The most detailed account of the events of 1327 is contained in the Tver collection and the Rogozh chronicler.
Shchelkanovshchina
Fedorchukov's army
After the death of Alexander Vasilyevich in or 1332, Nizhny and Gorodets returned to the great reign for about a decade, and Ivan Kalita became the sole ruler of North-Eastern Rus'. The policy of centralization based on the khan led to the rapid rise of Moscow at the expense of Tver. The Tver reign no longer posed a real threat to Moscow. The main rivalry was with the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod.
Fedorchukov's army is the last case when a khan by force achieved the removal of a Grand Duke he did not like. After the success of joint Horde-Moscow actions to suppress the anti-Horde rebellion, the policy of the Moscow-Tatar alliance led to a weakening of the internecine struggle and brought a certain calm to Rus'. The presence of Moscow rulers on the grand-ducal table was interrupted only during the minority of Dmitry Donskoy (1360-63) by his future father-in-law Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal.
In literature
- An ancient Russian folk song about Shchelkan Dudentievich has been preserved, which quite accurately conveys the events of those years.
- Dmitry Balashov describes the Tver uprising in his novel The Great Table.
see also
- The Smolensk uprising (1340) is another anti-Horde uprising, jointly suppressed by Muscovites and Tatars.
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Notes
Literature
- Karamzin N. M. . - St. Petersburg. : Type. N. Grecha, 1816-1829.
An excerpt characterizing the Tver uprising
Natasha, without moving or breathing, looked with shining heads from her ambush. "What will happen now"? she thought.- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! “You alone are everything to me,” Nikolai said. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you talk like that.”
- Well, I won’t, I’m sorry, Sonya! “He pulled her towards him and kissed her.
“Oh, how good!” thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and cunning look. – I need to tell you one thing. Here, here,” she said and led him into the flower shop to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
– What is this one thing? - he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll abandoned on the tub, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked into her lively face with an attentive, affectionate gaze and did not answer.
- You do not want? Well, come here,” she said and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! - she whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and solemnity and fear were visible in her reddened face.
- Do you want to kiss me? – she whispered barely audibly, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped up on the tub so that she stood taller than him, hugged him with both arms so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, moving her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him right on the lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, lowering her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but...
-Are you in love with me? – Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, I’m in love, but please, let’s not do what we’re doing now... Four more years... Then I’ll ask for your hand.
Natasha thought.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen...” she said, counting with her thin fingers. - Fine! So it's over?
And a smile of joy and peace lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until death?
And, taking his arm, with a happy face, she quietly walked next to him into the sofa.
The countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order to receive anyone else, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk privately with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the countess’s chair.
“I’ll be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. – There are very few of us left, old friends! This is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the countess, addressing her eldest daughter, obviously unloved. - How come you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're out of place here? Go to your sisters, or...
Beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me long ago, mamma, I would have left immediately,” she said, and went to her room.
But, passing by the sofa, she noticed that there were two couples sitting symmetrically at two windows. She stopped and smiled contemptuously. Sonya sat close to Nikolai, who was copying out poems for her that he had written for the first time. Boris and Natasha were sitting at another window and fell silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha looked at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but the sight of them, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.”
She took the inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” said Vera. “Then they ran into the living room, so everyone felt ashamed of you.”
Despite the fact that, or precisely because, what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only looked at each other. She lingered in the room with the inkwell in her hand.
- And what secrets could there be at your age between Natasha and Boris and between you - they’re all just nonsense!
- Well, what do you care, Vera? – Natasha said intercedingly in a quiet voice.
She, apparently, was even more kind and affectionate to everyone than always that day.
“Very stupid,” said Vera, “I’m ashamed of you.” What are the secrets?...
- Everyone has their own secrets. We won’t touch you and Berg,” Natasha said, getting excited.
“I think you won’t touch me,” said Vera, “because there can never be anything bad in my actions.” But I’ll tell mommy how you treat Boris.
“Natalya Ilyinishna treats me very well,” said Boris. “I can't complain,” he said.
- Leave it, Boris, you are such a diplomat (the word diplomat was in great use among children in the special meaning that they attached to this word); It’s even boring,” Natasha said in an offended, trembling voice. - Why is she pestering me? You will never understand this,” she said, turning to Vera, “because you have never loved anyone; you have no heart, you are only madame de Genlis [Madame Genlis] (this nickname, considered very offensive, was given to Vera by Nikolai), and your first pleasure is to cause trouble for others. “You flirt with Berg as much as you want,” she said quickly.
