Large cereal aphid – Sitobion avenae
Taxonomy. Order Homoptera - Homoptera, Afida family – Aphididae
It breeds massively in the Steppe zone and Crimea. Damages wheat, wheat, oats, barley, and less often rice.
The wingless female founders are dirty green or olive-gray, 3-3.5 mm long. The tubes and antennae are black, the tail is light. Parthenogenetic female dispersers are reddish-brown, 2.5-3 mm long, winged.
Life cycle is monoecious. The eggs overwinter on winter cultivated or wild cereals. In April-May, the larvae of the founding females emerge and form open colonies on the ear, less often on the leaves and stems. Winged individuals appear starting from the first generation and settle on ardent grasses.
During the growing season it develops in several generations.
Common cereal aphid
Common cereal aphid - Schizaphis graminum
Taxonomy. Order Homoptera - Homoptera, Afida family - Aphididae
In Ukraine, it is distributed in the south of the Forest-Steppe zone, in the Steppe and in the Crimea. The following crops are damaged: barley, oats, wheat, millet, rice, rye, and corn.
The adult is light green in color with a bright green stripe along the back, body length 2.7-2.9 mm. The tubes are long, cylindrical, light-colored. Eggs are 0.6-0.9 mm, only laid ones are greenish, darken over time and become black. The larvae are green, similar to adult insects, but smaller in size.
The life cycle is monoecious; throughout their life they reproduce on winter and winter cereals. The eggs overwinter on the leaves of winter seedlings, carrion and wild cereals. In the spring, the founding females appear. Subsequently they reproduce parthenogenetically. Both adult insects and larvae cause harm by sucking the juice out of plants. Damaged leaves curl, become discolored, turn yellow and die. When planted before heading, damaged plants are not headed. When the ear is colonized, the grain becomes light and puny. In addition to direct harm, aphids transmit viral diseases of cereal crops.
During the growing season, up to 12 generations develop.
On the left is the Larva of the Common Cereal Aphid – Schizaphis graminum photo
Barley aphid
Barley aphid – Brachycolus noxius (Diuraphis noxia)
Taxonomy. Order Homoptera – Homoptera, Afida family - Aphididae
In Ukraine it is widespread, most widely in the Steppe and Forest-Steppe zones. Damages barley, sometimes wheat, rye, and oats.
The length of the female is 2.5 mm, wingless, yellowish-green in color, the body is spindle-shaped. The tubes are very short, the tail is triangular, there is a growth at the top of the abdomen, similar to an additional tail. The cycle is monoecious. Usually lives in leaves rolled into a tube and their axils, less often on the ear. Due to damage, the leaves turn yellow and dry out, and the ear curls. During drought, when the pest population is high, plant death is possible.
The eggs overwinter on the leaves of wheat or barley. The hatching of the founding larvae occurs in early spring. In May-June, winged females appear, and in September-October, the sexual generation appears, the fertilized females of which lay eggs that overwinter - from 6 to 14 pieces.
Measures to combat cereal aphids
Early sowing of spring grains; adding fertilizers to the soil, especially phosphorus and potassium, stubble peeling and deep autumn plowing; treatment of crops with insecticides.
Aphids live in dense or scattered colonies, less often singly, on various parts of plants, often causing specific deformations: curling of leaves, bending of shoots, formation of nodules on the bark, various galls, etc. Many types of aphids are visited by ants that lick sweet excrement. Among aphids there are many dangerous plant pests, including carriers of phytopathogenic viruses.
Common cereal aphid
Schizaphis graminum Rond.
Wingless viviparous female, body 2.7-2.9 mm long; the body is oval, light, with a longitudinal green stripe in the middle of the back.
Egg - 0.6 mm, oval; freshly deposited is greenish, darkens and becomes black over time.
It is located on the lower and upper surfaces of cereal leaves and lives in large colonies. The eggs overwinter on the leaves of seedlings of winter crops and wild cereals. In early to mid-April, the foundresses emerge from overwintered eggs. Aphids begin to reproduce in large numbers in warm, dry weather.
