHYY 1 LMAYUOIGSH pMSHZYOPK. nBMKHYB TSE VSHMB UEUFTB dPVTSCHOY; PFEG TSE YN VSHM nBML mAVEYUBOYO, Y RTYIPDIYMUS dPVTSCHOS DSDEC chMBDYNYTH. th ULBUBMY OPCHZPTPDGSH UCHSFPUMBCHH: "dBK OBN chMBDYNYTB". BY CE PFCHEFIM YN: "CHPF BY CHBN". y CHSMY L UEVE OPCHZPTPDGSH chMBDYNYTB, y RPYEM chMBDYNYT U dPVTSCHOEA, UCHPYN DSDEK, CH OPCHZPTPD, B UCHSFPUMBCH CH RETESUMBCHEG.

h ZPD 6479 (971). rTYYYEM UCHSFPUMBCH CH RETESUMBCHEG, Y ЪBFCHPTYMYUSH VPMZBTSHCH CH ZPTPDE. th CHCHYMY VPMZBTSH ABOUT VYFCHH RTPFYCH UCHSFPUMBCHB, th VSHCHMB UEYUB CHEMILB, th UFBMY PDPMECHBFSH VPMZBTSH. y ULBUBM uCHSFPUMBCH UCHPYN CHPYOBN: "'DEUSH OBN y KHNETEFSH; RPUFPYN TSE NHTSEUFCHEOOP, VTBFSHS y DTHTSYOB!" y L CHYUETKH PDPMEM UCHSFPUMBCH, y CHSM ZPTPD RTYUFKHRPN, y RPUMBM L ZTELBN UP UMPCHBNY: "iPYUKH YDFY ABOUT CHBU Y CHSFSH UFPMYGH CHBYKH, LBL Y LFPF ZPTPD." y ULBUBMY ZTELY: "oECHNPZPFKH OBN UPRTPFYCHMSFSHUS CHBN, FBL CHPSHNY U OBU DBOSH OB CHUA UCHPA DTHTSYOH Y ULBTSY, ULPMSHLP CHBU, YuFPVSH TBUPYUMYUSH NSCH RP YUYUMH DTHTSYOOY LPCH FCHPII". fBL ZPCHPTYMY ZTELY, PVNBOSHCHBS TKHUULYI, YVP ZTELY MTSYCHSHYY DP OBYYI DOEK. th ULBBM YN UCHSFPUMBCH: "oBU DCHBDGBFSH FSCHUSYU", Y RTYVBCHYM DEUSFSH FSCHUSYU: YVP VSHMP TKHUULYI CHUEZP DEUSFSH FSCHUSYU. y ChSCHUFBCHYMY ZTELY RTPFYCH UCHSFPUMBCHB UFP FSCHUSYU OE DBMY DBOY. th RPIYEM UCSFPUMBCH ABOUT ZTELPCH, th CHCHYMY FE RTPPHYCH TKHUULYI. lPZDB TSE TKHUULYE KHCHYDEMY YI 1 UYMSHOP YURHZBMYUSH FBLPZP CHEMYLPZP NOPTSEUFCHB CHPYOPCH, OP ULBUBM UCSFPUMBCH: "oBN OELKHDB HCE DEFSHUS, IPFYN NSCH YMY OE IPFYN 1 DPMTSOSCH UTBTSBFSHUS. TSE RPVETSYN 1 RPЪPT OBN VKhDEF. th PFCHEFYMY CHPYOSCH: "HERE FChPS ZPMPCHB MSCEF, FBN Y UCHPY ZPMPCHSH UMPTSYN." y YURPMYUMYUSH TKHUULYE, y VSHMB TSEUFPLBS UEYUB, y PDPMEM UCSFPUMBCH, B ZTELY VETSBMY. y RPYYEM UCHSFPUMBCH L UFPMYGE, CHPAS y TBVYCHBS ZPTPDB, YuFP UFPSF y DPOSHCHOE RKHUFSCH. y UPЪCHBM GBTSH VPST UCHPYI CH RBMBFKH y ULBBM YN: "YuFP OBN DEMBFSH: OE NPTsEN CHEDSH ENKH URPRTPFYCHMSFSHUS?" y ULBUBMY ENKH VPSTE: "rPYMY L OENH DBTSCH; YURSHCHFBEN EZP: MAVYF MY ON ЪPMPFP YMY RBCHPMPLY?" y RPUMBM L OENH ЪPMPFP y RBCHPMPLY U NHDTSCHN NHTSEN, OBLBBCHYY ENKH: "UMEDY ЪB EZP CHYDPN, y MYGPN, y NSCHUMSNY." BY TSE CHSM DBTSH Y RTYYYEM L UCSFPUMBCHH. th RPCHEDBMY UCHSFPUMBCHH, YuFP RTYYMY