- Yes, I certainly won’t start chasing a young man in front of guests...
“Well, she achieved her goal,” Nikolai intervened, “she said unpleasant things to everyone, upset everyone.” Let's go to the nursery.
All four, like a frightened flock of birds, got up and left the room.
“They told me some troubles, but I didn’t mean anything to anyone,” said Vera.
- Madame de Genlis! Madame de Genlis! - Laughing voices said from behind the door.
Beautiful Vera, who had such an irritating, unpleasant effect on everyone, smiled and, apparently unaffected by what was said to her, went to the mirror and straightened her scarf and hairstyle. Looking at her beautiful face, she apparently became even colder and calmer.
The conversation continued in the living room.
- Ah! chere,” said the countess, “and in my life tout n”est pas rose. Don’t I see that du train, que nous allons, [not everything is roses. - given our way of life,] our condition will not last long for us! And all this is a club, and its kindness. We live in the village, do we relax? Theaters, hunting and God knows what. Well, how did you arrange all this? I’m often surprised at you, Annette. You, at your age, ride in a carriage alone, to Moscow, to St. Petersburg, to all the ministers, to all the nobility, you know how to get along with everyone, I’m surprised, how did this work out? I don’t know how to do any of this.
Shchelkanovshchina
Fedorchukov's army
After the death of Alexander Vasilyevich in or 1332, Nizhny and Gorodets returned to the great reign for about a decade, and Ivan Kalita became the sole ruler of North-Eastern Rus'. The policy of centralization based on the khan led to the rapid rise of Moscow at the expense of Tver. The Tver reign no longer posed a real threat to Moscow. The main rivalry was with the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod.
Fedorchukov's army is the last case when a khan by force achieved the removal of a Grand Duke he did not like. After the success of joint Horde-Moscow actions to suppress the anti-Horde rebellion, the policy of the Moscow-Tatar alliance led to a weakening of the internecine struggle and brought a certain calm to Rus'. The presence of Moscow rulers on the grand-ducal table was interrupted only during the minority of Dmitry Donskoy (1360-63) by his future father-in-law Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal.
In literature
- An ancient Russian folk song about Shchelkan Dudentievich has been preserved, which quite accurately conveys the events of those years.
- Dmitry Balashov describes the Tver uprising in his novel The Great Table.
see also
- Smolensk uprising (1340) - another anti-Horde uprising, jointly suppressed by Muscovites and Tatars
Notes
Categories:
- 1327
- Uprisings in Russia
- History of Tver
- Tver Principality
- Battles of the Golden Horde
- Battles of the Moscow Principality
Wikimedia Foundation.
See what the “Tver Uprising” is in other dictionaries:
GRAND DUCHY OF TVER, grand duchy in North-Eastern Rus' (see NORTH-EASTERN Rus') 13-15 centuries; occupied the territory along the upper reaches of the Volga River and its tributaries. The capital of the Tver Principality was Tver (1246-1485). In the territory… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Feudal state of North-Eastern Rus' 13th-15th centuries. Occupied the territory along the upper reaches of the river. Volga and its tributaries. Center T. Tver (1246 1485). In T. there were the cities of Kashin, Ksnyatin, Zubtsov, Staritsa, Kholm, Mikulin, Dorogobuzh. IN… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The Tver uprising took place many centuries ago. However, the memory of him has survived to this day. Many historians still argue about the results, goals and consequences of the uprising. The rebellion was widely described in various chronicles and stories. The suppression of the rebellion became the basis for the creation of a new hierarchy in Rus'. From now on, Moscow became the new political center. It was also possible to observe the leveling of cultural differences in the isolated lands in the south of Rus'.
Prerequisites
The Tver uprising of 1327 was a consequence of the dissatisfaction of the population of Rus' with the oppression of the Mongol yoke. In just under 100 years, the first hordes of invaders set foot on Russian soil. Before this, the Mongols had conquered many nations and finally decided to invade Europe. The Mongols themselves were a relatively small people and led a nomadic lifestyle. Therefore, the basis of their army were soldiers from other nations and tribes. With the conquest of modern Siberia, the Tatar khans began to play a huge role in the hierarchy of the empire.