Distributed in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia, Primorye, and the European part of the CIS
During the growing season it can develop in 10 - 12 generations. In areas of damage, plants become discolored and sometimes turn red. In addition to direct harm, aphids transmit viral diseases of cereals.
Main harm
- Aphids form colonies and suck sap from the above-ground organs of the plant.
- Virus carrier.
Control measures
- Stubble peeling and fall plowing. Destruction of carrion.
- Coccinelids, predatory bugs from the families Miridae, Nabidae and Anthocoridae, ground beetles, larvae of the fly and chrysopus have little effect on reducing the number of aphids.
- Nitrogen fertilizers should be applied.
- Seed dressing
- Imidor Pro, KS
- Touareg, SME
6. Application of insecticides
- Diazinon Express, CE
- Salvo, CE
- Karachar, KE
- Tagore, KE
- Tarzan, VE
- Fascord, K.E.
- Espero, KS
Large cereal aphid
Sitobion avenae F.
order Homoptera/Homoptera, family True aphids/Aphididae
Wingless viviparous female, body 2.5-4 mm long, oval fusiform shape, green to red-brown in color, eyes in adults are red, antennae and sap tubes are black, antennae extend beyond half the length of the body, light lanceolate tail 1.5 times shorter than the tubes. The winged female disperser is about 3-4 mm long with a reddish-brown chest and a green or reddish abdomen.
Biology is similar to the previous species. The eggs overwinter on the stems and leaves of cereals. Produces several generations per year.
Distributed in the European part of the CIS, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia and Primorye.
Damages all cereal crops, corn. The damage is most noticeable in dry years.
Main harm
- Aphids form colonies and suck the juice from the above-ground organs of the plant.
- Damaged plants are less productive - the weight of the grains decreases and the number of empty spikelets increases.
- Carrier of viruses, incl. yellow dwarfism of barley.
Control measures
- Sowing early-ripening and ultra-early ripening varieties.
- Application of nitrogen fertilizers.
- Seed dressing
- Imidor Pro, KS
- Touareg, SME
5. Edge treatments with insecticides during the period of migration of winged female aphids, continuous treatments when the threshold of harmfulness is reached.
- Diazinon Express, CE
- Salvo, CE
- Karachar, KE
- Tagore, KE
- Tarzan, VE
- Fascord, K.E.
- Espero, KS
Rhopalosiphum padi L.
order Homoptera/Homoptera, family True aphids/Aphididae
Wingless viviparous female 1.2-2.4 mm long. The color is light green, distinguished by the absence of pollen on the body, with 6-segmented antennae.
The wingless female is ovoid, gray-green in color, with rusty-red spots around and between the tubes, white pollen and sparse short hairs. There are small tubercles on the prothorax, as well as on the 1st and 7th abdominal segments. The antennae exceed half the body length, without secondary rhinaria. The tubes are cylindrical, slightly swollen at the end with an interception in front of the cap, longer than the finger-like tail. The winged female disperser is up to 3 mm long and resembles the wingless form in color.
The development cycle is dioecious, migrating from bird cherry to cereals.
The emergence of the foundresses from the eggs coincides with the beginning of bud break, usually in late April - early May. They settle on the tops of shoots, on the undersides of leaves and on the flower parts of bird cherry.
One founder gives birth to up to 70 larvae, and at the same time as the wingless ones, winged migrants also appear and fly to the cereals. The most active breeding occurs in May. At the beginning of June, the number of aphids decreases, and by the end of this month, aphids on bird cherry trees disappear completely. During mass reproduction, aphids live in the axils of leaves, on their lower and upper sides, on cobs, and stems in dense dense colonies.
In autumn, winged stripers appear and migrate to the bird cherry tree. Individuals of the sexual generation lay overwintering eggs on bird cherry trees. In spring, dispersal occurs with the help of winged individuals.
Distributed on all continents.
Damages bird cherry and cereals, rice, rye, oats, wheat, barley, corn and many other wild species.
Main harm
- Damaged shoots become bent, leaves turn yellow, curl longitudinally at the edges and dry out, thereby causing direct harm.
