Hippocrates, the founder of scientific medicine, presentation. Creative work in English “Hippocrates – the father of medicine. Doctrine of illness

“Authorship of the Hippocratic Oath” Completed by: student of group 101 Faculty of Medical and Preventive Affairs Prevysh-Quinto Ekaterina Stanislavovna Supervisor: Art. teacher Emma Yuryevna Ogorodnikova GBOU VPO VSMU Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia Department foreign languages

Analysis of the “Hippocratic Oath” Words in the Hippocratic Oath Words dedicated to the relationship “student-teacher” and “students of one teacher” Words dedicated to the treatment of the sick Words dedicated to maintaining medical confidentiality Words related to the “happiness” and “glory” of the “correct” doctor , and curses on the head of a doctor who deviates from his oath Words dedicated to the moral character of the doctor Words dedicated to gods that are not authoritative for Christians - 29. Words dedicated to non-participation in abortion and euthanasia - 25.

Percentage 1st place - system of relations "teacher - students" - 27.6% of the total number of words. 2nd place - doctor’s promises to treat people - 13.6% of words. (Twice less than “teacher - students”!). 3rd place - maintaining medical confidentiality - 12.8%. 4th place - benefits for those who adhere to the oath and curses for those who break this oath - 12.4%. 5th place - the moral character of the doctor, to whom - 12% are dedicated. 6th place - Hellenic gods, who are allocated - 11.6%. 7th place - non-participation in abortion and euthanasia, which is allocated 10% of the total number of words of the Hippocratic Oath.

1.system of relations "teacher - students". 2. the doctor’s promises to treat people 3. maintaining medical confidentiality 4. benefits for those who adhere to the oath and curses for those who break this oath 5. the moral character of the doctor 6. Hellenic gods 7. non-participation in abortion and euthanasia. 27.6% 11.6% 10% Analysis of the “Hippocratic Oath”

History of the “Hippocratic Oath” “I swear by Apollo the physician, Asclepius, Hygieia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses, taking them as witnesses, to fulfill honestly, according to my strength and my understanding, the following oath and written obligation...”

Clones of the oath USA, Europe: “Professional Code of the Doctor” (adopted in 2006), Israel - “Oath of the Jewish Doctor” (an oath to the gods of the ancient Greek pantheon is unacceptable for Israelis, which runs counter to the principles of Judaism), in the Soviet Union - “Oath of the Doctor Soviet Union"(approved in 1971). In the mid-90s, it was replaced by the “Oath of the Russian Doctor”; in 1999, it was replaced by the text of the “Oath of the Doctor”, approved by the State Duma of Russia. In 1948, the General Assembly of the International Medical Association adopted a declaration (the so-called Declaration of Geneva), which is a modern version of the Hippocratic Oath - the declaration was included in the International Code of Medical Ethics.

Books and manifestos of the ancient Greek doctor “On Ancient Medicine” (a kind of manifesto on the autonomy of medical art); “On the Sacred Disease” (a polemic with the ideas of magical-religious medicine). "Forecaster" (discovery of the essential dimension of medicine); “About waters, air and places” (about the connection of diseases with the environment); “Epidemics” (classification of clinical cases); “Aphorisms” And finally, the famous “Oath”.

Hippocrates Manifesto: "Ancient Medicine". “How many people are eager to talk or write about medicine,” notes Hippocrates, “basing their reasoning on one postulate, hot or cold, or wet or dry, or choose something else, while oversimplifying the underlying cause of illness and death of people, explaining all cases by one reason, and once taking one or two postulates as a basis, they obviously fall into error.”

“Epidemics” “I believe,” wrote Hippocrates, “that science, at least somehow connected with nature, cannot proceed from anything other than medicine; this can only be achieved when medicine itself is all developed on the basis of an accurate method , from which we are still very far away, i.e. from gaining accurate knowledge of what a person is, about the reasons that determine his behavior and about other similar issues..."