In the 1230s, preparations began for the campaign against Rus'. The Mongols chose an extremely fortunate time for themselves. By the beginning of the 13th century, the State was fully formed and was severely divided. Feudal fiefs - principalities - pursued independent policies, often at odds with each other. Therefore, the Mongol hordes decided to launch a systematic invasion. At first, several detachments were sent, the main purpose of which was to obtain information about life in Europe, terrain features, troops, and the political situation. In 1235, the Mongols gathered at a gathering of the Genghisids and decided to attack. A year later, countless hordes stood at the borders of Rus' in the steppes, awaiting orders. The invasion began in the fall.
Fall of Rus'
The Russian princes were never able to consolidate to repel the enemy. Moreover, many wanted to take advantage of their neighbor's misfortune to strengthen power in the region. As a result, the principalities were left alone with an enemy many times superior. In the first years, southern Rus' was almost completely devastated. And over the next five, all major cities fell. The militia and trained squads fought fiercely in every fortress, but in the end they were all defeated. Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde.
From then on, each prince was obliged to receive a label to reign from the Horde. At the same time, the Mongols participated in almost all civil strife and important political events. Russian cities were obliged to pay tribute. At the same time, the principalities retained some independence. And even under these conditions, fierce rivalry continued. The main cultural and political centers were Moscow and Tver. The Tver uprising played a decisive role in the relationship between these principalities.
New Prince
The Tver uprising is often associated with Prince Alexander Mikhailovich. In 1236 he receives from the Mongols. Alexander lived in Tver, in his palace. However, the following autumn Chol Khan arrived in the city and decided to settle here.
He kicked the Grand Duke out of the palace and settled in it himself. The Tatars, who were far from civilization, immediately caused a wave of indignation among local residents. Tatar officers enjoyed privileges and behaved arrogantly. They appropriated other people's property without asking and committed other atrocities. At the same time, a conflict arose on religious grounds. Chronicles have brought down to this day stories of oppression of Christians and atrocities.
The local population loved Prince Alexander Mikhailovich and often turned to him for help. People proposed to rebel against the Tatars and expel them from the principality. However, the prince himself understood the futility of such a decision. A huge army would inevitably come to the aid of the Horde, and the Tver uprising would be brutally suppressed.
Popular discontent
In the summer, rumors began to spread about Chol Khan's plans to usurp power in the principality and convert all Russians to Islam. Moreover, people said that all this should happen on the great feast of the Assumption, which added to the drama. These rumors may not have been true, but they were a natural reaction to the oppression of Christians. It was they who catalyzed hatred among the people, thanks to which the Tver Uprising of 1327 occurred. The prince initially persuaded the people to wait. Historians still argue about his role in these events. Some believe that it was he who started the organized rebellion, while others believe that he only later joined it. The latter is supported by the prudence of the prince, who understood that resistance without the support of other principalities would lead to even greater troubles.
The beginning of the uprising
By the end of summer, rebellious sentiments were increasingly brewing among the people. There could be a mutiny any day now. it was August 15th.
The Tatars from Chol Khan's personal guard decided to appropriate the local priest's horse. The people stood up for him, and a skirmish began. Deacon Dudko, apparently, also enjoyed the personal respect of the townspeople. And the insult to a church person angered the Russian people even more. As a result, the retinue was killed. The whole city learned about the riots. Popular anger spilled out into the streets. The Tverites rushed to destroy the Tatars and other Horde. Prince Alexander theoretically could have suppressed the rebellion on his own, but he did not do this and joined the people.
People's anger
The Tatars were beaten everywhere. The merchants were also destroyed. This confirms the national character of the uprising, and not just the religious or anti-government one. The Tatars began to flee en masse to the princely palace, where Chol Khan himself hid. By evening, the people besieged the palace and set it on fire. The khan himself and his entire retinue were burned alive. By morning there was not a single living Horde member left in Tver. This is how the Tver uprising took place (1327). The prince understood that it was not enough to simply destroy the Tatars. Therefore, I began preparations for leaving Tver.
Moscow
After a short time, all of Rus' learned that the Tver Uprising had occurred (1327). Moscow Prince Kalita saw a benefit in this. It has long been in competition with Tver for supremacy.