- Carriers of viral diseases.
Control measures
- Stubble peeling and fall plowing; destruction of carrion.
- Sowing early-ripening and ultra-early ripening varieties.
- Application of nitrogen fertilizers.
- Seed dressing
- Imidor Pro, KS
- Touareg, SME
5. Insecticidal treatments
- Diazinon Express, CE
- Salvo, CE
- Karachar, KE
- Tagore, KE
- Tarzan, VE
- Fascord, K.E.
- Espero, KS
Barley aphid
Brachycolus noxius Mord.
A wingless viviparous female, 1.4-3 mm long, with an elongated body, yellowish-green in color with a light waxy coating. The juice tubes are very short, do not reach the length of the segment, and are pale brown. The antennae do not reach half the body length. The winged female disperser is similar in color to the wingless form.
The eggs overwinter on the stems and leaves of cereals.
Barley aphids usually live in colonies behind the sheath of the upper leaf or in the upper leaves rolled into a tube. During the period of waxy ripeness of the grain, winged individuals appear. After harvesting the grain, aphids develop on carrion, and later on winter crops. In autumn, the sexual generation lays eggs on the stems of cereals.
Produces several generations per year.
Distributed in the European part of the CIS, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East.
Maliciousness.
Main harm
Damaged plants are stunted in growth.
Moreover, sometimes they do not produce ears or die.
Control measures
Stubble peeling and fall plowing; destruction of carrion.
Sowing early ripening and ultra early ripening varieties.
Application of nitrogen fertilizers.
Seed dressing 3. Abelentsev, V.I. Efficiency of seed protectants / V.I. Abelentsev // Protection and quarantine of plants. - 2003.
4. Bilay, V.I. Fusaria (biology and systematics) / V.I. Bilay. - Kyiv, “Nauko-va Dumka”, 1977.
5. Bilay, V.I. Morphological features of mushrooms of the river. Fusarium during submerged cultivation / V.I. Bilay, I.A. Ellanskaya // Microbiological journal. - M., 1980.
6. Vetrov, Yu.F. Root rots of cereals in the USSR / Yu.F. Vetrov // Mycology and phytopathology. - 1971.
7. Gagkaeva, T.Yu. Current state of taxonomy of fungi of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex / T.Yu. Gagkaeva, M.M. Levitin // Mycology and phytopathology. - 2005.
8. Gagkaeva, T.Yu., Gavrilova O.P. Fusarium of grain crops / T.Yu. Gagkaeva, O.P. Gavrilova // Plant protection. - 2009
9. Zdrozhevskaya, S.D. A set of measures to protect plants from diseases for zonal technologies for growing agricultural crops / S.D. Zdrozhevskaya, V.V. Kotova, L.D. Grishechkina, T.I. Ishkova // Yearbook, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, VIZR, Innovation Center. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
10. Ishkova, T.I. Diagnosis of the main fungal diseases of cereals / T.I. Ishkova, L.I. Berestetskaya, E.L. Gasich, M. M. Levitin, D. Yu. Vlasov. - St. Petersburg, 2008.
11. Zazimko M.I. Strategy and tactics for protecting grain crops from diseases in the autumn of 2014. - AgroXXI
12. Shkalikov V.A. Protection of plants from diseases. - M.: Kolos, 2010.
13. Spaar D. Grain crops (Growing, harvesting, processing and use). - M.: Publishing House LLC "DLV Agrodelo", 2008.
14. Protection of plants from pests./Ed. prof. V.V. Isaicheva, - M., Kolos, 2002.
15. Vasiliev V.P., Livshits I.Z. Pests of fruit crops. - M.: Kolos, 1984.
16. Vasiliev V.P., Livshits I.Z. Pests of fruit crops. - M.: Kolos, 1984.
17. Savzdarg E.E. Pests of berry crops. - M. State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1960.
18. Bondarenko N.V., Pospelov S.M. General and agricultural entomology of Leningrad: Agropromizdat - 1991
19. Bey-Bienko G. Ya. General entomology: Textbook. - Ed. Stereotypical. St. Petersburg: “Prospekt Nauki”, 2008.
20. Han Q.M., Kang Z.S., Buchenauer H., Huang L.L., Zhao J. Cytological and immunocytochemical studies on the effects of the fungicide tebuconazole on the interaction of wheat with stripe rust - Journal of Plant Pathology (2006), 88 (3) , 263-271 Edizioni ETS Pisa, 2006.