Life history and philosophy of Hippocrates Hippocrates was born in 460 BC. in the town of Meropis, on the island of Kos. He belongs to the Podalirian family, which dates back to Asclepius and has been practicing medicine for eighteen generations. Hippocrates' father is the doctor Heraclides, his mother is the midwife Phenareta. Hippocrates's first educator and teacher was his father.

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Hippocrates - (c.460-c.370 BC) Founder of scientific medicine, reformer medical school antiquity. His works formed the basis of clinical medicine. The founder of etiology - the science of the causes of diseases. He was one of the first to pay attention to anamenzu, i.e. collecting medical information about the patient, making up his medical history.

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The name of the famous physician Hippocrates, who laid the foundations of medicine as a science, is associated with a heterogeneous collection of medical treatises known as the Hippocratic Corpus. The vast majority of the writings of the Corpus were composed between 430 and 330 BC. e. They were collected in Hellenistic times, in the middle of the 3rd century BC. e. in Alexandria.

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It should be noted that the teachings of the Hippocratic Corpus in literature are inseparable from the name of Hippocrates. Moreover, it is certain that not all, but only some of the treatises of the Corpus belong directly to Hippocrates. Due to the impossibility of isolating the direct contribution of the “father of medicine” and the contradictions among researchers about the authorship of this or that treatise, in most modern medical literature the entire legacy of the Corpus is attributed to Hippocrates.

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He identified medicine as a separate science, separating it from religion, for which he went down in history as the “father of medicine.” In Ancient Greece during the time of Hippocrates, there was a ban on dissecting the human body. In this regard, doctors had very superficial knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. Also at that time there were two competing medical schools - Kos and Knidos. The Knidos school focused its attention on isolating one symptom or another, depending on which treatment was prescribed. The Kos school, to which Hippocrates belonged, tried to find the cause of the disease. Treatment consisted of monitoring the patient, creating a regime in which the body itself would cope with the disease. Hence one of the fundamental principles of the teaching “Do no harm.”

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Medicine owes to Hippocrates the emergence of the doctrine of human temperament. According to his teachings, the general behavior of a person depends on the ratio of four juices (liquids) circulating in the body - blood, bile, black bile and mucus (phlegm, lymph). 1. The predominance of bile (Greek χολή, chole, “bile, poison”) makes a person impulsive, “hot” - choleric. 2. The predominance of mucus (Greek φλέγμα, phlegm, “phlegm”) makes a person calm and slow - a phlegmatic person. 3. The predominance of blood (lat. sanguis, sanguis, sangua, “blood”) makes a person active and cheerful - a sanguine person. 4. The predominance of black bile (Greek μέλαινα χολή, melena chole, “black bile”) makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic. In the works of Hippocrates there are descriptions of the properties of sanguine people, choleric people, phlegmatic people and, very briefly, melancholic people. The identification of body types and mental make-up was of practical importance: the establishment of the type was associated with the diagnosis and choice of treatment methods for patients, since according to Hippocrates, each type is predisposed to certain diseases. The merit of Hippocrates lies in the identification of the main types of temperament, in the fact that, according to I P. Pavlova, “caught the fundamental features in the mass of countless variants of human behavior.”

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1. Obligations to teachers, colleagues and students Consider the one who taught me this art as equal to my parents, share funds with him and, if necessary, help him in his needs, accept his offspring as brothers and, at their request, teach them this art, free of charge and without a contract ; I will communicate instructions, oral lessons and everything else in the teaching to my sons, the sons of my teacher and students who are bound by an obligation and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but to no one else. 2. The principle of non-harm I will direct the regime of the sick to their benefit, according to my strength and understanding, refraining from causing any harm or injustice 3. Denial of euthanasia and abortion I will not give anyone the requested lethal means and will not show the way to such a goal, equally just as I will not give any woman an abortion pessary. 4. Refusal of intimate relationships with patients. Whatever house I enter, I will enter there for the benefit of the patient, being far from everything deliberately unrighteous and harmful, especially from love affairs... 5. Maintaining medical confidentiality For treatment, as well as and outside of treatment, I have neither seen nor heard anything about people’s lives that should not be talked about; I will keep silent about that, considering all this shameful for disclosure.