Therefore, I decided to strike and change the distribution of influence in my favor. In a short time he gathered an army. He allocated fifty thousand people and his subjects to help him. The journey to the south began. A short time later, the united Moscow and Tatar troops invaded the principality. The punitive detachment acted very cruelly. Villages and cities burned, peasants were killed. Many were taken prisoner. Almost all settlements were destroyed.
Alexander Mikhailovich understood that under no circumstances could he withstand such an army. Therefore, trying to somehow alleviate the plight of the Tver residents, he fled with his retinue from the city. After some time he reached Novgorod. However, the Horde and Muscovites overtook him there too. The Prince of Novgorod gave a large ransom and gifts so that his possessions would not suffer the same fate. And Alexander fled to Pskov. Ivan Kalita demanded the extradition of the rebel. Acting on the instructions of Moscow, he announced that he was excommunicating the Pskovites from the church. The residents themselves loved the prince very much. Ambassadors arrived in the city and offered Alexander to surrender. He was ready to sacrifice himself for the peace of others. However, the Pskovites declared that they were ready to fight and die with Alexander if necessary.
Flight to Lithuania
Understanding the danger of the situation and knowing what fate would befall Pskov in the event of an invasion, Alexander Mikhailovich still did not linger here. He goes to Lithuania. After long wanderings, he nevertheless concludes a truce with Khan Uzbek and returns to Tver. But Ivan Kalita doesn’t like this. The Moscow prince had already extended his influence to many lands and saw a new threat in Tver. Alexandra was very loved by the people. He often reproached other princes and boyars for their inaction, proposing to raise a general rebellion against the khan for Christian land. Although he did not have a huge army, the word of Alexander Mikhailovich was very authoritative.
However, after a series of conspiracies and intrigues, he is again captured by the Tatars. A month later, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich was sentenced to death. He met his fate with enviable dignity and, as the chronicles say, “with his head held high, he went to meet his murderers.”
Many years after his death, the church canonized the prince and declared him a holy martyr for the faith.
Tver uprising of 1327: meaning
The uprising in Tver was one of the first rebellions against the Horde. It exposed the obvious problems of Rus' and gave an understanding of the political situation. Competing among themselves, the Orthodox princes were not able to unite in the face of a common enemy. The popular character of the uprising is also very important. During these difficult years, Russian identity and Christian brotherhood were forged. The example of the Tver people will inspire many subsequent uprisings. And only after decades will Rus' finally throw off the yoke of the Horde and free itself from oppression.
The Tver uprising is extremely important in terms of the distribution of influence of individual principalities. It was at this moment that Moscow, thanks to the efforts of Kalita, became the most powerful city and spread its influence far beyond the borders of its land. These were the first prerequisites for the creation of the Muscovite kingdom, which can be considered the first example of Russian statehood in the form in which it exists now.
Tver uprising (1327): results
Despite all the disasters, the participation of Muscovites in suppressing the uprising made it possible to bring significant calm to Russian soil. Also, the Horde people were henceforth more cautious and no longer allowed themselves the previous atrocities.
The Tver uprising of 1327 was reflected in many folk songs and tales. There are also records about him in various chronicles. The bloody events were described by a famous writer in his novel “The Great Table”.
The anti-Horde uprising in Tver in 1327 became the first large-scale uprising of the Russians against Horde rule. The defeated Tver Principality finally lost the opportunity to take the position of leader and unifier of Russian lands.
On the eve of the Tver events
In the first half of the 14th century, the struggle for supremacy among the principalities of northeastern Rus' entered an acute phase. The confrontation over the label for the great reign between Tver and Moscow was especially tense.
In 1326, Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy, the son and brother of the Tver princes Michael the Holy and Dmitry the Terrible Ochi, who were killed at the headquarters of the Khan of Tver, became the Grand Duke.
By this time, Moscow was ruled by Ivan I Kalita, who preferred, as they would now say, political and economic methods in the struggle for power.
Horde embassy
Less than a year later, Alexander of Tver's possession of the Grand Duke's table, Chol Khan (otherwise called Cholkhan, Shelkan, Shevkan, Shchelkan) came to Rus' - cousin Khan Uzbek (Azbyak), ruling in the Horde. His mission, apparently, was to exact tribute and demonstrate the complete power of the Mongols over Russian subjects.