21. Martin Nagelkirk. Fungicides. Classification and activity, 2008.
It is not very easy to distinguish between aphid species, although the insect itself is clearly visible. However, even an inaccurate definition will not be a hindrance for those who want to get rid of harmful insects. However, let's take a closer look at some of them.
The common cereal aphid and the large cereal aphid live in the steppe, forest-steppe, and in fields sown with cereal crops: wheat, rye, oats, millet, barley. Both species are homoptera.
The species is an ordinary cereal of light green color. The first spring generation develops from eggs laid by females. The next generations reproduce by parthogenesis. When this type of aphid infects plants, the leaves curl and dry out. If the damage began before the formation of the ear, the plant will remain uneared. If pollination has occurred, the grain will form, but will be light and “empty”.
The large cereal aphid is slightly larger than the common cereal aphid, but is dirty or gray-green in color. The founder female is wingless, and the disperser female is winged. This type of grain aphid settles mainly on the ear.
In addition to the main harm, grain aphid species are carriers of various cereal viruses. To get rid of pests on a large scale, experienced agronomists advise enriching the soil with fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus, and treating crops with insecticides.
Apple
Apple trees are affected by three types of aphids - red gall (gray), green and blood.
Gray aphids appear on apple and hawthorn trees when the leaves just begin to bloom. The body of the pest is steel-colored, and the head with antennae is black. When a large number of aphids spread throughout the tree, the colonies are clearly visible. Damaged leaves curl, and the damaged areas have a characteristic red-cherry color. The ovary crumbles, young shoots stop growing, damaged branches do not survive the winter. Gray aphids, if not eliminated, can completely destroy a fruit tree.
Green apple aphids also attack other crops - pear, rowan, and shadberry. In places where it spreads, the leaves turn black, and sooty fungus appears on the branches. Blood aphids (red) are more dangerous as they even attack the roots of the tree.
Potato
The large potato aphid is notable for its adaptation to low temperatures. She can choose any plant as food, but she gives preference to potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, beets, and likes to settle and winter on indoor plants.
Potato aphids leave various traces of their presence - spots, dried mesh or moldy areas of large accumulations of honeydew.
The potato aphid has an oval body, pointed towards the tail, usually green, but sometimes reddish in color.
Cherry
A plant affected by aphids becomes more susceptible to disease, and it does not tolerate normal winter well.
Mealy
This type of aphid has a second name - hairy. Mealy differs in appearance from other species in that its oval body has many small bristles. The color is cream, sometimes pinkish, and on top it is covered with a white coating, reminiscent of flour, which is why it got its name. Mealy aphids love to settle on grapes, citrus fruits, and indoor plants. It is worth getting rid of it as quickly as possible, since in home and greenhouse conditions it multiplies incredibly quickly and continuously, and large colonies often become the death of the plant.
Leafy
The common leaf aphid infects young trees by continuously sucking the sap from them. Leaves curl, branches become deformed, and there are cases of tree death. She also likes to settle on indoor and lawn flowers.
Greenhouse
It's tobacco, it's peach. These aphids can be seen not only on tobacco, peach, apricot or almond, but also on many other plants. Tobacco aphids begin to settle in early spring; at first they even feed on the sap of weeds, and then move to tobacco and fruit crops. Its body color is yellow-green, due to which the insect is not very noticeable on the affected plants. Leaves become yellow and lifeless, and those that do not fall off are affected by sooty fungus due to the large amount of honeydew left by pests. If you do not get rid of this type of aphid, the quality of the tobacco leaf will be low, and stone fruit crops will lose a noticeable part of the yield. In addition, tobacco aphids transmit a large number of viral diseases to plants.