ZTELY U RPLMPOPN. th ULBBM BY: "chCHEDYFE YI UADB". FE ChPYMYY, y RPLMPOYMYUSH ENKH, y RPMPTSYMYY RETED OIN ЪPMPFP y RBCHPMPLY. th ULBBM UCHSFPUMBCH UCHPYN PFTPLBN, UNPFTS CH UFPTPOH: "URTSYUSHFE". ZTELY TSE CHETOHMYUSH L GBTA, Y UPЪCHBM GBTSH VPST. rPUMBOOSH CE ULBBMY: "rTYYMY-DE NSCH L OENKH Y RPDOEUMY DBTSH, B PO Y OE CHZMSOKHM ABOUT OYI 1 RTYLBYBM URTSFBFSH." th ULBBM PDYO: "yURSHFBK EZP EEE TB: RPIMY ENKH PTHTSIE". sing TSE RPUMKHYBMY EZP, Y RPUMBMY ENKH NEY Y DTHZPE PTHTSYE, Y RTYOEUMY ENKH. BY TSE CHSM Y UFBM GBTS ICHBMYFSH, CHSTBTSBFSH ENKH MAVPCHSHY VMBZPDBTOPUFSH. UOPCHB CHETOHMYUSH RPUMBOOSCH L GBTA Y RPCHEDBMY ENKH CHUE, LBL VSHMP. th ULBUBMY VPSTE: "mAF VKhDEF NHTS LFPF, YVP VPZBFUFCHPN RTEOEVTEZBEF, B PTKhTSIE VETEF. rMBFY ENKH DBOS." y RPUMBM L OENH GBTSH, ZPCHPTS FBL: "oe IPDI L UFPMYGE, CHPSHNY DBOS ULPMSHLP IPUYYSH", YVP FPMSHLP OENOPZYNOYE DPYEM ON DP gBTSHZTBDB. y DBMY ENKH DBOS; TSE VTBM Y ABOUT KHVYFSCHI, ZPCHPTS: " chPSHNEF-DE ЪB KHVYFPZP TPD EZP". hSM TSE Y DBTPCH NOPZP Y CHPCHTBFYMUS CH RETESUMBCHEG UP UMBCHPA CHEMILPA. hCHYDECH TSE, YuFP NBMP KH OEZP DTHTSYOSCH, ULBJBM UEVE: "lBL VSH OE KHVYMY LBLPK-OYVKhDSH IYFTPUFSHHA Y DTHTSYOKH NPA Y NEOS", FBL LBL NOPZYE VSHMY KHVYFSHCH VPSI.y ULBJBM: "rPKDH OB THUSH, RTYCHEDH EEE DTHTSYOSCH."

th PFRTBCHYM RPUMPCH L GBTA CH dPTPUFPM, ZHE CH LFP CHTENS OBIPDIYMUS GBTSH, ZPCHPTS FBL: "iPYUH YNEFSH U FPVPA RTPYUOSCHK NYT Y MAVPCHSH". gBTSH TSE, KHUMSHCHYBCH LFP, PVTBDPCBMUS Y RPUMBM L OENH DBTPCH VPMSHYE RTETSOEZP. UCHSFPUMBCH TSE RTYOSM DBTSCH Y UFBM DKHNBFSH U DTHTSYOPA UCHPEA, ZPChPTS FBL: "eUMY OE EBLMAYUYN NYT U GBTEN Y KHOBEF GBTSH, YuFP OBU NBMP, FP RTYDHF Y PUBDSF OBU CH ZPTPDE. b tHUULBS ENMS DBMELP, REYOOEOZY U OBNY CH CHPKOYE, Y LFP OBN RPNPTSEF? NOPTSEUFChP ChPYOPCH, RPKDEN ABOUT GBTSHZTBD." y VSHMB MAVB TEYUSH LFB DTHTSYOE, y RPUMBMY MHYUYI NHTSEK L GBTA, y RTYYMYH dPTPUFPM y ULBUBMY P FPN GBTA. gBTSH CE ABOUT UMEDHAEE HFTP RTYJCHBM YI L UEVE Y ULBBM: "rHUFSH ZPCHPTSF RPUMSH TKHUULYE." SING TSE OBYUBMY: "fBL ZPCHPTYF LOSSH OBY: "iPYUH YNEFSH RPMOHA MAVPCHSH U ZTEYUEULIN GBTEN ABOUT CHUE VKHDHEYE READING." gBTSH TSE PVTBDPCBMUS Y RPCHEMEM RYUGH OBRYUSCHCHBFSH CHUE TEYUY UCHSFPUMBCHB ABOUT IBTFA<...>