Upon arrival, the Horde Baskak forcibly ousted Alexander and his family from the family mansion and settled in it himself. The prince was forced to submit; he understood that resistance would lead to dire consequences for the entire Tver principality. Moreover, it was necessary to provide external honors and demonstrate humility.
Members of the governor’s retinue acted like Cholkhan everywhere, oppressing noble and ordinary Tverites.
Background and causes of the rebellion
Residents of the Principality of Tver still well remembered the invasions of the Nevryu army, Kavgady and Tayanchar. But 
Cholkhan Dyudentievich surpassed them all in terms of harshness and outrages.
There is more than one reason for the discontent of the townspeople: the widespread ruin of households, extremely arrogant behavior, robberies, persecution, violence, desecration, and the demonstrative behavior of the conqueror in the conquered principality heated the situation to the limit.
Alexander himself set an example of humility and called on the people to be patient, which the warriors and part of the determined population were dissatisfied with. Conflicts and skirmishes between Tver residents and the rampaging Horde took on a massive scale in a short time.
Discontent was fueled by rumors about the Baskak's planned murder of Alexander and his relatives, the seizure of the Tver throne by Cholkhan himself, and the forced introduction of Mohammedanism. They even named the expected date - August 15, the Christian holiday of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary.
Historians believe that such a development of events in Tver would be unlikely, but such rumors characterize the state of mind on the eve of alarming events.
The “explosion” occurred spontaneously in the early morning of August 15, 1327, for an insignificant reason. Khan's 
the henchmen routinely tried to take the mare away from the local deacon Dudko. Dudko resisted and called for help.
The people's council quickly assembled, the leaders appeared and led the crowd against the oppressors. They destroyed all the Horde in a row. The first victim was Cholkhan himself, who burned down along with the tower, where he tried to hide and fight back.
Among some modern historians, there is an opinion that the Tverites moved from words to deeds, if not on direct orders, then with the tacit consent of Alexander Mikhailovich. This is indirectly evidenced by chronicles (not Tverskaya).
The rebellion in Tver against Cholkhan gained strength with lightning speed. Not only the noble Mongols from the immediate circle of the Horde nobles were killed, but also ordinary participants in the embassy, as well as all the Tatars and “besermen” merchants who permanently lived in the city. By chance, the only survivors were the shepherds, who brought their horses to water in time and managed to escape.
Suppression of the uprising
The fleeing Mongols quickly reached Moscow. Prince Ivan, a recognized master of political intrigue, correctly assessed the precarious and dangerous position of the Tver ruler and his principality and acted energetically.
Combined Forces March
At the Horde headquarters, they were seriously concerned and alarmed; the Mongols suspected other Russian princes of disobedience and rebellion. Uzbek could not forgive the murder of the Baskak and was preparing revenge on the rebellious. However, Rus' was not yet ready to throw off the yoke; the disunited princes were afraid of retribution for the “suicidal” indignation of the Tver inhabitants.
When Prince Kalita offered Uzbek his help in suppressing the uprising in exchange for a label for the great reign, he easily received support from 50 thousand soldiers under the command of five temniks and governor Fedorchuk.
The Moscow squad, reinforced by the Tatar cavalry, advanced to suppress the Tver uprising. The forces of the Suzdal prince Alexander Vasilyevich joined the army. They acted decisively and cruelly. The united Russian-Mongol army marched through the Tver cities and villages with sword and fire. The capital was destroyed and burned.
So who suppressed the first uprising against the Mongol-Tatar invaders in Tver?
Important! Popular indignation was harshly suppressed by the Prince of Moscow Ivan Danilovich, the Prince of Suzdal Alexander Vasilyevich and the fifty thousandth army of Khan Uzbek under the command of Voivode Fedorchuk.
Alexander Tverskoy hastily left the devastated principality. Veliky Novgorod did not accept the fugitive prince, and he paid off the Fedorchuk army that was pursuing him with two thousand hryvnia.
Shelter was found in the Novgorod suburb of Pskov.
The pursuers came close to the city and demanded the extradition of the fugitive; Metropolitan Theognost excommunicated Alexander and all Pskov residents from the church. The prince chose not to expose the city that sheltered him to danger and moved to Lithuania.