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Polyakova Tatyana

Creative work on English language"Hippocrates, the father of medicine"

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GBOU SPO MO "Egoryevsk Medical School" Creative work in English "Hippocrates - the father of medicine." Completed by: Student of group SD-11 Polyakova Tatyana Supervisor: English teacher Lobkova L.V. year 2012

"FATHER OF MEDICINE" HIPPOCRATES HIPPOCRATES

Biography Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) - Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the “father of medicine”in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus making medicine a profession. Historians accept that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos (Cos), and became a famous physician and teacher of medicine. Other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue (see Legends). Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek gynecologist, was Hippocrates" first biographer and is the source of most information on Hippocrates" person. Information about Hippocrates can also be found in the writings of Aristotle, which date from the 4th century BC, in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD. Soranus wrote that Hippocrates" father was Heraclides, a physician; his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates" true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates. Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather, and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. The only contemporaneous mention of Hippocrates is in Plato"s dialogue Protagoras, where Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad". Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. He probably died in Larissa at the age of 83 or 90, though some accounts say he lived to be well over 100; several different accounts of his death exist. However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Nevertheless, Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician. In particular, he is credited with greatly improving the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath and other works.

Hippocratic theory Hippocrates is credited with being the first physician to reject superstitions and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine.He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet and living habits. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism. Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis, medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms. The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice. Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates" day has caused serious criticism over the past two millennia, with the passivity of Hippocratic treatment being the subject of particularly strong denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death ".

Professionalism Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room. He even kept his fingernails to a precise length. The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. He is said to have measured a patient"s pulse when taking a case history to know if the patient lied. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation." For this reason , he may more properly be termed as the "Father of Clinical Medicine".

A number of ancient Greek surgical tools.

Hippocratic Corpus The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) is a collection of around seventy early medical works from ancient Greece, written in Ionic Greek. The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, learned believe Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity, and its teaching generally followed the principles of his; thus it came to be known by his name. It might be the remains of a library of Kos, or a collection compiled in the 3rd century BC in Alexandria. The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing view points; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. Notable among the treatises of the Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Regimen in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On The Sacred Disease; etc.

Hippocratic Oath Original, translated into English: I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my judgment, the following Oath. To consider dear to me, as my parents, him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and, if necessary, to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art. I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts. I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

Legacy Hippocrates is widely considered to be the "Father of Medicine". His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled. So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time. The centuries after Hippocrates" death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out...", according to Fielding Garrison. Mural painting showing Galen and Hippocrates. 12th century; Anagni, Italy An image of Hippocrates on the floor of the Asclepieion of Kos, with Asklepius in the middle After Hippocrates, the next significant physician was Galen, a Greek who lived from 129 to 200 AD. Galen perpetuated Hippocratic medicine, moving both forward and backward. In the Middle Ages, Arabs adopted Hippocratic methods. After the European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates" rigorous clinical techniques were Sydenham, Heberden, Charcot and Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine".

Image According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "the Great Hippocrates". Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor"" and later as "stern and forbidding". He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense". Hippocrates statue, Parnassus Ave. in front of the Robert H. Crede Ambulatory Care Center His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius. Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that we have could only be altered versions of portraits of these deities.Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit". “His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician,” according to A Short History of Medicine, inspiring the medical profession since his death.

Legends Most stories of Hippocrates" life are likely to be untrue because of their inconsistency with historical evidence, and because similar or identical stories are told of other figures such as Avicenna and Socrates, suggesting a legendary origin. Even during his life, Hippocrates" renown was great, and stories of miraculous cures arose. For example, Hippocrates was supposed to have aided in the healing of Athenians during the Plague of Athens by lighting great fires as "disinfectants" and engaging in other treatments. There is a story of Hippocrates curing Perdiccas, a Macedonian king, of "love sickness". Neither of these accounts is corroborated by any historians and they are thus unlikely to have ever occurred. Kos town: The Plane Tree of Hippocrates, under which Hippocrates is said to have worked. Another legend concerns how Hippocrates rejected a formal request to visit the court of Artaxerxes, the King of Persia. The validity of this is accepted by ancient sources but denied by some modern ones, and is thus under contention.Another tale states that Democritus was supposed to be mad because he laughed at everything, and so he was sent to Hippocrates to be cured. Hippocrates diagnosed him as having a merely happy disposition. Democritus has since been called "the laughing philosopher".