h ZPD 6480 (972), LPZDB OBUFKHRYMB CHEUOB, PFRTBCHYMUS uCHSFPUMBCH L RPTPZBN. th OBRBM ABOUT OEZP lHTS, LOSSH REYUEOTSULYK, th KHVYMY UCHSFPUMBCHB, th CHSMY ZPMPCHH EZP, th UDEMBMY YUBYKH YUETERB, PLPCHBCH EZP, th RYMY YY OZP. UCHEOEMSHD TsERTYYEM CH LYECH L STPRPMLH. b CHUEI MEF LOSCEOYS uCHSFPUMBCHB VSHMP DCHBDGBFSH CHPUENSH<...>

h ZPD 6500 (992). LET'S LEARN ABOUT IPTCHBFPCH. lPZDB CE CHPCHTBFYMUS PO U IPTCHBFULPK CHPKOSHCH, RTYYMY REYUEEOZY RP FPK UFPTPOE DOERTB PF UKHMSHCH; chMBDYNYT TSE CHSHCHUFKHRIM RTPFYCH OYI Y CHUFTEFYM YI ABOUT FTHVETS X VTPDB, HERE OSHOE RETESUMBCHMSH. y UFBM chMBDYNYT ABOUT LFPC UFPTPOE, B REYUEOZY ABOUT FPK, OH TEYBMYUSH OBIY RETEKFY ABOUT FKH UFPTPPOKH, OH FE ABOUT LFKH. th RPDYAEIBM LOSSH REYUEOETSULYK L TELE, CHSHCHBM chMBDYNYTB Y ULBBIBM ENKH: "chSHCHRKHUFY FSH UCHPEZP NHCB, B S UCHPEZP 1 RHUFSH VPTAFUS. eUMY FChPK NHTS VTPUIF NPEZP OB YENMA, FP OE VKhDEN CHPECHBFSH FTY ZPDB; EUMY CE OBY NHC VTPUIF FCPEZP PIENSH, FP VKhDEN TBPTSFSH CHBU FTY ZPDB". th TBIPYMYUSH. chMBDYNYT TSE, CHETOHCHYYUSH CH UFBO UCHPK, RPUMBM ZMBYBFBECH RP MBZETA UP UMPCHBNY: "oEF MY FBLPZP NHCB, LPFPTSCHK VSC UICHBFYMUS U REYUEOEZPN?" th OE USCHULBMUS OYZDE. ABOUT UMEDHAEE KhFTP RTYEIBMY REYOOEZY Y RTYCHEMY UCHPEZP NHTSB, BH OBIYI OE PLBBBMPUSH. th UFBM FHTSYFSH chMBDYNYT, RPUSCHMBS RP CHUENH CHPKULH UCHPENH, th RTYYEM L LOSYA PDYO UFBTSHCHK NHTS Y ULBUBM ENKH: "LOSSH! SHTSHNS, B ON DPNB PUFBMUS. at UBNPZP DEFUFCHB OILFP EZP OE VTPUYM EEE PENSH. pDOBTDSCH S VTBOYM EZP, B ON NSM LPTSKH, FBL ON TBUUETDYMUS ABOUT NEOS Y TBBPDTBM LPTSKH THLBNY". KHUMSHCHYBCH PV LFPN, LOSSH PVTBDPCBMUS, Y RPUMBMY UB OIN Y RTYCHEMY EZP L LOSYA, Y RPCHEDBM ENKH LOSSH CHUE. fPF PFCHEYUBM: "LOSSH! OE OBBA, NPZH MR S U OIN UICHBFYFSHUS,1 YURSHCHFBK NEOS: OEF MY VPMSHYPZP Y UYMSHOPZP VSHLB?" y OBUMY VSHLB, VPMSHYPZP y UYMSHOPZP, y RTYLBYBMY TBYASTYFSH EZP; CHP'MPTSYMY ABOUT OEZP TBULBMOOPE TSEMEP Y RKHUFYMY VSHLB. y RPVETSBM VShchL NYNP OEZP, y UICHBFYM VSHLB THLPA ЪB VPL y ChSHCHTCHBM LPTSKH U NSUPN, ULPMSHLP ЪBICHBFYMB EZP THLB. th ULBBM ENKH chMBDYNYT: "nPTSEYSH U OIN VPTPFSHUS." ABOUT UMEDHAEE KhFTP RTYYMY REYOOEZY Y UFBMY CHSCCHCHBFSH: "Where is TSE NHTS? chPF ABOUT ZPFPCH!" chMBDYNYT RPCHEMEM CH FH CE OPYUSH OBDEFS CHPPTHTSEOYE, Y UPYMYUSH PVE UFPTPOSCH. REYOOEZY CHSHCHRKHUFYMY UCHPEZP