The Tver table was taken by his brother Konstantin Kashinsky, who recognized the supremacy of Moscow and submitted to the will of Ivan Kalita.
Note! In total, Alexander spent almost 10 years in exile.
Results and consequences of the uprising in Tver
Despite the spontaneity and transience of the rebellion, the results of the Tver uprising of 1327 had far-reaching consequences.
Results of the popular uprising
The result of the Tver uprising, which broke out in the summer of 1327, was devastating for the Grand Duchy of Tver, which for a long quarter of a century had claimed to be the unifier of Russian lands:
- cities and villages were destroyed and devastated;
- many inhabitants were killed or taken into slavery, the land was depopulated;
- the reign passed to the less ambitious Konstantin and Vasily Kashinsky;
- Tver's influence on the Russian principalities has been lost;
- Prince Ivan Kalita, and then his descendants, receive the grand ducal label from the hands of Uzbek.
On the other hand, after the uprising, the Horde khans assessed the danger of growing resistance and their own risks. From that time on, the Baskaks stopped raiding in order to collect tribute that was unaffordable for the population.
The one who suppressed the revolt - Ivan Kalita - received the right to collect taxes and deliver them to the Horde. From that time on, he negotiated with the Horde on behalf of all Russian principalities.
Consequences
The uprising of 1327 undermined the power of the Tver principality and gave impetus to the redistribution of political forces in northeastern Rus'.
After the suppression of the anti-Horde uprising in the Tver principality, the center of political, economic and cultural life shifted to the possessions of Ivan Kalita, although immediately after the pacification of Tver, in 1328, the great reign was divided between Suzdal and Moscow:
- Novgorod the Great and Kostroma were transferred under the control of the Moscow Prince;
- Alexander Suzdalsky got Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir and Gorodets.
This division gave Uzbek freedom of maneuver.
After ending his long-term rivalry with Tver, Ivan Moskovsky received a weaker opponent in the person of Alexander Suzdal. With the death of the Suzdal ruler, the grand-ducal table was finally assigned to Moscow, but it became hereditary and patrimonial only under Dmitry Donskoy.
Thanks to the ability to individually set the size of tax collections and manage the common treasury, the Moscow principality quickly grew stronger. His growing economic power and the support of the ruling khan made it possible to dictate new rules, annex first small and then large specific estates, and conduct independent foreign policy. These are the consequences of the unsuccessful uprising in Tver in 1327.
Gradually subjugating other Russian principalities, Ivan Kalita preferred economic methods. The strengthening of central power contributed to the reduction of civil strife. In conditions of peace, the principalities recovered from ruin, grew stronger, and gradually accumulated wealth.
Urban culture, architecture, handicrafts, temple construction, icon painting, book literature, and military affairs were given the opportunity to develop. The Russians were gaining spiritual strength for a decisive struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The uprising that took place in Tver in 1327 became the first sign of the liberation movement, which finally took shape in the next half century.
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Conclusion
The uprising in Tver against the Horde Baskak Cholkhan was provoked by the extremely cruel behavior of the governor himself and his retinue. The spontaneous and fleeting rebellion was brutally suppressed, Tver lost its great reign, the right to govern Russian lands and collect tribute passed to Ivan Kalita.
The forcible removal of the Russian ruler by Fedorchuk’s army became the last case of a forceful change of prince during the years of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The Moscow principality became the center of the unification of Rus' and the formation of a single national state.
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CHRONICLE OF THE UPRISING IN TVER
In the same year, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich was given a great reign. And he came from the Horde and sat on the princely throne. After this, soon, for the multiplication of our sins, God allowed the devil to put evil into the hearts of the godless Tatars and say to the lawless king: “If you do not destroy Prince Alexander and all the Russian princes, then you will not have power over them.” The lawless, cursed and instigator of all evil Shevkal, the destroyer of Christians, opened his vile lips and began to speak, taught by the devil: “Mr. Tsar, if you command me, I will go to Rus' and destroy Christianity, and I will kill their princes, and the princesses and children to you I'll bring you." And the king ordered him to do so.