Legends Not all stories of Hippocrates portrayed him in a positive manner. In one legend, Hippocrates is said to have fled after setting fire to a healing temple in Greece. Soranus of Ephesus, the source of this story, names the temple as the one of Knidos. However centuries later, the Byzantine Greek grammarian John Tzetzes, writes that Hippocrates burned down his own temple, the Temple of Cos, speculating that he did it to maintain a monopoly of medical knowledge. This account is very much in conflict with traditional estimations of Hippocrates' personality. Other legends tell of his resurrection of Augustus's nephew; this feat was supposedly created by the erection of a statue of Hippocrates and the establishment of a professorship in his honor in Rome.

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Hippocrates was born around 460 BC. e. on the island of Kos in the eastern part of the Aegean. From the works of Soranus of Ephesus one can judge the family of Hippocrates. According to his works, Hippocrates' father was the physician Heraclides, and his mother was Phenareta. Initially, Hippocrates' medicine was taught in the Asklepion of Kos by his father Heraclides and grandfather Hippocrates - hereditary Asclepiad doctors. He also studied with the famous philosopher Democritus and sophist Gorgias

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Having become, after the death of his parents, a traveling doctor - periodeutist (their duties, in particular, included treating the poor population), he traveled extensively to many Greek cities, as well as Asia Minor. This enabled Hippocrates to have extensive medical practice and accumulate extensive experience, which he summarized in the form of medical writings. Some of these works have survived to this day in the so-called “Hippocratic Collection.” The doctors of Hellas and Thessaly treated Hippocrates with special respect. Hippocrates had two sons, Thessalus and Dragon. They worked with their father, under his direct guidance and influence. Some of the works in the “Hippocratic Collection” were written by them. Hippocrates died according to some sources at the age of 83, and according to others - 104 years. He was buried in Larissa, Thessaly. Local residents greatly revered his grave and even in the 2nd century AD. e. showed to travelers. Historically, the first form of medical ethics were the moral principles of healing of Hippocrates (460-377 BC), set out by him in the “Oath”, as well as in the books “On the Law”, “On Doctors”, etc. Hippocrates is called the “father medicine." This characteristic is not accidental. It records the birth of professional medical ethics.

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Hippocrates divides the causes of disease into two classes:

To the first class he included diseases caused by the general harmful influence of climate, soil, and heredity. The second class included diseases associated with “personal” conditions - living and working conditions, nutrition (diet), and age. The normal influence of these conditions on the body is caused by the correct mixing of juices - health.

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In medical ethics, Hippocrates put forward four principles of treatment:

do not harm the patient; opposite – to treat with the opposite; help nature; spare the patient. Your food should be your medicine and your medicine should be your food. Hippocrates

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According to Hippocrates, all people were divided into four types according to their constitution and behavioral character. If the amount of blood in the body predominated, then such a person was classified as sanguine. Excess yellow bile is typical for choleric people, and excess mucus for phlegmatic people. A high concentration of black bile is characteristic of melancholic people.

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According to Hippocrates, a good doctor should determine the patient’s condition by his appearance alone. A pointed nose, sunken cheeks, stuck lips and a sallow complexion indicate the patient’s imminent death. And now such a painting is called “Hippocratic Face”. When examining the face, Hippocrates paid attention to the lips: bluish, drooping, cold lips foreshadow death. A red and dry tongue is a sign of typhus. When the tongue, at the beginning of the disease, is pinpointed and then turns reddish and purple, expect trouble. The works of Hippocrates, which became the basis for the further development of clinical medicine, reflect the idea of ​​the integrity of the body; the stages of disease development have been established; individual approach to the patient and his treatment; concept of anamnesis; teachings about etiology, prognosis, temperaments (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic). The face of a person suffering from parkinsonism. The expression of violent laughter is a sign of typhus

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Hippocrates bench