NHCB: VSHM CE ON PYUEOSH CHEMIL Y UFTBYEO. y CHSHCHUFKHRIM NHTS chMBDYNYTB, y KHCHYDEM EZP REYOOEZ y RPUNESMUS, YVP VSHM ON UTEDODOEZP TPUFB. th TBNETYMY NEUFP NETSDH PVPYNY CHPKULBNY Y RHUFYMY YI DTHZ RTPPHYCH DTHZB. y UICHBFYMYUSH, y OBYUBMY LTERLP CBFSH DTKhZ DTKhZB, y KhDBChYM NHTS REYUEOETSYOB THLBNY DP UNETFY. th VTPUYM EZP PIENSH. TBDBMUS LTYL, Y RPVETSBMY REYUEEOZY, Y ZOBMYUSH ЪB OINY TKHUULYE, YYVYCHBS RI, Y RTPZOBMY. chMBDYNYT CE PVTBDPCBMUS Y ЪBMPTSYM ZPTPD X VTPDB FPZP Y OBCHBM EZP RETESUMBCHMEN, YVP RETEOSM UMBCHH PFTPL FPF. th UDEMBM EZP chMBDYNYT CHEMILINE NHTSEN, th PFGB EZP FPCE. y CHPCHTBFYMUS chMBDYNYT CH LYECH U RPVEDPAY UP UMBCHPA CHEMILPA<...>

h ZPD 6505 (997). rPYYEM chMBDYNYT L oPChZPTPDH ЪB UECHETOSCHNY CHPYOBNY RTPFPYCH REYOOEZPCH, FBL LBL VSHMB CH LFP CHTENS VEURTETSCHOBS CHEMILBS CHPKOB. KhOBMY REYUEOEZY, UFP OEF FHF LOS, RTYYMYY UFBMY RPD VEMZPTPDPN. y OE DBCHBMY CHSHCHKFY y ZPTPDB, y VShchM Ch ZPTPDE ZPMPD UYMSHOSHCHK, y OE NPZ chMBDYNYT RPNPYUSH, FBL LBL OE VSCHMP X OEZP CHPYOPCH, B REYUEOEZPCH VSCHMP NOPZPE NOPTSEUFChP. y BFSOKHMBUSH PUBDB ZPTPDB, y VSCHM UIMSHOSCHK ZPMPD. th UPVTBMY CHUE CH ZPTPDE Y ULBUBMY: "chPF KhCE ULPTP HNTEN PF ZPMPDB, B RPNPEY OEF PF LOS. TBCH MHYUYE OBN FBL KHNETEFSH? 1 udbdynus REYUEOEZBN 1 LPZP RHUFSH PUFB CHSF CH TSYCHSHCHI, B LPZP HNETFCHSF; CHUE TBCHOP RPNYTBEN PF ZPMPDB." th FBL RPTEYMYMY ABOUT CHUEY. VSHM CE PDYO UFBTEG, LPFPTSCHK OE VSHM ABOUT FPN CHEYUYE, Y URTPUM BY: "BUEN VSHMP CHYUEYE?" th RPCHEDBMY ENKH MADI, YuFP ЪBCHFTB IPFSF UDBFSHUS REYUEOEZBN. KHUMSHCHYBCH PV LFPN, RPUMBM PO UB ZPTPDULINY UFBTEKYOBNYY ULBBM YN: "UMSHCHYBM, YuFP IPFYFE UDBFSHUS REYUEOEZBN." SING TSE PFCHEFYMY: "OE UFETRSF MADI ZPMPDB". th ULBBM YN: "rPUMHYBKFE NEOS, OE UDBCHBKFEUSH EEE FTY DOS Y UDEMBKFE FP, YuFP S CHBN CHEMA." SING TSE U TBDPUFSH PVEEBMY RPUMKHYBFSHUS. y ULBBM YN: "uPVETYFE IPFSH RP ZPTUFY PCHUB, RYEOIGSH YMY PFTHVEK." SING TSE TBDPUFOP RPIMY Y UPVTBMY. y RPCHEMEM TSEOOEYOBN UDEMBFSH VPMFKHYLKH, OB YUEN LYUEMSH CHBTSF, y TCHEMEM CHSHLPRBFSH LPMPDEG Y CHUFBCHYFSH CH OEZP LBDSH Y OBMYFSH ITS VPMFKHYLPK. th THAN CHSHLPRBFSH DTHZPK LPMPDEG Y CHUFBCHYFSH CH OEZP LBDSH Y RPCHEMEM RPYULBFSH NEDH. SING TSE RPYMY Y CHSMY MHLPYLP NEDKH, LPFPTPPE VSHMP URTSFBOP CH LOSCEULPK