The lawless Shevkal, the destroyer of Christianity, went to Rus' with many Tatars, and came to Tver, and drove the great prince out of his courtyard, and he himself stopped in the courtyard of the great prince, full of pride. And he began a great persecution of Christians: violence, robbery, beatings, and desecration. The people, constantly offended by the pride of the filthy, complained many times to the Grand Duke, asking him for protection; He, seeing the embitterment of his people and unable to protect them, ordered them to endure. The residents of Tver did not want to endure it and were looking for a convenient time.
And it so happened that on the fifteenth day of August, early in the morning, when the auction was about to begin, a certain deacon Tveritin, nicknamed Dudko, took a young and very fat mare to drink water on the Volga. The Tatars, seeing it, took it away. The deacon took pity and began to shout loudly: “Oh, men of Tver! Don’t give him away!” And there was a fight between them. The Tatars, relying on their power, began to cut with swords. And immediately people came running, and got excited, and rang the bell, and became a veche, and the whole city learned about it, and the people gathered, and there was confusion, and the Tver residents called out, and began to beat the Tatars, where they found someone, until they killed him. She scoffed at everyone. They did not leave a messenger, except for the shepherds grazing horses in the field, who grabbed the best stallions and galloped off to Moscow, and then to the Horde, and there they told about the death of Shevkal
Chronicle collection called the Tver Chronicle
TALES ABOUT SHEVKAL
The Tale of Shevkal - a chronicle story and other narratives about the uprising in Tver against the khan's governor Shevkal (Shchelkan, Chol Khan) in 1327. The most extensive Tale can be read in the Rogozhsky Chronicle and the Tver Chronicle, containing for 1285-1375. Tver chronicle text; judging by the date of completion of this similar text, it obviously went back to the Tver corpus of the last. Thursday XIV century The story is placed here under 6834 (1326); under the following year it tells about the punitive Tatar campaign against Tver and the flight of the Tver prince Alexander to Pskov.
The first part of the Tale tells about the “devilish” advice of the “godless Tatars” and the “lawless Shevkal” to the Tatar king (Uzbek Khan) to “ruin Christianity” and destroy the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Vladimir and Tver. Having listened to this evil advice, the tsar sends Shevkal to Tver, where the Tatar governor drives out “the great prince from his court”, he himself settles in the grand prince’s court and initiates “great persecution against Christians by violence, and robbery, and beating, and desecration.” Alexander, “seeing the bitterness of his people and unable to defend them,” calls on the people of Tver to endure. The etiquette, traditional nature of these speeches indicates that the first part of the Tale was not a direct record of events, but had a secondary, literary origin. The second part of the Tale is of a different nature. This is a very specific story about the events that led to the uprising on August 15 - about the horse of Deacon Dudko, captured by the Tatars, about the fight between Tver residents and Tatars, about the beating of all the Tatars (only the Tatar shepherds who were outside the city were saved - they brought it to the Horde news of the uprising). This part of the story has all the hallmarks of a modern recording.
Stories about Shevkal // Electronic publications http://www.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=3074
SONG ABOUT SCHELKAN DUDENTIEVICH
And in those days, young Shchelkan,
He made a judge
To old Tver,
To rich Tver.
And for a while he sat as a judge:
And widows of dishonor,
Red maidens are a disgrace,
Everyone needs to quarrel
Make fun of the houses.