Home
The types of indoor aphids can be different. All of them are homoptera. To get rid of any of them, there are various and chemicals. Here are the most common types.
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White
Cochineal
This pest is not very common. It affects cacti, but not all types, but mainly prickly pears. True cochineal aphids are red in color, which is why these insects are used to produce red pigment.
More often they infect cacti growing in open ground, but can also appear on indoor cacti. This type of aphid produces white waxy fibers similar to cotton wool to protect itself. You can notice them on the lower stems of prickly pear. When settling on indoor cacti, cochineal aphids can rarely cause the death of the plant. However, you need to get rid of it, since the affected prickly pears noticeably slow down in growth and have an unsightly appearance.
Aphids are one of the most malicious pests of garden and indoor plants, with which almost every summer resident or gardener is familiar. After all, thanks to their fertility, insects settle on summer cottages huge colonies. Using plant sap as food, they can destroy entire gardens or fields. This article will tell you more about the pest.
Description of the insect
It’s still not worth hoping that a meeting with a dangerous enemy of the garden will not happen. It is better to arm yourself with knowledge and learn what aphids look like in order to prevent the possibility of them causing harm.
- Aphids are small insect, the dimensions of which do not exceed 8 mm. Individuals living on indoor plants are much smaller, about 0.5 mm.
- Depending on the species, the soft transparent body of the tiny pest can be in the shape of a drop, an oval or an ellipse.
- The color of the aphid matches the tone of the plant on which the insect lives. Black, green, red, pink or completely transparent individuals are often found.
- The tuberous surface has projections and hairs of varying density and length.
- Antennae are located on the trapezoidal head. They consist of several segments and serve as organs of hearing and touch.
- Thanks to their complex compound eyes, which come in black, red or brown, aphids have clear vision.
- The aphid's mouth is a small proboscis, with which the insect makes a puncture in the leaf plate and sucks the juice out of it.
Interesting!
Thanks to their well-developed visual perception, aphids can even distinguish some colors.
Insects move with the help of three pairs of long legs, which also perform jumping functions. Depending on the living conditions, there are aphids with and without wings. Moreover, each individual is assigned a certain type of activity in a given colony. The presence of wings is not a sexual characteristic, so a winged aphid can be either a female or a male. A distinctive feature of wingless individuals is 3 additional simple eyes. A photo of the aphid is shown below.
The abdomen is divided into 9 segmented parts. The first seven have spiracles. On subsequent segments there are mammillary tubes that perform excretory and secretory functions. The last segment is underdeveloped and looks like a hairy tail.
Nutrition
Pests live in large colonies. When they settle on a plant, they primarily infect leaves and young shoots. Aphids also eat flower buds, roots and stems of plants. As a result, the plantings weaken and gradually wither. Insects do not disdain any vegetation. Only certain species of aphids show preference for certain types of trees, shrubs or grasses.
Quite often they coexist with. The fact is that honeydew (a sweetish viscous liquid that aphids secrete during their life) is what the ant eats and loves. It is for this reason that garden ants protect small pests from natural enemies: hoverflies and.
Reproduction
With the arrival of warm days, a wingless female emerges from an aphid egg laid in the bark of a tree in autumn and becomes the founder of the colony. In spring when favorable conditions The female aphid, reproducing parthenogenetically, gives life to virgin individuals similar to her.
On a note!
Aphid parthenogenesis is a form of sexual reproduction in which the eggs of adult females develop without mating with males.
It is also surprising how long such an individual lives - during its relatively short life, and a virgin female lives no more than a month, she manages to reproduce several thousand creatures similar to herself.
Aphid larvae resemble adults. They grow quickly, undergoing several molts. After two weeks, the young individual already becomes sexually mature. Thus, the size of the colony increases several times. When it reaches a critical size, females with wings are born. Flying to other plants, they give life to new colonies. And only with the onset of autumn the population is replenished with full-fledged females and males. After mating, females lay eggs, which overwinter and begin a new cycle.
What types of aphids are there?