NEDKHYE. y RTYLBYBM UDEMBFSH y OEZP RTEUMBDLHA USCHFH y CHSHCHMYFSH CH LBDSH CH DTHZPN LPMPDGE. ABOUT UMEDHAEIK TSE DEOSH RPCHEMEM ON RPUMBFSH ЪB REYUEEOEZBNY. y ULBYBMY ZPTPTSBOE, RTYDS L REYUEOEZBN: "chPSHNYFE PF OBU ЪBMPTSoilPCH, B UBNY CHPKDYFE YUEMPCHEL U DEUSFSH CH ZPTPD, YuFPVSH RPUNPFTEFSH, YuFP FCHPTYFUS CH ZPTPDE OBYEN." REYUEEOZY TSE PVTBDPCBMYUSH, RPDKHNBCH, YuFP IPFSF YN UDBFSHUS, CHSMY ЪBMPTSoilPCH, B UBNY CHSHCHVTBMY MHYUYI NHTSEC CH UCHPYI TPDBI Y RPUMBMY CH ZPTPD, YuFPVSH RTPCHEDBMY, YFP DEMBEFUS CH ZPTPDE. y RTYYMY POY CH ZPTPD, y ULBUBMY YN MADI: "BUYEN ZHVYFE UEWS? TBCHE NPTSEFE RETEUFPSFSH OBU? eUMY VKhDEF UFPSFSH Y DEUSFSH MEF, FP YuFP UDEMBEFE OBN? yVP YNEEN NSCH R YEH PF ENMY. y RTYCHEMY YI L LPMPDGH, ZDE VSHMB VPMPHYLB DMS LYUEMS, y RPYUETROHMY CHEDTPN y CHSHCHMYMY H MBFLY. y LPZDB UCHBTYMY LYUEMSH, CHSMY EZP, y RTYYMY U OYNYL DTHZPNH LPMPDGH, y RPYUETROKHMY USCHFSH yj LPMPDGB, y UFBMY EUFSH URETCHB UBNY, B RPFPN y REYUEEOZY. y KhDYCHYMYUSH FE y ULBUBMY: "oE RPCHETSF OBN LOSY OBIY, EUMY OE PFCHEDBAF UBNY." MADY CE OBMMYY YN LPTUBZKH LYUEMSHOPZP TBUFCHPTB Y USCHFSH YJ LPMPDGB Y DBMY REYUEOEZBN. sing TSE, CHETOHCHYYUSH, RPCHEDBMY CHUE, YuFP VSHMP. y, UCHBTYCH, EMY LOSSHS REYOOETSULYE y RPDYCHYMYUSH. y CHSCH UCHPYI ЪБМПЦОЛПЧ, B VEMZPTPDULYI RHUFYCH, RPDOSMYUSH y RPIMY PF ZPTPDB CHPUCHPSUI<...>

h ZPD 6605 (1097). rTYYMY UCHSFPRPML, Y CHMBDYNYT, Y DBCHSHCHD YZPTECHYU, Y CHBUIMSHLE TPUFYUMBCHYU, Y DBCHSCHD UCHSFPUMBCHYU, Y VTBF EZP PMEZ, Y UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT UPCHEF CH MAVEYUE DMS KHUFBOPC MEOYS NYTB, Y ZPCHPTYMY DTKHZ DTHZKH: "BUYEN ZHVYN TKHUULHA ENMA, UBNY NETSDH UPVPK KHUFTBYCHBS TBURTY? b RPMPCHGSH ENMA OBUKH OEUKHF TPJOP Y TBDSCH, YuFP NETSDH OBNY YDHF CHPKOSCH. YYOPK UCHPEK: uCHSFPRPML 1 lYECHPN, yЪSUMBCHPChPK PFUYOPK, chMBDYNYT 1 chUECHPMPDPPCHPK, dBCHSCHD Y pMEZ Y stPUMBCH 1 UCHSFPUMBCHPCHPK, Y FE, LPNKH CHUECHPMPD TPЪDBM ZPTPDB: dBCHSHCHDH 1 chMBDYNYT, tPUFYUMBCHYUBN TSE: chPMPDBTA 1 RETENSCHYMSH, chBUYMSHLH 1 feTEVPCHMSH". th ABOUT FPN GEMPCHBMY LTEUF: "eUMY PFOSHCHOE LFP ABOUT LPZP RPKDEF, RTPPHYCH FPZP VKhDEN NSCH CHUE Y LTEUF YUEUFOPK." ULBBMY CHUE: "dB VHDEF RTPPHYCH FPZP LTEUF YUEUFOPK Y CHUS ENMS tHUULBS." th, RPRPTPEBCHYUSH, RPIMY CHPUCHPSUI.