Collection of Kirsha Danilov. Ancient Russian poems collected by Kirsha Danilov. M., 1977 http://lmkn.narod.ru/byliny/chelkan.html
N.M.KARAMZIN ABOUT THE UPRISING IN TVER
At the end of summer, the Khan's Ambassador, Shevkal, son of Dudenev and cousin of Uzbek, appeared in Tver with numerous crowds of robbers. The poor people, already accustomed to enduring Tatar violence, sought relief in only useless complaints; but he shuddered with horror, hearing that Shevkal, a zealous reader of Alkoran, intends to convert the Russians to the Mohammedan Faith, kill Prince Alexander and his brothers, sit on his throne and distribute all our cities to his Nobles. They said that he would take advantage of the Feast of the Assumption, for which many zealous Christians had gathered in Tver, and that the Mughals would kill them all. This rumor could have been unfounded: for Shevkal did not have enough troops to put into action an intention so important and so inconsistent with the Policy of the Khans, who always wanted to be the patrons of the Clergy and the Church in pious Russia. But oppressed people usually consider their tyrants capable of any crime; The grossest slander seems to them to be a proven truth. Boyars, warriors, citizens, ready to do anything to save the Faith and the Orthodox Sovereigns, surrounded the Prince, young and frivolous. Forgetting the example of his father, who generously died for the peace of his subjects, Alexander passionately represented to the Tverites that his life was in danger; that the Mughals, having killed Michael and Demetrius, want to exterminate the entire Princely family; that the time for just revenge has come; that it was not he, but Shevkal who planned the bloodshed and that God is the hope of the right. The citizens, zealous, ardent, unanimously demanded weapons: The Prince at dawn, August 15, led them to the Mikhailov Palace, where brother Uzbekov lived. The general excitement, noise and clatter of weapons awakened the Tatars: they managed to gather to their commander and came out to the square. The Tverites rushed at them screaming. The fight was terrible. From sunrise to dark evening they were playing in the streets with extraordinary frenzy. Yielding to superior forces, the Mughals concluded themselves in the palace; Alexander turned it to ashes, and Shevkal burned there with the rest of the Khan’s squad. By the time of day there was no longer a single Tatar alive. The citizens also killed the Orda merchants.
This deed, inspired by despair, amazed the Horde. The Mughals thought that all of Russia was ready to rise and break its chains; but Russia only trembled, fearing that Khan’s vengeance, deserved by the Tverites, would not affect its other borders. The Uzbek, burning with anger, vowed to destroy the nest of rebels; however, acting cautiously, he called on Ivan Daniilovich of Moscow, promised to make him Grand Duke and, giving him 50,000 soldiers to help him, led by five Khan's temniks, ordered to go to Alexander in order to execute the Russians by the Russians. This large army was also joined by the Suzdalians with their Ruler, Alexander Vasilyevich, the grandson of Andrei Yaroslavich. http://magister.msk.ru/library/history/karamzin/kar04_08.htm
SHEVKALOVO CASE
But while the Moscow prince acquired such important benefits by establishing the metropolitan throne, Alexander of Tver, by a rash act, ruined himself and his entire principality. In 1327, the Khan's ambassador, named Shevkal (Cholkhan), or Shchelkan, as our chronicles call him, a cousin of Uzbek, came to Tver, and, as was the custom of all Tatar ambassadors, he allowed himself and his people all kinds of violence. Suddenly a rumor spread among the people that Shevkal himself wanted to reign in Tver, plant his Tatar princes in other Russian cities, and bring Christians to the Tatar faith. It is difficult to admit that this rumor was founded: the Tatars were initially distinguished by religious tolerance and, after accepting Mohammedanism, were not zealots of the new religion. The Uzbek, on whose orders Shevkal was supposed to act, patronized Christians in Cafe, allowed the Catholic monk Jonah Valens to convert the Yas and other peoples along the Black Sea coast to Christianity; he, as we saw, married his sister to Yuri of Moscow and allowed her to be baptized. Even more terrible was the rumor that Shevkal himself wanted to sit on the great reign in Tver and distribute other cities to his Tatars. When the rumor spread that the Tatars wanted to fulfill their plan on Assumption Day, taking advantage of the large crowd of people on the occasion of the holiday, Alexander and the Tverians wanted to warn their intention and early in the morning, at sunrise, they entered into battle with the Tatars, fought all day and in the evening defeated. Shevkal rushed into an old house Prince Mikhail, but Alexander ordered his father’s courtyard to be set on fire, and the Tatars died in the flames; the old Horde merchants and the new ones who came with Shevkal were exterminated, despite the fact that they did not engage in battle with the Russians: some of them were killed, others were drowned, others were burned at the stake.
But in the so-called Tver Chronicle, Shevkalovo’s case is told in more detail, more naturally and without mentioning Shevkal’s plan regarding faith: Shevkal, this chronicle says, greatly oppressed the Tver people, drove Prince Alexander from his courtyard and began to live on it; The residents of Tver asked Prince Alexander for defense, but the prince ordered them to endure. Despite the fact that the bitterness of the Tver residents reached such an extent that they were waiting only for the first opportunity to rebel against the oppressors; this opportunity presented itself on August 15: Deacon Dudko led a young and fat mare to the swill; the Tatars began to take it away from him, the deacon began to scream for help, and the Tver residents who came running attacked the Tatars.