The insects are representatives of the order Hemiptera, which has about 4 thousand species (about a thousand live on the European continent). All varieties of aphids prefer warm and humid climatic conditions, which allow their population to increase several times. Under unfavorable conditions, pest colonies may simply die. Below are the most common types of pests.
House aphid
House aphids, or as they are also called “house aphids,” include several subspecies that differ in body color. There are red aphids, as well as white, black or green aphids. This pest is especially familiar to lovers of home flowers. They know .
Mealy aphid
The mealy aphid is a cream-colored insect with an oval body shape with bristles on the sides. The surface of the body is covered with snow white coating. Mealy aphids affect indoor and greenhouse plants, as well as citrus and. The presence of insects gives off a whitish tint that covers the leaves of the plant. This contributes to stem deformation, drying and falling of leaves and buds.
Potato aphid
Wingless individuals whose oval body is colored red or green. An insect up to 4 mm in length has long antennae and a tail. This species is notable for being adapted to low temperatures. Vegetable crops serve as food for such insects: potatoes, beets or. IN winter time year, potato aphids prefer to settle on indoor and greenhouse plants.
On a note!
The pest can be detected by the stains it leaves, dried mesh or mold in places where there is a large accumulation of honeydew.
Cherry aphid
This species of aphid differs from its fellows in its shiny black color. Pests live mainly, with the latter plant being more vulnerable. The eggs overwinter in the buds and on tree branches; with the arrival of spring, females emerge from them - the founders of the colony.
Black aphids are especially active on young shoots and foliage in the spring. With the arrival of summer, the surface of the plants becomes rougher, which leads to the death of most of the colony. However, before this moment, insects manage to cause colossal damage to fruit plants: slower growth, the formation of fewer fruit buds, small and non-succulent fruits. Trees infected with cherry aphids are susceptible to diseases and tolerate frost worse.
Grain aphid
This species is an inhabitant of the steppe and forest-steppe zones; individuals also settle in fields sown with wheat, rye, barley or millet. The presence of insects during the period when the ear is not yet formed leads to the fact that the plants remain practically unharvested. If pollination has already occurred, the grains are formed in the lungs, most often empty.
Cabbage aphid
It is a wingless insect whose dimensions do not exceed 2.5 mm. The body, covered with a grayish waxy coating, is ovoid in shape and yellow-green in color.
Aphids lay their eggs for overwintering in cabbage scraps left on the site. By mid-spring, larvae emerge from them, which, like adults, feed on plant sap. What inhibits the growth and development of cabbage heads.
Apple aphid
Three types of insects pose a threat:
- Red (blood) – the most dangerous look aphids, whose representatives infect the root system of trees.
- Gray aphid - lives mainly on apple and hawthorn trees during the period of leaf formation. As a result, the emerging foliage curls and the damaged areas become covered with a characteristic dark red color. This leads to shedding of the ovaries and stopping the growth of damaged young shoots, as a result of which they do not survive in frosts.
- Green aphids pose a danger not only to apple trees; they also attack pear, shadberry and mountain ash. Areas damaged by aphids begin to turn black, and sooty fungus appears on the branches.
Leaf aphid
Leaf or grass aphids are active exclusively in summer time year, giving preference to young plants. It sucks the juice out of them, as a result of which the leaves and branches are deformed, which can even lead to the death of the seedling. It also settles on lawn and indoor flowers.
On a note!
The female winged flying aphid is yellow with a lemon tint; wingless individuals are brown. It is this type of aphid that is grazed by ants.
Tobacco aphid
Tobacco (peach or greenhouse) aphids live on tobacco, peaches, almonds, and other plants. It settles on them at the very beginning of spring.
Peach aphids have a yellow-green color that camouflages them well on damaged plants. As a result of the presence of insects, the leaves turn yellow and become lifeless. Honeydew, which the pest produces during its life, leads to the appearance of sooty fungus, and subsequently to the shedding of leaves. If you do not take timely measures to combat aphids, you can lose a large part of the crop.
There are good ones to combat these insidious insects. If you do not want to use chemicals, you can use products that have proven themselves in practice.