y RTYYMY UCHSFPRPML U dBCHSHCHDPN CH LYECH, y TBDSCH VSHCHMY MADI CHUE, OP FPMSHLP DSHSCHPM PZPTYUEO VSHM YI MAVPCHSHA. th CHME UBFBOB CH UETDGE OELPFPTSCHN NHTSBN, th UFBMY POY ZPCHPTYFSH dBCHSHCHDH YZPTECHYUKH, YuFP "chMBDYNYT UPEDYOMUS U chBUIMSHLPN ABOUT UCHSFPRPMLB Y ABOUT FEVS". dBCHSCHD TSE, RPCHETYCH MTSYCHSHN UMPCHBN, OBYUBM OZPCHBTYCHBFSH ENKH ABOUT chBUYMSHLB: "lFP KHVYM VTBFB FChPEZP sTPRPMLB, B FERTSH ЪMPKHNSCHYMSEF RTPFYCH NEOS Y FEVS Y UPEDYOMUS U ChMB DYNYTPN? rPBBVPFSHUS TSE P UCHPEK ZPMPCHE". UCHSFPRPML TSE UIMSHOP UNHFYMUS Y ULBUBM: "rTBCHDB LFP YMY MPTSSH, OE OBAB." y ULBUBM uCHSFPRPML dBCHSHCHDH: "lPMY RTBCHDH ZPCHPTYYSH, VPZ FEVE UCHYDEFEMSH; EUMY TSE PF ЪBCHYUFY ZPCHPTYYSH, VPZ FEVE UHDSHS". UCHSFPRPML CE RPTsBMEM P VTBFE UCHPEN Y RTP UEVS UFBM DKHNBFSH, OE RTBCHDB MY LFP? y RPCHETYM dBCHSHCHDH, y PVNBOKHM dBCHSHCHD uchsfprpmlb, y OBYUBMY POY DHNBFSH P chBUYMSHLE, B chBUYMSHLP bFPZP OE OBBM y chMBDYNYT FPCE. th ufbm dbchshchd zpchptyfsh: "eUMY OE UICHBFYN chBUYMSHLB, FP OH FEVE OE LOTSYFSH CH LYECHE, OH NOE PE CHMBDYNYTE." th RPUMKHYBMUS EZP uChSFPRPML. y RTYYYEM chBUYMSHLP 4 OPSVTS, R RETECHYUS ABOUT CHSDPVEYUSH, y RPYYEM RPLMPOYFSHUS L UCHSFPNH NYIBYMKH CH NPOBUFSHTSH, y KHTSYOBMY FHF, B PVPJ UCHPK RPUFBCHYM ABOUT TKHDYGE; LPZDB TSE OBUFKHRIM CHYUET, CHETOHMUS CH PVPЪ UCHPK. th ABOUT DTHZPE CE HFTP RTYUMBM L OENH UCHSFPRPML, ZPChPTS: "OE IPDI PF YNEOYO NPYI". chBUYMSHLP CE PFLBBBMUS, ULBBBCH: "OE NPZH NEDMYFSH, LBL VSHCHOE UMKHYUMPUSH DPNB CHPKOSHCH." y RTYUMBM L OENKH dBCHSCHD: "oE HIPDY, VTBF, OE PUMHYBKUS VTBFB UFBTYEZP". th OE BIPFEM chBUIMSHLP RPUMKHYBFSHUS. y ULBJBM dBChShCHD uCHSFPRPMMLH: "chYDYYSH MY 1 OE RPNOIF P FEVE, IPDS RPD FCHPEK THLPK. lPZDB TSE HKDEF CH UCHPA CHPMPUFSH, UBN KHCHYDYYSH, YuFP ЪBKNEF CHUE FChPY ZPTPDB 1 fHTPCH, r YOUL Y DTHZRE ZPTPDB FCHPY. FERETSH, UICHBFY Y PFDBK NOE." th RPUMKHYBMUS EZP UCHSFPRPML, th RPUMBM ЪB chBUYMSHLPN, ZPChPTS: "eUMY OE IPUYYSH PUFBFSHUS DP YNEOYO NPYI, FP RTYDAY UEKUBU, RPRTYCHEFUFCHHEYSH NEOS Y RPUYDYN CHUE U dB CHSDPN". chBUIMSHLP TSE PVEEBM RTYKFY, OE OBS PV PVNBOE, LPFPTSCHK OBNSCHUMYM ABOUT OEZP dBCHSCHD. chBUYMSHLP TSE, UECH ABOUT LPOS, RPEIBM, Y CHUFTEFYM EZP PFTPL EZP Y ULBJBM ENKH: "oe EDY, LOTSSE, IPFSF FEVS UICHBFYFSH". y OE RPUMKHYBM EZP, RPNSCHYMSS: "lBL YN NEOS UICHBFYFSH? fPMSHLP YuFP GEMPCHBMY LTEUF, ZPChPTS: EUMY LFP ABOUT LPZP RPKDEF, FP ABOUT FPZP VHDEF LTEUF Y CHUE NSCH." th, RPDKHNBCH FBL, RETELTEUFYMUS Y ULBJBM: "chPMS ZPURPDOS DB VHDEF". y RTYEIBM U NBMPA DTHTSYOPK ABOUT LOTSEULYK DCHPT, y CHCHCHYEM L OENKH UCSFPRML, y RPIMY CH YIVKH, y RTYYYEM dBCHSCHD, y UEMY. th UFBM ZPCHPTYFSH UCHSFPRPML: "pUFBOSHUS ABOUT RTBDOIL". th ULBBM chBUYMSHLP: "oE NPZH PUFBFSHUS, VTBF: S HCE Y PVPQH THAN YDFY CHREDED." dBCHSCHD CE LET'S LEAVE LBL OENPC. th ULBJBM uChSFPRPML: "rPJBCHFTBLBK IPFSH, VTBF". th PVEEBM chBUYMSHLP RPЪBCHFTBLBFSH. th ULBBM UCHSFPRPML: "rPUYDYFE CHSHCH ЪDEUSH, B S RPKDH TBURPTSTSKHUSH." y CHCHYEM ChPO, B dBChShchD U hBUYMSHLPN LEAVE. y UFBM chBUYMSHLo ZPCHPTYFSH U dBChShchDPN, y OE VSHMP KH dBChShCHDB OH ZPMPUB, OH UMHIB, YVP VSHM PVYASF KHTsBUPN y PVNBO YNEM CH UETDGE. y, RPUIDECHY OENOPZP, URTPUM dBCHSCHD: "WHERE IS VTBF?" SING TSE ULBUBMY ENKH: "UFPYF ABOUT UEOSI". y, CHUFBCH, ULBЪBM dBChShchD: "with RPKDH ЪB OIN, B FSHCH, VTBF, RPUYDY". th, CHUFBCH, CHCHCHYEM CHPO. y LBL ULPTP CHCHYEM DBCHSCHD, ЪBRETMY chBUYMSHLB, 1 5 OPSVTS, 1st PLCHBMY EZP DCHPKOSCHNY PLCHBNY, TH RTYUFBCHYMY L OENKH UFTBTSH ABOUT OPYUSH. ABOUT DTHZPE CE KhFTP UCHSFPRPML UPJCHBM VPST Y LYECHMSO Y RPCHEDBM YN, YuFP ULBJBM ENKH dBCHSCHD, YuFP "VTBFB FCHPEZP KHVYM, B RTPPHYCH FEVS UPEDYOMUS U CHMBDYNYTPN Y IP YUEF FEWS HVYFSH Y ZPTPDB FChPY ЪBICHBFYFSH". th ULBUBMY VPSTE Y MADI: "FEVE, LOSSH, UMEDHEF VETEYUSH ZPMPCHH UCHPA; EUMY RTBCHDH ULBBIBM dBCHSCHD, RHUFSH RPOEUEF chBUYMSHLP OBLBBBOYE; EUMY TSE OERTBCHDH ULBBBM dBC ShchD, FP RKHUFSH UBN RTYNEF NEUFSH PF VPZB Y PFCHEYUBEF RETED VPZPN". y KHOBMY YZKHNEOSCH y UFBMY RTPUYFSH ЪB chBUYMSHLB uCHSFPRPMLB; Y PFCHYUBM YN uCHSFPRPML: "fFP CHUE dBCHSCHD". xOBCH TSE PV LFPN, dBCHSCHD OBYUBM RPDHEBFSH ABOUT PUMERMEOYE: "eUMY OE UDEMBEYSH LFPP, B PFRKHUFYYSH EZP, FP OH FEVE OE LOTSYFSH, OH NOE." UCHSFPRPML IPFEM PFRKHUFYFSH EZP, OP dBCHSCHD OE IPFEM, PUFETEZBSUSH EZP. y CH FH TSE OPYUSH RPCHEMY chBUYMSHLB CH veEMZPTPD 1 OEVPMSHYPK ZPTPD PLPMP LYECHB, CHETUFBI CH DEUSFY; Y RTYCHEMY EZP CH FEMEZE ЪBLPLCHBOOSCHN, CHCHUBDIMY YY FEMEZY Y RPCHEMY CH YЪVH NBMHA. y, UYDS FBN, KHCHYDEM chBUYMSHLP FPTUYOB, FPYUYCHYEZP OPTs, y RPOSM, YFP IPFSF EZP PUMERIFSH, y CHPPRYM L VPZH U RMBUEN CHEMILINE y UP UFEOBOSHSNY. y CHPF CHMEY RPUMBOOSCH uchsfprpmlpn y dBChShchDPN uOPChYD yeyuechyyu, LPOAI uchsfprpmlpch, y dNYFT, LPOAI dBCHSCHDPCH, y OBYUBMY TBUUUFYMBFSH LPCHET, y, TBPUFMBCH, UI ChBFYMY chBUYMSHLB, Y IPFEMY EZP RPCHBMYFSH; Y VPTPMYUSH U OIN LTERLP, Y OE UNPZMY EZP RPCHBMYFSH. y CHPF CHMEЪMY DTKHZIE, y RPCHBMYMY EZP, y UCHSЪBMY EZP, y, USCH DPULH U REYUY, RPMPTSYMY ABOUT ZTHDSH ENKH. y UEMY RP UFPTPOBN DPULY UOPCHYD yeyyuechy y dnyft y oe NPZMY KHDETSBFSH EZP. y RPDPYMY DCHPE DTKHZYI, y UOSMY DTKhZHA DPULH U REYUY, y UEMY, y RTYDBCHYMY FBL UIMSHOP, YuFP ZTHDSH ЪBFTEEBMB. y RTYUFKHRIM FPTYUYO, RP YNEOY VETEODYK, PCHYUBTSH UCHSFPRPMLPCH, DETSB OPTs, y IPFEM KHDBTYFSH ENKH CH ZMB, y, RTPNBIOKHCHYUSH ZMBB, RETETEBBM EZP MYGP, y CHYDOB T BOB FB X hBUIMSHLB RPOSHCHOE. y ЪBFEN HDBTYM EZP CH ZMB y YUFPTZ ZMB. Y RPFPN 1 H DTHZPK ZMBY Y CHSCHOKHM DTHZPK ZMB. y VSHM PO CH FP CHTENS LBL NETFCHSHCHK. y, CHSCCH EZP ABOUT LPCHTE, CHCHBMMYMY EZP ABOUT FEMEZKH LBL NETFCHPZP, RPCHEMY PE CHMBDYNYT. th LPZDB CHEMY EZP, PUFBOPCHYMYUSH U OYN, RETEKDS chP'DCHYTSEOULYK NPUF, ABOUT FPTZPCHYEE Y UFBEYMY U OEZP UPTPYULH, CHUA PLTPCHBCHMEOOKHA, Y DBMY RPRBDSHE RPUFYTBFSH . rPRBDSHS CE, RPUFYTBCH, OBDEMB ABOUT OEZP, LPZDB FE PVEDBMY; Y UFBMB PRMBLYCHBFSH EZP RPRBDSHS LBL NETFCHPZP. th KHUMSCHYBM RMBU, th ULBUBM: "Where is S?" th PFCHEFYMY ENKH: "h chP'DCHYTSEOULE ZPTPDDE." y RPRTPUYM CHPDSH, POY TSE DBMY ENKH, y YURYM CHPDSH, y CHETOKHMBUSH L OENKH DHYB EZP, y PRPNOYMUS, y RPEKHRBM UPTPYULKH, y ULBUBM: "BUYEN USMY E U NEOS? LTPCHBCHPK UNETFSH RTYOSM Y RTEDUFBM VSHCH OEK RETED VPZPN". FE CE, RPPVEDBCH, RPEIBMY U OIN VSHUFTP ABOUT FEMEZ RP OETPCHOPNH RHFY, YVP VSHM FPZDB NEUSG "OETPCHOSCHK" 1 ZTHDEOSH, FP EUFSH OPSVTSH. th RTYVSHCHMY U OIN PE ChMBDYNIT ABOUT YEUFPK DEOSH. RTYVSHCHM TSE Y dBCCHD U OYN, FPYuOP OELYK KHMPCH KHMPCHYCH. y RPUBDYMY EZP PE DCHPTE chBleeche, y RTYUFBCHYMY UFETEYUSH EZP FTYDGBFSH YUEMPCHEL y DCHHI PFTPLPC LOTSYI, hMBOB y lPMYULB.

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